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5: Stoichiometry of Solutions
Tutorial 1 Practice, page 447
1. (a) Given: VSrCl = 150 mL
2
Solution:
Step 1. Convert all volumes of the solutions to litres.
1L
VSrCl = 150 mL !
2
1000 mL
VSrCl = 0.150 L
2
Step 2. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
SrCl2(aq)
+
Na2CO3(aq)
SrCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)
VSrCl = 0.150 L
cNa CO = 0.500 mol/L
2
VNa CO
2
0.25 mol
! 0.15 L
1L
= 0.037 50 mol [2 extra digits carried]
=
nSrCl
0.037 50 mol
0.500
mol
L
VNa CO = 0.075 L
2
Statement: The volume of 0.500 mol/L sodium carbonate required is 0.075 L or 75 mL.
Solution:
Step 1. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
SrCl2(aq)
+
Na2CO3(aq)
SrCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)
nSrCl = 0.037 50 mol
2
3 )3
VFe(NO
3 )3
= 0.50 mol/L
= 40.0 L
Solution:
Step 1. Convert all volumes of the solutions to litres.
1L
VKOH = 70.0 mL !
1000 mL
VKOH = 0.070 L
VFe(NO ) = 40.0 mL !
3 3
1L
1000 mL
VFe(NO ) = 0.040 L
3 3
Step 2. Write the dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
Fe(NO3)3(aq)
+
3 KOH (aq)
Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 KCl(aq)
cKOH = 0.80 mol / L
cFe(NO ) = 0.50 mol/L
mFe(OH)
3 3
VFe(NO
3 )3
= 0.040 L
VKOH = 0.070 L
3 3
3 3
0.50 mol
! 0.040 L
1L
= 0.020 mol
=
nFe(NO
3 )3
nKOH = cKOHVKOH
0.80 mol
! 0.070 L
1L
= 0.056 mol
=
nKOH
nFe(NO
3 )3
3 )3
Therefore, 0.056 mol potassium hydroxide requires 0.019 mol of iron(III) nitrate.
Since 0.020 mol of iron(III) nitrate is present, potassium hydroxide is the limiting reagent.
Step 5. Use the amount of limiting reagent to determine the amount of iron(III) hydroxide
precipitate.
1 mol Fe(OH)
3
nFe(OH) = 0.056 mol KOH !
3
3 mol KOH
mol KOH
L
1 molOH
1 mol KOH
Solution:
Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction.
Al(ClO3)3(s) Al3+(aq) + 3 ClO3(aq)
Step 2. Convert the concentration of the compound into concentration of cations.
molAl(ClO )
3 molClO
3 3
3
cClO = 0.10
!
3
L
1 molAl(ClO )
3 3
2. Given: m(NH
V(NH
4 ) 2 CO3
= 14.4 g
= 100.0 mL
4 ) 2 CO3
Solution:
Step 1. Convert the volume of the solution to litres.
1L
V(NH ) CO = 100.0 mL !
4 2
3
1000 mL
V(NH ) CO = 0.1000 L
4 2
n(NH
4 ) 2 CO3
0.149 83 mol
0.1000 L
= 1.50 mol/L
=
c(NH
4 ) 2 CO3
Step 4. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
(NH4)2CO3(s)
2 NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq)
c(NH ) CO = 1.50 mol/L
4 2
Solution:
Step 1. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
Na3PO4(s)
3 Na+(aq) + PO43(aq)
cNa + = 0.25 mol / L
VNa PO = 1.75 L
3
mNa PO
3
Step 2. Convert the concentration of the sodium ion into concentration of sodium phosphate.
mol Na + 1 mol Na PO
3
4
cNa PO = 0.25
!
3
4
L
3 mol Na +
0.083 mol
! 1.75 L
1L
= 0.146 mol [1 extra digit carried]
=
nNa PO
3
VNaCl = 25 mL
Required: amount concentration of sodium ions, cNa +
Solution:
Step 1. Convert all volumes of the solutions to litres.
1L
VAgNO = 32.0 mL !
3
1000 mL
VAgNO = 0.032 L
3
VNaCl = 25 mL !
1L
1000 mL
VNaCl = 0.025 L
Step 2. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
AgNO3(aq)
+
NaCl(aq)
AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
VAgNO = 0.032 L
VNaCl = 0.025 L
3
cAgNO = 0.100 mol / L
3
cNaCl
0.100 mol
! 0.032 L
1L
= 0.003 20 mol [1 extra digit carried]
=
nAgNO
mol NaCl
L
1 mol Na +
1 mol NaCl
VNiSO = 50.0 mL
4
VNaOH = 25.0 mL
cNaOH = 1.00 mol / L
Solution:
Step 1. Convert all volumes of the solutions to litres.
1L
VNiSO = 50.0 mL !
4
1000 mL
VNiSO = 0.0500 L
4
VNaOH = 25.0 mL !
1L
1000 mL
VNaOH = 0.0250 L
Step 2. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
NiSO4(aq)
+
2 NaOH(aq) Ni(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
VNiSO = 0.0500 L
VNaOH = 0.0250 L
4
cNiSO = 0.45 mol / L
4
0.45 mol
! 0.0500 L
1L
= 0.0225 mol [1 extra digit carried]
=
nNiSO
nNaOH = cNaOHVNaOH
1.00 mol
! 0.0250 L
1L
nNaOH = 0.0250 mol
Step 4. Determine the amount of sodium hydroxide required to react with 0.0225 mol of
nickel(II) sulfate solution.
2 mol NaOH
nNaOH = 0.0225 mol NiSO !
4
1 mol NiSO
=
Statement: The mass of nickel(II) hydroxide precipitate produced in this reaction is 1.16 g.
3. (a) Given: mCaCO = 15.2 g
3
VNa CO = 200.0 mL
2
Solution:
Step 1. Convert the volume of the solution to litres.
1L
VNa CO = 200.0 mL !
2
3
1000 mL
VNa CO = 0.2000 L
2
Step 3. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
Na2CO3(aq) +
CaCl2(aq)
CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
VNa CO = 0.200 L
mCaCO = 15.2 g
2
0.151 86 mol
0.2000 L
= 0.759 mol/L
=
cNa CO
2
Statement: The amount concentration of original sodium carbonate solution is 0.759 mol/L.
(b) Given: mCaCO = 15.2 g
3
VCaCl =
2
nCaCl
cCaCl
0.151 86 mol
0.500
mol
L
VCaCl = 0.304 L
2
Statement: The volume of calcium chloride solution required to produce 15.2 g of calcium
carbonate is 0.304 L or 304 mL.
4. Given: cHCl = 12.0 mol/L
mFe O = 224 g
3
Step 2. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
Fe2O3(s)
+
6 HCl(aq)
2 FeCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
cHCl = 12.0 mol/L
mFe O = 224 g
2
Step 4. Rearrange the equation and substitute values to calculate the volume of hydrochloric
acid.
n
cHCl = HCl
VHCl
VHCl =
=
nHCl
cHCl
8.4158 mol
mol
L
VHCl = 0.701 L
Statement: The volume of hydrochloric acid is 0.701 L.
5. (a) 2 Al(s) + 3 CuSO4(aq) 3 Cu(s) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)
(b) Given: cCuSO = 0.100 mol/L
12.0
VCuSO = 150 mL
4
0.100 mol
1L
= 0.015 mol
= 0.15 L !
nCuSO
mNaOH = 45 ! 1012 g
Step 2. Determine the amount of sodium hydroxide.
1 mol
nNaOH = 45 ! 1012 g !
40.00 g
nNaOH = 1.125 ! 1012 mol [2 extra digits carried]
Step 3. Write a dissociation equation listing the calculated amounts and the required value(s).
2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
nNaOH = 1.125 ! 1012 mol
cNaCl = 6.0 mol/L
Step 4. Determine the amount of sodium chloride.
1 mol NaCl
nNaCl = 1.125 ! 1012 mol NaOH !
1 mol NaOH
nNaCl
cNaCl
1.125 ! 1012 mol
mol
L
11
= 1.9 ! 10 L
6.0
VNaCl
VAgNO = 15.0 mL
3
msolute = 0.42 g
Vsolution = 100.0 mL
Required: identify the solute
Solution:
Step 1. Convert the volumes of the solutions to litres.
1L
VAgNO = 15.0 mL !
3
1000 mL
VAgNO = 0.0150 L
3
Vsolution = 100.0 mL !
1L
1000 mL
Vsolution = 0.1000 L
Step 2. Determine the amount of silver nitrate used.
0.50 mol
nAgNO = 0.0150 L !
3
1L
Step 3. Using sodium chloride as the solute, determine the amount of sodium chloride.
1 mol
nNaCl = 0.42 g !
58.44 g
Step 5. Using sodium chloride as the solute, determine the amount of silver nitrate required.
1 molAgNO
3
nAgNO = 7.2 ! 10 "3 mol NaCl !
3
1 mol NaCl
nAgNO = 7.2 ! 10 "3 mol
3
Step 6. Using calcium chloride as the solute, determine the amount of calcium chloride.
1 mol
nCaCl = 0.42 g !
2
110.98 g
Step 7. Using calcium chloride as the solute, write the dissociation equation.
CaCl2(aq)
+
2 AgNO3(aq) 2 AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
"3
nAgNO
nCaCl = 3.78 ! 10 mol
2
Step 8. Using calcium chloride as the solute, determine the amount of silver nitrate required.
2 molAgNO
3
nAgNO = 3.78 ! 10 "3 molCaCl !
3
2
1 molCaCl
2
Statement: The actual amount of silver nitrate available is 7.5 10-3 mol. If the unknown
solution contains sodium chloride, it would take 7.2 10-3 mol of silver nitrate to precipitate all
of the chloride ions. If the unknown solution contains calcium chloride, it would take
7.56 10-3 mol of silver nitrate to precipitate all of the chloride ions. The unknown solution is
sodium chloride because there is not enough silver nitrate to precipitate all of the chloride ions if
the solution was calcium chloride.
8. (a) Given: cNa CO = 0.5 mol / L
2
cNa + = 1 mol/L
Statement: The amount concentration of cations is 1 mol/L.
(b) Given: c( NH ) SO = 0.2 mol / L
4 2
4 3
4 3
VNa CO = 200.0 mL
2
Solution:
Step 1. Convert the volume of the solution to litres.
1L
VNa CO = 200.0 mL !
2
3
1000 mL
VNa CO = 0.2000 L
2
nNa CO
2
mol
= 0.425
! 0.2000 L
L
= 0.085 mol