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Presentation 07.

Transformer Differential Relay Acceptance Test Using Dynamic Test


Modelling
Putri Ramadhani Sahid / Ira Mardya Sari, PLN, Indonesia

Abstract
Numerical relay nowadays are equipped with
various features, every relay have different
algorithm to react and not always meet the user
need, therefore every new numerical relay should
be tested under various test before installed in the
system. PLN Indonesia performed dynamic testing
to measure the relay performance and it is one of
procedure to accept new type of relay that will be
installed in PLN system. These test aims are to
know the relay behavior and relay algorithm during
various fault or disturbance in order to minimize
relay mal operation when placing them in service.
PLN developed dynamic test modeling with various
type of disturbance using a Real Time Digital
Simulator (RTDS) or offline dynamic test as
disturbance recorders occurred at Transformer. It
is noted that the tests are intended to measure the
operating characteristic of current differential
functions for internal faults (sensitivity) and internal
winding
fault,
external
faults
(stability
characteristic), and the harmonic/inrush restraint
characteristic of the transformer protection relay.
The fault scenarios are:
Internal fault on the primary voltage side of the
transformer
Internal fault on the secondary voltage side of
the transformer
External fault on the secondary voltage side of
the transformer
Internal winding fault on the tertier voltage
winding of the transformer
Internal winding fault on the secondary voltage
winding of the transformer
Internal winding fault on the high voltage
winding of the transformer
Internal fault on the neutral primary voltage side
of the transformer
Internal fault on the secondary primary voltage
side of the transformer
PLN also developed various modeling condition
such as CT saturation condition, evolving faults,
security relay due to internal winding fault (turn-toturn faults and turn-to-ground fault) and
transformer energize condition.

Introduction
Java-Bali grid system has several voltage levels.
On extra high voltage systems and high voltage
system using 500 kV, 150 kV and 70 kV and for

distribution systems using medium voltage level at


20 kV.
To distribute the energy from one voltage level to
another voltage level PLN using the following
transformer:
Voltage
Levels

Vector
Groups

Neutral
system on
HV side

Neutral
system on
LV side

500/150
kV
150/70
kV
150/20
kV

(YNynd)

Solid

Solid

(YNyn0)

Solid

(YNyn0)

Solid

70/20 kV

(Yyn0)

Floating

40 ohm, 62
ohm
12 , 40 ,
500 ,
solid
12 , 40 ,
500 ,

Tab.1 PLNs Transformer based on Voltage Level

Transformer Protection
Considerations
Before installing transformer protection, we should
pay attention on the technical and non-technical
aspect as follows:
Disturbances Characteristics possibilities in
transformer
It is a must to recognize the possibilities that cause
transformers interference from inside or outside
(minimization of damage) there are:
over load
Degradation of performance due to age
transformer
Short circuit in the transformer bay, such as
lightning arrester, Current Transformer, Circuit
Breaker, Disconnecting Switch, cable and
termination.
Short-circuit current due to disruption in the
secondary side of the transformer or external
fault.
Transformer windings damage.
Bushing Insulation failure.
Fault at On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
Role in the system
500 kV System is a backbone for Java Bali system.
So do the transformer. Because of the role, in 500
kV system needs to be equipped with redundancy
main protections.

OMICRON 2013 International Protection Testing Symposium

Presentation 07.2

Economic Aspects
Transformer with large capacity in high voltages
shall have complete protection systems.

Transformer Protection Schemes


No

Protection
Function

7
8
9
10

HVs Winding
Temperature relay
LVs Winding
Temperature relay
Oil Temperature
relay
Bucholz relay
Sudden Pressure
relay
Jansen relay
(OLTC)
Differential relay
REF HV relay
REF LV relay
OCR/GFR HV relay

11

OCR/GFR LV relay

12

GFR TV (if
grounded)
NVDR TV (if
floating)
GFR/SBEF (NGR
ptotection)

2
3
4
5
6

13
14

Transformer
500/1
150/70
150/20 kV &
50 kV
kV
70/20 kV
30
< 30
60 MVA
MVA
MVA
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit
1 unit

1 unit
1 unit

1 unit
1 unit

1 unit
1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

1 unit

2 unit
2 unit
2 unit
3
phase
3
phase
1 unit

1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
3
phase
3
phase
-

1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
3
phase
3
phase
-

1 unit
2
phase
2
phase
-

1 unit

1 unit *

1 unit*

1 unit*

*) required if star point grounded using resistor


Tab.2 Minimum Requirements for PLNs Transformer
Protection Scheme

Fig.1 PLNs Transformer Protection Scheme

Numerical Relay Assessment


under Dynamic Test
Purpose
Dynamic test performed to test new type of
numerical relay under various fault simulation and
specified power system model. By those, the relay
behavior and relay algorithm during various fault or
disturbance can be monitored in order to minimize
relay mal operation when placing them in service.
It is noted that the transformer relay tests are
intended to measure:
The operating characteristic of current
differential functions for internal faults
(sensitivity) and internal winding fault
The operating characteristic of current
differential functions with through currents
external faults (stability characteristic)
The harmonic/inrush restraint characteristic
of the transformer protection relay including
restricted earth fault

Acceptance Test Procedure


PLN carry out assessment for every new type of
numerical relay that will be installed in PLN system
as follow:
Based on PLN Regulation for the assessment
new type of numerical relay, every main
protection relay should be passed dynamic test
under PLN power system model. Dynamic test
for main protection relay are line distance relay,
line current differential relay, busbar differential
relay, transformer differential relay and restricted
earth fault relay.
The first stage of the assessment procedure is
passed PLNs relay technical specification, the
specification issued by Engineering division and
every relay manufacture have to fulfill the
specification given before tested.
The following stage is PLN define test
specification for the dynamic test and relay
vendors have to confirm that they understand
the test specification given.
The tests performed on closed loop testing
using a real time digital simulator (RTDS) or
under offline dynamic test performed on open
loop testing using simulation transient program
(EMTP) and secondary relay test.
After passed dynamic test, new type of
numerical relay allowed to be installed in PLN
system.
Since the relay allowed to put in the system, the
hardware performance still being monitored
within 3 years after installed in site. During 3
years monitoring, if relay shows good
performance, then it is accepted for PLN
system.

OMICRON 2013 International Protection Testing Symposium

Presentation 07.3

New Type Relay

Passed PLNs technical


specification
Dynamic Test (Offline/Online)
with PLN Power System Model
Passed Dynamic Test

Dynamic Test only for Main Prot:


Distance Relay
Line Current Diff
Tx Diff Relay
Busbar Protection
Other Requirement
Main and backup relay should be separated
Should be used different philosophy or manufacture for
redudance relay
Have default scheme logic
Protocol : IEC 61850

Installed in PLN System


3 years relay performance
monitoring

No

Relay shows good performance?

Not Accepted

Yes

Accepted
for PLN System

Fig.2 PLNs Acceptance Test Procedure

Testing Equipment
PLN performed dynamic test for transformer
differential relay since 2008 using open loop
testing using simulation transient program (EMTP)
and secondary relay test. The test equipment as
shown in Figure 3 consists of:
One OMICRON CMC secondary test set
One OMICRON CMA Current Amplifier
Two sets computer for power system modeling
and relay software
CB Replica

Fig.4 Online Dynamic Test Equipment

Testing Scheme of Dynamic


Modelling
Transformer modelling using PLN Interbus
Transformer IBT Krian 500/150/70 kV,500 MVA
with required data below:
Source impedance values
Transformer specification
Current
Transformer
(CT)
specification
modelling with the capability to be saturated
Three pole circuit breaker
Shunt reactor specification
150kV Load

Power System Model


Power system model used for dynamic testing
design from PLN test specification in RSCAD
software:

Fig.3 Offline Dynamic Test Configuration

By the year 2011, PLN perform closed loop testing


using a real time digital simulator (RTDS) test
equipment located in PLN relay Test Laboratory on
Jakarta with test equipment as shown in Figure 4
consists of:
Four RTDS rack
Five OMICRON CMA Current Amplifier
Two sets computer with RSCAD software

Fig.5 Power System Model

Interbus Transformer (IBT) Krian 500/150/70kV is


one of the solid grounded transformer located in
east Java, Indonesia. Source of this transformer
source is a 500kV system and supply 150 kV
system and 70kV reactor. These modeling made
under RSCAD software or EMTP software.

Data Parameter
The following are data parameter used for the
power system model in RSCAD software or EMTP
software:
Data Parameter

OMICRON 2013 International Protection Testing Symposium

Value

Presentation 07.4

Data Parameter

Value

Test Description

Back Source
Impedance
from 500kV:

Zs1

0.00034389+j0.00536115

pu

Zs0

0.00067856+j
0.00538299

pu

Back Source
Impedance
from 150kV:

Zs1

0.00172923+ j
0.01493412

pu

Zs0

0.00435567+ j
0.02517236

pu

Rating

500

MV
A

Frequency

50

Hz

Connectio
n

Star Star Delta


(YNynOd1)

Primary

500 kV rms. line to line

Secondary

Transformer
Data

Circuit
Breakers

150kV
Maximum
load

Current
Transformers

Shunt
Reactor

CT
saturation

Detail

Remark

Location
0

POW

90 ,180 ,270 ,360

Fault
Duration

10 cycles

n = 8+24+8 = 40 cases

Dependability
Index (DI)

Fault Type

AN, BN, CN

Fault Level
Max and
Minimum

Fault
Location

F4, F5

% of its turn

40%, 50%
10 cycles

150 kV rms. line to line

Fault
Duration

Tertiery

70 kV rms. line to line

n = 8 cases

Leakage
Reactance

0.10

Resistanc
e when
open

Resistanc
e when
closed

0.005

0.00
5

340.01 + j 173.5

MV
A

ZLmx
HV side &
Neutral
HV Side

1000:1 & 1000:1

Internal
Winding
Fault (Turn
To Ground)

Internal
Winding
Fault (Turn
To Turn)

Fault Level
Max and
Minimum

Fault Type

A, B, C

Fault
Location

F4, F5

% of its turn
- % of its
turn to

0-5%, 5 15%,
20-35%,

Fault
Duration

10 cycles

n = 8 cases

Fault Level
Max and
Minimum

Fault Type

ABC, AB, AN, CN

Fault
Location

F3

POW

90 ,180 ,270 ,360


10 cycles

LV Side
Neutral LV
Side

2500:1 & 1000:1

TV Side

2000:1

Type

3 phase reactor

Fault
Duration

Capacity

105

MV
Ar

N = 8+8+16 = 32 cases

Ratio

1000 : 1

Fault Type

Knee point
voltage

AN to ABN, BC to
ABC, CA to CAN

2.3

Fault
Location

F1, F3, F1 to F3,


F2 to F3, F3 to F1,
F3 to F2

POW

90 , 270 ,360

Evolve
Duration

0.25 2 cycles

Internal
secondary
lead
resistance
(Rl)
Resistanc
e lead for
saturation
condition

External
Fault

Evolving
Faults

4.1

50

Evolving
Faults

Security
Index (SI)

Fault Level
Max and
Minimum

Dependability
Index (DI)
and Security
Index (SI)

n = 10+9+9 = 28 cases

Tab.3 Modeling Data Parameter

A, B
nd

Fault scenario

Fault Type

Fault scenario consist of 144 cases (56 cases for


Dependability Index and 42 cases for Security
index). The test conducted with pre-fault and fault
duration time of 200 ms and 200 ms. The fault
scenarios are:

Transformer
Energisation

Without 2
harmonic enable,
nd
with 2 harmonic
enable

Fault
Location

F1

Fault
Duration

10 cycles

n = 14 cases
Test Description
Internal
Fault

Detail

Fault Type

ABC,AB,BC,CA,
AN,BN,CN

Fault

F1, F2

Remark
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum

Through
fault stability
and internal
and external

Fault Type

AN,BC,ABC

Fault

F1, F3

OMICRON 2013 International Protection Testing Symposium

Fault Level
Max and
Minimum

Presentation 07.5

Test Description
fault

Detail

Remark

Location
POW

0 , 90

Dependability
Index (DI)
and Security
Index (SI)

n= 4 +10=14

Tab.4 Fault scenario

Test Result

Even though the relay had passed the dynamic


test, it is noted that the relay performance still
being monitored within 3 years after installed in
system specifically for the hardware performance.
It is expected that transformer differential relay
acceptance test using dynamic test modelling
helps to minimize relay mal operation problems
caused by relay mal-operation.

Literature

RSCAD software was performed using scripting


facility that allowed larger number of fault
simulations that automatically enclose the test
results list. Relay result list includes test number,
fault type, POW, fault location, fault level, fault
resistance and operating time.
For all the types of fault , relay operating time shall
be monitored to determine if the relay performed
as expected and it is measured by RSCAD
software, started with the trigger of fault until relay
initiate the tripping.
It is noted that for relay acceptance test, the
operating times for internal fault on normal
condition (solid fault resistance) should be the
highest priority for operating time monitoring,
because it is needed for the acceptance criteria on
which level voltage of the relay could be placed.
All test results from RSCAD software and relay
software shall be saved to COMTRADE files. It is
used for advanced fault evaluation and analysis.
During the test, relay should be tested under the
same setting value and configuration.

Acceptance Criteria
The requirements to pass the dynamic test are:
The operating time of the relay must be less
than 20 ms (for 500 kV system) and 30 ms (for
150 kV system) during internal fault Rf =0.01
(3phase, phase-to-phase, 1phase-to-ground) or
test cases no. 101-136
The dependability index at least 99.5 %
The security index at least 99.5 %

Conclusion
Dynamic tests for new numerical relay
implemented could help PLN on studying relay
behaviour and algorithm through various fault
condition and test can be performed at the values
of which are at the same level as actual power
system. It is suitable for relay acceptance test
because it helps utility on choosing which relay
are suitable for the system. That will also be a
great help to apply more elaborate relay settings
through these tests and to understand more of the
detailed relay characteristics.

[1]

Felienty, Syofvi: Transformer Differential


Protection Product Test Specification For
Witnessed Tests Using the RTDS For PLN
Indonesia.2009; PLN Indonesia

[2]

CIGRE-SC-WG
04:
Evaluation
of
Characteristics and Performance of Power
System Protection Relays and Protective
Systems, 1996

[3]

SPLN T5.003-1: Pola Proteksi Transformator


Tenaga (Power Transformer Protections
Schemes);2010 PLN Indonesia

About the Authors


Putri Ramadhani Sahid was
born in Indonesia on May 26,
1985. She received her
bachelor degree in Electrical
Engineering from Hasanuddin
University. Since 2009, she is
employed
at
PT.
PLN
(Persero) Transmission and
Load Dispatch Center Java
Bali, Indonesia as a Protection Operation &
Maintenance Engineer.
Ira Mardya Sari was born in
Bukittinggi, Indonesia on March
th
28 1982. She received her
bachelor degree in electrical
Engineering
from
Andalas
University. In the beginning of
2006 until 2012, she is currently
employed at PT. PLN (Persero)
Transmission and Load Dispatch
Center Java Bali, Indonesia as Protection
Operation & Maintenance Engineer and works as a
Protection Asset Management Engineer.

OMICRON 2013 International Protection Testing Symposium

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