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Transformers

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Distribution Transformers
Historical Note
The first alternating current system in America using transformers was put in operation at
Great Barrington in Massachusetts in 1886. Mr. William Stanley, Westinghouse electrical
expert who was responsible for the installation, gives an account of the plant, part of
which reads:
"Before leaving Pittsburgh I designed several induction coils, or transformers as
we now call them, for parallel connection. The original was designed in the early
summer of 1885 and wound for 500 volts primary and 100 volts secondary emf.
Several other coils were constructed for experimental purposes.
At the north end of the village of Great Barrington was an old deserted rubber
mill, which I leased for a trifling sum and erected in it a 25 hp boiler and engine
that I purchased for the purpose. After what seemed an interminable delay I at
last installed the Siemens alternator that Mr. Westinghouse had imported from
London. It was wound to furnish 12 amperes of current with a maximum of 500
volts. In the meantime I had started the construction of a number of transformers
in the laboratory and engaged a young man to canvass the town of Great
Barrington for light customers. We built in all at Great Barrington 26 transformers,
10 of which were sent to Pittsburgh to be used in a demonstration plant between
the Union Switch and Signal Company's factory and East Liberty about two miles
away.
We installed in the town plant at Barrington two 50 light and four 25 light
transformers, the remainder being used in the laboratory for experimental work.
The transformers in the village lit 13 stores, 2 hotels, 2 doctor's offices, one
barber shop, the telephone office, and the post office. The length of the line from
the laboratory to the center of the town was about 4,000 feet".

Source: Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book; Westinghouse Electric

Corporation

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Issue Number: 01

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Issue Date: 06/08/1999

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Transformer Types
Many different types of transformers have been purchased over the years. This
discussion will only touch on the more common types. Use caution and care
when investigating an existing transformer in the field or selecting a transformer
for use from stock. If necessary, check the transformer's nameplate information.
Pole Mounted
All pole mount transformers purchased today are of the conventional type,
however we still have a number of Completely Self-Protected (CSP)
transformers in service and in stock. The CSP transformer has an internal
weak link fuse, secondary thermal circuit breaker, and tank mounted
arrester. The circuit breaker will operate for overloads, based on oil
temperature, and may operate for secondary faults. If an overload occurs
an external red light will come on providing an indication that the
transformer has been overloaded. The transformer's load should be
checked to prevent damage to the transformer or an outage. If the
overload continues and the load increases, the secondary breaker will
operate disconnecting service to all customers served by that transformer.
If the overload is not too severe, the breaker can be put in the emergency
condition to restore service until a crew can replace the transformer.
Although we no longer purchase CSP transformers, they can still be used
to serve customers. All CSP transformers should be installed with an
external fused cutout and an arrester if a tank mounted arrester is not
present.
The conventional transformer has no "built in protection" so it does not
have an internal fuse or secondary breaker. The conventional transformer
is purchased with a tank mounted arrester. An external fused cutout must
be installed with every conventional transformer. Also, if the tank mounted
arrester is not present, then an arrester must also be installed to protect
the transformer.
Pole mount transformers should be installed on poles of sufficient strength
to support the transformers and other equipment and with sufficient room
on the pole to accommodate the transformer. Avoid installing transformers
on poles with buckarms, recloser, switches, capacitor banks, primary cable
terminal poles, etc. Pole mount transformers can also be installed in
metal enclosures on a pad or in properly constructed vaults.
We purchase single phase pole mounted transformers in sizes ranging
from 1 kVA to 333 kVA. However, we generally do not buy transformers
smaller than 15 kVA today. The single phase units may be banked
together to provide three phase service.
Revised by:
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Issue Number: 01

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Issue Date: 06/08/1999

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Pad Mounted
We purchase both single phase and three phase, pad mount, dead front
transformers. The single phase units are loop feed with internal fuse
protection consisting of a weak link fuse in series with a current limiting
fuse under oil. The three phase units can be radial or loop feed with only
the loop feed units having complete internal fuse protection. The radial
feed transformers have only the current limiting fuse.
Generally, the three phase pad mounts have grounded wye - grounded
wye connections. In a few areas where the circuit is not solidly grounded
or a neutral conductor is not available, a delta connected transformer must
be used.
Pad mounted transformers may be installed on concrete pads, plastic
pads, box pads, and in an emergency on railroad ties. They should be
sited away from traffic and in an area where they can be easily accessed
for maintenance or replacement. The transformer must have adequate
cooling so solid boxed or other decorative covers should not be placed
over them.
Older pad mount transformers may be of the live front design in that cable
terminations are exposed, energized bushings. Fusing protection varies
depending on the type of transformer.
Network Transformers
In the City of Wilmington and in Atlantic City we have a 120/208 volt, three
phase, four wire, secondary network system that supplies small to medium
size customers. The systems are supplied by subway type network
transformers with throat mounted secondary protectors. They are located
under the city sidewalks in transformer vaults. The transformers are rated
either 500 or 750 kVA at 11,800 volts in Wilmington and 23,000 volts in
Atlantic City to 208Y/120 volts and are connected delta-grounded wye.
The Bell Atlantic Building in Atlantic City is the only exception, being
served at 480/277 volts.

Dry Type

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A dry type transformer can be used where the normal oil filled transformer
can not be installed due to weight limitations, fire code ratings, or where
oil leaks cannot be tolerated. A typical application would be to install dry
type transformers in a high rise type building on every other floor to
provide service to secondary metered customers. The dry type
transformer is cooled by air passing over, through, or around the coils.
They should be installed in clean, dry areas with good ventilation.

Submersible
Submersible style transformers have been installed in a few areas where
a pad mount transformer could not be installed due to space or aesthetic
reasons. The submersibles are similar to pole types except they have a
high voltage bushing well in the top cover like a pad mount, and sealed
secondary connectors. They are obviously sealed units designed to be
submerged in water. These units are equipped with an internal weak link
fuse in series with a current limiting fuse. The submersible transformer
should be avoided due to cost and maintenance problems.
Transformer Protection
Transformers must be protected from overloads, lightning, and animals. The
circuit must also be protected from a transformer failure.
If a pole mounted transformer is to be installed in an area where squirrels are
likely to reside, an animal guard should be installed on the high voltage bushing.
Each pole mounted transformer must have a lightning arrester installed with it,
preferably on the tank. The arrester lead length should be kept as short as
possible for the best protection. A good ground of 25 ohms or less is also needed
at the base of the pole and the arrester & neutral connected to it. The use of
elbow arresters in pad mount transformers depends on the system voltage. At 12
kV, arresters at the terminal pole are usually sufficient, however arresters may be
installed in the pad mounted transformers at the designer's discretion. At 25 and
35 kV, arresters must be installed on the terminal pole, at open points, and at the
end of radial feeds.
Each transformer must be individually fused, either internally or externally. Pole
mounted transformers require an external fuse while most pad mounted
transformers contain internal fusing. The fuse should be selected to provide
overload protection to avoid severe damage to the transformer. If the available
fault current is over the established guidelines then a current limiting fuse may
also be required on pole mounted transformers. Pad mounted transformers are
Revised by:
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Issue Number: 01

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purchased with internal current limiting fuses. Refer to the Distribution Standards
Manual for more detailed information.
Transformers also have a pressure relief device that vents internal pressure to
the atmosphere.
Transformer Polarity
The lead polarity (or polarity) of a transformer is a designation of the relative
instantaneous directions of currents in its leads. Primary and secondary leads
are said to have the same polarity when at a given instant the current enters the
primary lead in question and leaves the secondary lead in question in the same
direction as though the two leads formed a continuous circuit. The polarity of a
single phase transformer may be either additive or subtractive.
Additive polarity is standard for all single phase transformers rated 200 kVA and
smaller, having high voltage windings 8,660 volts and below. When facing the
transformer from the secondary terminals side, the H1 bushing will be on the left
and the X1 bushing will be on the right.
Subtractive polarity is standard for all single phase transformers rated 200 kVA
and smaller having high voltage windings above 8,660 volts and for all
transformers larger than 200 kVA. When facing the transformer from the
secondary terminals side, the H1 bushing will be on the left and the X1 bushing
will be on the left.
The polarity of three phase transformers is fixed by the internal connections
between phases as well as by the relative location of leads. The transformer's
nameplate contains a vector diagram and the bushings are labeled to indicate the
polarity.
Refer to the Distribution Standards Manual for more detailed information.

Revised by:
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Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

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Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

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Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

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Transformer Connections
The primary connection of a multi-phase transformer installation shall, in general,
be determined by the characteristics of the circuit; delta connections shall be
used with ungrounded or delta circuits and wye connections with grounded wye
circuits.
Secondary connections are determined by the utilization voltage required by the
customer. These voltages may be found in the Electric Service Handbook but will
include:
120/240 volt, single phase, three wire
120/208 volt, single phase, three wire (limited availability)
120/208 volt, three phase, four wire, wye connected
120/240 volt, three phase, four wire, delta connected (limited availability)
277/480 volt, three phase, four wire, wye connected
For three phase transformer banks, the secondary should be connected wye
whenever possible. The single phase load should then be distributed equally
among all three phases. In the wye-wye transformer connection, the primary and
secondary neutrals must be connected together and solidly grounded. The
customer should always be encouraged to use a wye service if possible when
three phase service is requested.
The open wye - open delta two transformer bank may be used to serve small
mixed single and three phase loads, but is limited to only 86.6% of the two
transformers' rating. The transformer supplying the single phase load (lighting
transformer) should be connected to the leading primary phase to provide the
best voltage regulation. The open wye - open delta banks may develop low
voltage conditions on circuits with unbalanced voltage between primary phases.
This connection should only be used to serve customers with single phase
120/240 volt loads and a small amount of three phase load. Any possible future
load growth should also be considered which may cause a problem in increasing
the transformer size or having to close the delta. The customer should be
encouraged, where the load level warrants, to utilize a voltage that can be served
from a wye connected bank.
The floating wye - closed delta 120/240 volt secondary connection should be
avoided. When this connection cannot be avoided, the primary neutral shall be
isolated from the common neutral. If the primary neutral is not floated, circulating
currents in the secondary delta will backfeed a primary fault creating a serious
safety hazard and may damage the transformers. Because of floating the
neutral, it is necessary to use only two bushing transformers in these banks. The
transformer with the mid-tap (lighting transformer) carries 2/3 of the 120/240 volt
Revised by:
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single phase load and 1/3 of the 240 volt three phase load. The other two units
(power transformers) each carry 1/3 of both the 120/240 volt and 240 volt loads.
A fourth cutout is required, especially at 25 & 35 kV, on these banks
between the common neutral and the floated transformer neutral. This
cutout must be closed only when operating the transformer fuses. Closing
the cutout helps to prevent overvoltage conditions (ferroresonance) from
occurring during switching.
Grounded wye - closed delta transformer banks shall not be installed.
When a delta - delta or wye - delta transformer bank is used these transformers
must have:

Identical transformation ratios.

Impedances which do not differ more than 10% between highest and
lowest value.
Cutouts rated for phase to phase voltage.
Power transformers rated not less than 50% of the lighting transformer
size.

Refer to the Distribution Standards Manual for additional information and

connection diagrams. The General Electric Distribution Transformer Manual and
the ABB Distribution Transformer Guide are both good references for additional
information, as well.

Revised by:
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Issue Number: 01

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Ferroresonance
Ferroresonance is a non-linear resonance which can occur during open
conductor (single phase) conditions in the distribution system. The condition is
more likely to occur when a section of shielded underground cable is part of the
circuit. The resonant circuit occurs when one or two phases are de-energized
putting the transformer inductance in series with the system capacitance. When
ferroresonance occurs, it is characterized by high over-voltages (up to five times
normal) whose waveform contains appreciable harmonics. The abnormal
condition will persist until all three phases are closed or opened. The
transformers involved may emit unusual noises, which frequently are described
as rattling, rumbling, or whining sound. The ultimate result of ferroresonance is
internal damage to the transformer, blistered paint, and damage to associated
equipment (lightning arresters). Some causes of ferroresonance are the
operation of single pole, overcurrent, protective devices such as fuses or singlepole reclosers, normal switching operations with single-pole devices such as
distribution cutouts to energize or de-energize a transformer, and failure to
connect jumpers. Ferroresonance will not occur under normal circuit conditions,
only if one or two phases are de-energized. The condition is more prevalent with
higher system voltages (14.4 kV and higher).
The possibility of ferroresonance can be minimized with the following measures:

Application of only three phase gang operated switches and fault

interrupters.
Switch with single pole devices only at the transformer terminals.
Connection of resistive load to the secondary terminals of the
transformer during remote single-pole switching.
Use transformers connected grounded wye - grounded wye or
grounded open wye - delta.

Transformer No-Load Taps

Some transformers have taps in the high voltage winding. These taps can only
be changed with the transformer de-energized. The tap changer operating
handle is located outside the tank on some units, while on others, a cover plate
must be removed to reach the handle. The tap position determines the turn to
turn ratio (TTR) of the transformer so the proper secondary voltage can be
obtained.
We purchased transformers with taps in order to use standard industry
transformers on our system, especially in the Christiana District. All transformers
in the district or area should be set the same to match the nominal distribution
voltage. Taps on an individual transformer should only be changed to a nonRevised by:
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standard setting to correct a customer voltage problem as a last resort. If line

switching is performed or the system voltage problem is corrected, then the
customers fed by the transformer with the non-standard tap may receive voltage
outside of our limits.
Typical tap settings
35 kV: Transformers do not have taps.
25 kV: Only step down transformers have taps. Transformers rated at
24,940Y/14,400 to 7,200/12,470Y have 4 - 2 % taps above nominal
voltage. The taps should be set as shown below - the setting on the 7,200
volt transformer will govern which tap combination is used:
24,940Y/14,400
Transformer

7,200/12,470Y
Transformer

100%
105%
110%

100%
95%
90%

13.8 kV: All transformers are privately owned.

12 kV: Some transformers rated at 7,200/12,470Y have 4-2% taps
below nominal voltage. In the Christiana District these are set for 95%
since the distribution system is 12,000 volts nominal. In the other districts
they would be set at 100%. Transformers rated at 12,000 volts have 2-2
% taps above and below nominal voltage. In the Christiana district the
12,000 volt transformers would have their taps set at 100%. In the other
districts they would be set at either 102% (12,300 v) or 105% (12,600 v).
11.8 kV: The transformers feeding the City of Wilmington network are
rated at 11,800 volts and have 2-2% above and below rated voltage.
They should be set on the 100% tap.
4 kV: Transformers do not usually have taps. If a transformer with taps is
encountered, it should be set at 100%.

Revised by:
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Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

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Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

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Transformer Specifications / Information

The Standards Department maintains specifications for each type of transformer.
Check your Distribution Standards Manual for detailed information on kVA ratings,
fusing, connections, voltage ratings, installation information, etc.
In addition, many books have been published about distribution transformers. A
few of them are listed below. Consult any of them for additional information.
Distribution Transformer Manual: General Electric
Distribution Transformer Guide; ABB
Distribution Systems, Vol. 3; Westinghouse

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Transformer Voltages

El E

El being the phase to phase voltage.

Symbol

Typical Rating

Explanation

Single Phase
El
E / El

12,000
7,200 / 12,470Y

El Grd Y / E

12,470GrdY / 7,200

E / 2E
2E / E

120 / 240
240 / 120

For delta connection on an E l volt system.

For delta connection on an E volt system or Y
connection on an El volt system.
Indicates a winding with reduced insulation at the
neutral end. The neutral end may be connected
directly to the tank for connection single phase or in
Y on an El volt system with the neutral end of the
winding effectively grounded.
For three wire secondary & service.
For 2E volts, two wire full kVA or for 2E/E volts three
wire service with 1/2 kVA available from the midpoint to each outside terminal.

Three Phase
El
ElY / E

12,000
208Y / 120

El GrdY / E

12,470GrdY / 7,200

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For delta connection on an E l system.

Winding permanently Y connected for use on an E l
volt system. Fully insulated neutral.
Indicates a winding having reduced insulation and
permanently Y connected with the transformer
neutral grounded.

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Transformer Load Rating & Sizing

Transformers are rated in terms of the kVA load that they can serve. A
transformer can usually carry 120% of nameplate kVA in summer and 140% of
nameplate kVA in the winter without damage. Various methods have been used
to attempt to match transformer size to the anticipated customer load. The larger
the transformer the higher the transformer losses and the higher the purchase
price; so it makes economic sense to match the transformer to the load with some
allowance for future load growth.
Selecting the transformer size to use for a particular installation depends on
several factors. Load diversity is the term we use to describe how the actual total
load from a group of customers will not usually be the sum of each customer's
individual loads. This is because customers do not all cook dinner at the same
time, shower at the same time, heaters & air conditioners cycle at different times,
etc. However on a very hot summer day or very cold winter day the load diversity
may be very small with all air conditioners or heaters running continuously to
maintain the thermostat setting. As a result it is important to remember to size
your transformers for the greater demand in either the summer or winter, but not
for a combination of the two.
For residential customers, the information and tables on pages 14 to 16 may be
used to select the transformer size. The Expert Designer function contained
within GIS may also be used to determine the appropriate transformer size.
Sizing a transformer to serve a commercial or industrial customer usually requires
obtaining load information from the customer. Be sure to ask the customer if the
load data supplied is for estimated demand or connected load. If connected load
is supplied a diversity factor must be applied. If the customer is similar to other
existing customers, actual demand data may be obtained from the customer
billing system. For example, most Wawa Stores are the same size so check the
demand of other Wawa Stores in the area with similar loads to obtain the demand
information. The same approach may be used for other customers as well. If it is
an office building, other buildings with similar loads can be checked to obtain an
average load per square foot, which can then be applied to the new facility. For
good results be sure the existing customer data used represents similar
connected loads as the proposed facility. If one customer has electric heat then
the other should also have electric heat.
The customer's load center size should not be used to size the transformer. The
load center and other customer owned equipment must conform to the National
Electric Code which rates electric equipment very conservatively. The code
requires that the actual load on the load center can be no more than 80% of its
rating.
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Issue Number: 01

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In some cases the transformer size may need to be increased in order to

compensate for voltage drop and/or flicker. The cause of the voltage fluctuations
should first be determined, then take the appropriate corrective action which may
include installing a larger capacity transformer to decrease the transformer's
contribution to the voltage fluctuations.
The transformer size should also be reviewed whenever doing any projects that
would effect the transformer. When doing a voltage conversion, highway
relocation job, pole replacement, etc. review the transformer's load and specify
the transformer size based on the actual measured load.
Open Wye / Open Delta Connection
In order to size the lighting and power transformers properly, the total load
to be served must be broken down into single phase and three phase
loads. The customer can usually supply this information. As can be seen
below, the lighting transformer serves the entire single phase load and a
portion of the three phase load. The power transformer serves a portion
of the three phase load only. This connection provides for a three phase
service from two single phase transformers and is best used where the
customer has mostly single phase load and only a small amount of three
phase load. The lighting transformer should be on the leading phase.

Lighting Transformer Load:

kVA L 1 Load

Power Transformer Load:

kVA P

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3 Load
2 .866

3 Load
2 .866

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Individual Demands in kVA - Summer Peak

Number of
Customers

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
50
100

Basic
House
Load
1.7
2.9
4.1
4.9
5.6
6.5
7.3
8.2
8.8
9.2
9.4
10.0
10.6
11.0
11.7
12.3
12.8
13.3
13.8
14.4
19.9
31.1
59.6

Dryer

2.3
3.9
4.9
5.5
5.9
6.7
7.4
7.8
8.3
8.3
8.8
9.2
9.8
10.4
10.8
11.4
12.0
12.6
13.2
13.6
19.1
29.9
57.4

Water
Heater
4.5 kW
.9
1.8
2.0
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.4
5.1
5.5
5.8
6.2
6.3
6.7
7.1
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.5
12.0
17.8
35.2

Range

2.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.5
6.4
6.7
6.9
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.2
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.5
13.0
19.2
37.8

Air Conditioning
1.5
Ton
2
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
10
19
40

2
Ton
3
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
14
14
19
31
60

2.5
Ton
4
8
11
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
29
44
80

3
Ton
4
10
13
13
14
15
17
18
20
21
22
24
25
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
47
66
110

3.5
Ton
5
11
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
29
32
33
35
37
39
40
43
44
46
64
102
190

4
Ton
6
12
17
19
21
24
27
30
33
36
38
41
44
47
50
52
54
57
60
62
87
143
270

5
Ton
8
14
21
25
29
33
38
43
48
52
56
61
65
70
79
78
81
86
90
94
134
223
440

Example: Assume 12 customers

12 Customers:
8 Customers:
12 Customers:
5 Customers:

Basic House Load, Dryers

Water Heaters
Ranges
1.5 Ton A/C

Total Diversified Demand

Install a 37.5 kVA transformer.

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

19.2
4.0
6.9
5.0

kVA
kVA
kVA
kVA

35.1 kVA

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

Page

15 of 25
33.0

Transformer Capacities

Transformer
Nameplate
kVA
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167

Maximum Initial Load

Summer
11
17
28
42
57
85
113
189

Winter
15
23
38
57
76
115
153
255

Maximum Final Load

Summer
12
18
31
46
63
93.5
124
208

Winter
16.5
25
42
63
83.5
126.5
168
280.5

Notes:

Applies to single phase overhead and pad mounted transformers installed outdoors in
free air.
Transformers designed for 30o C ambient, average winding rise of 65o C and hot spot
rise of 80o C in accordance with ANSI C57.12.
Final load limited to 1.1 times maximum initial load.
Loading based on ANSI C57.91 (1974) paragraphs 2.5.1, 3.1.2.4, 5.6, and table 2B
Summer peak conditions: Average daily temperature 75.1 o F, 8 hour peak. Peak
preceded by 12 hour average load equivalent of 75% of nameplate rating.
Winter peak conditions: Average daily temperature 35 o F, 4 hour peak. Peak preceded
by 12 hour average load equivalent of 75% of nameplate rating.
All transformers shall be checked for summer loading conditions.

The lowest transformer kVA rating that will satisfy the following criteria should be chosen:
No more than 10% probability the transformer will last twenty years or less.
No more than 5% probability that the transformer will last ten years or less.
No more than 10% probability that the transformer load will be over two
hundred per cent of the nameplate rating.
No more than 1% probability that the load will exceed three hundred per cent
of the transformer nameplate rating.
No more than 1% probability that the load will exceed 150% of the transformer
fuse rating.
2% or less voltage flicker in the transformer with a motor starting current of
approximately 100 amps (85-j50 amps).
No more than 1% probability that the voltage drop will exceed 3%.

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

Page

16 of 25
33.0

Three Phase Pad Mounted Transformer Capacities

Transformer
Nameplate
kVA
150
225
300
500
750

Maximum Initial Load

Summer
165
250
330
550
825

Winter
180
270
360
600
900

Maximum Final Load

Summer
180
255
340
565
850

Winter
185
280
350
625
935

Transformer Problems

A partially shorted winding will produce abnormal secondary voltages.

A transformer set on the wrong tap will not have the proper secondary
voltage.
CSP transformers have an internal under-oil, thermal secondary breaker.
These breakers have four basic settings:
1. Normal condition
2. Many CSP transformers have a red indicator light on the side that will
turn on when the transformer is overloaded. This light will stay on until
manually reset.
3. Trip Out - if the load gets high enough the breaker will trip, cutting off
all customers served by that transformer.
4. If a tripped-out transformer cannot be reset to normal then it can be
set on emergency, which allows for the transformer to serve a little
more load before it trips out again. The transformer loading should be
reviewed and the transformer replaced as necessary. The transformer
should not be left on the emergency setting for more than a few days.

All transformers installed on delta circuits, circuits that are not solidly
grounded, or circuits where there is no neutral must be connected phase to
phase.

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

1PH-OH
kVA
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167

250
333
500
3PH-PM
kVA
75
112.5
150
225
300
500
750
1000

17 of 25
33.0

7200/12470Y to
120/240
Percent
Percent
IR
IX
1.60
1.40
1.30
1.00
1.20
1.70
1.30
1.90
1.10
1.80
1.00
2.10
1.00
2.10
1.00
2.00

14400/24
940Y to Percent
Percent Percent
IZ
IR
IX
2.10
1.70
1.30
1.60
1.30
1.20
2.10
1.30
1.90
2.30
1.40
2.10
2.10
1.10
1.90
2.30
1.10
2.30
2.30
1.10
2.20
2.20
1.00
1.90

240/480

240/480

1.0
0.9
0.8

2.3
2.4
2.5

12470GrdY/7200
to
208Y/120
volts
Percent
Percent
IR
IX
1.00
3.00
1.10
3.20
1.00
3.40
1.00
3.40
1.00
3.80
1.00
3.90
1.00
5.70
1.00
5.70

2.5
2.6
2.6

1.0
0.9
0.8

0.70
0.70
0.60

5.70
5.70
5.80

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

2.8
3.0
2.8

24940Gr
dY/1440 Percent
Percent Percent
IZ
IR
IX
3.20
1.10
2.80
3.40
1.10
3.40
3.50
1.00
3.10
3.50
1.10
3.30
3.90
1.10
3.60
4.00
1.10
3.70
5.75
1.10
5.60
5.75
1.10
5.60

480Y/277
1500
2000
2500

Page

1992
Percent 0/34
Percent
IZ
IR
2.10
1.80
1.80
1.50
2.30
1.60
2.50
1.50
2.20
1.30
2.50
1.10
2.40
1.10
2.10
0.90

0.70
0.70
0.60

5.70
5.70
5.80

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Percent
IZ
2.40
1.90
2.60
2.70
2.30
2.70
2.70
2.50

240/480
3.0
3.1
2.9

1.1
1.0
0.9

345
00G
Percent Percent
IZ
IR
3.00
1.10
3.60
1.10
3.30
1.10
3.50
1.10
3.80
1.10
3.90
1.10
5.75
1.10
5.75
1.10

480Y/277
5.75
5.75
5.75

Percent
IX
1.60
1.10
2.10
2.30
1.90
2.50
2.50
2.30

3.2
3.7
3.2

3.4
3.8
3.3

Percent
IX
3.00
3.30
3.40
3.30
3.90
4.10
5.60
5.60

Percent
IZ
3.20
3.50
3.60
3.50
4.10
4.20
5.75
5.75

480Y/277
5.75
5.75
5.75

0.70
0.70
0.60

5.70
5.70
5.80

5.75
5.75
5.75

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

Transf.
Manufact.
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE

Type

CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.
CONV.

Page

18 of 25
33.0

Size

Stock Primary Secondary No-Load

Number Voltage
Voltage
Losses
(kVA)
(Volts)
(Volts)
(Watts)
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400

All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Full-Load
Losses
(Watts)

40
63
83
115
170
178
280
335
530
700
900
40
63
83
115
170
178
280
335
530
700
900
40
63
83
115
170
178
280
335
530
700
900

136
182
258
381
515
638
971
1,221
2,085
3,170
3,750
142
203
277
430
570
715
1,055
1,310
2,025
2,810
3,500
165
219
297
440
585
736
1,055
1,325
2,085
3,170
3,750

Total
Losses
(Watts)
176
245
341
496
685
816
1,251
1,556
2,615
3,870
4,650
182
266
360
545
740
893
1,335
1,645
2,555
3,510
4,400
205
282
380
555
755
914
1,335
1,660
2,615
3,870
4,650

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Z
(%)
2.65
1.40
1.45
1.70
1.45
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.70
2.20
1.55
2.10
1.70
1.50
1.95
1.75
1.85
1.75
1.90
1.90
2.40
1.60
3.50
1.80
1.80
2.00
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.75
1.90
2.40
1.65

Section

Transformers

Transf.
Manufact.
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE

Type

CSP
CSP
CSP
CSP
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM

Page

19 of 25
33.0

Size

Stock Primary Secondary No-Load

Number Voltage
Voltage
Losses
(kVA)
(Volts)
(Volts)
(Watts)
10
15
25
50
25
50
75
100
167
75
112.5
150
225
300
500
750
1000
1500
2500

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200

All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Full-Load
Losses
(Watts)

65
85
115
195
115
190
250
325
485
480
620
750
1,030
1,130
1,475
1,700
2,050
2,050
2,550

250
290
445
750
420
750
950
1,250
2,130
1,380
1,800
2,250
3,200
3,900
5,800
8,500
8,500
11,300
11,300

Total
Losses
(Watts)
315
375
560
945
535
940
1,200
1,575
2,615
1,860
2,420
3,000
4,230
5,030
7,275
10,200
10,550
13,350
13,850

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Z
(%)
2.00
1.60
1.70
1.70
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.60
1.90
1.50
1.65
1.55
2.15
2.10
2.30
3.20
5.75
5.75
5.75

Section

Transformers

Type

Size

20 of 25
33.0

Stock
Number

(kVA)
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM

15
25
50
75
100
167
15
25
50
75
100
167
15
25
50
75
100
167
15
25
50
75
100
167
75
150
225
300
500
750
75
150

Page

0100-2764
0100-2682
0100-2690
0100-2815
0100-2708
0100-2716
0100-1106
0100-1114
0100-1127
0100-1130
0100-1148
0100-1155
0100-2740
0100-2757
0100-2765
0100-2823
0100-2773
0100-2781
0100-2161
0100-2179
0100-2187
0100-2195
0100-2203
0100-2112
0100-2427
0100-2435
0100-2443
0100-2450
0100-2468
0100-2476
0100-2062
0100-2070

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Primary
Voltage
(Volts)
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
7,200
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
14,400
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
24,940
24,940

Secondary
Voltage
(Volts)
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/208
120/208
120/208
120/208
120/208
120/208
120/208
120/208

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

No-Load
Losses
(Watts)
50
25
101
177
191
229
51
78
105
128
223
229
19
20
113
146
174
225
60
23
86
110
151
287
169
326
400
485
623
827
199
330

Full-Load
Losses
(Watts)
202
328
511
654
926
1,425
208
333
474
788
661
1,590
198
257
425
465
722
1,310
156
340
549
521
852
1,056
813
1,341
1,713
2,676
4,641
6,855
742
1,290

Total
Losses
(Watts)

Z
(%)

252
353
612
831
1,117
1,654
259
411
579
916
884
1,819
217
277
538
611
896
1,535
216
363
635
631
1,003
1,343
982
1,667
2,113
3,161
5,264
7,682
941
1,620

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

1.50
1.95
1.85
1.75
1.90
1.90
1.80
2.00
1.70
1.75
1.75
1.90
1.60
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.60
1.90
1.80
2.30
2.20
2.50
2.40
2.10
1.50
1.55
2.15
2.10
2.30
3.20
3.00
3.30

Section

Transformers

Type

Size

21 of 25
33.0

Stock
Number

(kVA)
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM

225
300
500
750
75
150
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
75
150
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500

Page

0100-2088
0100-2096
0100-2104
0100-2122
0100-2526
0100-2542
0100-2559
0100-2567
0100-2575
0100-2583
0100-2591
0100-2609
0100-1858
0100-1874
0100-1882
0100-1890
0100-1908
0100-1916
0100-1924
0100-1932

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Primary
Voltage
(Volts)
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
12,470
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940
24,940

Secondary
Voltage
(Volts)
120/208
120/208
120/208
120/208
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480
277/480

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

No-Load
Losses
(Watts)
517
607
629
1,064
194
86
512
667
854
1,157
1,455
4,800
5,750
258
111
537
782
919
1,033
1,542
4,800
5,750

Full-Load
Losses
(Watts)
1,578
2,139
3,748
6,711
666
649
2,067
3,096
5,313
7,374
9,678
13,500
15,250
438
1,416
2,118
3,468
5,913
10,587
10,224
13,500
15,250

Total
Losses
(Watts)

Z
(%)

2,095
2,746
4,377
7,775
860
735
2,579
3,763
6,167
8,531
11,133
18,300
21,000
696
1,527
2,655
4,250
6,832
11,620
11,766
18,300
21,000

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

3.50
3.80
3.90
5.75
1.50
1.55
2.10
2.30
3.20
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
3.00
3.30
3.80
3.90
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75

Section

Transformers

Page

22 of 25
33.0

Fault Current at Secondary Terminals of Transformer

Infinite Source Bus - Primary Circuit Impedance Ignored
Typical Data for Transformers
Based on Phase to Phase Secondary Voltage
Type

Size
(kVA)

1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH

5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
25
25
25
25
50
50
50
50
75
75
75
75
100
100
100
100
167
167
167
167

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Primary
Voltage
(Volts)
2,400
7,200
14,400
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920
2,400
7,200
14,400
19,920

Secondary
Voltage
(Volts)

(%)

Full Load
Current
Secondary

120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240
120/240

2.65
2.10
3.50
1.40
1.70
1.80
2.40
1.45
1.50
1.80
1.90
1.70
1.95
2.00
2.60
1.60
1.85
1.70
2.30
1.65
1.75
1.75
2.70
1.70
1.90
1.75
2.70
1.70
1.90
1.90
2.50

21
21
21
42
42
42
42
63
63
63
63
104
104
104
104
208
208
208
208
313
313
313
313
417
417
417
417
696
696
696
696

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Secondary
Fault
Current
786
992
595
2,976
2,451
2,315
1,736
4,310
4,167
3,472
3,289
6,127
5,342
5,208
4,006
13,021
11,261
12,255
9,058
18,939
17,857
17,857
11,574
24,510
21,930
23,810
15,432
40,931
36,623
36,623
27,833

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

Page

23 of 25
33.0

Type

Size

1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-OH
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
1PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM

(kVA)
250
250
250
333
333
333
500
500
500
15
15
25
25
50
50
75
75
100
100
167
167
75
75
75
112.5
150
150
150
225
225
225
300
300
300
500
500
500
750
750

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Primary
Secondary
Voltage
Voltage
(Volts)
(Volts)
7,200 240/480
14,400 240/480
19,920 240/480
7,200 240/480
14,400 240/480
19,920 240/480
7,200 240/480
14,400 240/480
19,920 240/480
7,200 120/240
14,400 120/240
7,200 120/240
14,400 120/240
7,200 120/240
14,400 120/240
7,200 120/240
14,400 120/240
7,200 120/240
14,400 120/240
7,200 120/240
14,400 120/240
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
24,940 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
24,940 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
24,940 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
24,940 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
24,940 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Z
(%)
2.50
3.00
3.40
2.60
3.10
3.80
2.60
2.90
3.30
1.60
1.80
1.80
2.30
1.70
2.20
1.70
2.50
1.60
2.40
1.90
2.10
2.00
1.50
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.55
3.30
2.15
2.00
3.50
2.10
2.00
3.80
2.30
2.00
3.90
5.75
3.20

Full Load Secondary

Current
Fault
Secondary
Current
1,042
41,667
1,042
34,722
1,042
30,637
1,388
53,365
1,388
44,758
1,388
36,513
2,083
80,128
2,083
71,839
2,083
63,131
63
3,906
63
3,472
104
5,787
104
4,529
208
12,255
208
9,470
313
18,382
313
12,500
417
26,042
417
17,361
696
36,623
696
33,135
208
10,409
208
13,879
208
6,939
312
15,613
416
20,818
416
26,862
416
12,617
625
29,048
625
31,227
625
17,844
833
39,653
833
41,636
833
21,914
1,388
60,342
1,388
69,393
1,388
35,586
2,082
36,205
2,082
65,056
Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

Page

24 of 25
33.0

Type

Size

3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM
3PH.-PM

(kVA)
750
1,000
1,500
2,000
75
75
75
112.5
150
150
150
225
300
300
300
500
500
500
750
750
750
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
2,500
2,500

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Primary
Secondary
Voltage
Voltage
(Volts)
(Volts)
24,940 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 120/208
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480
12,470 277/480
24,940 277/480

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Z
(%)
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
2.00
1.50
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.55
3.30
2.00
2.10
2.00
3.80
2.30
2.00
3.90
5.75
3.20
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75

Full Load Secondary

Current
Fault
Secondary
Current
2,082
36,205
2,776
48,273
4,164
72,410
5,551
96,547
90
4,511
90
6,014
90
3,007
135
6,766
180
9,021
180
11,640
180
5,467
271
13,532
361
17,183
361
18,042
361
9,496
601
26,148
601
30,070
601
15,421
902
15,689
902
28,191
902
15,689
1,203
20,918
1,203
20,918
1,804
31,378
1,804
31,378
2,406
41,837
2,406
41,837
3,007
52,296
3,007
52,296

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL

Section

Transformers

Page

25 of 25
33.0

If the impedance of a particular transformer is known, the fault currents can be calculated
from the equations noted below. The impedance can usually be obtained from the nameplate
on the transformer or from manufacturer data.
For single phase transformers:

ISC

kVA 100 K
%Z kV

For three phase transformers:

ISC

kVA 100 K
3 %Z kV

Where,
ISC is the calculated short circuit current
kVA is the nameplate transformer rating
K is the asymmetry factor (K=1.00 to calculate the symmetrical current)
%Z is the transformer impedance (primary source impedance ignored)
kV is the voltage of the transformer, typically .240, .208, or .480 kV.
For an alternate method to calculate secondary fault currents on 120 / 240 volt single phase
systems, with or without secondary cables, refer to the System Protection / Impedances /
Fault Currents, Section 31.0, Page 23. This section provides a method to calculate:

Phase to Phase 240 volt secondary faults

Phase to Ground 120 volt secondary faults
Faults at secondary terminals of transformer
Faults at any point along the secondary or service conductor

The CYME CYMDIST feeder analysis program could also be used to calculate the fault
current on the secondary terminals of a particular size and type of transformer.

Revised by:
Revised by:
Revised by: Transformer PPT
Issued By: Robert E. Rogers

Revision Number:
Revision Number:
Revision Number: 02
Issue Number: 01

Revision Date:
Revision Date:
Revision Date: 05/30/2001
Issue Date: 06/08/1999

CONECTIV ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING MANUAL