Introduction To Scuba Diving Unit 4 - Diving Science

Unit 4: Diving Science
Unit 4 - Diving Science
Characteristics of Air and Water.
Buoyancy.
What is Pressure?
Your Body.
The Anatomy of Your Lungs.
Indirect Effects of Pressure.
Thermal Effects of Diving.
Instructor Materials: Teaching notes, various training aids use to demonstrate

topics of diving sciences.
INTRODUCTION
Attention step: The underwater world presents a new totally different
environment from the air world in which you live.
Importance of Value: This unit addresses physical properties of air and water
and ways specific parts of your body are affected while diving. The better you
understand these differences, the easier it will be for you to function as a diver.
Main Points: See presentation slides.
Student Materials and Conduct: note taking material, student book kit, and
your undivided attention
Body: See presentation slides.
Unit 4 - Diving Science - Inst Notes
Student Performance:
By the end of the lesson students will be able to:
State some of the characteristics of air.

Describe the concept of buoyancy and how it affects us
under water.
Describe the concept of pressure and how it affects
volume and density in a closed container.
Describe how pressure affects air spaces in our body and
how prevent problems from pressure changes.
State the different types of lung overpressure injuries
and how to prevent them.
Describe the indirect effects of pressure on our body.
Describe the thermal effects of air and water
temperature on our body.
Performance Statement:
Describe to the students what, by the end of this lesson, will be expected of
them, and to what degree.
Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes
Direct Effects of Pressure
You will learn how pressure increases under water and how it
affects your body.
n
When we descend in water, the force from the

combined weight of air and water will increase.
Density and its Effects.
When we descend in water, the force from the combined weight of air and water will
increase. This force is called pressure.
Density and its Effects.
Density is the mass of an element per unit volume.
The Density of a gas depends on its pressure and temperature.
The density of water is constant over a wide range of temperature and pressure.
Air weights 1.29 grams per liter or 0.08 pounds per cubic foot
Freshwater weights 1.0 kilogram per liter or 62.4 pounds per cubic foot
Saltwater weights 1.025 kilogram per liter or 64 pounds per cubic foot
The Air You Breathe
Most of the time, we do not think about air, because

breathing is an automatic activity.
n
Air is a mixture of gases.
Air can be easily compressed.
Air is a mixture of gases.

The gases in air are colorless, odorless and tasteless.
Air is composed of approximately 20.9% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and
1.1% miscellaneous gases.
The most important component of air is oxygen.
Nitrogen is metabolically inert.
Air can be easily compressed.
When pressure is applied to a volume of air, it can be forced to occupy
a smaller area.
The air surrounding the earth at sea level is compressed by the weight
of the air above it.
The air at sea level is denser than the air at higher altitudes.
In the Water
Water affects our vision, hearing, ability to retain heat and

how we move through it.
The density of water at any depth is the

same as the density at the surface.
Vision:
Colors:
The density of water at any depth is the same as the density at the surface.
Water is about 800 times denser than air.
Vision:
The human eye is designed to focus light rays in air.
Objects underwater appear blurry.
The mask allows you to put an air space in front of your eyes to see
without the blur.
Objects appear 1/3 closer and larger under water.
Colors:
Colors look much different under water.
As light passes through the water, the water absorbs the colors of the
spectrum of the sunlight.
The first to be absorbed is the color red followed by orange.
You need artificial light to see the true colors underwater.
Hearing, Heat Loss, Drag

Noises sound different under water than they do in air.
Because of the greater density of

water compared to air, sound waves
travel about 4 times faster in the
water than they do in air.
Heat Loss:
Drag:
Because of the greater density of water compared to air, sound waves

travel about 4 times faster in the water than they do in air.
You can hear sound getting louder or softer, but you can not tell its
direction.
Heat Loss:
Heat can be conducted out of your body by direct contact with water at
a rate nearly 25 times faster than by air.
When you start to shiver on a dive, you must end your dive and get out
of the water to rewarm.
Drag:
The water resists your movement. This resistance is called drag.
The more you can streamline yourself and your equipment, the easier it
will be for you to move through the water.
Review on Effects of Density

What have you learned so far?
n
n
n
n
n
n
List the two main components of air.

Describe the difference in the density of air in the
mountains and at sea level.
Describe the difference in the density of water at 30
meters (99 feet) and 3 meters (10 feet).
Describe one way of reducing drag under water.
Describe how objects appear under water compared
to air.
State how many times faster sound travels under
water.
Summarize this section

Review the main points of each slide:
Emphasis key points of each main point.

State the objective statements as questions .
Buoyancy
By understanding buoyancy, you can control it to your

advantage for diving.
n
Archimedes Principle:
States of buoyancy:
Archimedes Principle:
An object in a fluid is buoyed up (lifted) by a force equal to the weight
of the fluid it displaces.
States of buoyancy:
As a diver you control your buoyancy primarily by the amount of
weight you wear and the amount of air in your BC.
Positive:
If an object floats, it means the object displaces an amount of
water that weighs more than the object does.
Neutral:
If an object hovers, it means the object displaces an amount of
water that weighs same as the object does.
Negative:
If an object sinks, it means the object displaces an amount of
water that weighs less than the object does.
Factors Affecting Buoyancy

Your weight and your volume affect your buoyancy.
Your Weight includes the weight

of your body and gear you wear.
Your volume depends on your

body size, thickness of your suit,
and your gear.
Your Weight includes the weight of your body and gear you wear.
Your volume depends on your body size, thickness of your suit, and your
gear.
As the bubbles compress in a wetsuit, it displaces less water and
therefore, loses some of its buoyancy.
To compensate for the loss of buoyancy, you must add air to
your BC, which increases your volume to regain the lost
buoyancy.
To compensate for additional buoyancy, you must vent air from yo ur
BC to control your ascent. Uncontrolled ascents are extremely
dangerous.
Factors Affecting Buoyancy

The density of the water in which you dive also affects your
buoyancy.
If you are weighted to be neutral in

salt water and you dive in fresh
water with the same amount of
weight, you will sink.
Neutral buoyancy beneath the

surface is:
Diving without buoyancy control is:
If you are weighted to be neutral in salt water and you dive in fresh water
with the same amount of weight, you will sink.
Neutral buoyancy beneath the surface:
Is your constant goal, and it is important to help protect marine life.
Diving without buoyancy control:
Is tiring, hazardous, and a sign of an unskilled, unthinking, and
uncaring diver.
10
Review on Buoyancy Affects

Name three factors that affect your buoyancy.
List three ways you can change your buoyancy.
Describe what an ocean diver must do to their weight

in order to dive in fresh water.
Describe what happens to a wetsuited divers buoyancy

during descent.


11
What is Pressure?
When you descend in water, the force from the weight of the air
and the water above you affects you.
This force is called pressure.
If you weighed a column of air.
This constant pressure is called 1

atmosphere of pressure.
This force is called pressure and is measured in bar or pounds per square inch
(psi)
If you weighed a column of air that extended all the way to the edge of the
atmosphere:
1 inch by inch = 14.7 psi
1 centimeter by 1 centimeter = 1 kilogram
This constant pressure is called 1 atmosphere of pressure.
As long as the pressure in a bodys air spaces matches the surrounding
atmospheric pressure, the pressure is equalized and you do not feel any
effects from your surrounding atmospheric pressure.
12
What is Pressure?
When you descend in water, the force from the weight of

the air and the water above affects you.
n
Fresh Water:
Salt Water:
Units of Pressure:
Fresh Water:
If you took a column of fresh water that was 10.3 meters (34 feet) tall
and weighed it. It would exert 1 bar (14.7psi) = 1 atmosphere
Salt Water:
If you took a column of fresh water that was 10 meters (33 feet) tall
and weighed it. It would exert 1 bar (14.7psi) = 1 atmosphere
Units of Pressure:
At sea level, you are already under 1 atmosphere of pressure absolute
(ata).
At a depth of 10 meters (33 feet saltwater) you are under 2 atmospheres
of pressure absolute.
Top diagram shows weight in pounds per cubic foot.
Bottom diagram shows weight in kilograms.
Unit 4 - Diving Science - Inst Notes 13
What is Pressure?
When you descend in water, the force from the weight of

the air and the water above you affects you.
n
Gauge pressure:
Gauge pressure:
Because atmospheric pressure is nearly constant at sea level, most
diving depth gauges (pressure gauges) are adjusted or calibrated to read
zero at sea level.
Gauge pressure ignores the 1 atmosphere from the air above the water.
14
Review on What is Pressure?

n
n
State the depths that are equal to one atmosphere in

salt and fresh water.
State how many times greater the pressure is at 40
meters (132 feet) of sea water, than at the surface.
State the absolute pressure at 20.7 meters (68 feet)
in fresh water.

15
How Pressure Affects Volume

To understand the direct effects of pressure, consider the
effects of pressure on an open and closed system.
n
Open system:
Open system:
If you invert a bucket, force it below the surface of the ocean, and take
it to depth, the pressure surrounding the bucket increases and
compresses the air in the bucket.
When you take the bucket back to the surface, the pressure decreases,
and the air expands to its original volume.
This inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as
Boyles Law, which is named for the scientist who first recognized the
relationship
16
How Pressure Affects Volume

The effects of pressure on a closed system can be much
more dramatic.
Closed System:
You must NEVER hold

your breath when
breathing
compressed air under
water.
Closed System:
You must NEVER hold your breath when breathing compressed air
under water.
If you take a sealed plastic bag filled with air down to depth, the bag
becomes smaller and smaller as the air compresses and the volume
decreases.
When you return the bag to the surface, the air expands and the volume
increases back to its original size.
Take the same bag down to depth, open it, fill it with air back to its
original volume, and close it again.
When you bring the bag back to the surface, the air expands, but it
cannot escape because the bag is sealed
The bag will expand slightly, but will finally burst to release the
expanding air. The only way to prevent the bag from bursting is to vent
the excess air from the bag during its ascent.
17
How Pressure Affects Density

You use your air faster when you dive deeper.
Increasing pressure:
Increasing pressure:
The increasing pressure under water not only affects the volume of air,
it also affects the density of the air.
As the pressure increases, the air compresses to a smaller volume.
As the air compresses, it becomes denser.
When you scuba dive, you breathe air that is compressed to the
ambient pressure at your depth, which is much denser than the air you
breathe on the surface.
18
Review on Volume and Density

Describe what happens to pressure, volume, and

density at 2ata, 3ata, and 4ata.
Pressure
Volume
Density
2ata
2x
1/2
2x
33 fsw
3ata
3x
1/3
3x
66 fsw
4ata
4x
1/4
4x
99 fsw
19
Pressure and Air Consumption

The rate at which you consume the air in your cylinder is
directly proportional to the depth you dive.
n
Air consumption factors:
Physical activity has the greatest effect.
Air consumption factors:

Your activity level during your dive
Your mental state.
Your body size.
The warmth of your diving suit.
Your level of physical fitness.
Physical activity has the greatest effect.
You can use up 4 times as much as air exerting yourself than whe n
resting.
Develop a slow and relaxed breathing pattern as well as a slow rate of
breathing.
Larger people have larger lungs and use more air than smaller people
with smaller lungs and overall metabolic needs.
20
Monitoring Air Consumption

As you gain experience you can keep a record in a logbook of
how long your air lasted at different depths and conditions.
Monitor your SPG, dive timer, and

computer to determine when to
begin your ascent.
Even if you calculate your air

consumption mathematically, which
is possible, many factors can change
your predicted air consumption.
In certain specialty areas of diving, it

is essential that you predict your air
consumption to avoid running out of
air.
Monitor your SPG, dive timer, and computer to determine when to begin
your ascent.
Even if you calculate your air consumption mathematically, which is
possible, many factors can change your predicted air consumption.
In certain specialty areas of diving, it is essential that you predict your air
consumption to avoid running out of air.
21
Review on Air Consumption

List two factors that affect your air

consumption under water.
Name the device you check to monitor your air

supply under water.


22
Your Body
When you dive, the pressure of the water effects your air
spaces as well as your breathing.
How pressure affects your air spaces.
Squeezes:
Blocks:
How pressure affects your air spaces.

The air spaces in your body include your lungs, sinuses, and middle
ears.
Squeezes:
Whenever the pressure outside an air space is greater than the pressure
inside an air space, the situation is called a squeeze and it can cause
damage to your body.
This type of injury is called barotrauma (pressure injury).
Blocks:
A reverse block is the opposite of a squeeze.
Air is trapped inside an air space and the air tries to expand as the
surrounding pressure decreases.
23
The Middle Ear
You must be able to equalize the pressure inside your ears

to comfortably and safely dive.
n
Anatomy of the ear:
Anatomy of the ear:

Your ears are divided into three sections:
Outer ear
The outer ear is the ear canal
The ear drum separates the out and middle ear
Middle ear
Contains a series of three small bones that transmit
sound waves from the ear drum to the inner ear.
Contains the airway link called the eustachian tube.
Inner ear
Contains the balance mechanism.
Sudden changes in pressure or temperature in one ear
and not the other will cause dizziness or vertigo.
24
Middle Ear Squeezes
Occurs when the air or water pressure in your outer ear is

greater than the air pressure in your middle ear.
Equalizing your middle ear:
Before you feel the slightest

pressure in your ears, you
need to equalize.
Equalizing your middle ear:

Move air from your throat through the eustachian tube into your middle
ear.
For most people this is not an automatic process.
If you cannot equalize your ears during a dive, you must end the dive
and return to the surface.
Before you feel the slightest pressure in your ears, you need to equalize.
Most common method
Close your mouth tightly or block it with your tongue (on scuba), close your
nostrils by pinching them shut, and exhale lightly.
25
Middle Ear Squeezes
Never force equalizing your ears. You could cause serious

damage to your ears.
The key to successful ear

equalization:
If problems occur:
If you have a head cold,

you must not attempt to
equalize by any method.
The key to successful ear equalization:

Keep the pressure differences between the water and the middle ear to
a minimum.
This means that you must equalize early and often, starting at just
beneath the surface.
If problems occur:
Ascend a few feet to reduce the pressure, and attempt to equalize again.
Descending feet first makes equalizing much easier for most people.
Never try to equalize the pressure by performing forceful blowing.
If you have a head cold, you must not attempt to equalize by any method.
26
Middle Ear Blocks
If you begin to ascend and your ear hurts and feels full,
stop your ascent and descend until the feeling goes away.
n
If the block does not equalize:
If the block does not equalize:

If you must surface, close your nose and mouth and breathe in.
If nothing works ascend as slowly as possible.
If the block releases quickly and there is a sudden change in yo ur
middle ear pressure, you might experience dizziness.
It will pass quickly. Hold on to something if you experience vertigo.
27
Sinuses
Your sinuses are air cavities lined with mucous membranes

and surrounded by the bones of your head.
Sinus squeeze and blockage:
Never dive when you have a

cold or sinus congestion.
Decongestant drugs:
Sinus squeeze and blockage:

If air is trapped inside a clogged sinus, and you attempt to dive, you
will feel pressure on your sinuses.
This is painful and can cause blood to flow into the sinus to fill it.
During ascent the air in the sinus will try to expand to its original
volume but it can not because of the fluid.
Blood can be forced into your nose, mouth, or mask.
Never dive when you have a cold or sinus congestion.
Decongestant drugs:
Avoid taking any medication that you know produces side effects when
use it.
28
Other Air Spaces
Any air space trapped in or around your body will be

affected.
Stomach and intestines:
Teeth:
Mask space:
Dry suit:
Stomach and intestines

Any gas that forms in your stomach or intestines during your dive will
expand during ascent.
Teeth
There is nothing you can do to equalize air pressure in a tooth.
Mask space
Simply exhale a small amount of air through your nose into the mask
every time you feel pulling on your face and eyes.
Dry suit
To keep the suit from squeezing simply add air to the suit using the
power inflator valve.
29
Review on Your Body

n
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n
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Name the air spaces in your body that are affected by

pressure.
Describe why you should not dive with a cold.
Describe what you should do when pressure is felt on
your face.
Name the condition when pressure outside an air space
is greater than the pressure in an air space.
Name the most likely cause of sinus squeeze.
Name the type of squeeze that is the easiest to prevent.
Name the condition when the pressure inside an air
space is greater than the outside pressure.


30
The Anatomy of Your Lungs

Your lungs consist of millions of tiny air sacs, called alveoli.
Lung over-expansion injuries:
Lung over-expansion injuries:

With your airway closed, the air expanding in your lungs will cause the
alveoli to rupture soon after they reach their full volume.
There is no sensation of discomfort that warns you when this rup ture is
about to occur.
This type of accident most commonly occurs when divers panic und er
water and make a rapid ascent holding their breath.
The best technique is maintain normal lung volume during your ascent
by breathing normally.
As long as you breathe normally during ascent there is little danger of
suffering a lung over-expansion injury.
31
Lung over-expansion injuries

There are three general types of injuries.
Air embolism:
Pneumothorax:
Tissue Emphysema:
Air embolism:
The most serious injury
The word embolism means plug and an air embolism refers to a plug of
air in the blood stream.
Can cause unconsciousness, paralysis, permanent brain damage, and
even death.
Pneumothorax:
When the air escaping a lung rupture the air gets into the plural lining
surrounding the lung, which collapses the lung.
Tissue Emphysema:
Mediastinal emphysema
Air escapes into the chest cavity
Subcutaneous emphysema
air collects under the skin, usually in the neck area
32
Hyperbaric Treatment
If you suffer an air embolism, you will need to treated in a

recompression or hyperbaric chamber.
n
You should never go back under

water to try to relieve symptoms.
You should never go back under water to try to relieve symptoms.
33
Breathing and Circulation
Transporting oxygen through your body is a vital function

of the circulatory system.
Carbon dioxide controls

your breathing.
How to breathe under

water.
Shallow breathing:
Hyperventilation:
Carbon dioxide controls your breathing.

Your breathing rate is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in
your bloodstream.
How to breathe under water.
For maximum efficiency, your breathing should be slightly slower than
normal and deeper than you usually breathe.
Shallow breathing.
If you breathe too shallowly, you do not exchange enough air with each
breath.
Be especially sure to exhale fully with each breathing cycle
Hyperventilation:
Deliberately breathing deeply and rapidly.
Deliberate hyperventilation can be hazardous when you follow it with a
breath-hold dive.
34
Breathing and Circulation
Transporting oxygen through your body is a vital function

of the circulatory system.
n
Skip breathing:
Air Starvation:
Skip breathing:
When a diver slip breathes, they hold each breath for an extended
period of time rather than breathing normally.
Two dangers, lung over-expansion injury and build up of carbon
dioxide in the body.
Air Starvation:
Regulators have a limit as to how much air they can give you.
If you feel starved for air, and you feel that your regulator is not
supplying you with the amount of air you need:
Stop what you are doing, rest, and breathe slowly and deeply
until you recover, being sure to exhale fully with each breath.
35
Review on Lungs and Breathing

Describe the cause of lung over-expansion injuries.
Describe what your lung volume should be during

ascent.
Name the component that stimulates breathing.
Describe the proper way of breathing on scuba.


36
Indirect Effects of Pressure

These indirect effects of pressure impact divers by means of
the gases in the air we breathe while diving.
n
Ingassing and offgassing:
Ingassing and offgassing:

78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen.
Nitrogen is an inert gas, but is absorbed and dissolved in the
bloodstream and tissues.
Normally, the pressure of nitrogen is balanced between the air and your
body. This state is called equilibrium.
Under increased pressure, the air you breathe is denser and than the
partial pressure of nitrogen you inhale with each breath is increased.
With changes in the ambient pressure your body ingasses or offgasses
until the nitrogen is balanced between air and your body.
37
Decompression Sickness
Can occur if you absorb a great deal of nitrogen and then

ascend to quickly.
It takes time for nitrogen to enter

and to leave the body.
When bubbles form in your blood:
Prevention:
It takes time for nitrogen to enter and to leave the body.

When you ascend your body begins to eliminate nitrogen.
If too much is still present after you surface, the excess nitrogen forms
bubbles in your body.
When bubbles form in your blood, they can create microscopic clots that
impair your circulation.
Symptoms of DCS can range from skin rash, extreme fatigue, coughing
and painful joints to paralysis and unconsciousness.
Prevention:
Dive tables
Ascent Rate
38
Decompression Sickness
If you do suffer DCS you will need to be treated in a
recompression chamber.
n
The chamber is pressurized to cause the

nitrogen bubbles to go back into solution. Then
slowly released.
The chamber is pressurized to cause the nitrogen bubbles to go back into

solution. Then slowly released.
39
Nitrogen Narcosis
When nitrogen is under pressure it can produce an effect

on your body also called rapture of the deep.
At depths approaching 24 meters (80 feet).
Oxygen toxicity:
Carbon Monoxide Toxicity:
At depths approaching 24 meters (80 feet).

Nitrogen can be intoxicating, impairing judgment.
Recovery is as simple as ascending to a shallower depth.
Oxygen toxicity:
Pure oxygen at depths below 7.5 meters (25 feet).
The percentage of oxygen in regular air is not toxic until well below
the sport diving limit of 40 meters (130 feet).
Carbon Monoxide Toxicity:
Is formed by incomplete combustion of a petroleum products such as
gasoline or oil.
Symptoms include nausea, blue lips and nail beds, confusion,
headache, and unconsciousness.
Pure oxygen and medical attention are the proper treatment.
40
Review on Indirect Effects

Describe how to avoid oxygen toxicity.
Describe how to avoid DCS.
Describe how to avoid nitrogen narcosis.
Describe what must be done if your buddy has

symptoms of nitrogen narcosis.


41
Thermal Effects of Diving

You loss heat under water in several ways.
Water conducts heat away from you body rapidly.
Breathing cold compressed air from a cylinder.
Humidity and temperature:

Breathing cold compressed air from a cylinder.
Humidity and temperature:
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
If the air containing the water vapor is cooled, the water vapor
condenses.
When water condenses on the lens of a mask, it forms beads of water.
(fogging)
Defogging solution reduces the surface tension of the water.
Having to humidify the air we breathe causes dehydration.
Dehydration decreases your ability to exercise at full capacity and
makes you more susceptible to DCS.
You must drink plenty of fluids before, between, and after dives.
42
Cylinders and Temperature

Cylinders should be kept from extreme heat after they
are filled.
The pressure will increase or decrease:
The pressure will increase or decrease by approximately 0.6 bar for each
change of 1 degree centigrade (5 psi per degree Fahrenheit)
43
Review on Thermal Effects

Name two primary ways of losing heat while on

scuba.
Describe how water vapor condenses to a liquid.
State what must be lowered in order to prevent a

mask from fogging.
Name what drinking plenty of fluids helps to

prevent.
Describe what happens to the pressure in a scuba

cylinder if the temperature is increased.


44
Diving Science:
Characteristics of Air and Water.
Buoyancy.
What is Pressure?
Your Body.
The Anatomy of Your Lungs.
Indirect Effects of Pressure.
Thermal Effects of Diving.
End of Unit 4
Transition Statement: We have completed unit 4 these topics show us how the underwater world
presents a new and totally different environment from the air world in which we live. We have addressed the
physical properties of air and water and ways in which specific parts of your body are affected while diving.
The better you understand these differences, the easier it will be for you to function as a diver.
Review of Main Points: See this presentation slide.

Emphasize Key Points:
Characteristics of Air and Water
Water is 800 times denser an air
Air is composed of approximately 20.9% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1.1% miscellaneous gases.
Objects appear 1/3 closer and larger under water.
Buoyancy
You want to be neutrally buoyant during your dive.
What is Pressure?
One atmosphere of pressure is about 1 bar (14.7 psi)
Every 10 meters (33fsw) or 10.3 meters (34ffw) is equal to one atmosphere
Your Body
Whenever the pressure outside an air space is greater than the pressure inside an air space, the situation is called
a squeeze and it can cause damage to your body. You must equalize early and often.
Anatomy of Your Lungs
As long as you breathe normally during ascent there is little danger of suffering a lung over-expansion injury.
Never hold your breathe when using scuba
Indirect Affects of Pressure
Your body ingasses of offgasses until the nitrogen is balanced between air and your body.
Thermal Affects of Diving
Ask Students for Questions:
45
Student Performance:
By the end of the lesson students will be able to:
State some of the characteristics of air.

Describe the concept of buoyancy and how it affects us
under water.
Describe the concept of pressure and how it affects
volume and density in a closed container.
Describe how pressure affects air spaces in our body and
how prevent problems from these pressure changes.
State the different types of lung overpressure injuries
and how to prevent them.
Describe the indirect effects of pressure on our body.
Describe the thermal effects of air and water
temperature on our body.
Restate the students performance statements as questions:

Assignment:
Instruct the students read chapter 5 in preparation for the next lesson.
46

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Introduction To Scuba Diving Unit 4 - Diving Science

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Unit 4: Diving Science

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Characteristics of Air and Water.

The Anatomy of Your Lungs.

Indirect Effects of Pressure.

Thermal Effects of Diving.

Instructor Materials: Teaching notes, various training aids use to demonstrate

Unit 4 - Diving Science - Inst Notes

By the end of the lesson students will be able to:

Unit 4 - Diving Science

State some of the characteristics of air.

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Direct Effects of Pressure

When we descend in water, the force from the

Density and its Effects.

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

The Air You Breathe

Most of the time, we do not think about air, because

Air is a mixture of gases.

Air can be easily compressed.

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Air is a mixture of gases.

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Water affects our vision, hearing, ability to retain heat and

Unit 4 - Diving Science

The density of water at any depth is the

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Hearing, Heat Loss, Drag

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Because of the greater density of

Because of the greater density of water compared to air, sound waves

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Review on Effects of Density

Unit 4 - Diving Science

List the two main components of air.

Summarize this section

Emphasis key points of each main point.

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

By understanding buoyancy, you can control it to your

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Factors Affecting Buoyancy

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Your Weight includes the weight

Your volume depends on your

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Factors Affecting Buoyancy

Unit 4 - Diving Science

If you are weighted to be neutral in

Neutral buoyancy beneath the

Diving without buoyancy control is:

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Review on Buoyancy Affects

Unit 4 - Diving Science

Name three factors that affect your buoyancy.

List three ways you can change your buoyancy.

Describe what an ocean diver must do to their weight

Describe what happens to a wetsuited divers buoyancy

Summarize this section

Emphasis key points of each main point.

Unit 4 - Diving Science- Inst Notes

Unit 4 - Diving Science