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Review of Wood Drying Research in Brazil: 19842004

a

Ivaldo P. Jankowsky & Maringela Gonalves Luiz

Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of So Paulo, Piracicaba, So Paulo,

Brazil
Version of record first published: 06 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: Ivaldo P. Jankowsky & Maringela Gonalves Luiz (2006): Review of Wood Drying Research in Brazil:
19842004, Drying Technology: An International Journal, 24:4, 447-455
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Drying Technology, 24: 447455, 2006

Copyright # 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0737-3937 print/1532-2300 online
DOI: 10.1080/07373930600611893

Review of Wood Drying Research in Brazil: 19842004

Ivaldo P. Jankowsky and Mariangela Goncalves Luiz

Downloaded by [Pontificia Universidad Javeria] at 20:25 15 April 2013

Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil

In Brazil, research on wood drying has been more focused on

applied aspects than on fundamentals ones, and results have been
published almost exclusively in Brazilian journals. The study of lumber deformation under aggressive drying conditions resulted in
methods to group species and to define kiln schedules. Relationship
between moisture content and electrical resistivity was used to
improve quality control of dried lumber as well automatic control
of the kiln drying process. Conventional kiln drying is the most
common method for industrial drying, but seasoning and solar drying were also studied. The biggest research effort was directed to
improve the drying of eucalypt lumber.
Keywords Wood drying; Drying research; Lumber drying

INTRODUCTION
The main sources of wood in Brazil are the dense
tropical forest or Amazonian forest, covering 412 million
hectares concentrated in the northern region, and the fast
growing forests, over 4.7 million hectares in the southeastern and southern regions.
Tropical forest is characterized by hundreds of different
hardwood tree species, growing at an estimated rate of
3.0 m3=ha.year, and only 60% (around 245 million hectares)
of the forest can be considered as suitable for technical and
economical exploration. Planted forests concentrate a few
species, mainly from genus Eucalyptus (63%) and Pinus
(35%), growing at rates from 25.0 to 100.0 m3=ha.year and
are managed as an agricultural plantation.
Wood-based products from tropical species are almost
exclusively plywood and lumber, although round wood
from Eucalyptus planted forests are mainly directed to
energy and pulp industries, and from Pinus forests, to produce plywood and lumber. Lumber production in 2002 was
around 14.4 million m3 of tropical species and 7.9 million
m3 of pine.[1] From the produced saw wood, 10.0% of
tropical and 26.0% of pine was exported as lumber or
manufactured products.
Correspondence: Ivaldo P. Jankowsky, Department of Forest
Sciences, ESALQ, USP, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba-SP,
Brazil; E-mail: jpjankow@eslaq.usp.br

Concern about maintenance of Amazonian forest

resources, which includes tree species, is making the
requirements for sustainable forest management more
severe. Management issues should be considered to receive
legal approval from environmental agencies to explore
tropical forest, and one aspect of great importance is to
harvest a large number of different tree species, keeping
biodiversity and regeneration potential as close as possible
to original forest. One consequence is the increase of
unknown tropical species to industrial supply and, at same
time, the increased production of planted Eucalyptus
grandis lumber as a replacement for tropical hardwood.
Due the importance of drying to add quality and value
to wood-based products, industries have quickly adjusted
drying technology to this changing lumber supply, with
reflection on the search for technical information and
research. Brazil has a few universities with experts and
facilities to carry out studies on wood drying, and in the
last two decades the research effort was directed to applied
aspects, with emphasis to improve the drying of lumber.
The principal results of wood drying research in Brazil
are now presented, first grouped by the fundamental aspect
analyzed and then followed by the type of lumber.
WATER-WOOD RELATIONSHIP
Research about water-wood relationship includes
moisture movement, wood permeability, electrical resistance, and equilibrium moisture content prediction. Most
published papers discuss the physical property knowledge
as a tool to improve drying process and quality of dried
lumber.
Moisture gradient during convective drying of timber, in
the hygroscopic range, causes internal stress related to the
consequent shrinkage gradient. Those stresses are nonuniform across board thickness and can be the origin of degradation as surface checks, internal checks, and case
hardening.
The study of moisture gradient and drying stress in
Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis wood, using a slicing
technique, corroborates the high permeability of coniferous species and demonstrate that stress patterns of drying

447

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448

JANKOWSKY AND LUIZ

do not follow the one described for hardwoods.[2] The

unexpected stress pattern could be explained by moisture
distribution inside the lumber. Using a more sophisticated
methodology (gamma ray technique) to analyze water
movement in Pinus elliottii lumber, it was possible to prove
the higher water concentration in early wood than in late
wood and the difference in flow rates,[3] resulting in moisture gradient in disagreement with literature.
While pine is considered a very permeable wood, lumber
is the opposite. Low wood permeability impedes the flow
of liquid water during first stage of drying.[6] Chemical
treatments with ammonium chloride were tested to
improve permeability of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus
saligna lumber, with no practical effect.[7]
The relationship between moisture content and electrical
resistance was studied for Pinus elliottii[8] and tropical
species[9] lumber, with purpose to correct electrical meters
measurement.
Perhaps the principal undesirable property of wood is its
dimensional instability, a consequence of its hygroscopicity. So, to reduce woods ability to change moisture with
air and to predict the seasonal variation of equilibrium
moisture content is very important in order to produce
stable wood-based products.
Increasing temperature during kiln drying reduces lumber hygroscopicity[10] and heat-treated wood reaches a
lower equilibrium content when exposed to internal or
external ambient.[11] However, it should be mentioned that
high drying temperatures (above 100C) will cause discoloration in pine lumber (brown stain).
Chemical treatment with phenyl and butyl isocyanates is
effective to reduce wood hygroscopicity, and the effect is
directly related to chemical concentration in wood (level
of chemical reaction).[12] Considering that a high chemical
concentration can damage fiber structure, with prejudice to
mechanical resistance, this technique should be carefully
controlled.
Applying mathematical expression of the model from
Hailwood and Horrobin, annual variation of lumber equilibrium moisture content was estimated for several cities all
around Brazil.[1315] The one-hydrate model proposed by
Hailwood and Horrobin was derived by analogy, considering wet lumber as a solid solution, and has some theoretical restrictions. However, a model proposed by Dent,
derived from statistical thermodynamics and with
approach of multilayer surface sorption, gives a similar
analytical expression and showed good agreement with
experimental data.[16]
MOISTURE CONTENT MEASUREMENT AND
PROCESS CONTROL
Quality control of dried lumber as well automatic control of the drying process require a continuous wood moisture content measurement. The most common method to

get a fast measurement is based on the relationship between

moisture content and electrical resistance, by hand-held
meters and control systems.
For tropical lumber, the electrical resistance across fiber
direction fits better to moisture content, and different species can be grouped according to the equation to express
moisture content as a function of electrical resistance.[9]
Most resistance type meters (hand-held and control
systems) group species according to specific gravity, but this
detailed study proved that the principal wood characteristic
affecting electrical resistance is chemical composition.
Resistance moisture meters have severe limitations when
applied to drying process control; that is, the loss of accuracy at lumber moisture content above FSP (fiber saturation point, average value of 28%, dry basis).[8] For
lumber species for which the meter reading can be related
to actual moisture content according to a second degree
equation, the use of two combined linear equations can
improve measurement accuracy even for high moisture
content.[17] Unpublished data corroborate this methodology, as exemplified by Tatajuba lumber, shown in Fig. 1.
Lumber temperature, measured at 1=4 of thickness, is a
good estimator of moisture content at a temperature of
110C or in the hygroscopic range at temperature below
100C.[19]
The best results were found when lumber moisture content was correlated to the ratio between lumber (WT) and
wet bulb (WBT) temperatures. It was possible to achieve
good adjustment of polynomial models in the range from
green to 10% moisture content, at temperatures from 50
to 110C and air velocity of 2.5 and 5.0 m=s.[20]
CONVENTIONAL KILN DRYING AND KILN
SCHEDULES
Conventional kiln drying is the most common method
for drying lumber all around the world. The conventional
kiln is designed to dry wood at temperatures from 40 to
90C with forced air flow.[21] The heating system usually
is a set of finned tube heat exchangers with steam as heating fluid. The kiln also should have spray for air moisturizing and vents to allow internal air exchange to outside.
Kiln and fan design can affect air flows across the
lumber load and final moisture distribution in the lumber.
Unpublished data[22] reporting kiln operation in the
northern region showed that air velocity can range from
0.5 to 2.4 m=s depending on motor power. Even in good
kilns, air velocity in the top part can be 50% less or 35%
higher compared to the bottom part, depending on air
direction (from back to front or the inverse). Dried wood
still was under stress and average moisture variation
was 5.0% around desired value.
Similar results regarding the southeastern region were
reported,[23] including operational procedure of lumber
stacking as one of the principal aspects to be improved.

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REVIEW OF WOOD DRYING RESEARCH IN BRAZIL

FIG. 1. Prediction of moisture content for Tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis) lumber using two combined linear equations to correct moisture meter readings (I.P. Jankowsky, unpublished data).

A recent unpublished report analyzing wood moisture content in flooring industries all around Brazil demonstrates a
general improvement in quality standard of dried lumber
(Table 1).[24]
Conventional kiln drying follows a drying schedule set
according to lumber characteristics as dimensions, specific
gravity, tendency to show defects or degrade, and desired

quality standards. The expected decreasing drying rate is

compensated by continuous changes in the drying
medium (air flow), making drying conditions more
aggressive.[6] To define an adequate kiln schedule usually
is a slow procedure (trial and error), and different
methods have been tested to shorten the required
experimental time.

TABLE 1
Moisture content variation of Jatoba lumber, measured in Brazilian flooring industries[24]
Lumber moisture content (%)

Industry
number

Region of
Brazil

Average

Minimum

Maximum

Quality
standard

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14

South
South
Southeast
Southeast
Southeast
North
North
North
North
North
North
North
North
North

8.6
7.0
7.5
9.1
6.6
7.7
8.4
7.8
7.7
10.0
8.1
5.7
6.5
7.7

5.1
5.1
4.7
6.9
5.5
6.5
6.4
5.7
6.8
7.7
7.1
4.4
5.9
5.7

14.5
10.3
9.0
12.2
9.5
16.5
10.8
18.9
9.5
18.8
16.1
9.5
7.8
9.9

Poor
Good
Good
Good
Very Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very Good
Poor
Poor
Good
Very Good
Very Good

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450

JANKOWSKY AND LUIZ

Drying rate and degradation intensity of wood samples

(2.0  10.0  20.0 cm) exposed to a drastic drying at 100C
could be related to the temperature and drying potential
of well-known kiln schedule.[25] This technique was
later improved using smaller test specimens (1.0  5.0 
10.0 cm), showing good results, shortening the experimental time,[26] and given a fast assay method used to
define kiln schedules for tropical species lumber,[27,28] with
good accordance to previous literature results.
A comprehensive review of kiln schedules for Brazilian commercial species, based on literature information[29] as well on industrial experience,[30] resulted
in two reference books listing physical properties and
drying recommendations for more than 250 lumber
species and=or thickness.
The study of wood samples deformation when exposed
to drastic drying conditions aided better understanding
about plastic properties of wood and also made possible
the classification of tropical lumber according to its estimated drying characteristics.[31] More detailed research
on wood rheological behavior, analyzing the relationship
between lumber and lignin transition temperatures suggests
the possibility to relieve internal stresses and reach an
accelerated industrial drying for tropical lumber.[32]
Considering the increase of unknown tropical species
to industrial supply and the need to mix different species
in the same drying batch, an important research effort was
directed to group species according to drying characteristics.[33] An empirical model based on soaking time, temperature, and specimen thickness was used to estimate
drying times for tropical species. Soaking time in the
hygroscopic humidity range was considered the best
predictor of drying time, with a good group fitting.[34]
The fast assay to define kiln schedule[28] was also used
with this objective. Although it is possible to group different lumber in one batch, aspects as initial moisture
content, drying rate, and tendency to degrade should be
considered to keep the lumber charge as homogeneous
as possible, regarding specific drying behavior.[35]

OTHER DRYING METHODS

Seasoning has been studied as a pre-drying alternative
prior to kiln drying. End rack piling was suggested as
adequate to stacking pine lumber, instead of package
piling, due to faster drying rate.[36] This result just proves
the high permeability of pine wood, and it is acceptable if
lumber will not be used to added value products.
All papers about seasoning of eucalypt lumber focused
on drying time and degrade. Air drying of Eucalyptus
grandis lumber, 25 mm average thickness, requires from
75 to 100 days to reach equilibrium moisture content.
The best alternatives to reduce degradation such as warping and checks are the use of concrete blocks over the

packed lumber to press the boards[37] or seasoning under

a shed.[26] To optimize the process, lumber seasoning from
green to 35% moisture content followed by conventional
kiln drying is recommended.[38]
Solar drying has been pointed to as an alternative for
drying small quantities of lumber (10 to 40 m3), adequate
for small or artisanal industries. The most common model
is the greenhouse kiln, with a solar collector above the
roof. A kiln with a capacity of 5.0 m3 of lumber and
20.0 m2 area collector was designed to operate in the
Amazonian region.[39,40] Advantages were thermal
efficiency (estimated in 28%), low investment cost, and
simplicity to run; a disadvantage was the long drying time
compared to kiln drying. A similar conclusion was reached
regarding solar drying of pine lumber.[2]
Different types of collector design were also researched.
A flat collector, built separate from the kiln and using
stone as a heat absorber, resulted in efficiency of 18%,[41]
close to the common roof collector. A parabolic collector,
with a mechanical gear to allow continuous collector positioning to follow sun movement throughout the day and
using water as a heat absorber and transfer medium, shows
a high efficiency.[42] However, this kind of collector was not
tested in industrial scale.
An interesting approach of solar drying at industrial
scale was the development of a like conventional kiln,
with net capacity for 200 m3 of lumber, in which walls
and roof were made of a special plastic bubble fixed over
an aluminum framing.[43] All kilns are the solar energy
collector in sunny days, and a supplementary boiler can
be used overnight or on cloudy days. Investment and electrical energy costs are reported to be 50% of a similar conventional kiln.
Another possibility for small industries is a kiln designed
to burn wood residues and to use combustion gases as
heating fluid through a heat exchanger. A 17 m3 lumber
capacity prototype was built and tested, and a do-ityourself manual is available.[44]
DRYING OF LUMBER
Lumber, independently of the species to be considered,
is known as difficult material to dry. Most species are
relatively impermeable, generating a pronounced moisture
gradient and stress during drying. Impermeability also contributes to high capillary tension during movement of
liquid water. Final result is a great loss of lumber caused
mainly by collapse, surface, and internal checks. In
addition, fast grown trees have a high level of growing
stress and lumber originated from those trees shows a tendency to warp.
The principal objective of research on wood drying has
been to understand lumber behavior and to suggest the
most adequate method for industrial drying. The species
most studied is Eucalyptus grandis, and other species

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REVIEW OF WOOD DRYING RESEARCH IN BRAZIL

include E. urophylla, E. viminalis, E. saligna, E. dunnii,

E. cloeziana, and E. pilularis.
Seasoning has the disadvantage of length of time
required to reach equilibrium moisture content (70 to 100
days), and degradation is still considerable.[26,37] Collapse
caused 10 to 12% of lumber loss;[26] end checking is related
to losses from 5 to 12%.[26,37]
The use of water for periodic moisturizing of lumber
surface as a method to release drying stress during air
drying showed a positive effect to reduce incidence of end
checking and collapse for Eucalyptus grandis, but there
was no effect for Eucalyptus urophylla.[26] This method
was not effective for reducing warping in both species.
Warping has been reported as a defect related to growing stress,[45] with incidence ranging from 70 to 100% of
green boards (prior to drying) in Eucalyptus grandis,
E. saligna, and E. urophylla.[26,27,45] The use of concrete
block over the packed lumber to press the boards[37] was
effective for reducing warping during seasoning of Eucalyptus grandis, but this is the result of one single experiment
and could not be generalized.
Warping incidence was also reduced in kiln drying of
Eucalyptus dunnii and E. grandis lumber applying an initial
steaming during 2 or 3 h at 100C. Initial steaming at this
temperature probably increases wood plasticity and
releases growing stress.[46,47] Another technique reported
as effective to reduce up to 62% of board warping in
Eucalyptus grandis and E. cloeziana lumber production
involves an unusual sawing method, called SDR (saw,
dry, rip).[48]
Collapse is another drying defect associated with wood,
causing degradation and high percentage of lumber loss. Collapse is attributed to small and=or obstructed pit opening
between cells, resulting during movement of liquid water,
with capillary tension higher than mechanical resistance of
cell wall, which collapses under compression stress.
Chemical (vaporization and hot immersion in
ammonium chloride solution with 5.0 g=L concentration)
and mechanical (incising) treatments before kiln drying
were tested as collapse prevention in Eucalyptus grandis
and E. saligna lumber, without any positive effect.[50]
Collapse incidence was more pronounced in Eucalyptus
saligna, but steam conditioning (vaporization) after drying
allowed collapsed board recovery, and defect presence in
dried lumber was similar for both species.
Although the heating promoted by steaming shows a
benefic effect, it should be used only for short time periods
during kiln drying. Wood plasticization caused by heating
also prejudices mechanical resistance, resulting in higher
losses due lumber degradation. For all species studied,
increase in drying or in kiln schedule temperatures will
cause a proportional increase in defects, mainly checks
and collapse.[7,26,27,46,47,51] Consequently, kiln schedules
suggested for conventional drying (Table 2) are very

TABLE 2
General recommendation to kiln drying of lumber
Temperature (C)
Initial

Final

Drying
potential

Literature
reference

40.0
40.0
42.0
40.0
40.0
>45.0

65.0
65.0
66.0
60.0
60.0

2.0
2.0
2.2
1.72.5
2.1

26
27
28
46
47
50

conservative, implying very low drying rates and making

the industrial process uneconomical.
An alternative to reduce kiln drying time and cost is to
combine the air drying of wet lumber with the conventional
process for pre-dried lumber.[26,27,47,52] Although there is a
general concordance about positive effects of the lumber
pre-drying, there is no agreement regarding the more
adequate moisture content to move the wood from the yard
to the kiln. An approach based on characteristic drying
curves for Eucalyptus grandis suggests 35% as the more
adequate moisture content to stop seasoning and start conventional kiln drying.[6]
The incidence of defects during air and kiln drying could
be related to genetic segregation in trees or to forest management procedures. Index of collapse severity varies
between clones of Eucalyptus grandis (Fig. 2), and this
characteristic can be used as a genetic parameter to select
clones for lumber production. Incidence of end checks
and warping was correlated to tree phenotype and was also
used for genetic selection to establish a forest breeding
program.[53]
Intensity of end checks is correlated to distance between
trees (available space for roots and foliage) in commercial
planted forests.[54] It was observed that intensity of end
checks just after sawing remains proportional after air or
kiln drying,[27,45] which means that adequate drying does
not significantly increase this kind of lumber degradation,
and reduction in the defect incidence could be also attained
by adequate forest management.
DRYING OF PINE LUMBER
Pine lumber is very permeable and easy to dry. There are
no great restrictions to liquid water movement and moisture gradient during drying usually pronounced in the
hygroscopic moisture range.[2] Considering the high initial
moisture content (over 110%, dry basis), objectives of
research have been to reduce drying time increasing
temperature and air flow velocity, as well drying process
control.

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452

JANKOWSKY AND LUIZ

FIG. 2. Distribution of collapse severity index in Eucalyptus grandis clones. Severity index ranges from 1 (no collapse) to 5 (severe) (I.P. Jankowsky,
unpublished data).

The effect of air flow velocity on drying rate of Pinus

elliottii lumber is pronounced at high drying temperatures
(over 100C), but its importance is less significant with
decreasing moisture. At low temperatures (50C), there is
no effect of air speed on drying rate.[4]
The main obstacle to process control at high temperatures is the measurement of lumber moisture content. It
is possible to estimate moisture content measuring electrical resistance,[8,55,56] but temperature also has an undesirable effect on electrical resistance of the material and
replacement of cables and sensors used inside the kiln must
be frequent.
Alternatives are measurement of temperature drop
across the load,[18] lumber temperature,[19] and the ratio
of wood temperature to wet bulb temperature.[20] All those
parameters show a relationship with lumber moisture content, but the last one technique appears to be most reliable.
DRYING OF TROPICAL LUMBER
Tropical lumber includes a long list of species, with very
different behaviors during drying. Major concern has been
to indicate kiln schedules to group different species in same
schedule and control process.
Moisture content measurement is also an obstacle to
efficient control process. Tropical lumber is dried at temperatures below 100C (usually from 40 to 70C) and the
most common method to estimate moisture content is electrical resistance. The relationship between lumber electrical
resistance and its moisture content can be described by a
logarithmic equation, and this correlation is more influenced by wood chemical composition than by its specific
gravity.[9,17]
Although the combination of two equations (below
and above fiber saturation point) can improve accuracy
of electric moisture meters, as illustrated in Fig. 1, there

is a need to use a control software able to handle

simultaneous correction equations. Using a single equation for moisture content below fiber saturation point is
also a possible good fitting (Fig. 3), applicable to the most
part of hand meters and control systems if kiln schedule is
adjusted to a mild drying condition when lumber moisture
content still is above 30%.
Methodology to indicate kiln schedules based on degradation caused by a drastic drying, first published in
1989,[57] was refined[26,28] and has been applied as a quick
screening to suggest kiln schedules for tens of tropical
species (Table 3). This method has also been used to
group different species in the same kiln schedule.[33,35]
Tropical lumber, which has similar suggestion for schedule

FIG. 3. Prediction of moisture content for Muiracatiara (Astronium

leicontei) and Ipe Verde (Tabebuia sp.) lumber, below fiber saturation
point, using a single equation to correct electrical moisture meter (I. P.
Jankowsky, I. C. M. Galina, M. G. Luiz, unpublished data).

453

REVIEW OF WOOD DRYING RESEARCH IN BRAZIL

TABLE 3
Kiln schedule parameters suggested to kiln drying of tropical lumber up to 30 mm thick (Jankowsky, I.P.;
Galina, I.C.M.; Luiz, M.G., unpublished data)
Temperature (C)

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Lumber species
Common name

Scientific name

Initial

Final

Drying
potential

Andiroba
Angelim pedra
Canelas
Cardeiro
Cedro
Cedrorana
Cerejeira
Cumaru
Cupiuba
Freij
o
Grapia
Ipe
Jacareuba
Jatob
a
Louro gamela
Louro pardo
Mandioqueira
Marup
a
Massaranduba
Mogno
Muiracatiara
Parapar
a
Pau marfim
Quaruba
Quarubarana
Rosadinho
Sucupira
Tatajuba
Tauari
Tauari vermelho
Virola

Carapa guianensis
Hymenolobium excelsum
Ocotea sp.
Scleronema micranthum
Cedrela fissilis
Cedrelinga catenaeformis
Torresea cearensis
Dypterix odorata
Goupia glabra
Cordia goeldiana
Apuleia leiocarpa
Tabebuia sp.
Calophyllum brasiliense
Hymenaea courbaril
Ocotea rubra
Cordia trichotoma
Qualea sp.
Simarouba amara
Manilkara huberi
Swietenia macrophylla
Astronium lecointei
Jacaranda copaia
Bauforodendrum riedelianum
Vochysia sp.
Erisma uncinatum
Micropholis sp.
Bowdichia nitida
Bagassa guianensis
Couratari sp.
Cariniana micrantha
Virola sp.

4045
4045
4045
4045
55
4550
50
4045
4045
50
4045
4045
40
4045
4045
5055
4550
4550
40
5055
4550
4550
4045
4045
4550
45
4045
4045
55
4045
4550

6570
6570
6070
6570
6570
6065
6570
6570
60
6570
6065
6070
60
6070
60
6570
70
6570
60
7080
6065
6070
6065
6065
6570
6570
6065
6570
6570
6065
6570

2.02.5
2.03.0
1.52.0
2.02.5
2.53.5
2.02.5
2.03.0
2.02.5
2.02.5
2.02.5
1.72.5
1.72.5
1.52.0
1.82.5
1.52.0
2.53.5
2.03.0
2.03.0
1.72.3
2.53.5
2.02.5
2.02.5
1.72.5
2.02.5
2.33.0
2.03.0
2.02.5
2.02.7
2.33.0
1.72.5
2.02.7

temperatures and drying potential, can be dried in the same

kiln batch, allowing better use of the kiln with reduced risk
of degradation.
INTEGRATION WITH INDUSTRY
Industrial drying procedures and quality of dried
lumber have been periodically evaluated as a research
activity,[23,58,59] industry initiative following development
strategy,[22] or establishment of a quality program.[24]
Results of this research were the identification of main
technical information needs and the settlement of joining
activities between industry and research institutes. Examples
of this approach are the research of moisture meters

calibration and the indication of kiln schedules for tropical

lumber.
Technical meetings facilitate close contact from industry
staff with researchers as well as exchange of experiences.[43,60] Technology and information are transferred
in technical meetings, training courses offered by universities to industry technical staff, and specific publications.[52]
A current example of integration with industry is the
research to improve product quality and procedures to
install solid wood flooring.[61,62] Industry initiative to
establish a quality standard for solid wood flooring and
to certify the product according to this standard is complemented by an academic research on moisture movement

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454

JANKOWSKY AND LUIZ

FIG. 4. Relationship between concrete water evaporation rate and

moisture absorption rate of MDF samples.[62]

and moisture transfer rates in the interface between concrete and wood flooring (illustrated in Fig. 4) and its effect
on flooring dimensional change after installation.
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