Brief Theory and application of converters:

1. A.C to D.C Converter

The device which convert alternative current into direct current is known as A.C to D.C
Converter and it is known as rectifier. There are many rectifiers such as half-wave rectifier,
controlled rectified and one of them is uncontrolled full wave rectifier which is describe
below.
A

V(t)
D1

V(t)

D3

+vm

VR
Vdc

VS

VS

R
0

-Vm
Input Voltage waveform

Rectified OutputVoltage waveform

D2

D4

Theory:

For fist positive half cycle of input diodes D1 and D2 conduct together which makes
current flow in close loop XACDEYX.

For negative half cycle of input diodes D3 and D4 conduct together which makes current
flow in close loop YBCDFXY.

Thus current from load flows in same direction for positive cycle C to D and for
negative cycle C to D.

Application:

Charger

Detection of amplitude modulated radio signals

Deep Shah
Student no: 1526233

2. D.C to A.C Converter

The device which convert direct current into alternative current is known as D.C to A.C
Converter and it is also called as inverter. There are various types of inverter and one of them is
full-bridge converter which circuit is shown below.
V
V
S3

S1

Load
DC
+

V0

+V0

S2

S1 and S3 close
Or
S2 and S4 close

S4
0

S1 and
S4 close

2
S3 and
S2 close

-V0

Theory:

Depending upon the action of switch in the circuit, different output can be generated.

Switch S1 and S4 closed, output is + V0

Switch S3 and S2 closed, output is - V0

Switch S2 and S4 or S1 and S3 closed, output is zero.

Note that never Switch S1 and S2 or S3 and S4 same time otherwise the short circuit
would appear across the DC source.

Application:

Cars

Laptops, TV

Deep Shah
Student no: 1526233

3.
A.C to A.C Converters
AC to AC converter are the device which controls output into different voltage level of ac,
current and average power. The single-phase AC voltage converter is briefly describe
below.
S1

Vsw

Vs

i0
S2

i0
+
+

VS

V0

V0

2 2+

Theory:

SCR can carry negative current.

For fist positive half cycle of input SCR S1 conducts if gate signal is applied which
makes current flow to load.

For negative half cycle of input, if gate signal is provided to SCR S2 then S2 will conduct
which makes current flow to load.

Thus from AC input controlled Ac output is delivered to the load.

Deep Shah
Student no: 1526233

4.
D.C to D.C Converter
D.C to D.C converter are the device which convert output into different voltage level of dc.
There are so many dc to dc converter such as chopper, buck, boost, regulators and one of them is
buck-boost converter which is briefly describe below.
iD
iL
iC

iL

DC

+
VL

V0
-

closed open
FIGURE 1: Buck-boost converter circuit
iD = 0
VL
+

iL
+
DC

VL=VS

V0
-

VS

FIGURE 2:buck-boost converter for the switch closed

iD

iL
+
DC

VL=V0

V0

V0
-

FIGURE 3: Buck-boost converter for switch open

Theory:
When Switch is closed, voltage across inductor is equal to input and capacitor supply
current to the load.
When Switch is open, voltage across inductor is equal to output voltage.
Output magnitude of buck-boost depend upon the duty city (D), if D>0.5 the output is
larger than input, and if D<0.5, the output is smaller than the input.
Deep Shah
Student no: 1526233