DJJ3213

MATERIAL SCIENCE

TOPIC 3: MATERIAL
PROPERTIES & BEHAVIOR
PREPARED BY :

NORSHEILA BINTI BUYAMIN

PENSYARAH POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

(A) Physical Properties

is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing
The composition of the substance
Physical properties describe the substance itself
Examples:
i. Changes of states
ii.Colour
iii.Mass, shape, length
iv.Magnetic properties

(B) Thermal Properties

Thermal Conductivity
A property of the material (the materials ability to transfer heat)
Thermal diffusivity
The ratio of thermal conductivity to the volumetric heat capacity
of material (the ration of the materials ability to transfer heat to
its capacity to store that)
Specific heat
Melting point
Thermal expansion

(C) Mechanical Properties

Mechanical properties determine a materials behavior when subjected
to mechanical stresses
Properties include elastic modulus, ductility, hardness, toughness,
brittleness and various measures of strength.

(D) Electrical Properties

It is well known that one of the subatomic particles of an atom is the
Electron.
The electrons carry a negative charge and under certain conditions can
Move from atom to atom
Examples of electrical of properties:
i.Electrical conductivity measure of how well a material accommodates
the movement of an electric charge
ii. Electrical resistivity the opposition of a body or substance to the
flow of electrical current through it
iii. Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Strength (Kekuatan)

Is the ability of a material to withstand an applied stress without

failure or deformation.

Tensile & Compressive Strength (kN), Shear & Bending Strength, Proof Stress, etc.

<High strength
solid steel weight
bar allow a
person to lift
heavy weight
plates (max
450kg) with less
deformation.

^High strength double girder overhead crane having lifting capacity

up to 500ton.
<Sydney Harbour
Bridge is constructed
by high strength steel
with high tensile steel
for the trusses, cross
girder flanges and
principal lateral
bracings.

Hardness (Kekerasan)

Ability of resistance to localized plastic deformation or

penetration (e.g., a small dent, wear or a scratch).
<Diamond is the
hardest mineral

Spartan Hoplite
Hoplites had red cloaks, bronze
armor (kodonosximos), Hoplon
shield, and closed Corinthian
helmet. All these make by hard
material.
Anti scratch sapphire glass

Turning a metal rod it in a lathe by tool

bit (harder than workpiece).

Elasticity (Keanjalan)

Elastic deformation is nonpermanent, which means that

when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its
original shape.

Modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus, E [GN/m2])

v Fishing rods or poles

^ Rat trap
^ Elastic bow pushes the arrow
forward.

> Car suspension

springs

^ Elastic chest expander

Plasticity (Keplastikan)

Is a permanent deformation; the object does not return to

its original shape when the stress is removed.
Permanent plastic deformation after
tube bending

1981 50 sen Malaysia double striking Error coin

Plaster have highly plastic

deformations and ductile fracture.

The stamping images on coins and ornamental work

show plasticity of metal.

Ductility (Kemuluran)

Ability to deform plastically (elongation or bending) before

fracture under tensile force.
This property important in drawing and pressing process.

Aluminium Wire are made by

drawing out through a die hole.

Handmade aluminium wire

bicycle, art scale model.

Bending a ductiles mild steel

Tensile test of an
AlMgSi alloy. The
local necking & the
cup and cone
fracture surfaces
are typical for
ductile metals.

Tensile test of a
nodular cast iron
with very low
ductility.

Toughness (Keliatan)

Ability of a material to prevent impact load without

fracture.

High toughness torque wrench is

used to torque the bolts/nuts during
installing wheels.
Automobiles Bumpers are designed
to allow car to sustain an impact
without damage to the vehicle's
safety systems
Motocycle helmet able to reduce impact force to
prevent injury to the occupant.

Brittleness (Kerapuhan)

The ability of the materials to break/fracture without a

permanent deformed when a tension force is applied.

Brittle fracture of a hollow stone sculpture.

Brittle fracture of glass

Brittle fracture of metal

brittle fracture and stresscorrosion cracking of

steel pipe.

MATERIAL BEHAVIOURS

(A) Creep
When a metal or an alloy is under a constant load or stress, it may
undergo progressive
plastic deformation over a period of time. This time dependent strain
called creep.
For example, an engineer selecting an alloy for the turbine blades of
a gas turbine engine must choose an alloy with a very low creep rate
so that the blades can remain for in service for a long period of time
before having of replaced.

A typical creep curve for a metal. The curve represents the time versus strain
behavior of a metal or alloy under a constant load at constant temperature.

(B) Fatigue
In many types of service applications metal parts subjected to
repetitive or cyclic stresses will fail due to fatigue loading at a much
lower stress than that which the part can withstand under the
application of a single static stress.
These failures that occur under repeated or cyclic stressing are called
fatigue failure.
Example: machine parts in which fatigue failures are moving parts
such as shafts, connecting rods and gears.

Schematic diagram of an R.R. Moore reversed-bending fatigue machine

Stress versus number of cycles (SN) curve for fatigue failure

(C) Fracture
One of the important and practical aspects of materials selection in
the design, development and production of the new components is
the possibility of failure of the component under normal operation.
Failure can defined as the inability of the material or a component to:
Perform the intended function
Meet performance criteria although it may still be operational
Perform safely and reliably even after deterioration
Yielding, wear, buckling (elastic instability), corrosion and fracture
are examples of situations in which a component has failed.
Fracture is separation of a solid under stress into two or more parts.
In general metal fractures can be classified as ductile or brittle, but a
fracture can be a mixture of the two.

i.

Ductile Fracture
Occur after extensive plastic deformation and is characterized by slow crack
propagation

i.

Brittle Fracture
Proceed along characterized by crystallographic planes called cleavage planes and has
rapid crack propagation