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PRODUCT LINE
Aquaflow NLS-200 and Aquaflow NLS-210
are low-shear effective productsthey are
recommended for increasing Stormer consistency.
Aquaflow NLS-210 imparts higher thickening
efficiency and more pseudoplastic rheology
than Aquaflow NLS-200.
Aquaflow NHS-300 rheology modifier, a highshear effective product, is designed for boosting
ICI viscosity. Aquaflow NHS-300 contains no
organic solvents.
NOMENCLA
TURE
OMENCLATURE
N
Nonionic
LS Low-Shear Effective
(Stormer Consistency)
HS High-Shear Effective
(ICI Viscosity)
TABLE 1PHYSIC
AL PROPER
TIES1
HYSICAL
ROPERTIES
Low-Shear Effective
NLS-200
NLS-210
Solids
Carrier
25
25
80/20
75/25
2
Water/DGBE Water/DGBE2
High-Shear Effective
NHS-300
20
Water
Viscosity
iscosity,, mPa.s
2500-5500
2000-4000
4500-8000
Density
Density,, lbs/gal
8.75
8.73
8.66
Values shown are typical properties and are not to be construed as product specifications.
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (Butyl Carbitol solvent). Carbitol is a registered trademark of
The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan.
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COMPOSITION
Aquaflow rheology modifiers are hydrophobically modified polyethers
(HMPEs). These nonionic polymers consist of a water-soluble backbone that
is end-capped with hydrophobes. Molecular weights are less than 100,000.
Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of an Aquaflow molecule. The
structure of Natrosol Plus modified hydroxyethylcellulosewhich has
hydrophobes randomly placed along a high molecular weight cellulosic
backboneis given for comparison.
FIGURE 1AQU
AFLO
W RHELOGY MODIFIER STRUCTURE
QUAFLO
AFLOW
Aquaflow rheology modifiers
(MW x 103 = 20-100)
Hydrophobe
OH OH
OH
OH
OH OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
RHEOLOGY
Typical viscosity/shear rate profiles for paints thickened with Aquaflow
rheology modifiers and Natrosol Plus 330 are found in Figure 2. Each of
these paints has the same Stormer consistency.
At very low shear rates, paint thickened with Aquaflow rheology
modifiers has lower viscosity than the paint made with Natrosol Plus 330.
This low viscosity provides exceptional flow and leveling, but only
moderate resistance to sag and settling.
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RHEOLOGY
At the high shear rates encountered during paint application, Aquaflow
rheology modifiers provide higher viscosity than does Natrosol Plus 330.
High high-shear viscosity results in increased brush drag and film build.
F IGURE 2PROFILES
Viscosity
iscosity,, mPa.s
1000000
Transportation
Storage
Drying
Processing
Application
Natrosol Plus
100000
10000
1000
Aquaflow
NLS-200
Aquaflow
NHS-300
100
10
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
THICKENING MECHANISM
Aquaflow rheology
modifiers function
primarily by hydrophobe
interactions. Aquaflow
molecules can associate
with themselves as well
with as other hydrophobic
coating ingredients
(Figure 3).
Latex
The low-shear effective
Latex
Aquaflow
Aquaflow rheology
modifiers are more
interactive than the high-shear effective types. As a result, the low-shear
effective types exhibit greater thickening efficiency.
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LATEX EFFECTS
Interactions between Aquaflow rheology modifiers and latexes are strongly
influenced by the latex concentration, hydrophobicity, and particle size.
Increasing the latex concentration of a paintdecreasing its PVCincreases
Aquaflow thickening efficiency. When all other variables are held constant,
Aquaflow products will be more efficient in a gloss paint than a flat paint.
Increasing latex hydrophobicity will
also boost thickening efficiency.
Aquaflow products have their highest
efficiency in strongly hydrophobic
acrylic and styrene-acrylic latexes.
H YDROPHOBICITY RANKING
OF COMMON PAINT LATEXES
1. Styrene Acrylic
2. Acrylic
3. Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene
4. Vinyl Acetate-VeoVa
5. Vinyl Acrylic
FIGURE 4AQU
AFLO
W COMBINA
TIONS
QUAFLO
AFLOW
OMBINATIONS
Efficiency
Efficiency,, dry lbs/100 gal
ICI V
iscosity
Viscosity
iscosity,, poise
12
2.5
10
2.0
8
1.5
NHS-300
NLS-200
ICI Viscosity
1.0
0.5
0
100/0
75/25
50/50
25/75
20/80
10/90
0/100
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LATEX EFFECTS
PVC acrylic semi-gloss painta high concentration of a hydrophobic
latexthe strongly interactive Aquaflow NLS-200 delivers 97 KU at only
0.8 dry pounds/100 gallons. However, the resulting ICI viscosity is too low
to develop adequate brush drag or film build.
When the weakly interactive Aquaflow NHS-300 is used as the sole
thickener to attain the same Stormer consistency, the ICI viscosity is
greater than two poise, but the thickening efficiency is nearly 10 dry
pounds/100 gallons. A 90/10 ratio of Aquaflow NHS-300/Aquaflow
NLS-200 yields a practical 1.4 poise at only 5.7 dry pounds/100 gallons.
Figure 4 also illustrates another important fact about thickeners and
rheology modifiers: ICI viscosity is proportional to the amount of
thickener used, regardless of the thickener type.
In summary, low-shear effective Aquaflow products can be the sole or
primary thickeners in high-PVC paints made with large particle size,
hydrophilic latexes. As the PVC and particle size decrease, and as the
latex becomes more hydrophobic, the high-shear effective Aquaflow
products become more useful.
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SURFACTANT EFFECTS
Surfactants, because they
can enhance or disrupt
hydrophobic interactions,
influence the rheology of
coatings thickened with
Aquaflow rheology
modifiers. Thickening
efficiency in particular is
affected by surfactant type
and amount.
Three nonionic surfactants
with different hydrophilelipophile balance (HLB)
values were evaluated in
two paints: a 36% PVC
vinyl-acrylic eggshell paint
thickened with 4.8 dry
pounds/100 gallons of
Aquaflow NLS-200, and a
20% PVC acrylic gloss paint
thickened with 11 dry
pounds/100 gallons of
Aquaflow NHS-300.
In the eggshell paint, the 8.8
HLB surfactant increased
thickening efficiency at all
addition levels. The 12.6 and
17.4 HLB surfactants
reduced efficiency (Figure 5).
In the gloss paint, thickening
efficiency was improved by
the 8.8 and 12.6 HLB
surfactants, and reduced by
the 17.4 HLB surfactant
(Figure 6).
8.8 HLB
100
95
90
12.6 HLB
85
80
75
17.4 HLB
70
65
8.8 HLB
105
12.6 HLB
100
95
90
85
17.4 HLB
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DISPERSANT EFFECTS
Dispersant type and amount can influence the thickening efficiency,
colorant compatibility, and gloss of paints thickened with Aquaflow
rheology modifiers.
Polyacid dispersants should be avoided or used sparingly because they
increase the ionic strength of paint. High ionic strength can reduce the
solubility of Aquaflow products. These dispersants can cause reduced
thickening efficiency, low gloss, poor color acceptance, and syneresis.
Polyphosphate dispersants such as KTPP, TKPP, TKP and sodium
hexametaphosphate should also be avoided.
Copolymer dispersants, due to their relatively low acid content and
contribution to ionic strength, are recommended. Hydrophilic copolymer
dispersants tend to provide better thickening efficiency and gloss, while the
hydrophobic copolymer types are recommended for colorant compatibility.
The influence of dispersant type on Stormer consistency, ICI viscosity,
and gloss in a 27% PVC acrylic semi-gloss paint is depicted in Figures 7
and 8. The paint was thickened with 4.9 dry pounds/100 gallons of
Aquaflow NHS-300 and 1.1 dry pounds/100 gallons of Aquaflow NLS-200.
The dispersant level was held at 1% active based on pigment. The
ICI V
iscosity
Viscosity
iscosity,, poise
120
1.7
1.6
110
1.5
100
1.4
1.3
90
1.2
80
1.1
1.0
70
0.9
60
Polyacid
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
0.8
Dispersant T
ype
Type
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DISPERSANT EFFECTS
hydrophilic copolymer dispersant gave the best thickening efficiency and gloss. The
hydrophilic and hydrophobic dispersants gave equivalent ICI viscosity.
45
40
35
30
25
20
Polyacid
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Dispersant T
ype
Type
Yes
No
Organic
Dispersant
Chemistry
Ciba
Cognis
BASF
Pigment
Tamol Dispex Nopcosperse Verteiler
165A
Hydrophobic 681
Copolymer 731A
2001
Hydrophilic
Copolymer
SG-1
1124
Polyacid
850
851
901
963
1254
BYK
Chemie Rhodia
BYK
Colloid
111M
100
N40
MD20
GA40
A40
111
156
44
286N
226/35
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FIGURE 9AQU
AFLO
W NLS-200/NATROSOL
QUAFLO
AFLOW
PLUS 330 COMBINA
TIONS
OMBINATIONS
Leneta Leveling
ICI V
iscosity
Viscosity x 10, poise
16
14
25
Sag Resistance
12
20
10
15
8
6
10
ICI V
iscosity
Viscosity
4
Leveling
0
100/0
75/25
50/50
25/75
0/100
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INCORPORATION
In general, Aquaflow rheology modifiers can be added at any point in the
paint manufacturing process. However, a few guidelines are provided for
optimum results:
1. When the strongly interactive Aquaflow NLS-200 or NLS-210 is used
with a vinyl-acrylic latex, the Aquaflow rheology modifier should be
added before the latex. In some cases, diluting the Aquaflow will aid
incorporation. The Aquaflow should be diluted with the same solvent
mixture in which it is supplied, e.g. 75/25 water/Butyl Carbitol for
Aquaflow NLS-210.
2. When Aquaflow NHS-300 is used with a low-shear effective product
(NLS-200 or NLS-210), the NHS-300 should be added first.
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CONTACT US
Sales Offices
North and South America
Hercules Incorporated
Aqualon Division
Hercules Plaza
1313 North Market Street
Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A. 19894-0001
Tel: (800) 334-8426 (Order Information)
Tel: (800) 345-0447 (Product Information)
Tel: (302) 594-5000
Fax: (302) 992-7287
www.aqualon.com
250-47 7-01
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Southeast:
6525 The Corners Parkway
Suite 208
Norcross, GA 30092
800-833-8142
800-833-8143 (Fax)
Southwest:
15710 JFK Boulevard
Suite 260
Houston, TX 77032
800-627-2436
877-796-7257 (Fax)
Mid-Atlantic:
5700 Tacony Street
Philadelphia, PA 19135
800-423-7423
800-864-9824 (Fax)
Midwest:
24119 W. Riverwalk Court
Unit 145
Plainfield, IL 60544
800-833-8140
800-833-8141 (Fax)
West:
One Camino Sobrante
Suite 215
Orinda, CA 94563
800-227-1345
925-253-9601 (Fax)
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E-Mail:
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