Gross Anatomy

Muscles of the Back Region - Listed Alphabetically
Muscle
erector spinae
Origin
iliac crest, sacrum,
transverse and spinous
processes of vertebrae
and supraspinal
ligament
Insertion
Action
angles of the ribs,
extends and laterally
transverse and spinous bends the trunk, neck
processes of vertebrae, and head
posterior aspect of the
skull
Innervation
segmentally innervated
by dorsal primary rami
of spinal nerves C1-S5
iliocostalis
iliac crest and sacrum
angles of the ribs

bends the trunk and
neck
dorsal primary rami of

spinal nerves C4-S5
interspinales
upper border of
spinous process
lower border of
spinous process above
extend trunk and neck

spinal nerves C1-L5
intertransversarii
upper border of
transverse process
lower border of
transverse process
above
laterally bend trunk

and neck

spinal nerves C1-L5
longissimus
transverse process at
transverse process at
inferior vertebral levels superior vertebral
levels and mastoid
process

bends the trunk, neck
and head

spinal nerves C1-S1
multifidus
sacrum, transverse
processes of C3-L5
spinous processes 2-4 extend and laterally

vertebral levels
bend trunk and neck,
superior to their origin rotate to opposite side

spinal nerves C1-L5
obliquus capitis
inferior
spinous process of the

axis
transverse process of
atlas
rotates the head to the suboccipital nerve

same side
(DPR of C1)
obliquus capitis
superior
atlas
occipital bone above

inferior nuchal line
extends the head,

suboccipital nerve
rotates the head to the (DPR of C1)
same side
rectus capitis posterior spinous process of axis inferior nuchal line

major
rectus capitis posterior posterior tubercle of
inferior nuchal line
minor
atlas
medially
extends the head,

rotate to same side
extends the head
suboccipital nerve
(DPR of C1)
suboccipital nerve
(DPR of C1)
rotatores
long rotatores: spines 2

vertebrae above origin;
short rotatores: spines
1 vertebrae above
transverse processes of origin
capitis: back of skull
C7-T12
between nuchal lines;
cervicis & thoracis:
spines 4-6 vertebrae
above origin
rotates the vertebral

column to the opposite spinal nerves C1-L5
side
extends the trunk and
laterally bends the
trunk, rotates the
trunk to the opposite
side

spinal nerves C1-T12
spinalis
spinous processes at
spinous processes at
inferior vertebral levels superior vertebral
levels and base of the
skull

bends trunk and neck

spinal nerves C2-L3
splenius
ligamentum nuchae
and spines C7-T6

bends neck and head;
rotates head to same
side

spinal nerves C2-C6
splenius capitis
ligamentum nuchae
and spines of C7-T6
vertebrae
capitis: mastoid
process & superior
nuchal line laterally;
cervicis: posterior
tubercles of C1-C3
vertebrae
mastoid process and
lateral end of the
superior nuchal line

bends the neck and
head, rotates head to
the same side

spinal nerves C2-C6
splenius cervicis
ligamentum nuchae
and spines of C7-T6
vertebrae
posterior tubercles of
the transverse
processes of C1-C3
vertebrae

bends neck and head,
rotates head to the
same side

spinal nerves C2-C6
semispinalis
transverse processes
Muscles of the Upper Limbs - Listed Alphabetically

Muscle
abductor digiti minimi
(hand)
Origin
pisiform
abductor pollicis brevis flexor retinaculum,

scaphoid, trapezium
Insertion
Action
base of the proximal
abducts the 5th digit
phalanx of the 5th digit
on its ulnar side
Innervation
deep branch of the
ulnar nerve

phalanx of the first
digit
recurrent branch of
median nerve
abducts thumb
abductor pollicis
longus
middle one-third of the radial side of the base

posterior surface of the of the first metacarpal
radius, interosseous
membrane, mid-portion
of posterolateral ulna
abducts the thumb at

carpometacarpal joint
radial nerve, deep

branch
adductor pollicis
oblique head: capitate

and base of the 2nd
and 3rd metacarpals;
transverse head: shaft
of the 3rd metacarpal
adducts the thumb
ulnar nerve, deep

branch
anconeus
lateral epicondyle of
the humerus

phalanx of the thumb
lateral side of the

extends the forearm
olecranon and the
upper one-fourth of the
ulna
short head: tip of the
tuberosity of the radius flexes the forearm,
coracoid process of the
flexes arm (long head),
scapula; long head:
supinates
supraglenoid tubercle
of the scapula
nerve to anconeus,
from the radial nerve
brachialis
anterior surface of the

lower one-half of the
humerus and the
associated
intermuscular septa
musculocutaneous
nerve (C5,6)
brachioradialis
upper two-thirds of the lateral side of the base flexes the elbow,
lateral supracondylar
of the styloid process
assists in pronation &
ridge of the humerus
of the radius
supination
radial nerve
coracobrachialis
coracoid process of the medial side of the

scapula
humerus at mid-shaft
flexes and adducts the

arm
musculocutaneous
nerve (C5,6)
deltoid
lateral one-third of the deltoid tuberosity of

clavicle, acromion, the the humerus
lower lip of the crest of
the spine of the
scapula
abducts arm; anterior axillary nerve (C5,6)

fibers flex & medially
from the posterior cord
rotate the arm;
of the brachial plexus
posterior fibers extend
& laterally rotate the
arm
biceps brachii
coronoid process of the flexes the forearm

ulna
musculocutaneous
nerve (C5,6)
dorsal interosseous
(hand)
four muscles, each

arising from two
adjacent metacarpal
shafts
extensor carpi radialis

brevis
common extensor
tendon (lateral
epicondyle of humerus)
extensor carpi radialis

longus
lower one-third of the

lateral supracondylar
ridge of the humerus
extensor carpi ulnaris
medial side of the base

common extensor
tendon & the middle
of the 5th metacarpal
one-half of the
posterior border of the
ulna
common extensor
joins the extensor
tendon (lateral
digitorum tendon to
epicondyle of the
the 5th digit and
humerus)
inserts into the
extensor expansion
extensor digiti minimi
extensor digitorum
common extensor
tendon (lateral
epicondyle of the
humerus)
extensor indicis
interosseous
membrane and the
posterolateral surface
of the distal ulna

phalanx and the
extensor expansion on
lateral side of the 2nd
digit, lateral & medial
sides of the 3rd digit,
and medial side of the
4th digit
flex the
ulnar nerve, deep
metacarpophalangeal branch
joint, extend the
proximal and distal
interphalangeal joints
of digits 2-4, abduct
digits 2-4 (abduction of
digits in the hand is
defined as movement
away from the midline
of the 3rd digit)
dorsum of the third
extends the wrist;
deep radial nerve
metacarpal bone (base) abducts the hand
dorsum of the second

extends the wrist;
metacarpal bone (base) abducts the hand
extends the wrist;

adducts the hand
extends the
metacarpophalangeal,
proximal
interphalangeal and
distal interphalangeal
joints of the 5th digit
extensor expansion of extends the
digits 2-5
proximal
interphalangeal and
joints of the 2nd-5th
digits; extends wrist
its tendon joins the
extends the index
tendon of the extensor finger at the
digitorum to the
second digit; both
proximal
tendons insert into the interphalangeal and
extensor expansion
joints
radial nerve
deep radial nerve
deep radial nerve
deep radial nerve
deep radial nerve
extensor pollicis brevis interosseous

membrane and the
posterior surface of the
distal radius
extends the thumb at

the
metacarpophalangeal
joint
deep radial nerve
extensor pollicis longus interosseous

membrane and middle
part of the
posterolateral surface
of the ulna
base of the distal

extends the thumb at

the interphalangeal
joint
deep radial nerve
flexor carpi radialis
common flexor tendon

from the medial
epicondyle of the
humerus
base of the second and flexes the wrist,

third metacarpals
abducts the hand
flexor carpi ulnaris
common flexor tendon pisiform, hook of

& (ulnar head) from
hamate, and base of
medial border of
5th metacarpal
olecranon & upper 2/3
of the posterior border
of the ulna
flexes wrist, adducts

hand
ulnar nerve
flexor digiti minimi

brevis (hand)
hook of hamate & the

flexor retinaculum
flexes the
carpometacarpal and
metacarpophalangeal
joints of the 5th digit
ulnar nerve, deep

branch
flexor digitorum
profundus
posterior border of the base of the distal

ulna, proximal twophalanx of digits 2-5
thirds of medial border
of ulna, interosseous
membrane
flexor digitorum
superficialis
flexor pollicis brevis
proximal phalanx of
the 5th digit
median nerve
flexes the
proximal
interphalangeal and
joints
humeroulnar head:
shafts of the middle
flexes the
common flexor tendon; phalanges of digits 2-5 metacarpophalangeal
radial head: middle 1/3
and proximal
of radius
median nerve (radial

one-half); ulnar nerve
(ulnar one-half)
flexor retinaculum,
trapezium
recurrent branch of the

median nerve
proximal phalanx of
the 1st digit
flexes the
carpometacarpal and
metacarpophalangeal
joints of the thumb
median nerve
flexor pollicis longus
anterior surface of
radius and
interosseous
membrane
base of the distal

infraspinatus
infraspinatous fossa
greater tubercle of the laterally rotates the

humerus (middle facet) arm
suprascapular nerve
interosseous, dorsal
(hand)
four muscles, each

arising from two
adjacent metacarpal
shafts

phalanx and the
lateral side of the 2nd
digit, lateral & medial
sides of the 3rd digit,
and medial side of the
4th digit
flex the
metacarpophalangeal
joint, extend the
proximal and distal
of digits 2-4, abduct
digits 2-4 (abduction of
digits in the hand is
defined as movement
away from the midline
of the 3rd digit)
four muscles, arising
flexes the
from the palmar
phalanx and extensor
surface of the shafts of expansion of the
extends proximal and
metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & medial side of digits 1 distal interphalangeal
5 (the 1st palmar
& 2, and lateral side of joints and adducts
digits 1, 2, 4, & 5
interosseous is often
digits 4 & 5
(adduction of the digits
fused with the
of the hand is in
adductor pollicis m.)
reference to the
midline of the 3rd
vertebral spines from
floor of the
extends the arm and
T7 to the sacrum,
intertubercular groove rotates the arm
posterior third of the
medially
iliac crest, lower 3 or 4
ribs, sometimes from
the inferior angle of
the scapula
ulnar nerve, deep

branch
transverse processes of medial border of the

C1-C4 vertebrae
scapula from the
superior angle to the
spine
dorsal scapular nerve

(C5); the upper part of
the muscle receives
branches of C3 & C4
interosseous, palmar
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
flexes the
metacarpophalangeal
and interphalangeal
joints of the thumb
elevates the scapula
median nerve
ulnar nerve, deep

branch
thoracodorsal nerve
(C7,8) from the
posterior cord of the
brachial plexus
lumbrical (hand)
flexor digitorum
profundus tendons of
digits 2-5
the radial side of the
proximal phalanx of
digits 2-5
flex the
metacarpophalangeal
joints, extend the
proximal and distal
of digits 2-5
median nerve (radial 2)

via palmar digital
nerves & ulnar nerve
(ulnar 2) via deep
branch
opponens digiti minimi hook of hamate and

flexor retinaculum
shaft of 5th metacarpal opposes the 5th digit
ulnar nerve, deep

branch
opponens pollicis
flexor retinaculum,
trapezium
shaft of 1st metacarpal opposes the thumb
recurrent branch of
median nerve
palmar interosseous
four muscles, arising

from the palmar
surface of the shafts of
metacarpals 1, 2, 4, &
5 (the 1st palmar
interosseous is often
fused with the
adductor pollicis m.)

phalanx and extensor
expansion of the
medial side of digits 1
& 2, and lateral side of
digits 4 & 5
ulnar nerve, deep

branch
palmaris brevis
fascia overlying the

hypothenar eminence
palmaris longus
common flexor tendon, palmar aponeurosis

from the medial
epicondyle of the
humerus
flexes the wrist
median nerve
pectoralis major
medial 1/2 of the

crest of the greater
clavicle, manubrium & tubercle of the
body of sternum, costal humerus
cartilages of ribs 2-6,
sometimes from the
rectus sheath of the
upper abdominal wall
flexes and adducts the

arm, medially rotates
the arm
medial and lateral

pectoral nerves (C5-T1)
flexes the
extends proximal and
joints and adducts
digits 1, 2, 4, & 5
(adduction of the digits
of the hand is in
reference to the
midline of the 3rd
skin of the palm near
draws the skin of the
the ulnar border of the ulnar side of the hand
hand
toward the center of
the palm
superficial br. of the

ulnar n.
pectoralis minor
coracoid process of the draws the scapula

scapula
forward, medialward,
and downward
medial side of the
anterior surface of the pronates the forearm
anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the
distal one-fourth of the radius
ulna
medial pectoral nerve

(C8, T1)
pronator teres
common flexor tendon midpoint of the lateral

and (deep or ulnar
side of the shaft of the
head) from medial side radius
of coronoid process of
the ulna
pronates the forearm
median nerve
rhomboideus major
retracts, elevates and

rotates the scapula
inferiorly
retracts, elevates and
rotates the scapula
inferiorly

(C5)
rhomboideus minor
spines of vertebrae T2- medial border of the

T5
scapula inferior to the
spine of the scapula
inferior end of the
medial border of the
ligamentum nuchae,
scapula at the root of
spines of vertebrae C7 the spine of the
and T1
scapula
serratus anterior
ribs 1-8 or 9
medial border of the

scapula on its costal
(deep) surface
it draws the scapula

forward; the inferior
fibers rotate the
scapula superiorly
long thoracic nerve

(from ventral rami C5C7)
serratus posterior
inferior
thoracolumbar fascia,
spines of vertebrae
T11-T12 and L1-L2
ribs 9-12, lateral to the pulls down lower ribs

angles
serratus posterior
superior
ligamentum nuchae,
ribs 1-4, lateral to the
spines of vertebrae C7 angles
and T1-T3
elevates the upper ribs branches of the ventral

primary rami of spinal
nerves T1-T4
subclavius
first rib and its

cartilage
inferior surface of the

clavicle
draws the clavicle (and nerve to subclavius

hence the shoulder)
(C5)
down and forward
subscapularis
medial two-thirds of
the costal surface of
the scapula
(subscapular fossa)
lesser tubercle of the

humerus
medially rotates the

arm; assists extention
of the arm
pronator quadratus
ribs 3-5
median nerve via the

anterior interosseous
nerve

(C5)
branches of the ventral

nerves T9-T12
upper and lower

subscapular nerves
(C5,6)
supinator
lateral epicondyle of
lateral side of proximal supinates the forearm
the humerus, supinator one-third of the radius
crest & fossa of the
ulna, radial collateral
ligament, annular
ligament
supraspinatous fossa
greater tubercle of the abducts the arm
humerus (highest
(initiates abduction)
facet)
deep radial nerve
dorsal surface of the

inferior angle of the
scapula
upper 2/3 of the lateral
border of the scapula
crest of the lesser

tubercle of the
humerus
greater tubercle of the
humerus (lowest facet)
adducts the arm,

arm, assists in arm
extension
laterally rotates the
arm
lower subscapular
nerve (C5,6) from the
brachial
plexus(C5,6)
axillary nerve
from the posterior cord
of the brachial plexus
trapezius
medial third of the

superior nuchal line,
external occipital
protuberance,
ligamentum nuchae,
spinous processes of
vertebrae C7-T12
lateral third of the

clavicle, medial side of
the acromion and the
upper crest of the
scapular spine,
tubercle of the
scapular spine
elevates and depresses motor: spinal accessory

the scapula (depending (XI), proprioception:
on which part of the
C3-C4
muscle contracts);
rotates the scapula
superiorly; retracts
scapula
triceps brachii
long head: infraglenoid olecranon process of

tubercle of the scapula; the ulna
lateral head:
posterolateral humerus
& lateral intermuscular
septum; medial head:
posteromedial surface
of the inferior 1/2 of
the humerus
supraspinatus
teres major
teres minor
extends the forearm;

the long head extends
and adducts arm
suprascapular nerve
(C5,6) from the
superior trunk of the
brachial plexus
radial nerve
Muscles of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically

Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
anterior scalene
anterior tubercles of
scalene tubercle of the elevates the first rib;
the transverse
first rib
flexes and laterally
bends the neck
C3-C6
brachial plexus, C5-C7
aryepiglottic
apex (superior part) of epiglottis

the arytenoid cartilage
arytenoid, oblique
muscular process of
posterior surface of the draws arytenoid
the arytenoid cartilage contralateral arytenoid cartilages together,
cartilage, near its apex adducting the vocal
folds
inferior laryngeal
nerve, from recurrent
laryngeal nerve, a
branch of the of vagus
(X)
inferior laryngeal
draws the epiglottis

posteriorly and
downward during
swallowing

laryngeal nerve, a
(X)
arytenoid, transverse
posterior surface of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid

arytenoid cartilage
contralateral arytenoid cartilages together,
cartilage
adducting the vocal
folds
inferior laryngeal
laryngeal nerve, a
branch of the vagus
nerve (X)
auricular
anterior: galea
aponeurotica anterior
to ear; superior: galea
aponeurotica superior
to ear; posterior:
mastoid process
auricle anteriorly,
superiorly and
posteriorly
anterior & superior:

temporal branches of
facial nerve (VII);
posterior: posterior
auricular branch of
facial nerve (VII)
buccinator
pterygomandibular
raphe, mandible, and
the maxilla lateral to
the molar teeth
angle of mouth and the pulls the corner of

lateral portion of the
mouth laterally;
upper and lower lips
presses the cheek
against the teeth
chondroglossus
medial side of the

ascends to blend with
lesser horn and body of the intrinsic tongue
the hyoid bone
musculature
meridional fibers:
meridional fibers:
scleral spur; circular
ciliary process; circular
fibers: encircle the
fibers: encircle the
ciliary process
ciliary process
ciliary
wiggle the ears
pulls the sides of the

tongue down
buccal branches of the

facial nerve (VII)
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
relaxes the suspensory parasympathetic fibers

ligament of the lens
in the oculomotor
nerve (III), synapsing
in the ciliary ganglion
constrictor, inferior
pharyngeal
oblique line of the

thyroid cartilage,
lateral surface of
cricoid cartilage
midline pharyngeal
raphe
constrictor, middle
pharyngeal
lesser and greater

midline pharyngeal
horns of the hyoid bone raphe
and the inferior part of
the stylohyoid ligament
constrictor, superior
pharyngeal
medial pterygoid plate, pharyngeal tubercle

constricts the
pterygoid hamulus,
and midline pharyngeal pharyngeal cavity
pterygomandibular
raphe
raphe, mylohyoid line
of mandible
vagus (X), via the

pharyngeal plexus
corrugator
medial part of the

supercillary arch
temporal branch of the

facial nerve (VII)
cricoarytenoid, lateral
arch of the cricoid

cartilage
skin of the medial half

of the eyebrow
constricts pharyngeal
cavity
constricts the
pharyngeal cavity
pulls eyebrows
together medially
vagus (X), via the

pharyngeal plexus,
with aid from the
superior laryngeal and
recurrent laryngeal
nerves
vagus (X), via the
pharyngeal plexus
muscular process of
draws the muscular
the arytenoid cartilage process of the
arytenoid cartilage
anteriorly, which pivots
and adducts the vocal
folds
posterior surface of the muscular process of
draws the muscular
lamina of the cricoid
the arytenoid cartilage process posteriorly,
cartilage
which pivots the
arytenoid cartilage and
abducts the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal
nerve, from the
recurrent laryngeal
nerve, a branch of the
vagus nerve (X)
cricopharyngeus
lateral surface of the

cricoid cartilage
midline pharyngeal
raphe
constricts the
pharyngeal cavity and
the entrance to the
esophagus
recurrent laryngeal
vagus nerve (X)
cricothyroid
arch of the cricoid

cartilage
inferior border of the

thyroid cartilage
draws the thyroid

cartilage forward,
lengthening the vocal
ligaments
external branch of
superior laryngeal
vagus nerve (X)
cricoarytenoid,
posterior
inferior laryngeal
nerve, from the
recurrent laryngeal
vagus nerve (X)
depressor anguli oris
oblique line of the

mandible
angle of the mouth
pulls the corner of the

mouth downward
dilator pupillae
outer margin of iris
inner margin of iris
dilates the pupil
sympathetic fibers via

short ciliary nerves,
synapsing in superior
cervical sympathetic
ganglion
epicranius
frontalis: galea
aponeurotica;
occipitalis: superior
nuchal line
frontalis: skin of the

eyebrows; occipitalis:
galea aponeurotica
elevates the eyebrows

and wrinkles the
forehead
frontalis
galea aponeurotica
skin of the eyebrow
genioglossus
mental spine on the

inner aspect of the
mental symphysis
frontalis: temporal
branches of the facial
nerve (VII); occipitalis:
posterior auricular
branch of the facial
nerve (VII)
temporal branches of
the facial nerve (VII)
geniohyoid
mental spines of the

mandible
body of the hyoid bone elevates the hyoid

bone; depresses the
mandible
ventral primary ramus

of spinal nerve C1 via
fibers carried by the
hypoglossal nerve
hyoglossus
upper border of the

greater horn of the
hyoid and body of the
hyoid bone
spreads out into the

depresses the sides of
intrinsic muscles of the the tongue; retracts
tongue
the tongue
depressor labii
inferioris
depressor septi
digastric
marginal mandibular &

buccal branches of the
facial nerve (VII)
anterior surface of the skin of the lower lip
depresses the lower lip marginal mandibular
mandible
nerve (VII)
maxilla near the
nasal septum
depresses the nasal
buccal branch of facial
midline above the
septum; involved in
nerve (VII)
incisor teeth
flaring the nostrils
anterior belly: digastric body of the hyoid via a elevates the hyoid
anterior belly:
fossa of the mandible; fibrous loop over an
bone; depresses the
mylohyoid nerve, from
posterior belly:
intermediate tendon
mandible
the mandibular division
mastoid notch of the
of the trigeminal nerve
temporal bone
(V); posterior belly:
facial nerve (VII)
elevates the eyebrows

and wrinkles the
fans out to insert into forehead
protrudes the tongue
the tongue from the tip (inferior fibers);
to the base
depresses tongue
(middle fibers)
inferior oblique
floor of the orbit lateral sclera on the inferior

to the lacrimal groove surface of the eyeball
inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
oblique line of the

thyroid cartilage,
lateral surface of
cricoid cartilage
inferior rectus
common tendinous ring sclera on the inferior

at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball
lateral cricoarytenoid
arch of the cricoid

cartilage
lateral pterygoid
midline pharyngeal
raphe
elevates and abducts

the corneal part of the
eye; rotates the
superior pole of the iris
laterally; when the eye
is adducted, this
muscle elevates the
constricts pharyngeal
cavity
oculomotor nerve (III),

inferior division
vagus (X), via the

pharyngeal plexus,
with aid from the
superior laryngeal and
recurrent laryngeal
nerves
depresses and adducts oculomotor nerve (III),
the corneal part of the inferior division
eyeball; rotates the
laterally
draws the muscular
inferior laryngeal
muscular process of
the arytenoid cartilage process of the
arytenoid cartilage
anteriorly, which pivots
and adducts the vocal
folds
superior head: greater superior head: capsule protracts the mandible;
wing of the sphenoid
and & articular disk of opens the mouth;
bone; inferior head:
the
active in grinding
temporomandibular
actions of chewing
lateral pterygoid plate joint; inferior head:
neck of the mandible
nerve, from the

recurrent laryngeal
vagus nerve (X)
lateral pterygoid
branch of the
mandibular division of
the trigeminal nerve
(V)
lateral rectus
common tendinous ring sclera on the lateral

abducts the corneal

part of the eyeball
abducens nerve (VI)
levator anguli oris
canine fossa of the

maxilla
angle (corner) of the

mouth
elevates the angle of

the mouth
buccal branch of the

facial nerve (VII)
levator labii superioris inferior margin of the

orbit
skin of the upper lip
elevates the upper lip

facial nerve (VII)
levator labii superioris frontal process of the

alaque nasi
maxilla
ala of the nose and skin elevates the upper lip

of the upper lip
and flares the nostril

facial nerve (VII)
levator palpebrae
superioris
apex of the orbit above skin and fascia of

the optic canal
upper eyelid and the
superior tarsal plate
elevates the upper

eyelid
levator scapulae
transverse processes of medial border of the

C1-4 vertebrae
scapula from the
superior angle to the
spine
elevates scapula
levator veli palatini
muscles and fascia of

the soft palate;
palatine aponeurosis
linguae, longitudinalis
apex of the petrous

part of the temporal
bone and the medial
surface of the auditory
tube
cartilage
within
tongue
linguae, transversus
within tongue
within tongue
compresses the sides

of the tongue; shapes
the tongue for speech
and mastication
linguae, verticalis
within tongue
within tongue
longus capitis
vertebrae C3-6
basilar portion of the

occipital bone
longus colli
anterior tubercles and

anterior surfaces of the
bodies of vertebrae C3T3
shapes the tongue for hypoglossal nerve (XII)

speech and mastication
flex the head and neck cervical plexus, ventral
nerves C1-4
flex neck, rotate and
cervical and brachial
laterally bend neck
plexus, C2-7
masseter
zygomatic arch and

zygomatic bone
anterior arch of atlas,

C5-6, anterior surfaces
of bodies of vertebrae
C2-4
elevates the mandible
ramus and angle of the
mandible
medial pterygoid
medial surface of the

lateral pterygoid plate,
pyramidal process of
the palatine bone,
tuberosity of the
maxilla
common tendinous ring
at the apex of the orbit
medial rectus
oculomotor nerve (III)

and sympathetics (to
the superior tarsal
portion)

(C5); the upper part of
the muscle receives
branches of C3 & C4
nerves(X) via the
elevates the soft palate spinal
vagus nerve
pharyngeal plexus
within tongue near the shapes the tongue for hypoglossal nerve (XII)
apex
speech and mastication
nerve to the masseter,

from the mandibular
division of the
trigeminal nerve (V)

elevates and protracts
ramus and angle of the the mandible
mandible
medial pterygoid
branch of the
(V)
sclera on the medial

surface of the eyeball

(inferior division)
adducts the corneal

part of the eyeball
mentalis
anterior surface of the skin of the chin

mandible near the
mental symphysis
(midline)
lesser
and greater
midline pharyngeal
horns of the hyoid bone raphe
and the inferior part of
the stylohyoid ligament
elevates the lower lip

and skin of chin
middle scalene
posterior tubercles of upper surface of the

the transverse
first rib behind the
processes of vertebrae subclavian artery
C2-C7
elevates the first rib;

bends the neck
musculus uvulae
posterior nasal spine
mucosa of the uvula
shortens the uvula
vagus nerve (X) via

pharyngeal plexus
mylohyoid
mylohyoid line of
mandible
midline raphe and body elevates the hyoid bone mylohyoid nerve from
of the hyoid bone
and the tongue;
the inferior alveolar
depresses the
mandible
(V)
ala of the nose and
flattens the nose, flare buccal branch of the
midline aponeurosis
the nostrils
facial nerve (VII)
middle pharyngeal
constrictor
nasalis
maxilla above the

incisor teeth and the
canine teeth
nasalis pars alaris
maxilla above the
canine teeth
nasalis pars transversa maxilla above the
incisor teeth
oblique arytenoid
muscular process of
oblique, inferior
oblique, superior
constricts the
pharyngeal cavity
ala of the nose
flares the nostrils
midline aponeurosis
flattens the nose

cartilage, near its apex adducting the vocal
folds
floor of the orbit lateral sclera on the inferior

to the lacrimal groove surface of the eyeball
marginal mandibular
nerve (VII)
vagus (X), via the
pharyngeal plexus

nerve (VII)
nerve (VII)
inferior laryngeal
laryngeal nerve, a
(X)
elevates and abducts

eye; rotates the
laterally; when the eye
is adducted, this
muscle elevates the
apex of the orbit above sclera on the posterior depresses and abducts trochlear nerve (IV)
the optic canal
superior surface of the the eyeball; rotates the
eyeball
medially
occipitalis
superior nuchal line
galea aponeurotica
occipitofrontalis
frontalis: galea
aponeurotica;
occipitalis: superior
nuchal line
frontalis: skin of the

eyebrows; occipitalis:
galea aponeurotica
omohyoid
inferior belly: upper

border of the scapula
medial to the scapular
notch; superior belly:
intermediate tendon
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
palatoglossus
pulls the scalp

posteriorly; elevates
the eyebrows
elevates
the eyebrows
and wrinkles the
forehead
inferior belly:
depresses/stabilizes
intermediate tendon;
the hyoid bone
superior belly: lower
border of the hyoid
bone lateral to the
sternohyoid insertion
orbital part: medial
orbital part: skin of the closes the eyelids
orbital margin and the lateral cheek;
medial palpebral
palpebral part: lateral
ligament; palpebral
palpebral raphe
part: medial palpebral
ligament
purses the lips
skin and fascia of lips skin and fascia of the
lips
and the area
surrounding the lips
side of the tongue,
elevates and retracts
entering it from above the tongue
palatopharyngeus
posterior margin of the posterior wall of the

elevates the larynx
bony palate and the
pharynx and the
posterior margin of the
thyroid cartilage
platysma
fascia overlying the

pectoralis major and
deltoid muscles
posterior
cricoarytenoid
posterior surface of the muscular process of

draws the muscular
lamina of the cricoid
the arytenoid cartilage process posteriorly,
cartilage
which pivots the
arytenoid cartilage and
abducts the vocal folds
posterior scalene
posterior tubercles of lateral surface of the

second rib
the transverse
C5-C7
nasal bone
skin between the
eyebrows
procerus
inferior border of the

mandible and skin of
lower face
posterior auricular
nerve (VII)
frontalis:
temporal
nerve (VII); occipitalis:
posterior auricular
nerve (VII)
ansa cervicalis
temporal & zygomatic

nerve (VII)

facial nerve (VII)
vagus nerve (X) via the
pharyngeal plexus
vagus nerve (X) via

pharyngeal plexus
draws the corners of

cervical branch of the
the mouth down; it aids facial nerve (VII)
in depression of the
mandible
inferior laryngeal
nerve, from the
recurrent laryngeal
vagus nerve (X)

elevates the second
rib; flexes and laterally
bends the neck
depresses the medial
temporal branch of the
corners of the
facial nerve (VII)
eyebrows
pterygoid, lateral
superior head: greater

bone; inferior head:
lateral pterygoid plate
superior head: capsule

and & articular disk of
the
temporomandibular
joint; inferior head:
neck of the mandible
pterygoid, medial

elevates and protracts
ramus and angle of the the mandible
mandible
medial pterygoid
branch of the
(V)
pupillae, dilator

lateral pterygoid plate,
pyramidal process of
the palatine bone,
tuberosity of the
maxilla
outer margin of iris
inner margin of iris
dilates the pupil
sympathetic fibers via

short ciliary nerves,
synapsing in superior
ganglion
pupillae, sphincter
encircles iris
encircles iris
constricts the pupil
parasympathetic fibers
of oculomotor nerve
(III), synapsing in
ciliary ganglion
rectus capitis anterior
lateral mass of atlas
flexes the head
common tendinous ring sclera on the lateral

part of the eyeball
rectus capitis lateralis

rectus, inferior
rectus, lateral
rectus, medial
rectus, superior
risorius
basilar portion of
occipital bone
occipital bone
atlas
anterolateral to
common tendinous ring foramen
sclera onmagnum
the inferior
protracts the mandible;

opens the mouth;
active in grinding
actions of chewing
lateral pterygoid
branch of the
(V)

of spinal nerve C1
laterally bends the
head
of spinal nerve C1
depresses and adducts oculomotor nerve (III),
eyeball; rotates the
laterally
abducts the corneal
abducens nerve (VI)

sclera on the medial

sclera on the superior
adducts the corneal

part of the eyeball
elevates and adducts
the eyeball; rotates the
medially

(inferior division)
superior division
fascia of the lateral

cheek
skin of the angle

(corner) of the mouth
draws the corner of the buccal branches of the

mouth laterally
facial nerve (VII)
salpingopharyngeus

anteromedial end of
the auditory tube
cartilage
scalene, anterior
scalene tubercle of the elevates the first rib;
the transverse
first rib
bends the neck
C3-C6
scalene, middle
posterior tubercles of upper surface of the

the transverse
first rib behind the
processes of vertebrae subclavian artery
C2-C7
elevates the first rib;

bends the neck
scalene, posterior
posterior tubercles of
the transverse
C5-C7
greater wing of the
sphenoid
elevates the second

rib; flexes and laterally
bends the neck
pulls the articular disk
forward in opening of
the mouth
constricts the pupil

bends neck and head;
rotates head to same
side

spinal nerves C2-6
dampens vibration of
the stapes
facial nerve (VII)
draws the mastoid

process down toward
the same side which
causes the chin to turn
up toward the opposite
side; acting together,
the muscles of the two
sides flex the neck
spinal accessory nerve

(XI), with sensory
supply from C2 & C3
(for proprioception)
sphenomeniscus
pharyngeal wall and

elevates the larynx
superior border of the
thyroid cartilage along
with the
palatopharyngeus m.

second rib
capsule and articular
disk of the
temporomandibular
joint
encircles iris
sphincter pupillae
encircles iris
splenius
ligamentum nuchae
and spines C7-T6
stapedius
walls of the pyramidal

eminence
sternocleidomastoid
sternal head: anterior mastoid process and

surface of the
lateral 1/2 of the
manubrium; clavicular superior nuchal line
head: medial 1/3rd of
the clavicle
capitis: mastoid
process & superior
nuchal line laterally;
cervicis: posterior
tubercles
ofstapes
C1-3
neck of the
vagus nerve (X) via the

pharyngeal plexus
lateral pterygoid
branch of mandibular
division of trigeminal
nerve
(V)
parasympathetic
fibers
of oculomotor nerve
(III), synapsing in
ciliary ganglion
sternohyoid
posterior surfaces of
both the manubrium
and sternal end of the
clavicle surface of the
posterior
manubrium below the
origin of the
sternohyoid m.
lower border of the

hyoid bone, medial to
the omohyoid m.
insertionline of the
oblique
thyroid cartilage
the hyoid bone
ansa cervicalis
the hyoid bone
ansa cervicalis
styloglossus
anterior side of the

styloid process
posterolateral side of
the tongue
retracts and elevates

the tongue
stylohyoid
posterior side of the

styloid process
splits around the

elevates and retracts
intermediate tendon of the hyoid bone
the digastric m. to
insert on the body of
the hyoid bone
facial nerve (VII)
stylopharyngeus
medial side of the

styloid process
superior border of the

thyroid cartilage and
also into the
pharyngeal wall
glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
superior oblique
apex of the orbit above sclera on the posterior depresses and abducts trochlear nerve (IV)
the optic canal
superior surface of the the eyeball; rotates the
eyeball
medially
superior pharyngeal
constrictor
medial pterygoid plate, pharyngeal tubercle

constricts the
pterygoid hamulus,
and midline pharyngeal pharyngeal cavity
pterygomandibular
raphe
raphe, mylohyoid line
of mandible
superior rectus
common tendinous ring sclera on the superior

temporalis
temporal fossa and the coronoid process of the elevates the mandible;
temporal fascia
mandible and the
retracts the mandible
anterior surface of the (posterior fibers)
ramus of the mandible
sternothyroid
elevates the larynx
vagus (X), via the

pharyngeal plexus
elevates and adducts

the eyeball; rotates the superior division
medially
anterior and posterior
deep temporal nerves
from the mandibular
division of the
trigeminal nerve (V)
tensor tympani
cartilagenous auditory manubrium of the

tube and the greater
malleus
bone which lies
adjacent to it
dampens vibrations of
the tympanic
membrane
medial pterygoid
branch of the
(V)
tensor veli palatini
scaphoid fossa, lateral

wall of the auditory
tube cartilage
opens the auditory

tube; tenses the soft
palate
(V)
thyroarytenoid
inner surface of the

thyroid cartilage
anteriorly
lateral border of the

arytenoid cartilage
draws the arytenoid

cartilage forward,
relaxing and adducting
the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal
laryngeal nerve, a
branch of the vagus
nerve (X)
thyroepiglottic
inner surface of the

thyroid cartilage near
the laryngeal
prominence

epiglottic cartilage
draws the epiglottic

cartilage downward
thyrohyoid
oblique line of the

thyroid cartilage
lower border of the

hyoid bone
elevates the larynx;

the hyoid bone
inferior laryngeal
laryngeal nerve, a
branch of the vagus
nerve
(X)
ansa cervicalis
(via
trachealis
transverse arytenoid
transverse arytenoid
posterior edge of the

tracheal cartilage
fibers running with the

hypoglossal nerve that
leave XII distal to the
superior limb of ansa)
posterior edge of the

constricts the bronchi
tracheal cartilage of
and trachea
other side (joins
tracheal rings
posterior surface of the posteriorly)
arytenoid cartilage
cartilage
adducting the vocal
folds
preganglionic
from the vagus (X)
nerve
posterior surface of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid

arytenoid cartilage
cartilage
adducting the vocal
folds
inferior laryngeal
laryngeal nerve, a
branch of the vagus
nerve (X)
inferior laryngeal
laryngeal nerve, a
branch of the vagus
nerve (X)
vocalis
surface of the thyroid vocal ligament

cartilage, vocal process
of the arytenoid
cartilage
zygomaticus major
upper lateral surface of skin of the angle of the elevates and draws the
the zygomatic bone
mouth
corner of the mouth
laterally
lower surface of the
lateral part of the
elevates the upper lip
zygomatic bone
upper lip
zygomaticus minor
relaxes segments of
inferior laryngeal
the vocal ligament,
nerve, from the
thereby adjusting pitch recurrent laryngeal
vagus nerve (X)
zygomatic and buccal

nerve (VII)
facial nerve (VII)
Muscles of the Thoracic Region - Listed Alphabetically

Muscle
diaphragm
Origin
Insertion
xiphoid process, costal central tendon of the
margin, fascia over the diaphragm
quadratus lumborum
and psoas major mm.
(lateral & medial
arcuate ligaments),
vertebral bodies L1-L3
external intercostal
lower border of a rib

within an intercostal
space
upper border of the rib keeps the intercostal

intercostal nerves (T1below, coursing,
space from blowing out T11)
downward and
or sucking in during
medially
respiration
innermost intercostal
upper borders of a rib
fibers course up and

medially to insert on
the inferior margin of
the rib above
internal intercostal
upper border of a rib
lower border of rib

keeps the intercostal
intercostal nerves (T1above, coursing up and space from blowing out T11)
medially
respiration
levatores costarum
transverse processes
C7-T11
angle of ribs
rib below its origin,

medial to the angle
angle of a rib 2-3 ribs
above origin
subcostalis
Action
pushes the abdominal
viscera inferiorly,
increasing the volume
of the thoracic cavity
(inspiration)
Innervation
phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
keeps the intercostal

intercostal nerves (T1space from blowing out T11)
respiration
elevates the rib

compresses the
intercostal spaces

spinal nerves C7-T11
intercostal nerves
transversus thoracis
posterior surface of the inner surfaces of costal compresses the thorax intercostal nerves 2-6
sternum
cartilages 2-6
for forced expiration
Muscles of the Abdominal Region - Listed Alphabetically

Muscle
cremaster
Origin
inguinal ligament
Insertion
Action
Innervation
forms thin network of elevates testis (not well genital branch of the
muscle fascicles
developed in females) genitofemoral nerve
around the spermatic
cord and testis (or
around the distal
portion of the round
ligament of the uterus)
dartos
subcutaneous
skin of the scrotum and
connective tissue of the penis (or labium majus
scrotum and the penis and clitoris)
(or labium majus and
clitoris)
elevates testis (tenses

the skin of the
pudendal region in the
female)
external abdominal
oblique
lower 8 ribs
linea alba, pubic crest

& tubercle, anterior
superior iliac spine &
anterior half of iliac
crest

bends the trunk
interfoveolar
transversus abdominis
fibers that lie
superficial to the
inferior epigastric
vessels
anterior lamina of
femoral sheath,
immediately distal to
origin of inferior
epigastric vessels
compresses abdominal iliohypogastric and

contents
ilioinguinal nerves
postganglionic
sympathetic nerve
fibers arriving via the
ilioinguinal nerve and
the posterior scrotal
nerve
intercostal nerves 7-11,
subcostal,
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
internal abdominal
oblique
thoracolumbar fascia, lower 3 or 4 ribs, linea flexes and laterally

anterior 2/3 of the iliac alba, pubic crest
bends the trunk
crest, lateral 2/3 of the
inguinal ligament

subcostal,
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
oblique, external
abdominal
lower 8 ribs

bends the trunk

subcostal,
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
oblique, internal
abdominal
thoracolumbar fascia, lower 3 or 4 ribs, linea flexes and laterally

anterior 2/3 of the iliac alba, pubic crest
bends the trunk
crest, lateral 2/3 of the
inguinal ligament

subcostal,
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
psoas major
bodies and transverse

processes of lumbar
vertebrae

nerves L2-L4
psoas minor
bodies of the T12 & L1 iliopubic eminence at

vertebrae
the line of junction of
the ilium and the
superior pubic ramus
flexes & laterally bends branches of the ventral

the lumbar vertebral
primary rams of spinal
column
nerves L1-L2
pyramidalis
pubis, anterior to the

rectus abdominis
draws the linea alba

inferiorly
linea alba, pubic crest

& tubercle, anterior
superior iliac spine &
anterior half of iliac
crest
lesser trochanter of
flexes the thigh; flexes
femur (with iliacus) via & laterally bends the
iliopsoas tendon
lumbar vertebral
column
linea alba
subcostal nerve
quadratus lumborum
posterior part of the

iliac crest and the
iliolumbar ligament
transverse processes of laterally bends the

lumbar vertebrae 1-4
trunk, fixes the 12th
and the 12th rib
rib
subcostal nerve and

ventral primary rami of
spinal nerves L1-L4
rectus abdominis
pubis and the pubic

symphysis
xiphoid process of the

sternum and costal
cartilages 5-7
intercostal nerves 7-11

and subcostal nerve
flexes the trunk
transversus abdominis lower 6 ribs,

linea alba, pubic crest flexes and laterally
thoracolumbar fascia, and pecten of the pubis bends trunk
anterior 3/4 of the iliac
crest, lateral 1/3 of
inguinal ligament

subcostal,
iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum - Listed Alphabetically

Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
anal sphincter, external perineal body or
encircles the anal
constricts the anal
central tendinous point canal; superficial fibers canal
of the perineum
attach to the coccyx
Innervation
inferior rectal nerves
(from the pudendal
nerve)
anal sphincter, internal encircles the anal

canal
encircles the anal

canal
constricts the anal

canal
from S4
bulbospongiosus, in
female
perineal body and

fascia of the bulb of the
vestibule
central tendinous point
and the midline raphe
on the bulb of the penis
perineal membrane
and corpus
cavernosum of the
clitoris membrane,
perineal
corpus spongiosum,
deep penile fascia
compresses the
vestibular bulb and
constricts the vaginal
orifice
compresses
the bulb of
the penis, compresses
the spongy urethra
deep branch of the

perineal nerve (from
pudendal nerve)
deep branch of the
pudendal nerve)
ischial spine
side of the coccyx and

lower sacrum
elevates the pelvic

floor

nerves S3-S4
bulbospongiosus, in
male
coccygeus
deep transverse
perineus

ischial ramus
detruser of bladder
smooth muscle in the

wall of the urinary
bladder
iliococcygeus
arcus tendineus levator

ani and the ischial
spine
ischial tuberosity and
the ischiopubic ramus
posterior surface of the
body of the pubis,
fascia of the obturator
internus m. (arcus
tendineus levator ani),
ischial spine
ischiocavernosus
levator ani
contralateral muscle
and perineal
body/central tendinous
point
fascicles
are arranged
roughly in three layers
fixes and stabilizes the

perineal body/central
tendinous point
compresses the urinary
bladder
anococcygeal raphe
and the coccyx
elevates the pelvic

floor
corpus cavernosum
and crus of the
penis/clitoris
anococcygeal raphe
and coccyx

nerves S3-S4
compresses the corpus deep branch of the
cavernosum
pudendal nerve)
elevates the pelvic
floor
nerves S3-S4
levator prostatae
posterior aspect of the fascia of the prostate

pubis
elevates the prostate
pubococcygeus
posterior aspect of the coccyx

superior pubic ramis
elevates the pelvic

floor
puborectalis
posterior aspect of the unites with the

body of the pubis
puborectalis m. of
other side posterior to
the rectum
pubovaginalis
posterior aspect of the fascia of the vagina

body of the pubis
and perineal body
draws the distal

rectum forward and
superiorly; aids in
voluntary retention of
feces
draws the vagina
sphincter ani externus
deep branch of
perineal nerve from
pudendal nerve
parasympathetic nerve
fibers from the pelvic
splanchnic nerves (S2S4 spinal cord levels)

nerves S3-S4
nerves S3-S4
nerves S3-S4

forward and superiorly primary rami of spinal
nerves S3-S4
perineal body or
encircles the anal
constricts the anal
inferior rectal nerves
central tendinous point canal; superficial fibers canal
(from the pudendal
of the perineum
attach to the coccyx
nerve)
sphincter ani internus
encircles the anal

canal
encircles the anal

canal
constricts the anal

canal
from S4
sphincter urethrae, in
female
encircles the urethra
compresses urethra
and vagina
deep branch of
perineal nerve from
pudendal nerve
sphincter urethrae, in
male
encircles the urethra
superficial transverse
perineus

ischial ramus
transverse perineus,
deep

ischial ramus
transverse perineus,
superficial

ischial ramus
encircles urethra and

vagina; extends
superiorly along the
urethra as far as the
bladder
encircles urethra,
reaches lateral surface
of prostate and inferior
bladder
and the perineal
point
and perineal
point
and the perineal
point
compresses urethra
deep branch of
perineal nerve from
pudendal nerve
fixes and stabilizes
deep branch of
perineal nerve from
tendinous point
pudendal nerve
fixes and stabilizes the deep branch of
perineal nerve from
tendinous point
pudendal nerve
fixes and stabilizes
deep branch of
perineal nerve from
tendinous point
pudendal nerve
Muscles of the Lower Limb - Listed Alphabetically

Muscle
abductor digiti minimi
(foot)
abductor hallucis
Origin
medial and lateral
sides of the tuberosity
of the calcaneus
medial side of the
tuberosity of calcaneus
Insertion
lateral side of the base
of the proximal
phalanx of the 5th digit
medial side of the base
of the proximal
phalanx of the great
toe (hallux)
pectineal
line and linea
aspera (deep to the
pectineus and adductor
longus mm.)
adductor brevis
inferior pubic ramus
adductor hallucis
oblique head: bases of lateral side of base of

metatarsals 2-4;
the proximal phalanx
transverse head: heads of the great toe
of metatarsals 3-5
adductor longus
medial portion of the

linea aspera of the

femur
Action
abducts the 5th toe;
flexes the
metatarsophalageal
joint
abducts the great toe;
flexes the
metatarsophalageal
joint
adducts,
flexes, and
femur
Innervation
lateral plantar nerve
adducts the great toe

(moves it toward
midline of the foot;
i.e.toward the 2nd
digit)
adducts, flexes, and
deep branch of the

medial plantar nerve
anterior division of the

obturator nerve

obturator nerve
adductor magnus
adductor minimus
articularis genu
ischiopubic ramus and linea aspera of the

ischial tuberosity
femur; the
ischiocondylar part
inserts on the adductor
tubercle
of the
femur
gluteal ridge
and
upper
lower portion of the
part of the linea aspera
inferior pubic ramus
of the femur

femur; extends the
femur (ischiocondylar
part)
adducts and laterally
rotates the femur
posterior division of
the obturator nerve;
tibial nerve
(ischiocondylar part)
posterior division of
the obturator nerve
biceps femoris

femur above the
patellar surface
long head: ischial
tuberosity; short head:
lateral lip of the linea
aspera
articular capsule of the elevates the articular

knee
capsule of the knee
joint
head of fibula and
extends the thigh,
lateral condyle of the
flexes the leg
tibia
dorsal interosseous
(foot)
shafts of adjacent
metatarsal bones
bases of the proximal

phalanges for digit 2
(both sides) & digits
3,4 (lateral side)
abduct digits 2-4 (move deep branch of the

these digits away from lateral plantar nerve
midline as defined by a
plane passing through
the 2nd digit); flex the
metatarsophalangeal
joints and extend the
of those digits
extensor digitorum
brevis
superolateral surface
of the calcaneus
extensor expansion of
toes 1-4
extends toes 1-4
deep fibular (peroneal)

nerve
extensor digitorum
longus

tibia, anterior surface
of the fibula, lateral
portion of the
interosseous
membrane
superolateral surface
of the calcaneus
extends the
metatarsophalangeal,
proximal
interphalangeal and
joints of the lateral 4
toes
extends the great toe

nerve
extensor hallucis
brevis
dorsum of the lateral 4

toes via extensor
expansions (central slip
inserts on base of
middle phalanx, lateral
slips on base of distal
phalanx)
dorsum of base of
proximal phalanx of
the great toe
extensor hallucis
longus
middle half of the

fibula and the
interosseous
membrane
lower one third of the
base of the distal

phalanx of the great
toe
extends the
metatarsophalangeal
of the great toe

nerve
tuberosity of the base

of the 5th metatarsal
extends (plantar flexes) superficial fibular

and everts the foot
(peroneal) nerve
fibularis (peroneus)
brevis

fibula
femoral nerve
long head: tibial nerve;

short head: common
fibular (peroneal)
nerve

nerve
longus
tertius
flexor digiti minimi

brevis (foot)
upper two/thirds of the after crossing the

extends (plantar flexes)
plantar surface of the and everts the foot
fibula
foot deep to the
intrinsic muscles, it
inserts on the medial
cuneiform and the base
of the 1st metatarsal
distal part of the
dorsum of the shaft of everts the foot
anterior surface of the the 5th metatarsal
fibula
bone
lateral side of base of

proximal phalanx of
5th digit
flexor digitorum brevis tuberosity of the
base of the middle
calcaneus, plantar
phalanx of digits 2-5
aponeurosis,
after splitting to allow
intermuscular septae
passage of the flexor
digitorum longus
tendons
flexor digitorum longus middle half of the
bases of the distal
posterior surface of the phalanges of digits 2-5
tibia
flexor hallucis brevis
flexor hallucis longus
base of 5th metatarsal

bone
cuboid, lateral
medial belly: medial
cuneiform, medial side side of proximal
of the first metatarsal phalanx of the great
toe; lateral belly:
lateral side of the
proximal phalanx of
the great toe
lower 2/3 of the
base of the distal
posterior surface of the phalanx of the great
fibula
toe
gastrocnemius
femur; medial head:

above the medial
femoral condyle;
lateral head: above the
lateral femoral condyle
dorsum of the
calcaneus via the
calcaneal (Achilles')
tendon
gemellus, inferior
ischial tuberosity
obturator internus
tendon
superficial fibular
(peroneal) nerve

nerve
flexes the
metatarsophalangeal
joint of the 5th digit
flexes the
metatarsophalangeal &
proximal
of digits 2-5
flexes the
metatarsophalangeal,
proximal
interphalangeal and
joints of digits 2-5;
plantar flexes the foot
flexes the
metatarsophalangeal
joint of the great toe
tibial nerve
flexes the
metatarsophalangeal
and proximal
of the great toe;
flexes leg; plantar
flexes foot
tibial nerve

femur
nerve to the quadratus

femoris m.

(lateral belly
occasionally receives
innervation from the
lateral plantar nerve)
tibial nerve
gemellus, superior
ischial spine
gluteus maximus
posterior gluteal line,

posterior surface of
sacrum and coccyx,
sacrotuberous
ligament
external surface of the greater trochanter of
ilium between the
the femur
posterior and anterior
gluteal lines
gluteus medius
obturator internus
tendon
upper fibers: iliotibial
tract; lowermost fibers:
gluteal tuberosity of
the femur

femur
extends the thigh;
femur
nerve to the obturator

internus m.
inferior gluteal nerve
abducts the femur;

thigh
superior gluteal nerve
gluteus minimus
external surface of the greater trochanter of

ilium between the
the femur
anterior and inferior
gluteal lines
abducts the femur;

thigh
gracilis
pubic symphysis and

the inferior pubic
ramus
adducts the thigh,

flexes and medially
rotates the thigh,
flexes the leg

obturator nerve
iliacus
iliac fossa and iliac

crest; ala of sacrum

tibia (via pes
anserinus)
femoral nerve
iliopsoas
lesser trochanter of the flexes the thigh; if the

femur
thigh is fixed it flexes
the pelvis on the thigh
iliac fossa; bodies and lesser trochanter of the flexes the thigh; flexes
transverse processes of femur
and laterally bends the
lumbar vertebrae
lumbar vertebral
column
inferior gemellus
ischial tuberosity
interosseous, dorsal
(foot)
shafts of adjacent
metatarsal bones

femoris m.
deep branch of the
obturator internus
tendon
bases of the proximal
phalanges for digit 2
(both sides) & digits
3,4 (lateral side)

femur
abduct digits 2-4 (move
these digits away from
midline as defined by a
plane passing through
the 2nd digit); flex the
metatarsophalangeal
joints and extend the
of those digits

nerves L2-L4; branches
of the femoral nerve
interosseous, plantar
lumbricals (foot)
obturator externus
obturator internus
base and medial side of bases of proximal

adduct digits 3-5 (move
metatarsals 3-5
phalanges and
these digits toward the
extensor expansions of midline of the foot as
digits 3-5
defined by a plane
through the second
digit); flex the
metacarpophalangeal
and extend
of digits 3-5
tendons of the flexor
medial side of the
flex the
digitorum longus
extensor expansion of metatarsophalangeal
digits 2-5
joint, extend the
proximal
interphalangeal &
joints of digits 2-5
the external surface of trochanteric fossa of
the obturator
the femur
thigh
membrane and the
superior and inferior
pubic
rami surface of greater trochanter on laterally rotates and
the internal
the obturator
its medial surface
abducts the thigh
membrane and margin above the trochanteric
of the obturator
fossa
foramen
pectineus
peroneus mm. (SEE

fibularis mm.)
piriformis
plantar interosseous
pecten of the pubis
anterior surface of
sacrum
pectineal line of the

femur
upper border of
greater trochanter of
femur
base and medial side of bases of proximal
metatarsals 3-5
phalanges and
extensor expansions of
digits 3-5
deep branch of the

medial (1st) lumbrical:

medial plantar nerve;
lateral three
lumbricals: lateral
plantar nerve
obturator nerve

internus m.

thigh
femoral nerve and

possibly the anterior
division of the
obturator nerve
laterally rotates and

abducts thigh
ventral rami of S1-S2
adduct digits 3-5 (move deep branch of the

these digits toward the lateral plantar nerve
midline of the foot as
defined by the second
digit),flex
metatarsophalangeal
and extend
of digits 3-5
plantaris
above the lateral

dorsum of the
femoral condyle (above calcaneus medial to
the lateral head of
the calcaneal tendon
gastrocnemius)
popliteus

femur
posterior surface of the flexes and rotates the

tibia above soleal line leg medially (with the
foot planted, it rotates
the thigh laterally)
tibial nerve
psoas major
bodies and transverse

processes of lumbar
vertebrae
lesser trochanter of
flexes the thigh; flexes
femur (with iliacus) via & laterally bends the
iliopsoas tendon
lumbar vertebral
column

nerves L2-L4
psoas minor
bodies of the T12 & L1 iliopubic eminence at

vertebrae
the line of junction of
the ilium and the
flexes & laterally bends branches of the ventral

the lumbar vertebral
primary rams of spinal
column
nerves L1-L2
quadratus femoris
lateral border of the

ischial tuberosity

thigh

femoris m.
assists the flexor

digitorum longus in
flexing the toes
quadratus plantae
quadriceps femoris
quadrate line of the

femur below the
intertrochanteric crest
anterior portion of the tendons of the flexor
calcaneus and the long digitorum longus m.
plantar ligament
flexes the leg; plantar

flexes the foot
tibial nerve
anterior surface of the tibial tuberosity via the extends the knee;
femur and the anterior patellar ligament
rectus femoris flexes
side of the medial and
the thigh
lateral intermuscular
septa
straight head: anterior patella and tibial
extends the leg, flexes
inferior iliac spine;
tuberosity (via the
the thigh
reflected head: above patellar ligament)
the superior rim of the
acetabulum
femoral nerve
sartorius
anterior superior iliac

spine
flexes, abducts and

thigh; flexes leg
femoral nerve
semimembranosus
upper, outer surface of medial condyle of the

the ischial tuberosity
tibia
extends the thigh,

flexes the leg
tibial nerve
rectus femoris

tibia (pes anserinus)
femoral nerve
semitendinosus
lower, medial surface

of ischial tuberosity
(common tendon with
biceps femoris m.)
medial surface of tibia

(via pes anserinus)
extends the thigh,

flexes the leg
tibial nerve
soleus
posterior surface of
head and upper shaft
of the fibula, soleal line
of the tibia
dorsum of the
calcaneus via the
calcaneal (Achilles')
tendon
tibial nerve
superior gemellus
ischial spine
tensor fasciae latae
anterior part of the

iliac crest, anterior
superior iliac spine
lateral tibial condyle
and the upper lateral
surface of the tibia
obturator internus
tendon
iliotibial tract

femur
flexes, abducts, and
thigh
dorsiflexes and inverts
the foot

internus m.
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
vastus intermedius
interosseous
membrane,
posteromedial surface
of the fibula,
posterolateral
surface
anterior and lateral

medial cuneiform and
the 1st metatarsal

nerve
tuberosity of the
plantar flexes the foot; tibial nerve
navicular and medial
inverts the foot
cuneiform, metatarsals
2-4
patella
extends the leg
femoral nerve
surface of the femur

vastus lateralis
lateral intermuscular
septum, lateral lip of
the linea aspera and
the gluteal tuberosity
patella and medial

patellar retinaculum
extends leg
femoral nerve
vastus medialis
medial intermuscular
septum, medial lip of
the linea aspera
patella and medial

patellar retinaculum
extends leg
femoral nerve
lphabetically
Artery
supplied segmentally
by: deep cervical a.,
posterior intercostal
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar aa.
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
suppliedaa.
segmentally
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
suppliedaa.
segmentally
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
suppliedaa.
segmentally
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
suppliedaa.
segmentally
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
occipitalaa.
a.
Notes
the erector spinae m. is
separated into 3 columns of
muscle: iliocostalis laterally,
longissimus in an intermediate
position and spinalis medially;
each of these columns has
multiple named parts
the most lateral part of the
erector spinae; it may be
subdivided into lumborum,
thoracis and cervicis portions
these are small and fairly
insignificant muscles
these are small and fairly

the intermediate part of the

erector spinae;it may be
subdivided into thoracis,
cervicis and capitis portions
semispinalis, multifidus and
rotatores make up the
transversospinal muscle group
occipital a.
greater occipital nerve (DPR of

C2) passes superiorly around
the inferior margin of inferior
oblique
the suboccipital triangle is
formed by obliquus capitis
superior and inferior and rectus
capitis posterior major
occipital a.
none
occipital a.
rectus capitis posterior minor is

deeper and inserts more medial
than rectus capitis posterior
major
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
suppliedaa.
segmentally
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar aa.
aa., subcostal aa.,
lumbar
suppliedaa.
segmentally
aa.
semispinalis, multifidus and

rotatores make up the
transversospinal muscle group
three parts are named based on
their insertions: capitis, cervicis
and thoracis; semispinalis,
multifidus and rotatores make
up the transversospinal muscle
group
most medial part of the erector
spinae; may be subdivided into
thoracis, cervicis and capitis
portions
splenius means bandage; it gets
its name from its broad, flat
shape
aa.
named for its shape: splenius

means bandage and capitis
refers to the insertion of this
portion of the muscle
aa.
named for its shape: splenius

means bandage and cervicis
refers to the insertion of this
portion of the muscle
lphabetically
Artery
ulnar a.
superficial palmar br.

of the radial a.
Notes
abductor digiti minimi, flexor
digiti minimi brevis, and
opponens digiti minimi are
located in the hypothenar
compartment of the hand
abductor pollicis brevis, flexor
pollicis brevis, and opponens
pollicis are located in the
thenar compartment of the
hand (Latin, pollicis = the
thumb)
posterior interosseous
a.
the tendons of abductor pollicis

longus and extensor pollicis
brevis make the lateral border
of the anatomical snuffbox
(Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
deep palmar arterial

arch
deep palmar arch and deep

ulnar nerve pass between the
two heads of adductor pollicis,
which is in the adductorinterosseous compartment
(Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
interosseous recurrent (Greek, anconeus = elbow)

a.
brachial a.
a powerful supinator only if the

elbow is flexed
brachial a., radial

recurrent a.
a powerful flexor
radial recurrent a.
although brachioradialis is
innervated by the nerve for
extensors (radial), its primary
action is elbow flexion; the
neutral position of this muscle
is half way between supination
and pronation (elbow flexed,
thumb up)
the musculocutaneous nerve
passes through the
coracobrachialis muscle to
reach the other arm flexor mm.
(biceps
brachii
andisbrachialis)
the deltoid
muscle
the
brachial a.
posterior circumflex
humeral a.
principle abductor of the arm

but due to poor mechanical
advantage it cannot initiate this
action; it is assisted by the
supraspinatus m.
dorsal and palmar

metacarpal aa.
bipennate muscles; remember

DAB & PAD - Dorsal
interosseous mm. ABduct and
Palmar interosseous mm.
ADduct - then you can figure
out where they must insert to
cause these actions (Latin, inter
= between + os = bone)
radial a.
works with the extensor carpi

radialis longus and flexor carpi
radialis in abduction of the
hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
radial a.

radialis brevis and flexor carpi
radialis in abduction of the
hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
ulnar a.
works with the flexor carpi

ulnaris in adduction of the hand
(Greek, carpi= the wrist)
interosseous recurrent extensor digiti minimi appears

a.
to be the ulnar-most portion of
extensor digitorum
interosseous recurrent the extensor expansion inserts

a. and posterior
via a central band on the base
interosseous a.
of the middle phalanx, while
lateral & medial slips insert on
the distal phalanx
a
extensor indicis is a deep

forearm extensor, whereas
extensor digiti minimi is in the
superficial layer of extensors
a
a
ulnar a.
the tendons of extensor pollicis

brevis and abductor pollicis
longus make the lateral border
of the anatomical snuffbox, in
which the radial arterial pulse
can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the
thumb)
the tendon of extensor pollicis
longus hooks around the dorsal
radial tubercle; it forms the
medial border of the anatomical
snuffbox, in which the radial
arterial pulse can be felt (Latin,
pollicis = the thumb)
radialis longus and brevis mm.
to abduct hand (Greek, carpi =
the wrist)
ulnar a.
the ulnar nerve passes between

the two heads of origin of the
flexor carpi ulnaris m. (Greek,
carpi = the wrist)
ulnar a.
flexor digiti minimi brevis,

abductor digiti minimi, and
opponens digiti minimi are in
the hypothenar compartment of
the hand
ulnar a., anterior

interosseous a.
ulnar nerve innervates the

portion of profundus that acts
on digits 4 & 5 (the ulnar 2
digits)
ulnar a.
median nerve travels distally in

the forearm on the deep surface
of the flexor digitorum
superficialis m.
superficial palmar br.

of the radial a.
flexor pollicis brevis, abductor

pollicis brevis, and opponens
pollicis are the three muscles of
the thenar compartment of the
hand (Latin, pollicis = the
thumb)
a.
suprascapular a.
dorsal and palmar

metacarpal aa.
the tendon of flexor pollicis

longus passes through the
carpal tunnel with the other
long digital flexor tendons and
the median nerve (Latin,
pollicis = the thumb)
infraspinatus, supraspinatus,
teres minor and subscapularis
are the rotator cuff muscles
bipennate muscles; remember
DAB & PAD - Dorsal
interosseous mm. ABduct and
Palmar interosseous mm.
ADduct - then you can figure
out where they must insert to
cause these actions (Latin, inter
= between + os = bone)
palmar metacarpal aa. unipennate muscles; remember

PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei
ADduct and Dorsal interossei
ABduct, and you will be able to
figure out where they must
insert (Latin, inter = between +
os = bone)
thoracodorsal a.
the inserting tendon twists so

that fibers originating highest
insert lowest (Latin, latissimus
= broadest)
dorsal scapular a.
levator scapulae is named for

its action (Latin, levator = to
lift)
superficial palmar
arterial arch
lumbricals, arise from the

profundus tendons and have the
same pattern of innervation as
does the profundus muscle
(ulnar and median nn. split the
task equally) (Latin, lumbricus
= earthworm)
ulnar a.
opposition is a rotational
movement of the 5th
metacarpal around the long
axis of its shaft; opponens digiti
minimi, abductor digiti minimi,
and flexor digiti minimi brevis
are in the hypothenar
compartment of the hand
superficial palmar
opposition is a rotational
branch of the radial a. movement of the 1st
metacarpal around the long
axis of its shaft; opponens
pollicis, abductor pollicis
brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis
are in the thenar compartment
of the hand (Latin, pollicis =
palmar metacarpal aa. unipennate muscles; remember
PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei
ADduct and Dorsal interossei
ABduct, and you will be able to
figure out where they must
insert (Latin, inter = between +
os = bone)
ulnar a.
palmaris brevis improves the

grasp
ulnar a.
palmaris longus is absent in

about 13% of forearms; it may
be present on one side only
pectoral branch of the

thoracoacromial trunk
the deep fascia on its anterior

surface should not be fused to
the fascia of the mammary
gland - if it is, this is an
important clinical sign
indicating breast disease
pectoral branch of the

branches of medial pectoral

nerve usually pierce pectoralis
minor to reach the pectoralis
major muscle
pronator
quadratus is the
a.
deepest muscle in the distal
forearm; it works with pronator
teres and has the same nerve
ulnar a., anterior ulnar supply
median nerve passes between
recurrent a.
the two heads of origin of
pronator teres
dorsal scapular a.
named for its shape
dorsal scapular a
named for its shape
lateral thoracic a.
a lesion of long thoracic nerve

will cause winging of the
scapula (i.e., the medial border
of the scapula falls away from
the posterior chest wall and
looks like an angel's wing)
(Latin, serratus = to saw)
a respiratory muscle, it receives
ventral ramus innervation;
embryonically related to the
intercostal muscles, not the
deep back mm. (Latin, serratus
= to saw)
a respiratory muscle, it receives
ventral ramus innervation;
embryonically related to the
intercostal muscles, not the
deep back mm. (Latin, serratus
= to saw)
it serves an important
protective function - it cushions
the subclavian vessels from
bone fragments in clavicular
fractures
subscapularis, supraspinatus,
lowest posterior
intercostal a.,
subcostal a., first two
lumbar aa.
aa. 1-4
clavicular br. of the

subscapular a.
infraspinatus, and teres minor

are the rotator cuff muscles
recurrent interosseous deep radial nerve passes

a.
through the supinator to reach
the posterior compartment of
the forearm
suprascapular a.
circumflex scapular a.
transverse cervical a.
supraspinatus initiates
abduction of the arm, then the
deltoid muscle completes the
action; a member of the rotator
cuff
teresgroup
major inserts beside the
tendon of latissimus dorsi, and
assists latissimus in its actions
fixes the head of the humerus in
the glenoid fossa during
abduction & flexion of the arm;
a member of the rotator cuff
group
named for its shape; trapezius
is an example of a muscle that
migrates during development
from its level of origin (cervical)
to its final position, pulling its
nerve and artery along behind
deep brachial
(profunda brachii) a.
long head of the triceps

separates the triangular and
quadrangular spaces (teres
major, teres minor and the
humerus are the other
boundaries); all three heads of
origin insert by a common
tendon
Alphabetically
Artery
Notes
ascending cervical a., a a muscle of inspiration; an

branch of the
important landmark of the
thyrocervical trunk
neck; it is located between the
subclavian vein and the
subclavian artery; the roots of
the brachial plexus pass
posterior to it; the phrenic
nerve crosses its anterior
surface (Greek, scalene =
laryngeal br. of the
the mucosa is raised by the
superior thyroid a.
underlying aryepiglottic m. to
form the aryepiglottic fold
superior thyroid a.
the oblique arytenoid m. lies

posterior to the transverse
arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus
is often considered to be one
muscle with oblique and
transverse fibers (
the transverse arytenoid m.lies
superior thyroid a.
anterior to the oblique
transverse parts
superficial temporal a., the auricular muscles are
posterior auricular a.
derived from the mesenchyme
of the second pharyngeal arch,
as are the muscles of facial
expression
facial a.
although the buccinator is

important in mastication, it is
innervated by the buccal
branch of the facial nerve and
NOT by the buccal nerve from
V3 (a sensory nerve) (Latin,
buccinator = trumpeter)
lingual a.
chondroglossus is often
considered to be part of the
hyoglossus muscle
relaxation of the suspensory
ligament allows the lens to
thicken for accommodation
(near vision)
ophthalmic a.
ascending pharyngeal
a., superior thyroid a.,
inferior thyroid a.
the most external of the three

pharyngeal constructor mm.
a.
of the three pharyngeal

constrictors, this one is
intermediate in both
superior/inferior position and
depth
the most internal of the three
a.
supratrochlear a.
superior laryngeal a.,

cricothyroid branch of
the superior thyroid a.
this muscle causes the

furrowed brow of the worried
look (Latin, corrugator= to
wrinkle)
an antagonist of the posterior
cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries
that supply the larynx
anastomose within the larynx to
supply the mucous membranes
and muscles

the posterior cricoarytenoid is

the only ABductor of the vocal
folds; the arteries that supply
the larynx anastomose within
the larynx to supply the mucous
membranes and muscles
the superior thyroid a.,
a.
cricopharyngeus represents the

lowest fibers of the inferior
pharyngeal constrictor; it is
continuous with the esophagus
below and marks the beginning
of it
this is the only intrinsic muscle

of the larynx that is not
supplied by the recurrent
laryngeal n.; ALL other
laryngeal muscles are
innervated by recurrent
laryngeal nerve, via its inferior
inferior labial branch

of the facial a., mental
a.
inferior labial branch
of the facial a., mental
a.
superior labial branch
of the facial a.
a "frown" muscle
this muscle is used to bare the

lower incisor teeth
depressor septi is considered a
part of the nasalis m.
anterior belly:
the digastric m. forms two sides
submental a.; posterior of the submandibular triangle;
belly: occipital a.
it is formed from mesenchyme
derived from the first two
pharyngeal arches, hence its
dual innervation
ophthalmic a.
none
frontalis: supraorbital the frontalis and occipitalis

and supratrochlear aa.; muscles are two bellies of the
occipitalis: occipital a. epicranius muscle; also known
as: occipitofrontalis m.
supraorbital and
supratrochlear aa.
lingual a.
frontalis is the anterior belly of

the epicranius muscle
an extrinsic muscle of the
tongue; XII innervates all
tongue muscles except
palatoglossus [innervated by
vagus (X), as are most of the
palate and pharynx muscles];
genioglossus is used to test the
function of cranial nerve XII
lingual a., submental a. thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
receive ansa cervicalis fibers
that travel with the hypoglossal
nerve distal to the superior limb
of
ansa cervicalis
lingual a.
an the
extrinsic
muscle of the
tongue
ophthalmic a.
clinicians examining the eye

will ask the patient to look
toward the bridge of the nose to
test the function of this muscle
a., superior thyroid a.,
inferior thyroid a.
the most external of the three

ophthalmic a.
because this muscle approaches

the eyeball from a medial
direction, it has a rotational
action on the iris

an antagonist of the posterior

cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries
that supply the larynx
anastomose within the larynx to
supply the mucous membranes
and muscles
pterygoid branch of the the only one of the muscles of

maxillary a.
mastication that opens the
mouth; the superior head of
lateral pterygoid is sometimes
called sphenomeniscus due to
its insertion into the disc of the
temporomandibular joint
(Greek, pterygoid = wingshaped)
ophthalmic a.
loss of function of the abducens
nerve will cause the eye to be
abducted
infraorbital a., superior a "smile" muscle
labial branch of the
facial a.
infraorbital a., superior levator labii superioris is used
to bare the upper incisor teeth,
facial a.
as in a sneer (Latin, levator =
to lift + labial = lips)
infraorbital a., superior (Latin, levator = to lift + labial
= lips)
facial a.
ophthalmic a.
dorsal scapular a.
fibers inserting into the

superior tarsal plate are called
superior tarsal muscle and are
smooth muscle; lesion of the
sympathetic supply causes
slight ptosis (drooping of the
eyelid) (Latin, levator = to lift +
palpebrae = eyelid)
named for its action (Latin,
levator = to lift)
a.
a derivative of the fourth

pharyngeal arch (Latin, levator
= to lift)
lingual a.
an intrinsic muscle of the

tongue; longitudinalis has
subdivisions that span the
length
of themuscle
tongueof the
an intrinsic
lingual a.
tongue whose fibers run

transversely
lingual a.
deep cervical a.
an intrinsic muscle of the

tongue whose fibers run
superoinferiorly
none
deep cervical a.
none
masseteric branch of
the maxillary a.
(Greek, masseter = the chewer)
pterygoid branch of the this muscle mirrors the

maxillary a.
masseter m. in position and
action with the ramus of the
mandible between the two mm.
ophthalmic a.
this muscle directly opposes the
action of the lateral rectus m.
mental a., inferior

facial a.
a.
ascending cervical a.
lesser palatine a.
mylohyoid branch of
the inferior alveolar a.

of the facial a.
of the facial a.
of the facial a.
superior thyroid a.
ophthalmic a.
ophthalmic a.
of the three pharyngeal

constrictors, this one is
intermediate in both
superior/inferior position and
depth
a muscle of respiration
(inspiratory); also called
scalenus medius; penetrated by
the dorsal scapular n. and long
thoracic n. (Greek, scalene =
uneven)
the soft palate and uvula resist
the upward pressure of the
tongue during swallowing
the nerve to mylohyoid also
innervates the anterior belly of
digastric m.; both muscles are
derivatives of the second
pharygneal arch
nasalis has two subsidiary
parts: nasalis pars alaris and
pars transversa
a subdivision of the nasalis m.
(Latin, pars = a part)
a subdivision of the nasalis m.
(Latin, pars = a part)
the oblique arytenoid m. lies
posterior to the transverse
transverse fibers
clinicians examining the eye
will ask the patient to look
toward the bridge of the nose to
test the function of this muscle
passes through a
fibrocartilagenous pulley known
as the trochlea; when the eye is
adducted, this muscle moves
the cornea inferiorly
occipital a.
occipitalis is the posterior belly

of the epicranius muscle
frontalis: supraorbital the frontalis and occipitalis
and supratrochlear aa.; muscles are two bellies of the
occipitalis: occipital a. occipitofrontalis muscle; also
known as: epicranius m.
transverse cervical a.
the intermediate tendon of

omohyoid is tethered to the
clavicle by a fascial sling
supraorbital a.,
supratrochlear a.,
infraorbital a., angular
branch of the facial a.
activated involuntarily in the

blink reflex; the palpebral part
is active in normal blinking and
the orbital part is used to
forcefully close the eye

labial branches of the
facial a., mental a.,
infraorbital
a. of the
tonsilar
branch
facial a., ascending
pharyngeal a.
the "kissing" muscle
a.
although palatoglossus sounds

like a tongue muscle (and
would therefore be innervated
by XII), it is a palatal muscle
innervated
by X is part of the
palatopharyngeus
inner longitudinal muscle layer
of the pharynx
facial a.
platysma is derived from the

mesenchyme of the second
pharyngeal arch (Greek,
platysma = a flat plate)

the posterior cricoarytenoid is

the only ABductor of the vocal
folds; the arteries that supply
the larynx anastomose within
the larynx to supply the mucous
membranes and muscles
(inspiratory); it is the longest of
the scalene muscles (Greek,
scaleneprocerus
= uneven)
(Latin,
= long and
streched out)
supratrochlear a.
pterygoid branch of the the only one of the muscles of

maxillary a.
mastication that opens the
mouth; the superior head of
lateral pterygoid is sometimes
called sphenomeniscus due to
its insertion into the disc of the
temporomandibular joint
pterygoid branch of the this muscle mirrors the
maxillary a.
masseter m. in position and
action with the ramus of the
mandible between the two mm.
ophthalmic a.
none
ophthalmic a.
none
deep cervical a.
none
deep cervical a.
none
ophthalmic a.

the eyeball from a medial
direction, it has a rotational
action on the iris
ophthalmic a.
loss of function of the abducens

nerve will cause the eye to be
abducted
this muscle directly opposes the
action of the lateral rectus m.
the eye from a medial position,
it causes the iris to rotate
medially
ophthalmic a.
ophthalmic a.
transverse facial a.,

facial a.
risorius is active in expressions

of mirth (Latin, risorius = to
laugh)
a.
like other muscles of the

pharyngeal wall,
salpingopharyngeus is derived
from the fourth pharyngeal
arch
ascending cervical a., a a muscle of inspiration; an

branch of the
important landmark of the
thyrocervical trunk
neck; it is located between the
subclavian vein and the
subclavian artery; the roots of
the brachial plexus pass
posterior to it; the phrenic
nerve crosses its anterior
surface (Greek, scalene =
(inspiratory); also called
scalenus medius; penetrated by
the dorsal scapular n. and long
thoracic n. (Greek, scalene =
uneven)
(inspiratory); it is the longest of
the scalene muscles (Greek,
= uneven)
pterygoid branch of the scalene
sphenomeniscus
is another
maxillary a.
name for the superior belly of
the lateral pterygoid m.
ophthalmic a.
none
aa.
anterior tympanic a.
it gets its name from its broad,

flat shape (Greek, splenius = a
bandage)
entirely enclosed in bone,

except for its tendon; a
derivative of the second
pharyngeal
arch
sternocleidomastoid
carotid sheath
structures lie
branch of the occipital deep to it
a.
superior thyroid a.
superior thyroid a.
sternohyoid overlies the

sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
mm.
sternothyroid lies deep to the
sternohyoid m.
a., ascending palatine
a.
an extrinsic muscle of the

tongue
a.
stylopharyngeus, the only

muscle innervated by IX, is the
only muscle of the pharyngeal
wall NOT innervated by the
vagus (X) nerve; it is a
derivative of the third
pharyngeal arch
passes through a
fibrocartilagenous pulley known
as the trochlea; when the eye is
adducted, this muscle moves
the
inferiorly
the cornea
most internal
of the three
ophthalmic a.
a.
facial nerve innervates both the

stylohyoid m. and the posterior
belly of the digastric m. shortly
after exiting from the
stylomastoid foramen
ophthalmic a.

the eye from a medial position,
it causes the iris to rotate
medially
anterior and posterior

deep temporal aa.
a powerful chewing muscle; a

derivative of the first
pharyngeal arch
superior tympanic
branch of the middle
meningeal a.
V3 innervates both tensor

muscles of the head (tympani
and veli palatini) which are
derivatives of the first
pharyngeal arch (Latin,
tympanum = a kettle drum)
ascending pharyngeal remember: V3 innervates both
a.
tensor muscles (tympani and
veli palatini); ALL other palatal
muscles are innervated by
laryngeal branch of the vagus
its subsidiary parts are the
superior thyroid a.
thyroepiglottic m. and the
vocalis m.; the medial most
fibers of thyroarytenoid that
insert along the vocal ligament
are called the vocalis muscle
laryngeal branch of the represents the superior fibers
superior thyroid a.
of thyroarytenoid muscle which
fan out to the quadrangular
membrane and epiglottis
superior thyroid a.
thyrohyoid lies deep to the

sternohyoid
inferior thyroid a.,

bronchial aa.
smooth muscle, found in the

submucosal layer

superior thyroid a.

transverse parts
transverse parts

superior thyroid a.

superior thyroid a.

facial a.
facial a.
represents the innermost fibers

of the thyroarytenoid muscle;
the cricothyroid m. grossly
tenses the vocal ligaments,
while the vocalis muscle
provides the mechanism for fine
tuning the vibrations of the
vocal folds
a "smile" muscle
a "smile" muscle
Alphabetically
Artery
musculophrenic a.,
superior phrenic a.,
inferior phrenic a.
Notes
left crus attaches to the L1-L2
vertebral bodies, the right crus
attaches to the L1-L3 vertebral
bodies
intercostal a.
11 in number; they extend from

the tubercle of the rib to the
costochondral junction;
continuous with the external
intercostal membrane
anteriorly
innermost intercostal mm. have
the same fiber direction as the
internal intercostal mm., the
only difference being that they
lie deep to the intercostal
neurovascular bundle
11 in number; they extend from
the margin of the sternum to
the angle of the rib; continuous
posteriorly with the internal
intercostal membrane
intercostal a.
intercostal a.
deep cervical a.,

intercostal aa.
intercostal a.
these are fairly small and

subcostalis, transversus
thoracis & innermost
intercostal mm. make up the
deepest intercostal muscle
internal thoracic a.
transversus thoracis,
subcostalis & innermost
intercostal mm. make up the
innermost intercostal muscle
layer
d Alphabetically
Artery
cremasteric a., a
branch of the inferior
epigastric a.
Notes
the cremaster m. is internal
abdominal oblique muscle's
contribution to the coverings of
the spermatic cord and testis;
the cremasteric reflex may be
elicited by stroking the medial
thigh (where the femoral
branch of the genitofemoral n.
distributes cutaneously) (Greek,
cremaster = suspender)
cremasteric a.,
posterior scrotal
(labial) a.
the dartos elevates the testis in

response to cold (it is modified
arrector pili fibers, or the
goose-bump muscles) (Latin,
dartos = leather)
musculophrenic a.,
superior epigastric a.,
intercostal aa. 7-11,
subcostal a., lumbar
aa., superficial
circumflex iliac a.,
deep circumflex iliac
a., superficial
epigastric a., inferior
epigastric a.,
superficial external
inferior epigastric a.
the inguinal ligament is a

specialization of the external
abdominal oblique aponeurosis;
the external spermatic fascia is
the external abdominal oblique
muscle's contribution to the
coverings of the testis and
spermatic cord
an inconstant part of the

transversus abdominis m. which
may be replaced by a ligament
(interfoveolar ligament)
musculophrenic a.,
aa., superficial
a., superficial
epigastric a.,
musculophrenic a.,
aa., superficial
a., superficial
epigastric a.,
musculophrenic a.,
aa., superficial
a., superficial
epigastric a.,
aa.
anterior fibers of internal

abdominal oblique course up
and medially, perpendicular to
the fibers of external abdominal
oblique; the cremaster muscle
and fascia is the internal
the testis and spermatic cord
lumbar aa.
absent in 40% of cases (Greek,

psoas = the muscles of the
loins)
subcostal a., inferior

epigastric a.
the pyramidalis m. is not always

present
the inguinal ligament is a

specialization of the external
abdominal oblique aponeurosis;
the external spermatic fascia is
the external abdominal oblique
muscle's contribution to the
coverings of the testis and
spermatic cord
anterior fibers of internal

abdominal oblique course up
and medially, perpendicular to
the fibers of external abdominal
oblique; the cremaster muscle
and fascia is the internal
the testis and spermatic cord
the genitofemoral nerve pierces
the anterior surface of the
psoas major m. (Greek, psoas =
the muscles of the loins)

aa.
the lateral arcuate ligament of

the diaphragm crosses the
quadratus lumborum m.
superior epigastric a.
intercostal aa.,
subcostal a., inferior
epigastric a.
rectus sheath contains rectus

abdominis and is formed by the
aponeuroses of external and
internal oblique and
transversus abdominis mm.
musculophrenic a.,
aa., superficial
a., superficial
epigastric a.,
transversus abdominis muscle

does not contribute to the
coverings of the spermatic cord
and testis; transversalis fascia,
the deep fascia that covers the
inner surface of the transversus
abdominis, forms the internal
spermatic fascia
ed Alphabetically
Artery
inferior rectal a.
middle rectal a.
Notes
skeletal (voluntary) muscle, as
contrasted with sphincter ani
internus, which is smooth
(involuntary) muscle; the
external anal sphincter is
considered part of the pelvic
diaphragm
smooth muscle (involuntary), as
externus, which is skeletal
muscle (voluntary)
perineal a.
skeletal muscle
perineal a.
expels the last drops of urine

from urethra; expels semen
during ejaculation
inferior gluteal a.
coccygeus and levator ani

combined form the pelvic
diaphragm
internal pudendal a.

vesical aa.
inferior gluteal a.
perineal a.
inferior gluteal a.
inferior gluteal a.
inferior gluteal a.
inferior gluteal a.
superficial and deep transverse

perineus muscles are separated
by the perineal membrane
muscles in the neck of bladder
must contract and cause the
internal urethral orifice to open
before the detruser muscle can
void the bladder (Latin,
detruser = to push down)
the combination of
puborectalis, pubococcygeus
and iliococcygeus is called the
levator
ani m.
ischiocavernosus
m. is closely
applied to the surface of the
crus penis/clitoris
the combination of
puborectalis, pubococcygeus &
iliococcygeus is the levator ani
m.; coccygeus and levator ani
combined form the pelvic
diaphragm (Latin, levator = to
lift)
levator prostatae is part of the
puborectalis m. (Latin, levator
= to lift)
the combination of
levator
ani m.
the combination
of
levator ani m.
inferior gluteal a.
pubovaginalis is part of the

levator ani muscle
inferior rectal a.
skeletal (voluntary) muscle, as

internus, which is smooth
(involuntary) muscle; the
external anal sphincter is
considered part of the pelvic
diaphragm
middle rectal a.
smooth muscle (involuntary), as

externus, which is skeletal
muscle (voluntary)
skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
perineal a.

perineal a.
lphabetically
Artery
lateral plantar a.
medial plantar a.
obturator a., deep

femoral a.
Notes
abductor digiti minimi forms
the lateral margin of the sole of
the foot
abductor hallucis forms the
medial margin of the sole of the
foot (Latin, hallex = great toe)
anterior and posterior divisions
of the obturator nerve lie on the
anterior and posterior surfaces
of adductor brevis
plantar arterial arch
the plantar arterial arch passes

superior to the oblique head of
adductor hallucis (Latin, hallex
= great toe)
obturator a., deep

femoral a.
the most anterior of the

adductor group of muscles
obturator a., deep

femoral a., medial
femoral circumflex a.
obturator a., medial
femoral circumflex a.,
deep femoral a.
descending genicular
a.
perforating branches
of the deep femoral a.
the ischiocondylar part of

adductor magnus is a
hamstring muscle by embryonic
origin and action, so it is
innervated
by the tibial
adductor minimus
m. is nerve
the
uppermost fibers of the
adductor magnus m.
articularis genu is formed by
muscle fascicles deep to the
vastus intermedius m.
one of the "hamstring" muscles
dorsal metatarsal aa.
four in number; remember DAB

(Dorsal interossei ABduct) and
PAD (Plantar interossei
ADduct), then logic can tell you
where these muscles insert
(Latin, inter = between + os =
bone)
dorsalis pedis a.
the part of the extensor

digitorum brevis that goes to
the great toe is called the
extensor
brevis
m. in
one of thehallucis
muscles
involved
anterior compartment
syndrome
anterior tibial a.
dorsalis pedis a.
usually considered to be the

medial-most part of the
extensor digitorum brevis m.
(Latin, hallex = great toe)
anterior tibial a.
one of the muscles involved in

anterior compartment
syndrome (Latin, hallex = great
toe)
fibular (peroneal) a.
stress fracture of the base of

the 5th metatarsal bone is a
common runner's injury
fibularis longus lies superficial

to the fibularis brevis m. in the
lateral compartment of the leg
anterior tibial a.
fibularis tertius is in the

anterior compartment of the
leg, not the lateral
compartment (which contains
fibularis longus and brevis)
lateral plantar a.
none
medial and lateral

plantar aa.
flexor digitorum brevis in the

foot is equivalent to the flexor
digitorum superficialis m. of the
arm
tibial a.
flexor digitorum longus in the

leg is equivalent to the flexor
digitorum profundus m. of the
arm
medial plantar a.
each tendon of insertion

contains a sesamoid bone
(Latin, hallex = great toe)
and tibial a.
flexor hallucis longus is very

important in the "push off" part
of the normal gait (Latin, hallex
= great toe)
sural aa. (from the

popliteal a.), posterior
tibial a.
the calcaneal tendon of the

gastrocnemius and soleus is the
thickest and strongest tendon
in the body
inferior gluteal a.
gemellus is a Latin word that

means "little twin"
inferior gluteal a.
gluteal aa.
gemellus is a Latin word that

means "little twin"
gluteus maximus is a site of
intramuscular injection
superior gluteal a.
the angle at which the gluteus

medius tendon approaches the
greater trochanter of the femur
is anterior to the axis of
rotation of the thigh, resulting
in medial rotation
superior gluteal a.
the angle at which the gluteus

minimus tendon approaches the
greater trochanter of the femur
is anterior to the axis of
rotation of the thigh, resulting
in medial rotation
obturator a.
the pes anserinus is the

common insertion of the
gracilis, sartorius, and
semitendinosus mm. (Latin, pes
anserinus = goose's foot;
gracilis = slender)
inserts in company with the
psoas major m. via the iliopsoas
tendon
a combination of the iliacus and
psoas major mm.
iliolumbar a.
iliolumbar a.
inferior gluteal a.
Latin, gemellus = little twin
dorsal metatarsal aa.
four in number; remember DAB

(Dorsal interossei ABduct) and
PAD (Plantar interossei
ADduct), then logic can tell you
where these muscles insert
(Latin, inter = between + os =
bone)
plantar metatarsal aa.
remember PAD (Plantar

interossei ADduct) and DAB
(Dorsal interossei ABduct), and
logic will tell you where these
muscles must insert (Latin,
inter = between + os = bone)
medial and lateral

plantar aa.
the lumbricals of the foot have

the same action on the toes that
the lumbricals in the hand have
on the fingers (Latin, lumbricus
= earthworm)
obturator a.
the tendon of the obturator

externus m. passes inferior to
the neck of the femur to reach
its insertion site
obturator a.
the obturator internus m.

leaves the pelvis by passing
through the lesser sciatic
foramen; the superior and
inferior gemellus mm. insert on
the obturator internus tendon
pectineus often has a dual
innervation
medial femoral
circumflex a.
plantar metatarsal aa.
peroneus is the old terminology

used for the fibularis mm.
piriformis leaves the pelvis by
passing through the greater
sciatic foramen
remember PAD (Plantar
interossei ADduct) and DAB
(Dorsal interossei ABduct), and
logic will tell you where these
muscles must insert (Latin,
inter = between + os = bone)
popliteal a.
popliteal a.
plantaris has a long slender

tendon that is equivalent to the
tendon of the palmaris longus
m. of the arm; its tendon is
often called the "freshman
nerve" because it is often
misidentified by the freshman
medical student
has a round tendon of origin;
popliteus unlocks the knee joint
to initiate flexion of the leg

aa.
the genitofemoral nerve pierces

the anterior surface of the
psoas major m. (Latin, psoas =
the muscles of the loins)
lumbar aa.
absent in 40% of cases (Latin,

psoas = the muscles of the
loins)
inferior gluteal a.
the nerve to the quadratus

femoris m. also innervates the
inferior gemellus m.
the quadratus plantae m.
changes the line of force of the
flexor digitorum longus m. to
bring it in line with the long
axis of the foot (Latin,
quadratus = square)
composed of 4 muscles: rectus
femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus
intermedius and vastus
medialis
lateral plantar a.
lateral circumflex
femoral a., deep
femoral a.
lateral circumflex
femoral a.
rectus femoris is part of the

quadriceps femoris muscle
lateral femoral
circumflex a.,
saphenous a.
its actions put the lower limb in

the traditional cross-legged
seated position of a tailor
(Latin, sartorius = tailor)
one of the "hamstring" muscles
pes anserinus is the common

insertion for the gracilis,
sartorius, and semitendinosus
mm.
posterior tibial a.
soleus and the 2 heads of

gastrocnemius are sometimes
called the triceps surae muscle
inferior gluteal a.
Latin, gemellus = little twin
superior gluteal a.
tensor fascia latae redirects the

rotational forces of the gluteus
maximus m.
acts as both an antagonist
(dorsiflexion/plantar flexion)
and a synergist (inversion) of
the tibialis posterior m.
anterior tibial a.
and tibial a.
acts as both an antagonist

(dorsiflexion/plantar flexion)
and a synergist (inversion) of
the tibialis anterior m.
lateral femoral
circumflex a.
vastus intermedius is part of

the quadriceps femoris muscle
(Latin, vastus = huge)
vastus lateralis is part of the
lateral femoral
circumflex a.,
lateral femoral
circumflex a.
vastus medialis is part of the

Nerves of the Body - Listed Alphabetically

Nerve
abducens
Source
Branches
pons: abducens
no named branches
nucleus
cranial root:
no named branches
medulla - nucleus
ambiguus; spinal
root: spinal nucleus
of the upper cervical
spinal cord
Motor
Sensory
GSE: lateral rectus none
m.
GSE:
none
sternocleidomastoid
and trapezius mm.
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
alveolar, middle
superior
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
alveolar, posterior
superior
maxillary n.
dental plexus
none
anococcygeal n.
none
ansa cervicalis
no named branches
coccygeal plexus
(S4-C1)
superior root (C1
to infrahyoid
and C2) and inferior muscles
root (C2 and C3) of
the ansa cervicalis
antebrachial
cutaneous, lateral
musculocutaneous
n.
anterior and
posterior branches
none
skin of the lateral

side of the forearm
no named branches
none
inferior lateral
brachial cutaneous
n.
mandibular division no named branches
of the trigeminal n.
(V3)
none
skin of the medial

side of the forearm
skin of the lateral
distal arm and
posterior forearm
no cutaneous
branches
accessory
alveolar, anterior
superior
alveolar, inferior
maxillary canine and

incisor teeth and
gingiva; maxillary
sinus of the
mandibular division n. to mylohyoid;
mylohyoid muscle
teeth
of the trigeminal n. inferior dental
and anterior belly of mandible; skin of
(V3)
plexus; mental nerve the digastric m. via the chin
n. to mylohyoid
antebrachial
medial cord of the
cutaneous, medial
brachial plexus
antebrachial
radial n.
cutaneous, posterior
anterior deep
temporal n.
omohyoid m.,
sternohyoid m.,
sternothyroid m.,
thyrohyoid m.,
geniohyoid m.
temporalis m.
maxillary premolar
teeth and gingiva;
maxillary sinus
maxillary molar
teeth and gingiva;
maxillary sinus
skin overlying the
coccyx
none
anterior ethmoidal
n.
nasociliary n.
internal & external

nasal brs.
anterior femoral
cutaneous n.
anterior
interosseous n.
femoral
no named branches
median n.
no named branches
anterior labial n.
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
anterior scrotal n.
anterior cutaneous no named branches

br. of the ilioinguinal
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
anterior superior
alveolar n.
aorticorenal
ganglion
preganglionic
sympathetic via the
lesser thoracic
splanchnic n.
auriculotemporal n.
mandibular division parotid brs.,

of the trigeminal n. articular brs.,
(V3)
anterior auricular
brs.
axillary n.
posterior cord of the superior lateral

brachial plexus
brachial cutaneous
nerve
radial n. via its
no named branches
posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous be.
brachial cutaneous,
inferior lateral
brs. to the renal

plexus
none
mucous membrane
lining the anterior
ethmoid air cells
and upper anterior
part of the nasal
cavity; skin of the
lower half of the
nose
sympathetic motor
skin of the anterior
innervation to skin
thigh
flexor pollicis longus none
m., radial half of
flexor digitorum
profundus m.,
pronator quadratus
m.
none
aspect of the labium
majus
none
aspect of the
none
maxillary canine and
incisor teeth and
gingiva; maxillary
sinusfrom the
vascular smooth
pain
muscle of the brs. of kidney, suprarenal
the renal aa.
gland, upper ureter
secretomotor to the
parotid gland by
carrying
postganglionic
parasympathetic
fibers from the otic
ganglion;
[preganglionic
parasympathetic
fibers originate in
the lesser petrosal
br. of the
deltoid, teres minor
none
skin of anterior ear

and the skin
anterosuperior to
the ear; part of the
external auditory
meatus;
temporomandibular
joint
skin of the upper

lateral arm
skin of the lateral
side of the distal
arm
brachial cutaneous,
medial
brachial cutaneous,
posterior
brachial plexus
medial cord of the

brachial plexus
radial
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
ventral primary
dorsal scapular, long
rami of C5-8 and T1 thoracic, n. to
subclavius,
suprascapular,
lateral and medial
pectoral, medial
brachial and
antebrachial
cutaneous, upper,
middle and lower
subscapular,
musculocutaneous,
ulnar, median,
buccal branch of the mandibular division no named branches
trigeminal n.
(V3)
buccal branches of facial n. (VII)
no sensory branches
the facial n.
C1 ventral primary
ramus
C1 spinal n.
C2 ventral primary
ramus
C2 spinal n.
muscles of the
upper limb,
excluding trapezius
no motor branches
zygomaticus major
& minor, buccinator,
orbicularis oris,
levator anguli oris,
levator labii
superioris & alaque
nasi, risorius,
procerus, nasalis
contributes to the
rectus capitis
superior root of the anterior and
ansa cervicalis; brs. lateralis, longus
to: rectus capitis
capitis, omohyoid,
anterior and
sternohyoid,
lateralis mm.,
sternothyroid,
thyrohyoid,
longus capitis m.
geniohyoid
omohyoid,
contributes to:
superior and inferior sternohyoid,
roots of the ansa
sternothyroid,
cervicalis, lesser
thyrohyoid, longus
occipital n., great
capitis and longus
auricular n.,
colli
transverse cervical
n.; brs. to: longus
capitis & colli,
sternocleidomastoid
skin of the medial

side of the arm
skin of the posterior
arm
skin of the upper
limb
skin of the cheek,

mucosa lining the
cheek
no sensory branches
none
skin behind the ear

and on the neck
below the mandible;
proprioception from
the
sternocleidomastoid
m.
C3 ventral primary
ramus
C3 spinal n.
C4 ventral primary
ramus
C4 spinal n.
C5 ventral primary
ramus
C5 spinal n.
C6 ventral primary
ramus
C6 spinal n.
C7 ventral primary
ramus
C8 ventral primary
ramus
cardiac plexus
C7 spinal n.
C8 spinal n.
contributes to:
inferior root of the
ansa cervicalis,
great auricular n.,
transverse cervical
n., supraclavicular
nn., phrenic n.; brs.
to: longus capitis &
colli, scalenus
medius, levator
scapulae, trapezius
contributes to:
supraclavicular nn.,
phrenic n.; brs. to:
longus colli,
scalenus medius,
levator scapulae,
trapezius
contributes to:
phrenic n., long
thoracic n.
contributes to: long
thoracic n.
contributes to: long
thoracic n.
no named branches
cardiac brs. of the

no named branches
vagus n. and
trunk; thoracic
visceral nn.
omohyoid,
sternohyoid,
sternothyroid,
longus capitis &
colli, scalenus
medius, levator
scapulae,
respiratory
diaphragm
skin of the
anterolateral neck;
proprioception from
the
sternocleidomastoid
m. and the trapezius
m
longus colli,
scalenus medius,
levator scapulae,
respiratory
diaphragm
skin of the root of

the neck and the
upper shoulder;
proprioception from
the trapezius m.
respiratory
diaphragm, scalene
mm., muscles of the
shoulder and upper
arm
scalene mm.,
skin of the ventral

arm and ventral
forearm
muscles of the lower

shoulder and arm
shoulder, arm
forearm of the
muscles
forearm and hand
moderates heart
muscle
(parasympathetic:
decreases rate and
force of contraction;
sympathetic:
increases rate and
force of
contraction);
vascular smooth
muscle of the heart
& lungs
(sympathetic);
smooth muscle &
mucous glands of
bronchial tree
skin of the lateral

side of the upper
limb
side of the upper
limb of the medial
skin
side of the upper
pain from the heart
and lungs
cardiac, sympathetic cervical sympathetic no named branches

trunk
cardiac, vagal
vagus n. (X)
carotid body, n. to
glossopharyngeal n. no named branches

(IX)
carotid plexus,
external
superior cervical
ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk,
via the external
carotid
superiorn.cervical
carotid plexus,
internal
carotid, external
ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk,
via the internal
carotid n.
superior cervical
sympathetic
ganglion
no named branches
heart (sympathetic:
increases rate and
force of contraction,
parasympathetic:
decreases rate and
force of
contraction);
bronchial tree &
lungs via pulmonary
heart
(parasympathetic:
decreases rate and
sympathetic:
increases rate and
force of
contraction);
bronchial tree and
none
heart, bronchial tree

and lungs
heart, bronchial tree

and lungs
sensory receptors in
the carotid body and
carotid sinus
none
distributes along the vascular smooth

brs. of the external muscle, arrector pili
carotid artery
muscles, sweat
glands of face &
upper
neck
most distribute
vascular
smooth
none
along the brs. of the muscle of the brain,
internal carotid
orbit, forehead,
artery, although the upper nasal cavity;
deep petrosal n. is
arrector pili muscles
an exception
of forehead and
because it runs a
anterior scalp;
short course
sweat glands of the
independent of an
forehead; dilator
artery
pupillae m.
contributes to the
none
vascular smooth
external carotid
muscle of the
plexus
internal carotid
system of vessels;
sweat glands,
arrector pili mm. of
the skin of the
carotid, internal
superior cervical
sympathetic
ganglion
contributes to the
internal carotid
plexus
celiac ganglion
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
arrive via the
greater thoracic
splanchnic n.
cervical plexus
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves C1-C4
cervicofacial
division
facial (VII)
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
distribute via the
celiac plexus along
brs. of the celiac
trunk
brs. to: longus colli
& capitis,
sternocleidomastoid
m., trapezius m.,
levator scapulae m.,
scalenus medius m.,
rectus capitis
anterior and
lateralis mm.;
superior & inferior
root of the ansa
cervicalis, n. to the
thyrohyoid m., n. to
the geniohyoid m.,
lesser occipital n.,
great auricular n.,
transverse cervical
n., supraclavicular
nn. (medial,
intermediate and
lateral),
contributions to the
phrenic n. from C3
and C4
buccal br., marginal
mandibular br.,
cervical br.
vascular smooth
muscle of the
external carotid
system of vessels;
sweat glands,
the skin of the face
and scalp
vascular smooth
muscle of the brs. of
the celiac trunk
longus colli &

capitis mm., rectus
capitis anterior &
lateralis mm.,
infrahyoid mm.,
thyrohyoid m.,
geniohyoid m.,
respiratory
diaphragm
muscles of facial
expression of the
lower part of the
face; platysma m.
none
pain from the

stomach, liver &
biliary system,
spleen, upper half of
the duodenum &
pancreas
skin of the
anterolateral neck;
skin of the ear and
skin behind the ear
none
chorda tympani
facial (VII)
no named branches
ciliary ganglion
preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons arrive via the
inferior division of
the oculomotor n.
(III)
nasociliary
ciliary ganglion:
sensory root - from
the nasociliary n. (a
branch of V1);
sympathetic root from the internal
carotid plexus;
parasympathetic
root - from the
the oculomotor n.
posterior femoral
cutaneous n.
lateral cutaneous
branches of the
dorsal primary rami
of spinal nerves S13
lateral cutaneous
postganglionic
parasympathetic
axons which
distribute via short
ciliary nn.
ciliary, long
ciliary, short
cluneal, inferior
cluneal, middle
cluneal, superior
coccygeal plexus
coccygeus m., n. to
cochlear n.
secretomotor to the taste to the anterior

submandibular and 2/3 of the tongue
sublingual glands (it
carries
preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons to the
submandibular
sphincter pupillae
none
m., ciliary m. of the
eye
no named branches
multiple short ciliary
nn. which leave the
ciliary ganglion
anteriorly
none
eyeball (GSA)
sphincter pupillae & eyeball (GSA)
ciliary mm.
(parasympathetic),
dilator pupillae
(sympathetic)
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
no named branches
branches of the
dorsal primary rami
of spinal nerves S13
ventral primary
anococcygeal n.
rami of spinal
nervesplexus
S4, S5,(brs.
C1 of no named branches
sacral
the ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S3-S4)
none
skin of the
superomedial
portion of the
buttock
none
skin of the region

overlying the coccyx
none
vestibulocochlear n. no named branches
none
coccygeus m.,
levator ani m.
skin of the lower

part of the buttock
skin of the
intermediate medial
portion of the
buttock
hearing (SSA)
collateral ganglia
common fibular n.
common palmar
digital nn.
common plantar
digital nn.
splanchnic nn.
(thoracic, lumbar)
plexuses to
abdominal & pelvic
viscera
smooth muscle in
blood vessels
supplying the
abdominopelvic
viscera
sciatic n.
lateral sural
superficial fibular n.:
cutaneous n.,
muscles of the
superficial and deep lateral compartment
fibular nn.
of the leg (fibularis
longus and brevis
mm.); deep fibular
n.: muscles of the
anterior
compartment of the
leg (tibialis anterior
m., extensor hallucis
longus m., extensor
digitorum longus m.,
fibularis tertius m.)
and muscles of the
dorsum of the foot
(extensor digitorum
brevis m.and
extensor hallucis
brevis m.)
median n.;
proper palmar
sympathetic motor
superficial br. of the digital nn.
to the skin; motor
ulnar n.
nn. to the 1st & 2nd
lumbrical mm. are
carried on common
palmar digital brs.
of the median n.
pain from the

abdominopelvic
viscera
medial plantar n.
proper plantar
(1st-3rd); superficial digital nn.
br. of the lateral
plantar n. (4th)
skin of the plantar

surface of the toes
(except the medial
side of the great toe
and the lateral side
of the 5th toe)
1st lumbrical m.

distal 1/3 of the
anterior surface of
the leg, dorsum of
the foot excluding
the web between the
great toe and the
2nd toe and distal
interphalangeal
segments of all toes;
deep fibular n.: skin
of the web between
the great toe and
the 2nd toe
skin of the palmar

surfaces of the
adjacent sides of
two digits
cranial nn.
nuclei located in the

brain, branistem
and upper cervical
spinal cord
12 pairs: olfactory,
optic, oculomotor,
trochlear,
trigeminal,
abducens, facial,
vestibulocochlear,
glossopharyngeal,
vagus, accessory,
hypoglossal
deep fibular n.
common fibular n.
one proper digital

br.
deep petrosal n.
internal carotid
plexus
no named branches
deep radial n.
radial n.
posterior
interosseous n.
eye muscles,
muscles of
mastication, middle
ear, face, tongue,
pharynx, larynx,
most suprahyoid
muscles,
sternocleidomastoid
m., trapezius m.,
smooth muscle of
the gut, cardiac
muscle, bronchial
smooth muscle,
salivary, lacrimal
and mucous glands
in the head and
neck;
glands
of
muscles
of the
smell, vision, taste,

hearing, balance,
general sensation
form the skin of the
face, sense from
viscera of the head,
neck, thorax and
abdomen (proximal
to the splenic
flexure)
skin of the web

anterior
between the great
compartment of the toe and the 2nd toe
longus m., extensor
and muscles of the
dorsum of the foot
(extensor digitorum
brevis m.and
extensor hallucis
vascular smooth
none
muscle of the
mucous membranes
of the lower nasal
cavity, maxillary
sinus and palate
extensor carpi
no cutaneous
radialis brevis m.,
branches
supinator m.,
extensor digitorum
m., extensor digiti
minimi m., abductor
pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis
longus m. extensor
pollicis brevis m.,
extensor indicis m.
digastric m.,
facial n. (VII)
no named branches
posterior belly, n. to
digital, common
median n.;
proper palmar
palmar
ulnar n.
posterior belly of the

digastric m.
sympathetic motor
to the skin; motor
nn. to the 1st & 2nd
lumbrical mm. are
carried on common
palmar digital brs.
of the median n.
none
digital, common
plantar
medial plantar n.
proper plantar
br. of the lateral
plantar n. (4th)
1st lumbrical m.
skin of the plantar

surface of the toes
(except the medial
of the 5th toe)
digital, dorsal
radial n.
sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
digital, proper
palmar
common palmar
no named branches
digital branches of
the median n.;
common palmar
digital branches of
the superficial br. of
the ulnar n.
no named branches
digital, proper
plantar
common plantar
no named branches
digital; medial
plantar n. (to the
medial side of the
great toe);
lateral plantar n. (to
the lateral side of
the 5th toe)
dorsal branch of the ulnar n.
dorsal digital
ulnar n.
dorsal digital n.
radial n.
no named branches
skin of the palmar

surfaces of the
adjacent sides of
two digits
dorsal skin of the

lateral 3 1/2 digits,
except the nail bed
sympathetic motor
median: palmar skin
to the skin
and nail bed of
digits 1-3 and the
lateral side of 4th
digit; ulnar: palmar
and dorsal skin on
medial side of the
4th digit and all of
the 5th digit
flexor hallucis brevis skin of the plantar
m. (from the proper surface of the toes
plantar digital n. on and dorsal surface
the medial side of
of the distal
the great toe)
interphalangeal
segment
sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
skin of the dorsal

surface of the
medial 1 1/2 digits;
skin of the medial
side of the back of
the hand
dorsal skin of the
lateral 3 1/2 digits,
except the nail bed
dorsal n., of the

clitoris
dorsal n., of the
penis
dorsal primary
ramus
pudendal n.
no named branches
pudendal n.
no named branches
first branch off of

the dorsal side of
the spinal nerve
numerous
from the dorsal horn none

of the spinal cord to
the spinal nerve
dorsal root ganglion dorsal rootlets
dorsal rootlets
none
skin of the shaft of

the clitoris
skin of the shaft of
the penis
general sense
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
etc.) to the skin of
the
backsense
general
none
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
etc.)dermatome
one
dorsal scapular n.
rhomboideus major
and minor mm.;
levator scapulae m.
preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons from the
vagus n. supply
smooth muscle and
glands of the
thoracic esophagus
and abdominal gut
and its derivatives
proximal to the left
colic flexure;
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the thoracic
visceral brs. supply
vascular smooth
muscle in the
esophageal
vessels
none
dorsal root
no named branches
esophageal plexus
brachial plexus (br.

of C5 ventral
primary ramus)
right and left vagus
(X) nn.; thoracic
visceral brs. of the
sympathetic trunk
ethmoidal, anterior
nasociliary n.
internal & external

nasal brs.
anterior and
posterior vagal
trunks
sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
to the deep back
mm.; sympathetic
innervation to the
skin
none
vagus: GVA from the

esophagus and
abdominal gut
colic flexure;
thoracic visceral
brs.carry pain from
the esophagus
mucous membrane
lining the anterior
ethmoid air cells
and upper anterior
part of the nasal
cavity; skin of the
lower half of the
nose
ethmoidal, posterior nasociliary n.
no named branches
external carotid n.
contributes to the
external carotid
plexus
external carotid
plexus
facial n.
femoral cutaneous,
anterior
superior cervical
sympathetic
ganglion
none
mucous membrane
lining the posterior
ethmoid air cells
and sphenoid sinus
vascular smooth
none
muscle of the
internal carotid
system of vessels;
sweat glands,
the skin of the
superior cervical
none
ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk, carotid artery
muscles, sweat
via the external
glands of face &
carotid
n.
upper
neck
pons and medulla:
greater petrosal n.
stapedius
m.,
taste (SVA) from the
nucleus solitarius of (preganglionic
stylohyoid m.,
anterior 2/3 of the
medulla via nervus parasympathetic to posterior belly of
tongue; part of the
intermedius (SVA
pterygopalatine
digastric m.,
skin of the external
sensory root) from
ganglion,
muscles of facial
auditory meatus
geniculate ganglion; postganglionic
expression;
superior salivatory parasympathetic
secretomotor to
nucleus (GVE
travels with brs. of lacrimal,
preganglionic
maxillary division of submandibular,
parasympathetic) of V), chorda tympani sublingual, and
pons via nervus
mucous glands of
(SVA taste from
intermedius; facial
the nasal and oral
anterior 2/3 of the
motor nucleus of
cavities
tongue;
pons via motor root preganglionic
parasympathetic to
the submandibular
ganglion,
postganglionic
parasympathetic to
the submandibular
and sublingual
glands), n. to
stapedius, posterior
auricular n.,
intraparotid plexus
with temporal,
zygomatic, buccal,
marginal
mandibular &
cervical
brs.
femoral
no named
branches sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
thigh
femoral cutaneous,
lateral
lumbar plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nervesplexus
L2-L3)
sacral
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves
lumbar S1-S3)
plexus
(ventral primary
rami of L2-L4)
anterior & posterior sympathetic motor

brs.
innervation to skin
skin of the lateral

thigh
inferior cluneal nn.; sympathetic motor

perineal br.
innervation to skin
skin of the lower

buttock & posterior
thigh
skin of anterior
thigh, medial leg, &
medial foot
fibular, common
sciatic n.
fibular, deep
common fibular n.
lateral sural
cutaneous n.,
muscles of the
superficial and deep lateral compartment
fibular nn.
longus and brevis
mm.); deep fibular
n.: muscles of the
anterior
compartment of the
longus m., extensor
and muscles of the
dorsum of the foot
(extensor digitorum
brevis m.and
extensor hallucis
brevis m.)
one proper digital
muscles of the
br.
anterior
compartment of the
longus m., extensor
and muscles of the
dorsum of the foot
(extensor digitorum
brevis m.and
extensor hallucis
femoral cutaneous,
posterior
femoral
anterior femoral
cutaneous brs., nn.
to anterior thigh
muscles, saphenous
n.
sartorius, rectus
femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus
intermedius, vastus
medialis, pectineus

distal 1/3 of the
anterior surface of
the leg, dorsum of
the foot excluding
the web between the
great toe and the
2nd toe and distal
interphalangeal
segments of all toes;
deep fibular n.: skin
of the web between
the great toe and
the 2nd toe
skin of the web

between the great
toe and the 2nd toe
fibular, superficial
common fibular n.
medial dorsal
cutaneous n. to the
medial side of the
foot; dorsal digital
nn. to the lateral 3
toes
muscles of the
lateral compartment
longus and brevis
mm.)
frontal
ophthalmic division
(V1)
supraorbital n.,
supratrochlear n.
none
ganglia, collateral
splanchnic nn.
(thoracic, lumbar)
plexuses to
abdominal & pelvic
viscera
pain from the

abdominopelvic
viscera
ganglia, myenteric
preganglionic
parasympathetic via
anterior and
posterior vagal
trunks (gut proximal
to the left colic
flexure) and pelvic
splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left
colic flexure)
splanchnic nn.
smooth muscle in
blood vessels
supplying the
abdominopelvic
viscera
smooth muscle of
postganglionic
parasympathetic via the gut wall
many short fibers
none
plexuses to
abdominal and
pelvic viscera
vascular smooth
muscle of vessels
that supply
abdominopelvic
viscera
secretomotor to
pain from
abdominopelvic
viscera
ganglia, preaortic
ganglia, submucosal preganglionic

postganglionic
of the gut
parasympathetic
parasympathetic via glands in the
arrive via branches many short fibers
mucosa of the gut
of the anterior and
posterior vagal
to the left colic
flexure) and pelvic
splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left
colic flexure)
distal 1/3 of the

anterior surface of
the leg; dorsum of
the foot excluding
the skin of the web
between the great
toe and the 2nd toe
and the distal
interphalangeal
segments of all toes
skin of the forehead
and the medial part
of the upper eyelid;
mucous membrane
of the frontal sinus
none
ganglia, sympathetic preganglionic

chain
sympathetic fibers
arrive via white
rami
communicantes of
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves T1-L2
ganglion, celiac
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
arrive via the
greater thoracic
splanchnic n.
ganglion, ciliary
preganglionic
parasympathetic
the oculomotor n.
(III)
ganglion, dorsal root dorsal rootlets
postganglionic
sympathetic fibers
depart via gray rami
communicantes to
all spinal nn.;
internal & external
carotid nn.; cervical
cardiac brs.;
thoracic direct
visceral brs.;
greater, lesser &
least thoracic
splanchnic nn.;
lumbar splanchnic
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
distribute via the
celiac plexus along
brs. of the celiac
trunk
postganglionic
parasympathetic
axons which
distribute via short
ciliary nn.
dilator pupillae,
pain from viscera
vascular smooth
muscle, arrector pili
muscles, sweat
glands, suprarenal
medulla, heart,
lungs and gut
dorsal rootlets
none
vascular smooth
pain from the
muscle of the brs. of stomach, liver &
the celiac trunk
biliary system,
spleen, upper half of
the duodenum &
pancreas
sphincter pupillae
none
m., ciliary m. of the
eye
one dermatome
ganglion, geniculate facial n. (VII)

(chorda tympani
branch)
nervus intermedius none

(SVA sensory root of
facial n.)

anterior 2/3 of the
tongue
ganglion, inferior
mesenteric
contributes to the
inferior mesenteric
plexus; contributes
to the superior
hypogastric plexus
pain from
descending colon
and sigmoid colon;
pain from upper
rectum
ganglion, otic
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the
intermesenteric
plexus and the 2nd
lumbar splanchnic
n.
preganglionic
parasympathetic via
the lesser petrosal,
from the tympanic n.
of the
glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)
vascular smooth
muscle of brs. of the
inferior mesenteric
a.
postganglionic
secretomotor to the none
parasympathetic
parotid gland
axons distribute
with the parotid brs.
of the
auriculotemporal n.
(from V3)
ganglion,
pterygopalatine
preganglionic
parasympathetic
n. of the pterygoid
canal from greater
petrosal n. of the
facial n (VII);
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
arrive via the n. of
the pterygoid canal
from the deep
ganglion, semilunar ophthalmic (V1) ,
maxillary (V2) and
mandibular (V3)
divisions of the
trigeminal n.
postganglionic
parasympathetic
axons distribute via
the greater & lesser
palatine nn.,
nasopalatine n.,
sphenopalatine n.
and zygomatic n.
secretomotor to:
mucous glands of
the palate, nasal
cavity, lacrimal
gland
none
sensory fibers
depart via the
trigeminal n. (V)
none
skin of the face,

mucous membranes
of the nasal and oral
cavities, mucous
membrane of the
anterior 2/3rds of
the tongue (GSA
only)
hearing (SSA)
ganglion, spiral
fibers of the
cochlear hair cells
ganglion, stellate
vascular smooth
pain from lungs
muscle, sweat
glands of the C8 &
T1 cutaneous
distribution on chest
& upper limb (C8
and T1
dermatomes);
vascular smooth
muscle of the lungs
preganglionic
postganglionic
parasympathetic
parasympathetic
submandibular and
axons from the
axons distribute
sublingual glands
chorda tympani
either directly, or
and the small glands
(accompanying the with branches of the of the lingual
lingual n. from the
lingual n. to the
mucosa
mandibular division submandibular and
of the trigeminal n.) sublingual glands
ganglion,
submandibular
cochlear n. portion
of the
vestibulocochlear n.
(VIII)
neurons in the
gray rami
intermediolateral
communicans to
cell column of spinal spinal nerves C8
cord level T1
and T1
(postganglionic
sympathetic);
thoracic visceral br.
none
ganglion, superior
mesenteric
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the celiac
plexus
contributes to the
superior mesenteric
and intermesenteric
plexuses
geniculate ganglion
facial n. (VII)
(chorda tympani
branch)
nervus intermedius none

(SVA sensory root of
facial n.)

anterior 2/3 of the
tongue
geniohyoid m., n. to C1 fibers from the

superior root of the
ansa cervicalis
genitofemoral n.
lumbar plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L1-L2)
no named branches
geniohyoid m.
none
genital br., femoral

br.
cremaster m.

scrotum/labia
majora & upper
medial thigh
glossopharyngeal n. medulla: spinal

trigeminal nucleus
from the superior
ganglion (GVA);
nucleus solitarius
from the inferior
ganglion (SVA);
nucleus ambiguus
(GVA); inferior
salivatory nucleus
(GVE - preganglionic
parasympathetic)
tympanic nerve to
the tympanic plexus
and lesser petrosal
n., carotid sinus n.,
stylopharyngeus
brs., pharyngeal brs.
GVA: carotid body,

carotid sinus,
pharynx, middle ear;
GSA: skin of the
external ear; SVA:
taste from the
posterior 1/3 of the
tongue
gluteal, inferior
no named branches
GSE:
stylopharyngeus;
GVE: secretomotor
to the parotid gland
(preganglionic
parasympathetic via
the tympanic n. to
the lesser petrosal
n. to the otic
ganglion;
postganglionic
parasympathetic via
the
gluteus maximus m.
gluteal, superior
gray ramus
communicans
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves
L5, S1-S2)
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves
L4-L5,
S1)
cell
bodies
located
in the sympathetic
chain ganglia
superior & inferior

brs.
none
vascular smooth
superior mesenteric
a.
pain from the lower

half of the pancreas
and duodenum,
jejunum, ileum,
cecum, appendix,
ascending colon and
transverse colon
none
gluteus medius m., none

gluteus minimus m.,
m.
carries
none
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
to the spinal nerve;
spinal nerve will
carry those axons
peripherally to the
skin, blood vessels,
great auricular n.
cervical plexus
(contributions from
the ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves C2&C3)
greater occipital n.
dorsal primary
no named branches
ramus of spinal
nerve C2 (medial
br.)
maxillary division of posterior inferior
the trigeminal n.
lateral nasal brs.
(V2)
posterior neck
muscles

surface of the scalp
none
mucous membrane
of the inferior part
of the lateral nasal
wall; mucosa of the
hard palate
greater petrosal n.
facial (VII)
greater thoracic
splanchnic n.
secretomotor
none
(preganglionic
parasympathetic) to:
lacrimal gland,
mucous glands of
the lower nasal
cavity, maxillary
sinus and palate
celiac ganglion;
pain from the
preganglionic fibers abdominal viscera
supply the adrenal
medulla which
releases epinephrine
and norepinephrine
into the blood
neurons in the
no named branches
intermediolateral
cell column of spinal
cord levels T5-T9;
the greater thoracic
splanchnic nerve
appears to arise by
multiple
contributions from
the sympathetic
trunk
superior hypogastric inferior hypogastric supplies vascular
plexus
plexus
smooth muscle of
the pelvic viscera
hypogastric nn. and contributes
sympathetic:
sacral splanchnic
branches to:
supplies vascular
nn. (postganglionic uterine/vaginal
smooth muscle of
sympathetic axons); plexus, vesical
vessels supplying
pelvic splanchnic
plexus, prostatic
the pelvic viscera;
nn. (preganglionic
plexus
parasympathetic:
parasympathetic
supplies smooth
axons from the
muscle of the pelvic
ventral primary
viscera
rami of spinal
nerves S2-S4)
greater palatine n.
hypogastric n.
hypogastric plexus,
inferior
mastoid n., auricular none

n.
no named branches
skin of the ear and

skin below the ear
pain from the pelvic

viscera
viscera; general
visceral afferent
from the pelvic
viscera
hypogastric plexus,
superior
hypoglossal n.
iliohypogastric n.
ilioinguinal n.
inferior alveolar n.
inferior gluteal n.
intermesenteric
plexus and lumbar
splanchnic nn.
(postganglionic
sympathetic
axons)
medulla:
hypogastric nn.
(right and left)
no named branches;
hypoglossal nucleus branches of the
ventral primary
ramus of spinal
nerve C1 are carried
by this nerve and
are not considered
to be branches of
the hypoglossal
lumbar plexus
lateral and anterior
(ventral primary
cutaneous brs.
ramus of spinal
nerve
lumbarL1)
plexus
anterior cutaneous
(ventral primary
br. (also known as:
ramus of spinal
anterior
nerve L1)
labial/scrotal n.)
vascular smooth
viscera
(sympathetic)
intrinsic and
extrinsic muscles of
the tongue (except
the palatoglossus
m.)

viscera; general
visceral afferent
from the pelvic
viscera
none
muscles of the lower skin of the lower

abdominal wall
abdominal wall,
upper hip and upper
thighof the lower
muscles of the lower skin
abdominal wall
abdominal wall and
anterior
scrotum/labium
majus
mandibular division n. to mylohyoid;

mylohyoid muscle
teeth of the
of the trigeminal n. inferior dental
and anterior belly of mandible; skin of
(V3)
plexus; mental nerve the digastric m. via the chin
n. to mylohyoid
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
L5, S1-S2)
inferior hypogastric nerves
hypogastric
nn. and
plexus
sacral splanchnic
nn. (postganglionic
sympathetic axons);
pelvic splanchnic
nn. (preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons from the
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S2-S4)
no named branches
gluteus maximus m. none
contributes
branches to:
uterine/vaginal
plexus, vesical
plexus, prostatic
plexus
sympathetic:
supplies vascular
smooth muscle of
vessels supplying
the pelvic viscera;
parasympathetic:
supplies smooth
viscera

viscera; general
visceral afferent
from the pelvic
viscera
inferior laryngeal n. recurrent laryngeal

br. of the vagus n.
(X)
no named branches
all intrinsic muscles

of the larynx except
the cricothyroid;
those muscles are:
thyroarytenoid,
oblique and
transverse
arytenoid, posterior
and lateral
cricoarytenoid,
aryepiglottic,
thyroepiglottic,
vocalis;
secretomotor to the
mucous membrane
of the larynx below
the
vocal fold
none
mucous membrane
of the larynx below
the vocal fold
inferior lateral
brachial cutaneous
n.
inferior mesenteric
ganglion
no named branches
inferior mesenteric
plexus
radial n. via its

posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous
be.
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the
intermesenteric
plexus and the 2nd
lumbar splanchnic
n.
intermesenteric
plexus
multiple unnamed
nn. course along the
branches of the
inferior mesenteric
a.
sympathetic: smooth
muscle of the
vessels supplying
the descending
colon, sigmoid colon
and rectum
pain from the

descending colon,
sigmoid colon and
rectum
inferior oblique,
nerve to
inferior branch of
the oculomotor n.
parasympathetic
root to the ciliary
ganglion
pudendal n.
no named branches
preganglionic
none
parasympathetic
supply to the ciliary
ganglion for
innervation of the
sphincter pupillae
m. and ciliary m.;
inferior oblique m.
skin of the anus
external anal
inferior rectal n.
contributes to the
inferior mesenteric
plexus; contributes
to the superior
hypogastric plexus
skin of the lateral

side of the distal
arm
vascular smooth
pain from
muscle of brs. of the descending colon
inferior mesenteric and sigmoid colon;
a.
pain from upper
rectum
infraorbital n.
maxillary division of middle alveolar n.,

the trigeminal n.(V2) anterior superior
alveolar n.
none
infratrochlear n.
nasociliary br. of the no named branches

ophthalmic division
(V1)
none
intercostal n.
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves T1-T11
intercostal muscles;
abdominal wall
muscles (via T7T11); muscles of the
forearm and hand
(via T1)
sympathetic motor
innervation to skin
lateral & anterior

cutaneous brs.
intercostobrachial n. also known as the

no named branches
lateral cutaneous br.
of the ventral
primary ramus of T2
intermediate
supraclavicular n.
cervical plexus
(C3&C4)
no named branches
intermesenteric
plexus
lumbar splanchnic
nn. 1 and 2
renal, testicular (or

ovarian) and
ureteric brs.
internal carotid n.
superior cervical
sympathetic
ganglion
contributes to the
internal carotid
plexus
mucous membrane
of the maxillary
sinus; upper
premolar, canine
and incisor teeth;
maxillary gingiva;
skin of the lateral
nose, lower eyelid,
upper lip and
skin and conjunctiva
of the medial upper
and lower eyelids;
skin of the lateral
surface of the nose
skin of the chest and
abdomen
anterolaterally; skin
of the medial side of
the upper limb (via
T1-T2)
skin of the medial
side of the arm
none
skin of the root of

the neck and upper
chest, near the midclavicle
sympathetic: smooth pain
from the
muscle of vessels
descending colon,
supplying the gut
sigmoid colon and
distal to the left
rectum
colic flexure
vascular smooth
muscle of the
external carotid
system of vessels;
sweat glands,
the skin of the face
and scalp
none
internal carotid
plexus
superior cervical
ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk,
via the internal
carotid n.
interosseous,
anterior
median n.
most distribute
along the brs. of the
internal carotid
artery, although the
deep petrosal n. is
an exception
because it runs a
short course
independent of an
artery
no named branches
interosseous,
posterior
deep radial n.
no named branches
labial, anterior
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
labial, posterior
perineal n. (a
branch of the
pudendal n.)
ophthalmic division
(V1)
no named branches
recurrent laryngeal
br. of the vagus n.
(X)
no named branches
lacrimal n.
laryngeal, inferior
no named branches
vascular smooth
none
muscle of the brain,
orbit, forehead,
upper nasal cavity;
of forehead and
anterior scalp;
sweat glands of the
forehead; dilator
pupillae m.
flexor pollicis longus none
m., radial half of
flexor digitorum
profundus m.,
pronator quadratus
m.
some authors say
none
none, others say the
deep posterior
forearm muscles
none

majus
none
majus
carries secretomotor skin of the lateral
axons to the
portion of the upper
lacrimal gland
eye lid and its
associated
conjunctiva
all intrinsic muscles mucous
membrane
of the larynx except of the larynx below
the cricothyroid;
the vocal fold
those muscles are:
thyroarytenoid,
oblique and
transverse
arytenoid, posterior
and lateral
cricoarytenoid,
aryepiglottic,
thyroepiglottic,
vocalis;
secretomotor to the
mucous membrane
of the larynx below
the vocal fold
laryngeal, recurrent vagus n. (X)
esophageal brs.,
tracheal brs.,
cardiac brs.,
pharyngeal brs.,
inferior laryngeal n.
upper esophagus,
lower pharynx,
laryngeal mm.
(except
cricopharyngeus);
smooth muscle of
the trachea;
secretomotor to
mucosal glands in
the upper
esophagus, lower
pharynx, larynx
below the vocal fold,
trachea; cardiac
muscle of the heart
(slows heart m.,
rate,
internal br., external cricothyroid
br.
inferior pharyngeal
constrictor m.;
secretomotor to
mucosal glands of
the larynx above the
vocal folds
upper esophagus,
lower pharynx,
larynx below the
vocal folds, GVA
from heart
skin of the lateral

side of the forearm
laryngeal, superior
vagus n. (X)
lateral antebrachial
cutaneous
musculocutaneous
n.
anterior and
posterior branches
lateral femoral
cutaneous n.
anterior & posterior sympathetic motor

brs.
innervation to skin
lateral plantar n.
lumbar plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves
L2-L3)
lateral cord
of the
brachial plexus
tibial n.
lateral
supraclavicular n.
cervical plexus
(C3&C4)
lateral sural
cutaneous n.
common fibular n.
lateral pectoral n.
no named branches
none
pectoralis major m.
mucous membrane
of the larynx above
the vocal folds
skin of the lateral

thigh
no cutaneous
branches
superficial and deep quadratus plantae
skin of the lateral
branches
m., abductor digiti
side of the plantar
minimi m., flexor
surface of the foot;
digiti minimi brevis skin of the plantar
m., lateral 3
surface of the lateral
lumbrical mm.,
1 1/2 toes (and the
adductor hallucis
nail bed of these
m., plantar & dorsal toes)
interosseous mm.
no named branches none
skin of the root of
the neck and upper
shoulder
fibular
none
skin of the lateral
communicating br.
side of the leg
least thoracic
splanchnic n.
neurons in the
no named branches
intermediolateral
cord level T12
renal plexus
pain from the kidney

and suprarenal
gland
lesser occipital n.
ventral primary
no named branches
ramus of spinal
nerve
C2 division of no named branches
maxillary
the trigeminal n.
(V2)
tympanic nerve,
otic ganglion
from the
glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)
none
skin behind the ear
none
mucous membrane
of the soft palate
and posterior hard
palate
none
neurons in the
no named branches
intermediolateral
cord levels T10-T11;
the lesser thoracic
splanchnic nerve
appears to arise by
multiple
contributions from
the sympathetic
trunk
(V3)
aorticorenal
ganglion;

and suprarenal
gland
none
general sense from

the anterior 2/3 of
the tongue and floor
of the mouth
lesser palatine n.
lesser petrosal n.
lesser thoracic
splanchnic n.
lingual n.
long ciliary n.
long thoracic n.
nasociliary
brachial plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
C5-C7)
lower subscapular n. nerves
posterior
cord of the
brachial plexus (C5,
C6)
lumbar n.
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L1-L5
secretomotor
(preganglionic
parasympathetic)
for the parotid gland
no named branches
no named branches
none
eyeball (GSA)
serratus anterior m. no cutaneous
branches
unnamed muscular
brs.
subscapularis m.,
teres major m.
no cutaneous
branches
contributes to the
formation of the
lumbar and sacral
plexuses
numerous: see
lumbar and sacral
plexuses
numerous: see
lumbar and sacral
plexuses
lumbar plexus
lumbar splanchnic
nn.
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L1-L4
branches of the
lumbar plexus:
iliohypogastric n.,
ilioinguinal n.,
genitofemoral n.,
lateral femoral
cutaneous n.,
femoral n.,
obturator n.,
lumbosacral trunk
(considered to be
part of sacral
plexus), brs. to the
psoas major and
minor mm.,
the
lumbar sympathetic branches
no namedto
branches
ganglia L1-L4

abdominal wall;
cremaster m., psoas
major and minor
mm., quadratus
lumborum m.,
iliacus m.; muscles
of the anterior and
medial thigh and hip
skin of the lower

abdominal wall, skin
of the anterior
scrotum/labium
majus, skin of the
anterior and medial
thigh and lateral hip
smooth muscle of
vessels that supply
the abdominal and
pelvic viscera
pain from abdominal

and pelvic viscera
lumbosacral plexus
lumbosacral trunk
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L4-S4
part of the ventral

primary ramus of L4
united with the
ventral primary
of L5
mandibular division ramus
trigeminal
ganglion;
of the trigeminal n. motor root arises
from the pons
branches of the
lumbosacral plexus:
iliohypogastric n.,
ilioinguinal n.,
genitofemoral n.,
lateral femoral
cutaneous n.,
femoral n.,
obturator n.,
lumbosacral trunk
(considered to be
part of sacral
psoas major and
minor mm.,
branches to the
quadratus
lumborum m.,
superior & inferior
gluteal nn., n. to the
obturator internus
m., n. to the
quadratus femoris
m., sciatic n., n. to
the piriformis m.,
posterior femoral
cutaneous n.,
pudendal n., n. to
the
pelvic branches;
no named

abdominal wall;
cremaster m., psoas
major and minor
mm., quadratus
lumborum m.,
iliacus m.; muscles
of the anterior and
medial thigh and
hip, muscles of the
pelvic & urogenital
diaphragm,
posterior hip,
posterior thigh, leg
and foot
skin of the lower

of the anterior
scrotum/labium
majus, skin of the
anterior and medial
thigh and lateral
hip' skin of the
perineum, posterior
thigh, leg and foot
muscles of the hip

it contributes to the and posterior thigh
formation of the
sacral plexus
see sacral plexus
meningeal br.,
medial pterygoid
and lateral
pterygoid nn.,
masseteric n.,
anterior and
posterior deep
temporal nn., buccal
n., auriculotemporal
n., lingual n.,
SVE: mylohyoid m.,

anterior belly of the
digastric m.; tensor
tympani m., tensor
veli palatini m.;
muscles of
mastication
(temporalis,
masseter, medial
pterygoid and
lateral pterygoid)
GSA: skin of the

lower lip and jaw
extending superiorly
above level of the
ear; mucous
membrane of the
tongue and floor of
the mouth; lower
teeth and gingiva of
the mandibular
alveolar arch
mandibular,
marginal
facial n.
(cervicofacial
division)
no named branches
masseteric n.

maxillary division of trigeminal ganglion meningeal br.,
the trigeminal n.
posterior superior
alveolar n.,
pharyngeal,
posterior superior
medial and lateral
nasal brs.,
nasopalatine n.,
greater and lesser
palatine nn.,
zygomatic n.,
infraorbital n.
medial antebrachial
cutaneous n.
medial brachial
cutaneous n.
medial pectoral n.
no named branches
medial plantar n.
medial cord of the

brachial plexus
medial cord of the
brachial plexus
medial cord of the
brachial plexus
tibial n.
medial
supraclavicular n.
cervical plexus
(C3&C4)
no named branches
medial sural
cutaneous n.
tibial n.
no named branches
no named branches
no named branches
plantar cutaneous
brs.; proper plantar
digital n. (medial
side of the great
toe); common
plantar digital nn.
(1st-3rd)
orbicularis oris m.,

depressor anguli
oris m., depressor
labii inferioris m.,
mentalis m.
none
masseter m.
none
none
GSA: skin of the

upper lip, cheek,
lower eyelid;
mucous membrane
of the palate; teeth
and gingiva of the
maxillary alveolar
arch; the mucous
membrane lining
most of the nasal
cavity; the mucous
membrane lining the
maxillary sinus
none
skin of the medial
side of the forearm
none
skin of the medial
side of the arm
pectoralis minor m., no cutaneous
pectoralis major m. branches
abductor hallucis
skin of the medial
m., flexor hallucis
side of the plantar
brevis m., flexor
digitorum brevis m., skin of the plantar
surface of the
1st lumbrical m.
medial 3 1/2 toes
(and the nail bed of
these toes)
none
skin of the root of
the neck and upper
chest, anteriorly
none
surface of the leg;
skin of the lateral
side of the foot
median n.
lateral and medial

anterior
cords of the brachial interosseous n.,
plexus
palmar br.,
recurrent (motor)
br., common palmar
digital nn. (for digits
1-3)
mental n.
no named branches
mesenteric
ganglion, inferior
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the
intermesenteric
plexus and the 2nd
lumbar splanchnic
n.
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the celiac
plexus
intermesenteric
plexus
mesenteric
ganglion, superior
mesenteric plexus,
inferior
pronator teres m.,

flexor carpi radialis
m., palmaris longus
m., flexor digitorum
superficialis m.,
flexor digitorum
profundus m. (radial
half), flexor pollicis
longus m., pronator
quadratus m.,
abductor pollicis
brevis m., flexor
pollicis brevis m.,
opponens pollicis
m., lateral 2
lumbrical
mm.
none
skin of the radial

half of the palm and
palmar side of the
lateral 3 1/2 digits
(and nail bed for
these digits)
contributes to the
inferior mesenteric
plexus; contributes
to the superior
hypogastric plexus
skin of the chin the

lower lip
vascular smooth
pain from
muscle of brs. of the descending colon
inferior mesenteric and sigmoid colon;
a.
pain from upper
rectum
contributes to the
superior mesenteric
and intermesenteric
plexuses
vascular smooth
superior mesenteric
a.
pain from the lower

half of the pancreas
and duodenum,
jejunum, ileum,
cecum, appendix,
ascending colon and
transverse colon
multiple unnamed
nn. course along the
branches of the
inferior mesenteric
a.
sympathetic: smooth
muscle of the
vessels supplying
the descending
and rectum
pain from the

descending colon,
sigmoid colon and
rectum
mesenteric plexus,
superior
celiac plexus,
multiple unnamed
superior mesenteric nn. course along the
ganglion
branches of the
superior mesenteric
a.
middle subscapular
n.
posterior cord of the unnamed muscular

brachial plexus (C7, brs.
C8)
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
middle superior
alveolar
musculocutaneous
n.
myenteric ganglia
myenteric plexus
sympathetic: smooth
muscle of vessels
supplying the lower
pancreas, lower
duodenum, jejunum,
ileum, cecum,
ascending colon and
most of the
transverse colon;
parasympathetic
(vagus): smooth
muscle in the gut
wall of same
distribution area
latissimus dorsi m.
none
pain & GVA of the

parts of the gut
named at left
no cutaneous
branches
maxillary premolar
teeth and gingiva;
maxillary sinus
lateral cord of the
lateral antebrachial coracobrachialis m., skin of the lateral
brachial plexus
cutaneous n.
biceps brachii m.,
side of the forearm
(C5,6)
brachialis m.
postganglionic
smooth muscle of
none
preganglionic
parasympathetic via parasympathetic via the gut wall
anterior and
many short fibers
posterior vagal
to the left colic
flexure) and pelvic
splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left
colic flexure)
preganglionic
postganglionic
smooth muscle of
none
parasympathetic via parasympathetic via the gut wall
anterior and
many short fibers
posterior vagal
to the left colic
flexure) and pelvic
splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left
colic flexure)
mylohyoid, n. to
inferior alveolar n., no named branches

a branch of the
mandibular division
(V3)
ophthalmic division communicating br.
of the trigeminal n. to the ciliary
(V1)
ganglion, long
ciliary n., anterior
and posterior
ethmoidal nn.,
infratrochlear n.
mylohyoid m.,
none
anterior belly of the
digastric m.
none
eyeball, skin of the

nose and medial
sides of the eyelids;
conjunctiva of the
medial sides of the
eyelids; mucous
membranes of the
upper nasal cavity,
ethmoid and
sphenoid sinuses
nasopalatine n.
maxillary division of no named branches

the trigeminal n.
(V2)
none
mucous membrane
of the nasal septum;
mucous membrane
of the anterior
portion of the palate
nervus intermedius
pons & medulla:

nucleus solitarius of
medulla (SVA
sensory root) from
geniculate ganglion;
superior salivatory
nucleus (GVE
preganglionic
parasympathetic) of
pons
joins with the motor

root to form the
facial n. (VII); its
fibers are contained
in the greater
petrosal n. and the
chorda tympani
secretomotor to the taste from the

lacrimal gland and
anterior 2/3 of the
mucous glands of
tongue
the lower nasal
cavity; secretomotor
to the mucosa of the
maxillary sinus and
palate (synapse
occurs at the
pterygopalatine
ganglion);
secretomotor to
submandibular and
sublingual glands
(synapse occurs at
the submandibular
ganglion)
obturator internus
m., n. to
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L5-S2 )
n. to the superior
gemellus m.
obturator internus
m., superior
gemellus m.
nasociliary n.
none
obturator n.
lumbar plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L2-L4)
anterior and
posterior brs.
occipital, greater
dorsal primary
ramus of spinal
nerve C2 (medial
br.)
ventral
primary
ramus of spinal
nerve
dorsal C2
primary
ramus of spinal
nerve C3 (medial
br.)
oculomotor
nuclei of
the midbrain
(extraocular
muscles); accessory
oculomotor nucleus
(nucleus of EdingerWestphal preganglionic
parasympathetic)
no named branches
occipital, lesser
occipitalis tertius
oculomotor n.
of the pterygoid
canal
muscles of the
medial thigh:
adductor longus m.,
adductor brevis m.
and adductor
magnus m., gracilis
m., obturator
posterior neck
muscles
skin of the lower

medial thigh
no named branches
none
skin behind the ear
no named branches
posterior neck
muscles

surface of the neck

surface of the scalp
superior br., inferior GSE: superior br.:

none
br.
levator palpebrae
superioris m.,
superior rectus m.;
inferior br: medial
rectus m., inferior
rectus m., inferior
oblique m.; GVE:
ciliary m. &
sphincter pupillae
m. (preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons go to the
ciliary ganglion via
the parasympathetic
root, postganglionic
parasympathetic go
from the ciliary
ganglion to the
eyeball via short
ciliary nn.)
formed by the union ends in the
secretomotor
none
of the greater
pterygopalatine
(parasympathetic)
petrosal n.
ganglion
to: lacrimal gland
(preganglionic
(parasympathetic)
and mucous glands
parasympathetic)
of nasal cavity and
and the deep
maxillary sinus;
petrosal n.
sympathetic
(postganglionic
innervation to
sympathetic)
vascular smooth
muscle in the same
region
olfactory n.
the filaments of the

bipolar olfactory
epithelial cells
constitute the
olfactory n.
second order
none
olfactory nerve cell
bodies located in the
olfactory bulb
smell (SVA)
ophthalmic division
trigeminal ganglion
meningeal br.,
lacrimal n., frontal
n., nasociliary n.
none
optic n.
ganglion layer of the

retina to the
forebrain
preganglionic
parasympathetic via
the lesser petrosal,
from the tympanic n.
of the
glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)
maxillary division of
the trigeminal n.
(V2)
none
none
(GSA) skin of the

forehead, upper
eyelid and nose;
mucous membrane
of the upper nasal
cavity, frontal sinus,
ethmoid air cells
and sphenoid
sinuses
vision (SSA)
otic ganglion
palatine, greater
palatine, lesser
palmar digital,
common

postganglionic
parotid gland
parasympathetic
axons distribute
with the parotid brs.
of the
auriculotemporal n.
(from V3)
posterior inferior
none
mucous membrane
lateral nasal brs.
of the inferior part
of the lateral nasal
wall; mucosa of the
hard palate
maxillary division of no named branches

the trigeminal n.
(V2)
median n.;
proper palmar
ulnar n.
none
mucous membrane
of the soft palate
and posterior hard
palate
sympathetic motor skin
of the palmar
to the skin; motor
surfaces of the
nn. to the 1st & 2nd adjacent sides of
lumbrical mm. are
two digits
carried on common
palmar digital brs.
of the median n.
palmar digital,
proper
common palmar
no named branches
digital branches of
the median n.;
common palmar
digital branches of
the ulnar n.
pectoral, lateral
lateral cord of the

brachial plexus
medial cord of the
brachial plexus
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S2-S4 (cell
bodies are located in
the lateral horn gray
of the sacral spinal
cord)
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves
S2-3)
pudendal
pectoral, medial
pelvic splanchnic n.
perforating
cutaneous n.
perineal n.
peroneal, common
SEE: fibular,
peroneal, deep
SEE: fibular, deep
peroneal, superficial SEE: fibular,
superficial
petrosal, deep
internal carotid
plexus
no named branches
no named branches
unnamed branches
contribute to the
pelvic plexus
(inferior
hypogastric) plexus
sympathetic motor
to the skin
median: palmar skin

and nail bed of
digits 1-3 and the
lateral side of 4th
and dorsal skin on
medial side of the
the 5th digit
pectoralis major m. no cutaneous
branches
pectoralis minor m., no cutaneous
pectoralis major m. branches
smooth muscle and none
glands of the gut
distal to the left
colic flexure; smooth
muscle and glands
of all pelvic viscera
no named branches
none
skin of the
inferomedial buttock
posterior
scrotal/labial n.,
deep (muscular) br.
muscles of the
perineum:
bulbospongiosus m.,
ischiocavernosus m.,
superficial and deep
transverse perineus
mm., sphincter
urethrae m.,
sphincter
urethrovaginalis,
compressor
.
.
.

surface of the
scrotum/labium
majus
.
.
.
no named branches
.
.
.
vascular smooth
none
muscle of the
mucous membranes
of the lower nasal
cavity, maxillary
sinus and palate
petrosal, greater
facial (VII)
petrosal, lesser
tympanic nerve,
otic ganglion
from the
glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)
pharyngeal plexus
motor contributed
no named branches
by the vagus n. (X);
sensory contributed
by the
glossopharyngeal n.
(IX), vasomotor
contributed by the
superior cervical
sympathetic
ventral primary
no named branches
rami of spinal
nerves C3-C5
(cervical plexus)
vagus: all muscles of glossopharyngeal:

the pharynx except mucous membrane
stylopharyngeus;
lining the pharynx
sympathetic: smooth
muscle in the
pharyngeal
vasculature
plantar digital,
common
medial plantar n.
proper plantar
br. of the lateral
plantar n. (4th)
1st lumbrical m.
plantar digital,
proper
common plantar
no named branches
digital; medial
plantar n. (to the
medial side of the
great toe);
the lateral side of
the 5th toe)
flexor hallucis brevis

m. (from the proper
plantar digital n. on
the medial side of
the great toe)
phrenic n.
no named branches
secretomotor
none
(preganglionic
parasympathetic) to:
lacrimal gland,
mucous glands of
the lower nasal
cavity, maxillary
sinus and palate
secretomotor
none
(preganglionic
parasympathetic)
for the parotid gland
skeletal muscle of
the respiratory
diaphragm
diaphragmatic
pleura; some fibers
contributed to the
pericardium and to
the adjacent
mediastinal and
costal pleurae
skin of the plantar
surface of the toes
(except the medial
of the 5th toe)
skin of the plantar
surface of the toes
and dorsal surface
of the distal
interphalangeal
segment
plantar, lateral
tibial n.
plantar, medial
tibial n.
plexus, brachial
ventral primary
dorsal scapular, long
rami of C5-8 and T1 thoracic, n. to
subclavius,
suprascapular,
lateral and medial
pectoral, medial
brachial and
antebrachial
cutaneous, upper,
middle and lower
subscapular,
musculocutaneous,
ulnar, median,
cardiac brs. of the
no named branches
vagus n. and
trunk; thoracic
visceral nn.
plexus, cardiac
superficial and deep quadratus plantae

branches
m., abductor digiti
minimi m., flexor
digiti minimi brevis
m., lateral 3
lumbrical mm.,
adductor hallucis
m., plantar & dorsal
interosseous mm.
plantar cutaneous
abductor hallucis
brs.; proper plantar m., flexor hallucis
digital n. (medial
brevis m., flexor
side of the great
digitorum brevis m.,
toe); common
1st lumbrical m.
plantar digital nn.
(1st-3rd)
muscles of the
upper limb,
excluding trapezius
skin of the lateral

side of the plantar
skin of the plantar
surface of the lateral
1 1/2 toes (and the
nail bed of these
toes)
skin of the medial
side of the plantar
skin of the plantar
surface of the
medial 3 1/2 toes
(and the nail bed of
these toes)
skin of the upper
limb
moderates heart
pain from the heart
muscle
and lungs
(parasympathetic:
decreases rate and
sympathetic:
increases rate and
force of
contraction);
vascular smooth
muscle of the heart
& lungs
(sympathetic);
smooth muscle &
mucous glands of
bronchial tree
plexus, cervical
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves C1-C4
plexus, coccygeal
ventral primary
rami of spinal
right and left vagus
(X) nn.; thoracic
visceral brs. of the
sympathetic trunk
plexus, esophageal
brs. to: longus colli

& capitis,
sternocleidomastoid
m., trapezius m.,
scalenus medius m.,
rectus capitis
anterior and
lateralis mm.;
superior & inferior
root of the ansa
cervicalis, n. to the
thyrohyoid m., n. to
the geniohyoid m.,
lesser occipital n.,
great auricular n.,
transverse cervical
n., supraclavicular
nn. (medial,
intermediate and
lateral),
contributions to the
phrenic n. from C3
and C4
anococcygeal n.
longus colli &

capitis mm., rectus
capitis anterior &
lateralis mm.,
infrahyoid mm.,
thyrohyoid m.,
geniohyoid m.,
respiratory
diaphragm
skin of the
anterolateral neck;
skin of the ear and
skin behind the ear
none
anterior and
posterior vagal
trunks
preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons from the
vagus n. supply
smooth muscle and
glands of the
thoracic esophagus
and abdominal gut
and its derivatives
colic flexure;
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
from the thoracic
visceral brs. supply
vascular smooth
muscle in the
esophageal vessels
skin of the region

overlying the coccyx
vagus: GVA from the
esophagus and
abdominal gut
colic flexure;
thoracic visceral
brs.carry pain from
the esophagus
plexus, external
carotid
plexus, inferior
hypogastric
plexus, inferior
mesenteric
superior cervical
ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk,
via the external
carotid
n. nn. and
hypogastric

none
carotid artery
muscles, sweat
glands of face &
upper
neck
contributes
sympathetic:
sacral splanchnic
branches to:
supplies vascular
viscera; general
nn. (postganglionic uterine/vaginal
smooth muscle of
visceral afferent
sympathetic axons); plexus, vesical
vessels supplying
from the pelvic
pelvic splanchnic
plexus, prostatic
the pelvic viscera;
viscera
nn. (preganglionic
plexus
parasympathetic:
parasympathetic
supplies smooth
axons from the
ventral primary
viscera
rami of spinal
nerves S2-S4)
intermesenteric
multiple unnamed
sympathetic: smooth pain from the
plexus
nn. course along the muscle of the
descending colon,
branches of the
vessels supplying
sigmoid colon and
inferior mesenteric the descending
rectum
a.
and rectum
plexus,
intermesenteric
lumbar splanchnic
nn. 1 and 2
renal, testicular (or

ovarian) and
ureteric brs.
sympathetic: smooth
muscle of vessels
supplying the gut
distal to the left
colic flexure
pain from the

descending colon,
sigmoid colon and
rectum
plexus, internal
carotid
superior cervical
ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk,
via the internal
carotid n.
most distribute
along the brs. of the
internal carotid
artery, although the
deep petrosal n. is
an exception
because it runs a
short course
independent of an
artery
vascular smooth
none
muscle of the brain,
orbit, forehead,
upper nasal cavity;
of forehead and
anterior scalp;
sweat glands of the
forehead; dilator
pupillae m.
plexus, lumbar
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L1-L4
plexus, lumbosacral ventral primary

rami of spinal
nerves L4-S4
branches of the
lumbar plexus:
iliohypogastric n.,
ilioinguinal n.,
genitofemoral n.,
lateral femoral
cutaneous n.,
femoral n.,
obturator n.,
lumbosacral trunk
(considered to be
part of sacral
psoas major and
minor mm.,
branches of
to the
the
branches
lumbosacral plexus:
iliohypogastric n.,
ilioinguinal n.,
genitofemoral n.,
lateral femoral
cutaneous n.,
femoral n.,
obturator n.,
lumbosacral trunk
(considered to be
part of sacral
psoas major and
minor mm.,
branches to the
quadratus
lumborum m.,
superior & inferior
gluteal nn., n. to the
obturator internus
m., n. to the
quadratus femoris
m., sciatic n., n. to
the piriformis m.,
posterior femoral
cutaneous n.,
pudendal n., n. to
the pelvic

abdominal wall;
cremaster m., psoas
major and minor
mm., quadratus
lumborum m.,
iliacus m.; muscles
of the anterior and
skin of the lower

of the anterior
scrotum/labium
majus, skin of the
anterior and medial
thigh and lateral hip

abdominal wall;
cremaster m., psoas
major and minor
mm., quadratus
lumborum m.,
iliacus m.; muscles
of the anterior and
medial thigh and
hip, muscles of the
pelvic & urogenital
diaphragm,
posterior hip,
and foot
skin of the lower

of the anterior
scrotum/labium
majus, skin of the
anterior and medial
thigh and lateral
hip' skin of the
perineum, posterior
thigh, leg and foot
plexus, myenteric
plexus, pharyngeal
plexus, prostatic
preganglionic
parasympathetic via
anterior and
posterior vagal
to the left colic
flexure) and pelvic
splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left
colic flexure)
motor contributed
by the vagus n. (X);
sensory contributed
by the
glossopharyngeal n.
(IX), vasomotor
contributed by the
superior cervical
sympathetic
inferior hypogastric
(pelvic) plexus
postganglionic
smooth muscle of
parasympathetic via the gut wall
many short fibers
none
no named branches
vagus: all muscles of glossopharyngeal:

the pharynx except mucous membrane
stylopharyngeus;
lining the pharynx
sympathetic: smooth
muscle in the
pharyngeal
vasculature
is continuous with
the rectal and
vesical plexuses
sympathetic:
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
the urethra,
prostate gland and
ejaculatory ducts;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
glands of the pelvic
viscera, especially
the urethra,
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle &
glands of the
bronchial tree;
sympathetic:
vascular smooth
muscle of the lungs
sympathetic:
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
the rectum;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
viscera, especially
the rectum
plexus, pulmonary
continuous with the no named branches

cardiac plexus;
thoracic visceral
nn.; pulmonary brs.
of vagus
plexus, rectal
inferior hypogastric no named branches

(pelvic) plexus,
posterior part

viscera listed at left
none
pain and general

sensation from the
rectum
plexus, renal
intermesenteric
unnamed branches
plexus, aorticorenal course along the
ganglion, least
renal vessels
thoracic splanchnic
n.
plexus, sacral
lumbosacral trunk
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L4-L5),
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S1-S4
plexus, superior
hypogastric
intermesenteric
plexus and lumbar
splanchnic nn.
(postganglionic
sympathetic
celiac plexus,axons)
plexus, superior
mesenteric
superior & inferior

gluteal nn., n. to
obturator internus
m., n. to quadratus
femoris m., sciatic
n., n. to piriformis,
posterior femoral
cutaneous n.,
pudendal n., n. to
pelvic diaphragm,
pelvic splanchnic
nn.
hypogastric nn.
(right and left)
sympathetic: smooth
muscle of the blood
vessels supplying
the kidney, renal
pelvis and upper
ureter;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle of
the renal pelvis and
upper ureter
muscles of the
pelvic diaphragm;
muscles of the
urogenital
diaphragm; muscles
of the posterior hip,
and foot
vascular smooth
viscera
(sympathetic)
pain from the

kidney, renal pelvis
and upper ureter
skin of the
perineum, posterior
thigh, leg and foot
(excluding the
medial side of the
leg and foot)

viscera; general
visceral afferent
from the pelvic
viscera
multiple unnamed
sympathetic: smooth pain
& GVA of the
superior mesenteric nn. course along the muscle of vessels
parts of the gut
ganglion
branches of the
supplying the lower named at left
superior mesenteric pancreas, lower
a.
duodenum, jejunum,
ileum, cecum,
ascending colon and
most of the
transverse colon;
parasympathetic
(vagus): smooth
muscle in the gut
wall of same
distribution area
plexus, uterovaginal inferior hypogastric continuous with the sympathetic:

plexus
rectal plexus
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
the uterus, uterine
tubes and vagina;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
glands of pelvic
viscera, especially
uterus, uterine
tubes and vagina
plexus, vesical
inferior hypogastric continuous with the sympathetic:
plexus
prostatic plexus
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
the urinary bladder,
seminal vesicle,
ductus deferens and
ejaculatory duct;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
viscera, especially
seminal vesicle,
ductus deferens and
ejaculatory duct
posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous n.
posterior brachial
cutaneous n.
posterior deep
temporal n.
posterior ethmoidal
n.
radial n.
posterior femoral
cutaneous n.
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S1-S3)
radial
inferior lateral
brachial cutaneous
n.
no named branches

nasociliary n.
no named branches
none
none
temporalis m.
none
inferior cluneal nn.; sympathetic motor

perineal br.
innervation to skin

pain and general

sensation from the
bladder, seminal
vesicle and ductus
deferens
skin of the lateral

distal arm and
posterior forearm
arm
no cutaneous
branches
mucous membrane
lining the posterior
ethmoid air cells
and sphenoid sinus
skin of the lower
buttock & posterior
thigh
posterior
interosseous n.
deep radial n.
posterior labial n.
perineal n. (a
no named branches
branch of the
pudendal n.)
perineal n., from the no named branches
pudendal n.
maxillary n.
dental plexus
none
preaortic ganglia
splanchnic nn.
proper palmar
digital nn.
common palmar
no named branches
digital branches of
the median n.;
common palmar
digital branches of
the ulnar n.
vascular smooth
muscle of vessels
that supply
abdominopelvic
viscera
sympathetic motor
proper plantar
digital nn.
common plantar
no named branches
digital; medial
plantar n. (to the
medial side of the
great toe);
the lateral side of
the 5th toe)
inferior hypogastric is continuous with
(pelvic) plexus
the rectal and
vesical plexuses
posterior scrotal n.
posterior superior
alveolar n.
prostatic plexus
no named branches
plexuses to
abdominal and
pelvic viscera
some authors say

none
none, others say the
deep posterior
forearm muscles
none
none

majus
aspect of the
scrotum molar
maxillary
teeth and gingiva;
maxillary sinus
pain from
abdominopelvic
viscera
median: palmar skin

and nail bed of
digits 1-3 and the
lateral side of 4th
and dorsal skin on
medial side of the
the 5th digit
flexor hallucis brevis skin of the plantar
m. (from the proper surface of the toes
plantar digital n. on and dorsal surface
the medial side of
of the distal
the great toe)
interphalangeal
segment
to the skin
sympathetic:
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
the urethra,
prostate gland and
ejaculatory ducts;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
viscera, especially
the urethra,
pterygopalatine
ganglion
pudendal n.
pulmonary plexus
quadratus femoris
m., n. to
preganglionic
parasympathetic
n. of the pterygoid
canal from greater
petrosal n. of the
facial n (VII);
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
arrive via the n. of
the pterygoid canal
from the deep
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S2-S4 (sacral
plexus)
postganglionic
parasympathetic
axons distribute via
the greater & lesser
palatine nn.,
nasopalatine n.,
sphenopalatine n.
and zygomatic n.
secretomotor to:
mucous glands of
the palate, nasal
cavity, lacrimal
gland
inferior rectal n.,

its branches supply:
perineal n., dorsal n. external anal
of the clitoris/penis sphincter,
bulbospongiosus m.,
ischiocavernosus m.,
superficial & deep
transverse perineus
mm., sphincter
urethrae m.,
sphincter
urethrovaginalis,
continuous with the no named branches parasympathetic:
cardiac plexus;
smooth muscle &
thoracic visceral
glands of the
nn.; pulmonary brs.
bronchial tree;
of vagus
sympathetic:
vascular smooth
muscle of the lungs
sacral plexus
n. to the inferior
quadratus femoris
(ventral primary
gemellus m.
m., inferior gemellus
rami of spinal
m.
nerves L4-L5, S1)
none
its branches supply:

skin of the anus,
posterior
scrotum/labium
majus, clitoris/penis
none
none
radial n.
posterior cord of the posterior brachial

brachial plexus
cutaneous n.,
inferior lateral
brachial cutaneous
n., posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous n.,
brs.
radial, deep
radial n.
posterior
interosseous n.
radial, superficial
radial n.
dorsal digital brs.
ramus
communicans, gray
cell bodies located

in the sympathetic
chain ganglia
none
muscles of the
posterior arm:
triceps brachii m.,
anconeus m.;
muscles of the
posterior forearm:
brachioradialis,
extensor carpi
ulnaris m., extensor
carpi radialis longus
m., extensor carpi
radialis brevis m.,
extensor digitorum
m., extensor digiti
minimi m., supinator
m., abductor pollicis
longus m., extensor
pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis
brevis m., extensor
indicis m.
extensor carpi
radialis brevis m.,
supinator m.,
extensor digitorum
m., extensor digiti
minimi m., abductor
pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis
longus m. extensor
pollicis brevis m.,
extensor indicis m.
sympathetic motor
for the skin

arm, forearm and
hand
carries
postganglionic
sympathetic axons
to the spinal nerve;
spinal nerve will
carry those axons
peripherally to the
skin, blood vessels,
none
no cutaneous
branches
skin of the
posterolateral wrist
and hand; dorsum of
the lateral 3 1/2
digits (excluding the
skin over the distal
phalanx/nail bed)
ramus
cell bodies located
communicans, white in the lateral horn
gray matter of
spinal cord levels
T1-L2;
none
ramus, dorsal
primary
first branch off of

the dorsal side of
the spinal nerve
numerous
ramus, ventral
primary
first branch off of

the ventral side of
the spinal nerve
numerous
rectal plexus
inferior hypogastric no named branches

(pelvic) plexus,
posterior part
rectal, inferior
pudendal n.
no named branches
axons contained
within white rami
communicantes will
synapse on
postganglionic cell
bodies that will
ultimately innervate
the skin, viscera,
glands, blood
vessels, etc.
to the deep back
mm.; sympathetic
innervation to the
skin
to skeletal mm. of
the neck, trunk and
extremities;
sympathetic
innervation to the
skin
pain from viscera is

carried back to the
spinal cord through
the white ramus
communicans
general sense
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
the
backsense
general
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
the trunk (except
the back) and
extremities; visceral
pain via the white
rami of the
sympathetic nervous
sympathetic:
pain and general
vascular smooth
sensation from the
muscle of the pelvic rectum
viscera, especially
the rectum;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
viscera, especially
the rectum
external anal
skin of the anus
recurrent laryngeal
n.
vagus n. (X)
renal plexus
intermesenteric
unnamed branches
plexus, aorticorenal course along the
ganglion, least
renal vessels
thoracic splanchnic
n.
root, dorsal
from the dorsal horn none

of the spinal cord to
the spinal nerve
from the ventral
none
horn of the spinal
cord to the spinal
nerve
root, ventral
sacral plexus
lumbosacral trunk
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L4-L5),
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S1-S4
esophageal brs.,
tracheal brs.,
cardiac brs.,
pharyngeal brs.,
inferior laryngeal n.
superior & inferior

gluteal nn., n. to
obturator internus
m., n. to quadratus
femoris m., sciatic
n., n. to piriformis,
posterior femoral
cutaneous n.,
pudendal n., n. to
pelvic diaphragm,
pelvic splanchnic
nn.
upper esophagus,
lower pharynx,
laryngeal mm.
(except
cricopharyngeus);
smooth muscle of
the trachea;
secretomotor to
mucosal glands in
the upper
esophagus, lower
pharynx, larynx
below the vocal fold,
trachea; cardiac
muscle of the heart
(slows heart rate,
sympathetic:
smooth
muscle of the blood
vessels supplying
the kidney, renal
pelvis and upper
ureter;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle of
the renal pelvis and
upper ureter
none
to skeletal mm.;
preganglionic
sympathetic (T1-L2)
muscles of the
pelvic diaphragm;
muscles of the
urogenital
diaphragm; muscles
of the posterior hip,
and foot
upper esophagus,
lower pharynx,
larynx below the
vocal folds, GVA
from heart
pain from the

kidney, renal pelvis
and upper ureter
general sense
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
etc.)
none
skin of the
perineum, posterior
thigh, leg and foot
(excluding the
medial side of the
leg and foot)
sacral splanchnic n. sacral sympathetic

ganglia
saphenous n.
sciatic n.
scrotal, anterior
scrotal, posterior
semilunar ganglion
short ciliary n.
femoral n.
unnamed branches
contribute to the
pelvic plexus
(inferior
hypogastric)
infrapatellar plexus
br.
vascular smooth
muscle of the pelvic viscera
viscera
none
skin of the medial

side of the leg and
medial side of the
footbranches supply
sacral plexus
tibial n., common
semitendinosus m., its
(ventral primary
fibular (peroneal) n. semimembranosus
the skin of the leg
rami of spinal
m., biceps femoris
and foot (excluding
nerves L4-L5 and
m., ischioconylar
the medial side of
S1-S3)
part of the adductor leg & foot)
magnus m.; its
branches supply all
muscles of the leg
and foot
anterior cutaneous no named branches none
br. of the ilioinguinal
aspect of the
n.
scrotum
perineal n., from the no named branches none
pudendal n.
aspect of the
scrotum
ophthalmic (V1) ,
sensory fibers
none
skin
of the face,
maxillary (V2) and
depart via the
mucous membranes
mandibular (V3)
trigeminal n. (V)
divisions of the
cavities, mucous
trigeminal n.
membrane of the
anterior 2/3rds of
the tongue (GSA
only)
ciliary ganglion:
multiple short ciliary sphincter pupillae & eyeball (GSA)
sensory root - from nn. which leave the ciliary mm.
the nasociliary n.(a ciliary ganglion
(parasympathetic),
branch of V1);
anteriorly
dilator pupillae
sympathetic root (sympathetic)
from the internal
carotid plexus;
parasympathetic
root - from the
the oculomotor n.
spinal n.
formed at the point dorsal primary

where the dorsal
ramus; ventral
and ventral rootlets primary ramus
meet; it ends where
the dorsal and
ventral primary
rami diverge
spiral ganglion
fibers of the
cochlear hair cells
splanchnic, greater
thoracic
splanchnic, least
thoracic
splanchnic, lesser
thoracic
splanchnic, lumbar
to skeletal mm.;
some levels carry
preganglionic
sympathetic axons
(T1-L2)
general sense
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
etc.) from the entire
surface of the neck,
trunk and
pain (via the white
ramus communicans
and the sympathetic
nervous system)
hearing (SSA)
cochlear n. portion none

of the
vestibulocochlear n.
(VIII)
neurons in the
no named branches celiac ganglion;
pain from the
intermediolateral
preganglionic fibers abdominal viscera
supply the adrenal
cord levels T5-T9;
medulla which
the greater thoracic
releases epinephrine
splanchnic nerve
and norepinephrine
appears to arise by
into the blood
multiple
contributions from
the sympathetic
trunk
neurons in the
no named branches renal plexus
intermediolateral
and suprarenal
gland
cord level T12
neurons in the
no named branches
intermediolateral
cord levels T10-T11;
the lesser thoracic
splanchnic nerve
appears to arise by
multiple
contributions from
the sympathetic
trunk
lumbar sympathetic no named branches
ganglia L1-L4
aorticorenal
ganglion;

and suprarenal
gland
smooth muscle of
vessels that supply
the abdominal and
pelvic viscera
pain from abdominal

and pelvic viscera
splanchnic, pelvic
splanchnic, sacral
stellate ganglion
subclavius m., n. to
subcostal n.
submandibular
ganglion
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S2-S4 (cell
bodies are located in
the lateral horn gray
of the sacral spinal
cord)
sacral sympathetic
ganglia
unnamed branches
contribute to the
pelvic plexus
(inferior
hypogastric) plexus
smooth muscle and none

glands of the gut
distal to the left
colic flexure; smooth
muscle and glands
of all pelvic viscera
unnamed branches
contribute to the
pelvic plexus
(inferior
hypogastric)
plexus
gray rami
vascular smooth
muscle of the pelvic viscera
viscera
neurons in the
intermediolateral
communicans to
cell column of spinal spinal nerves C8
cord level T1
and T1
(postganglionic
sympathetic);
thoracic visceral br.
vascular smooth
pain from lungs
muscle, sweat
glands of the C8 &
T1 cutaneous
distribution on chest
& upper limb (C8
and T1
dermatomes);
vascular smooth
muscle of the lungs
superior trunk of the no named branches subclavius m.
no cutaneous
brachial plexus
branches
ventral primary
lateral cutaneous
muscles of the
skin of the
ramus of T12
br., anterior
abdominal wall
anterolateral
cutaneous br.
abdominal wall
preganglionic
postganglionic
parasympathetic
parasympathetic
submandibular and
axons from the
axons distribute
sublingual glands
chorda tympani
either directly, or
and the small glands
(accompanying the with branches of the of the lingual
lingual n. from the
lingual n. to the
mucosa
mandibular division submandibular and
of the trigeminal n.) sublingual glands
submucosal ganglia preganglionic

postganglionic
secretomotor to
of the gut
parasympathetic
parasympathetic via glands in the
arrive via branches many short fibers
mucosa of the gut
of the anterior and
posterior vagal
to the left colic
flexure) and pelvic
splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left
colic flexure)
none
suboccipital n.
dorsal primary
ramus of spinal
nerve C1
subscapular, lower
no named branches
muscles of the
suboccipital
triangle: rectus
capitis posterior
major m., rectus
capitis posterior
minor m., obliquus
capitis superior m.,
obliquus capitis
subscapularis m.,
teres major m.
no cutaneous
branches
unnamed muscular
brs.
latissimus dorsi m.
no cutaneous
branches
unnamed muscular
brs.
subscapularis m.
no cutaneous
branches
distal 1/3 of the
anterior surface of
the leg; dorsum of
the foot excluding
the skin of the web
between the great
toe and the 2nd toe
and the distal
interphalangeal
segments of all toes
skin of the
posterolateral wrist
and hand; dorsum of
the lateral 3 1/2
digits (excluding the
skin over the distal
phalanx/nail bed)

C6)
subscapular, middle posterior cord of the
C8)
subscapular, upper posterior cord of the
C6)
superficial fibular n. common fibular n.
unnamed muscular
brs.
medial dorsal
cutaneous n. to the
medial side of the
foot; dorsal digital
nn. to the lateral 3
toes
muscles of the
lateral compartment
longus and brevis
mm.)
superficial radial n.
dorsal digital brs.
sympathetic motor
for the skin
superior & inferior

brs.
gluteus medius m.,

gluteus minimus m.,
m.
vascular
smooth
viscera
(sympathetic)
superior gluteal n.
radial n.
sacral plexus
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves L4-L5, S1)
superior hypogastric intermesenteric
plexus
plexus and lumbar
splanchnic nn.
(postganglionic
sympathetic axons)
hypogastric nn.
(right and left)
no cutaneous
branches
none

viscera; general
visceral afferent
from the pelvic
viscera
superior laryngeal n. vagus n. (X)
internal br., external cricothyroid m.,

mucous membrane
br.
inferior pharyngeal of the larynx above
constrictor m.;
the vocal folds
secretomotor to
mucosal glands of
the larynx above the
vocal folds
superior lateral
axillary
brachial cutaneous
superior mesenteric preganglionic
ganglion
sympathetic axons
from the celiac
plexus
no named branches
skin of the lateral

side of the proximal
arm from the lower
contributes to the
vascular smooth
pain
superior mesenteric muscle of brs. of the half of the pancreas
and intermesenteric superior mesenteric and duodenum,
plexuses
a.
jejunum, ileum,
cecum, appendix,
ascending colon and
transverse colon
superior mesenteric celiac plexus,

multiple unnamed
plexus
superior mesenteric nn. course along the
ganglion
branches of the
superior mesenteric
a.
none
supraclavicular,
intermediate
cervical plexus
(C3&C4)
no named branches
sympathetic: smooth
muscle of vessels
supplying the lower
pancreas, lower
duodenum, jejunum,
ileum, cecum,
ascending colon and
most of the
transverse colon;
parasympathetic
(vagus): smooth
muscle in the gut
wall of same
distribution area
none
supraclavicular,
lateral
cervical plexus
(C3&C4)
no named branches
none
supraclavicular,
medial
cervical plexus
(C3&C4)
no named branches
none
supraorbital n.
frontal n, from the

medial and lateral
ophthalmic division brs.
(V1)
superior
trunk of the no named branches
brachial plexus (C5-
none
suprascapular n.
supraspinatus m.,
infraspinatus m.
pain & GVA of the

parts of the gut
named at left
skin of the root of

the neck and upper
chest, near the midclavicle
skin of the root of
the neck and upper
shoulder
skin of the root of
the neck and upper
chest, anteriorly
skin of the forehead;
mucous membrane
of the frontal sinus
no cutaneous
branches
supratrochlear n.
frontal n, from the

ophthalmic division
(V1)
no named branches
none
sural cutaneous,
lateral
sural cutaneous,
medial
common fibular n.
fibular
communicating br.
no named branches
none
sural n.
formed by the union

of the fibular
communicating br.
of the lateral sural
cutaneous n. and the
medial sural
cutaneous nn.
lateral calcaneal
brs., lateral dorsal
cutaneous n. of the
foot
none
sympathetic chain
ganglia
preganglionic
sympathetic fibers
arrive via white
rami
communicantes of
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves T1-L2
dilator pupillae,
pain from viscera
vascular smooth
muscles, sweat
glands, suprarenal
medulla, heart,
lungs and gut
sympathetic chain
ganglia, cervical
preganglionic
sympathetic fibers
arrive via white
rami
communicantes of
ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves T1-T5
postganglionic
sympathetic fibers
depart via gray rami
communicantes to
all spinal nn.;
internal & external
carotid nn.; cervical
cardiac brs.;
thoracic direct
visceral brs.;
greater, lesser &
least thoracic
splanchnic nn.;
lumbar splanchnic
postganglionic
sympathetic depart
via gray rami
communicans to
cervical spinal nn.;
internal and
external carotid nn.;
cervical cardiac brs.
tibial n.
none
skin of the medial

forehead and the
medial part of the
upper eyelid;
associated
conjunctiva
skin of the lateral
side of the leg
surface of the leg;
skin of the lateral
side of the foot
surface of the lower
leg; skin of the
lateral side of the
foot
dilator pupillae m.; pain from viscera

vascular smooth
muscle; arrector pili
muscles and sweat
glands of head and
neck; heart and
lungs
T1 ventral primary
ramus
spinal nerve T1
temporal, anterior
deep
temporal, posterior
deep
temporofacial
division of the facial
n.

(V3)
mandibular
division no named branches
(V3)
facial n.
temporal, zygomatic
and buccal brs.
thoracodorsal n.
posterior cord of the unnamed muscular

brachial plexus (C7, brs.
C8)
sciatic n.
medial sural
cutaneous n., medial
calcaneal brs.,
medial and lateral
plantar nn.
tibial n.
joins the ventral

muscles of the
primary ramus of C8 forearm and hand
to form the inferior
trunk of the brachial
plexus
temporalis m.
temporalis m.
skin of the ventral

arm and ventral
forearm
no cutaneous
branches
no cutaneous
branches
none
muscles of facial
expression of the
upper part of the
face; frontalis m.,
anterior and
superior auricularis
mm.
latissimus dorsi m. no cutaneous
branches
semimembranosus
m., semitendinosus
m., long head of
biceps femoris m.,
ischiocondylar
portion of adductor
magnus m.; mm. of
the superficial and
deep posterior
compartments of the
leg (gastrocnemius
m., soleus m.,
plantaris m., tibialis
posterior m., flexor
hallucis longus m.,
flexor digitorum
longus m.); muscles
of the plantar side of
the foot
skin of the plantar

surface of the foot
and toes; skin of the
distal toes (nail bed
region)
sensory receptors in
the carotid body and
carotid sinus
none
to carotid body
glossopharyngeal n. no named branches

(IX)
none
to coccygeus m.
sacral plexus (brs. of no named branches

the ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves S3-S4)
coccygeus m.,
levator ani m.
to digastric m.,
posterior belly
to geniohyoid m.
facial n. (VII)
C1 fibers from the

superior root of the
ansa cervicalis
to obturator
sacral plexus
internus m.
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
L5-S2 )
to quadratus femoris nerves
sacral plexus
m.
(ventral primary
rami of spinal
nerves
L4-L5,
to subclavius m.
superior
trunkS1)
of the
brachial plexus
transverse cervical cervical plexus (C2
n.
and C3)
trigeminal n.
motor root arises
from the trigeminal
motor nucleus in the
pons (SVE); sensory
part arises from the
trigeminal ganglion
(GSA) and projects
into the pons to the
primary sensory
nucleus of V or more
inferiorly to the
nucleus of the spinal
root of V (medulla
and upper spinal
cord)
trochlear n.
trochlear nucleus of
the midbrain
tympanic n.
no named branches
no named branches
posterior belly of the none

digastric m.
geniohyoid m.
none
n. to the superior
gemellus m.
obturator internus
none
m., superior
gemellus m.
n. to the inferior
none
quadratus femoris
gemellus m.
m., inferior gemellus
m.
no named branches subclavius m.
no cutaneous
branches
no named branches none
surface of the neck
ophthalmic,
SVE: anterior belly skin of the face;
maxillary and
of the digastric m., mucous membranes
mandibular divisions mylohyoid m.,
tensor veli palatini
cavities; general
m., tensor tympani sensation (GSA) to
m.; muscles of
the anterior 2/3 of
mastication:
the tongue
temporalis m.,
masseter m., lateral
pterygoid m., medial
pterygoid m.
no named branches
glossopharyngeal n. tympanic plexus,

which gives rise to
the lesser petrosal
n.
superior oblique m.
of the eye (GSE)
none
secretomotor
(preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons which will
synapse in the otic
ganglion) to the
parotid gland
mucous membrane
lining the middle ear
cavity
ulnar n.
medial cord of the

palmar cutaneous
brachial plexus (C8, br., dorsal br.,
T1)
brs.
flexor carpi ulnaris

m., flexor digitorum
profundus m. (ulnar
half), abductor digiti
minimi m., flexor
digiti minimi brevis
m., opponens digiti
minimi m., ulnar 2
lumbrical mm.,
palmar and dorsal
interosseous mm.
skin of the medial

side of the wrist and
hand; skin of the
medial 1 1/2 digits
upper subscapular
n.

C6)
inferior hypogastric
plexus
subscapularis m.
no cutaneous
branches
uterovaginal plexus
vagus n.
unnamed muscular
brs.
continuous with the sympathetic:

rectal plexus
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
the uterus, uterine
tubes and vagina;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
glands of pelvic
viscera, especially
uterus, uterine
tubes and vagina
medulla: dorsal
auricular br.,
SVE: intrinsic
motor nucleus (GVE pharyngeal br.,
muscles of the
preganglionic
superior laryngeal, larynx, pharynx
parasympathetic);
superior and inferior (except
inferior ganglion
cervical cardiac
stylopharyngeus),
(GVA); nucleus
brs., recurrent
and palate (except
ambiguus (SVE);
laryngeal n.,
tensor veli palatini);
superior ganglion
thoracic cardiac
GVE: smooth muscle
(GSA); inferior
brs., brs. to the
of the respiratory
ganglion(SVA)
pulmonary plexus,
tree & gut (proximal
brs. to the
to the left colic
esophageal plexus, flexure), heart;
anterior and
secretomotor:
posterior vagal
mucous glands of
trunks
the larynx,
respiratory tree,
pharynx and gut;
secretomotor to

GSA: skin of the

external auditory
meatus; GVA:
viscera of head,
neck, thorax &
abdomen proximal
to the left colic
flexure; SVA: taste
from the epiglottis
ventral primary
ramus
first branch off of

the ventral side of
the spinal nerve
numerous
to skeletal mm. of
the neck, trunk and
extremities;
sympathetic
innervation to the
skin
ventral root
from the ventral

horn of the spinal
cord to the spinal
nerve
none
to skeletal mm.;
preganglionic
sympathetic (T1-L2)
vesical plexus
inferior hypogastric continuous with the sympathetic:

plexus
prostatic plexus
vascular smooth
viscera, especially
seminal vesicle,
ductus deferens and
ejaculatory duct;
parasympathetic:
smooth muscle and
viscera, especially
seminal vesicle,
ductus deferens and
ejaculatory duct
pain and general

sensation from the
bladder, seminal
vesicle and ductus
deferens
vestibular n.
pons and medulla
balance/propriocepti
on (SSA)
vestibular:
balance/propriocepti
on (SSA); cochlear:
hearing (SSA)
vestibulocochlear n. pons & medulla:

vestibular nuclei
from the vestibular
ganglion of the
semicircular ducts;
cochlear nuclei in
the inferior
cerebellar peduncle
no named branches
none
divides within the

temporal bone into
vestibular and
cochlear parts
none
general sense
(touch, pressure,
pain, heat, cold,
the trunk (except
the back) and
pain via the white
rami of the
sympathetic nervous
none
white ramus
communicans
cell bodies located

in the lateral horn
gray matter of
spinal cord levels
T1-L2;
none
axons contained
within white rami
communicantes will
synapse on
postganglionic cell
bodies that will
ultimately innervate
the skin, viscera,
glands, blood
vessels, etc.
zygomatic n.
maxillary division of zygomaticofacial & carries secretomotor
the trigeminal n.
zygomaticotemporal fibers
(V2)
zygomaticofacial n. zygomatic from the no named branches none
the trigeminal n.
zygomaticotemporal (V2)
zygomatic from the communicating br.
carries secretomotor
n.
fibers
the trigeminal n.
(V2)
pain from viscera is

carried back to the
spinal cord through
the white ramus
communicans
skin of the face

lateral and superior
to the orbit
skin of face lateral
to the orbit
skin of face
superolateral to the
orbit
d Alphabetically
Notes
also known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes through the superior
orbital fissure (Latin, abducens = to draw away)
also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial
cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing
through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the
subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the
sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2
and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4
anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length
inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental

n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen
middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length
posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the

small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla
anococcygeal n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament
superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis are also known as
the anterior and posterior roots (Latin, ansa = handle or loop)
lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral

intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the
continuation of the musculocutaneous n.
medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for
part of its course
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral
epicondyle of the humerus
a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the
mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch
anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior

ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes
anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through
the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity (Greek, ethmoidal = sievelike)
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin

courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane
(Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. (Latin,

labial = lips)
anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the
superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the
anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length
a sympathetic ganglion; located above or near the origin of the renal

a. from the abdominal aorta
two roots of the auriculotemporal n. encircle the middle meningeal a.
axillary n. is endangered by surgical neck fractures

emerges at the lateral intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m.
communicates with the intercostobrachial n.

emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle
axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the
brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each
branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels
(Latin, plexus = a braid)
not a motor nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the
facial n.
not a sensory nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the
trigeminal n.
C1 contributes to the cervical plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch)
joins the ventral primary ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of

the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch)
joins the ventral primary ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of

the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch)
continues as the middle trunk of the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a
branch)
joins the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the
brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch)
cardiac plexus is continuous with the coronary and pulmonary
plexuses; thoracic visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper
thoracic spinal cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left
upper limb in the T1 and T2 dermatomes (Latin, plexus = a braid)
cervical sympathetic trunk usually gives 3 cervical cardiac brs. l

(superior, middle and inferior) to the cardiac plexus
vagus n. has 2 cervical cardiac brs. (superior and inferior) and 1 or

more thoracic cardiac brs.
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors

in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common
carotid a.; vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to
enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)

there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external
carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion
internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the

sypathetic trunk
a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the

abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal
trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing
close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in

pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder (Latin,
plexus = a braid)
cervicofacial division usually forms a loop by communication with the

temporofacial division of the facial n.
chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa and
continues with it to the tongue (Latin, chorda = cord + tympanum = a
kettle drum)
a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral

side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and
sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic
root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a.
these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion
short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types
of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located
(Latin, clunis = buttock)

only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the

coccygeal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface
exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic
sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include:

celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal
trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"
the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip
of the digit (nail bed)
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are
supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn.
details about each cranial nerve may be found elsewhere in this chart
anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the

leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from
swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in
"foot drop"
deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the

pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic
sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical
sympathetic ganglion)
deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe
that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are
synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from
the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior
interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not
become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br.
has been given off
the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from

the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m.
(V3)
the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit
(nail bed)
the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
dorsal branch of the ulnar n. emerges at the level of the ulnar styloid
process (Latin, ulna = elbow)
the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
the terminal branch of the pudendal n.

the terminal branch of the pudendal n.
a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (Latin, ramus
= a branch)
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the

denticulate ligament
a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the
vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of
the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons
dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m.
during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90

to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in
the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal
trunks (Latin, plexus = a braid)
anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior

ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes
anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through
the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity (Greek, ethomodial = sievelike)
posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior

ethmoid foramen (Greek, ethomodial = sieve-like)
there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external
carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion

also known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; exits the posterior cranial
fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus, goes through the
facial canal; motor to muscles of facial expression exits the skull at
the stylomastoid foramen
passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral a.
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"
anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the

leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from
swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in
"foot drop"
nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
the most superior linear structure within the orbit
sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include:

celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal
trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia
minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic
terminal ganglia
also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion,
aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior
mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal
trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse
there
terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia;
also known as: Meissner's plexus
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax &

abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers
are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies
are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels
T1-L2
a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the

abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal
trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing (Greek,
celiac = belly)
a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral
side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and
sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic
root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a.
a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the
vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of
the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons
a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to
a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the
greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial
canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin
of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small,
indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one
a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the

mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the
foramen ovale
a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of

the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the
pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n.
synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal
n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in
the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)

a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian
ganglion
a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII
a sympathetic ganglion; stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of

the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk
a parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended

from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland

of the superior mesenteric a.

a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the
greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial
canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone (Latin,
geniculate
=geniohyoid
to bend) m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a
nerve to the
short distance in the superior neck
genitofemoral n. lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major in the
abdomen; the genital br. passes through the deep inguinal ring and
inguinal canal; brushing the thigh elicits an elevation of the testis via
the cremasteric reflex
also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; the glossopharyngeal n. exits
the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the jugular foramen;it
may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.
inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior

to the piriformis m.
superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen
superior to the piriformis m.
gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal
nerves at all vertebral levels (Latin, ramus = a branch)
the great auricular n. crosses the superficial surface of the

sternocleidomastoid m.
muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the

embryo
greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and
foramen
greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the

pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic
parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where
they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater
petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone
greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the

respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac
ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they
innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth
muscle of the organs supplied
paired; hypogastric n. lies inferior to the common iliac vessels; it

contains postganglionic sympathetic axons
inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the
pelvic wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric

plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; the hypoglossal n. exits the
posterior cranial fossa by passing through the hypoglossal canal; the
superior root of the ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. for
a short distance
iliohypogastric n. receives a contribution from T12 in approximately

50% of cases
ilioinguinal n. courses through the inguinal canal and superficial
inguinal ring
inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental

n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen
inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior

to the piriformis m.
inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n.,

the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
emerges at the lateral intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m.

inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers;

pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near
gut wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
parasympathetic root carries GVE (preganglionic parasympathetic

axons) to the ciliary ganglion - short ciliary nn. carry the
postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion to the
eyeball
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n.
infraorbital n.passes through the infraorbital groove, canal and

foramen
infratrochlear n. passes inferior to the trochlea of the superior oblique

m. (Latin, trochlea = a pulley)
intercostal n.travels below the posterior intercostal a. in the costal

groove
intercostobrachial n. communicates with the medial brachial

cutaneous nerve
pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder
intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric

plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and
superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry
vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta
between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. (Latin, plexus = a
braid)
internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the
sypathetic trunk

courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane

(Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial
and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve
as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial (Latin, inter =
between + os = bone)
communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n.
communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral

cutaneous n.
lacrimal n. carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the
zygomaticotemporal br. of the maxillary n. that originate in the
pterygopalatine ganglion (Latin, lacrima = a tear)
inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n.,
the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right

subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the
aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br.
supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid
m.
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of
the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.
lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral

intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the
continuation of the musculocutaneous n.
lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior

to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia
lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of
the foot
contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands,

arrector pili mm. and blood vessels
least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it

synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus
lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus

lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser
palatine foramen
lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic
axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal
n.
lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the
respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion
supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and
suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland
lingual n. is joined by the chorda tympani (taste and preganglionic

parasympathetic) from the facial n. in the infratemporal fossa; the
submandibular ganglion hangs from the lingual nerve in the
paralingual space
these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion
located on the superficial surface of the serratus anterior m.; lesion of
this nerve causes scapular winging, hence the saying "C5, 6, & 7 keep
the wings from heaven"
subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs.
lateral rotation of the humerus)
lumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses
and do not give branches directly to muscles or skin
lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves

that supply the abdominal wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar

splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac,
superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric)
also known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses (Latin, inter = between + os
= bone)
the lumbosacral trunk is not considered to be part of the lumbar

plexus
also known as: V3; passes through the foramen ovale to exit the
middle cranial fossa; the otic ganglion is associated with the medial
side of V3 below the foramen ovale; the auriculotemporal n. carries
postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the parotid gland; the
submandibular ganglion is associated withe the lingual n. near the
submandibular gland; postganglionic parasympathetics from the
submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular gland and the
sublingual gland
branches of the facial nerve innervate muscles derived from the

mesenchyme of the second pharygeal arch
masseteric n. passes over the mandibular notch to reach the deep

surface of the masseter m.
also known as: V2; maxillary division of the trigeminal n. passes
through the foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa; the
pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with it in the pterygopalatine
fossa; postganglionic parasympathetic fibers distribute with branches
of the maxillary division to mucous glands of the nasal cavity and
palate; the zygomatic n. & its brs. carry postganglionic
parasympathetic axons to the orbit to reach the lacrimal n. and
lacrimal gland
medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for
part of its course
communicates with the intercostobrachial n.
medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior
to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m.
medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole
of the foot
unites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n.
the median n. is motor to the flexor muscles of the forearm (except

flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial 1/2 of the flexor digitorum
profundus),the muscles of the thenar compartment and the lateral 2
lumbricals
mental n. passes through the mental foramen



superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic

parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons (Latin,
plexus = a braid)
also called the thoracodorsal n.
middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length
musculocutaneous n. passes through the coracobrachialis m.
minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic

terminal ganglia
parasympathetic terminal ganglia are located here; also known as:

Auerbach's plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
n. to mylohyoid arises near the lingula of the mandible; course within

the mylohyoid groove of the mandible
the distribution of this nerve is indicated by its name - nasociliary
nasopalatine n. innervates the mucosa overlying the primary palate

(development); it passes through two openings in bone:
sphenopalatine foramen and incisive canal
nervus intermedius occupies an intermediate position between the

motor root of VII and cranial n. VIII when they enter the internal
acoustic meatus
nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the
ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
obturator n. passes through the obturator canal

embryo
lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus
embryo
also known as: CN III; oculomotor n. passes through the superior
orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa
contains: preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. bound for

pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; postganglionic
sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. which will pass through the
pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing
also known as: CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass
through the cribriform plate to exit the anterior cranial fossa and
synapse in the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal
from the bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain
also known as: V1; the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. passes
through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa;
the lacrimal n. receives postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the
lacrimal gland from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the zygomatic n.
also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial nerve; the course of the optic nerve
is: through the optic canal to the optic chiasma, then the optic tract to
the lateral geniculate body and optic radiation
a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the
mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the
foramen ovale
greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and

foramen
lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser
palatine foramen
(nail bed)
lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior

to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia
medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior
to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m.
parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic
axons
perforating cutaneous n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament
perineal n.branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of

the urogenital diaphragm
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular

deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the
pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic
sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical
sympathetic ganglion)
greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the

pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic
parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where
they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater
petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone
lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic

axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal
n.
the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the
mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch (Latin, plexus = a braid)
phrenic n. crosses the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m.

(Greek, phrenic = diaphragm)
lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of

the foot
medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole

of the foot
axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the
brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each
branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels
cardiac plexus is continuous with the coronary and pulmonary

plexuses; thoracic visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper
thoracic spinal cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left
upper limb in the T1 and T2 dermatomes (Latin, plexus = a braid)
close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in

pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder (Latin,
plexus = a braid)
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the

coccygeal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90
to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in
the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal
trunks (Latin, plexus = a braid)


intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric

plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and
superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry
vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta
between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. (Latin, plexus = a
braid)
lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves

that supply the abdominal wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses (Latin, plexus = a braid)
parasympathetic terminal ganglia are located here; also known as:

Auerbach's plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the
mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and

vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in
communication with each other (Latin, plexus = a braid)
pulmonary plexus is located along the pulmonary vessels and primary

bronchi in the root of the lung (Latin, plexus = a braid)
rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male,

uterovaginal plexus in the female (Latin, plexus = a braid)
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and

preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of
vagal origin) (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the
"lumbosacral plexus" (Latin, plexus = a braid)


plexus = a braid)
the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior

hypogastric plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses

in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them (Latin, plexus = a
braid)
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral

epicondyle of the humerus
emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle
posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior
ethmoid foramen (Latin, ethmoidal = sieve -like)
there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial
and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve
as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial (Latin, inter =
between + os = bone)
communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral
cutaneous n. (Latin, labial = lips)
posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the
posterior femoral cutaneous n.
posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the
small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla
also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion,
aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior
mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal
trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse
there
(nail bed)
the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and

vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in
communication with each other (Latin, plexus = a braid)
a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of

the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the
pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n.
synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal
n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in
the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
pudendal n. passes through the pudendal canal formed by fascia on

the medial surface of the obturator internus m.
pulmonary plexus is located along the pulmonary vessels and primary

bronchi in the root of the lung (Latin, plexus = a braid)
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator

internus tendon
all of the muscles on the posterior side of the arm and forearm are
innervated by the radial n.
deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe
that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are
synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from
the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior
interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not
become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br.
has been given off
superficial radial n. is located deep to the brachioradialis muscle
gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal

nerves at all vertebral levels (Latin, ramus = a branch)
white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal

nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic
axons (Latin, ramus = a branch)
= a branch)
= a branch)
rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male,

uterovaginal plexus in the female (Latin, plexus = a braid)
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n.
right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right

subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the
aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br.
supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid
m.
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and

preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of
vagal origin) (Latin, plexus = a braid)
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the

denticulate ligament
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament;
at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels,
sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera
the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the
"lumbosacral plexus" (Latin, plexus = a braid)
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic

sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in
number
saphenous n. travels with the great saphenous v.; it does not pass
through the adductor hiatus at the knee; it passes anterior to the
medial malleolus at the ankle (Latin, saphenous = clearly visible)
sciatic n. is composed of tibial and common fibular divisions;
branches to muscles come from one of the two divisions, so that the
sciatic n. is considered to have no direct muscular brs., only 2
terminal brs.
anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the

superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the
genitofemoral
n. n. communicates with the perineal br. of the
posterior scrotal
posterior femoral cutaneous n.
a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian
ganglion
short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types
of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located
located at the intervertebral foramen; there are 31 pairs of spinal

nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII
greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the

respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac
ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they
innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth
muscle of the organs supplied
least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it

synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus
lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the

respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion
supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and
suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland
sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar

splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac,
superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric)
parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic

axons
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic

sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in
number
stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical
sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
(Latin, stellate = star shaped)
nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior

trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one
the subcostal n. is equivalent to a posterior intercostal n. found at
higher thoracic levels
a terminal parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is
suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the
submandibular gland
terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia;

also known as: Meissner's plexus
spinal nerve C1 has NO cutaneous distribution
subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs.

lateral rotation of the humerus)
also called the thoracodorsal n.
mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5

and C6
nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
superficial radial n. is located deep to the brachioradialis muscle
superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen

superior to the piriformis m.
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of
the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.
emerges at the posterior edge of the deltoid muscle


plexus = a braid)
supraorbital nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen (notch)
suprascapular n. passes through the suprascapular notch inferior to

the superior transverse scapular ligament
supratrochlear n. passes superior to the trochlea (pulley) of the

superior oblique m.
contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands,

arrector pili mm. and blood vessels
unites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n.
sural n. courses posterior to the lateral malleolus at the ankle with

the lesser saphenous v.
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax &

abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers
are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies
are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels
T1-L2
located parallel to the vertebral bodies in the neck; there are no white
rami communicantes at cervical levels
T1 is the highest spinal nerve to have a white ramus communicans

(Latin, ramus = a branch)

temporofacial division of the facial n. usually forms a loop by
communication anteriorly with the cervicofacial division
also called the middle subscapular n.
tibial n. is the larger of the two divisions of the sciatic n.
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors

in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common
carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation
nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface
the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from

the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m.
(V3)
nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a
short distance in the superior neck
nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the
ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator
internus tendon
nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior
trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one
transverse cervical n. penetrates the platysma m. but does not
innervate it
also known as: CN V, 5th cranial nerve; some brs. carry pre- or
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers; the trigeminal n. divides into
three divisions at the trigeminal ganglion; SVE supplies muscles of
1st pharyngeal arch origin
also known as: CN IV, 4th cranial nerve; the trochlear n. passes
through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; it
is the smallest cranial nerve and the only cranial nerve to arise from
dorsum of brainstem (Latin, trochlea = a pulley)
tympanic n. passes from the inferior ganglion of CN IX through the
tympanic canaliculus to reach the middle ear (Latin, tympanum = a
kettle drum)
ulnar n. is motor to most of the muscles of the hand (Latin, ulna =

elbow)
mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5

and C6
the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior
hypogastric plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; the vagus n. passes through
the jugular foramen to exit the posterior cranial fossa; (Latin, vagus =
wanderer, due to its wide distribution to the body cavities)
= a branch)
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament;

at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels,
sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera
vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses
in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them (Latin, plexus = a
braid)
vestibular n. is part of the vestibulocochlear n.

also known as: CN VIII, 8th cranial nerve; auditory nerve; passes into
the internal auditory meatus
white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal

nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic
axons (Latin, ramus = a branch)
zygomatic n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the

pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the
communicating br. of the zygomaticotemporal n. which joins the
lacrimal
n.)
zygomaticofacial
n. passes through the zygomaticofacial foramen
zygomaticotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the
communicating br. which joins the lacrimal n.)
Arteries of the Body - Listed Alphabetically

Artery
alveolar, anterior
superior
Source
infraorbital a.
Branches
dental brs., mucosal brs.
alveolar, inferior
maxillary a.
lingual br., mylohyoid a.,

dental brs., mental a.
alveolar, middle
superior
infraorbital a.
maxillary premolar teeth; part

of the maxillary sinus
alveolar, posterior maxillary a.

superior
maxillary molar teeth; part of

the maxillary sinus
angular
facial a.
no named branches
anterior cecal
ileocolic a.
orbicularis oculi m. and

lacrimal sac
cecum
anterior cerebral
occasionally the appendicular

a.
internal carotid a. anterior communicating a.,
medial frontobasal a., polar
frontal a., callosomarginal a.,
precuneal a.
unnamed muscular branches
Supply to
maxillary incisor and canine
teeth; part of the maxillary
sinus
mandibular teeth and gingiva;
mandible; mylohyoid m.
medial and inferior portions of

the frontal lobe; medial side of
the parietal lobe; corpus
callosum and part of the limbic
lobe; olfactory bulb and tract;
optic nerve, optic chiasm and
optic tract
deltoid m.; arm muscles near
the surgical neck of the
humerus
an anastomotic connection
anterior
circumflex
humeral
anterior
communicating
axillary a., 3rd

part
anterior deep
temporal
maxillary a.
no named branches
anterior
ethmoidal
ophthalmic a.
anterior inferior
cerebellar
basilar a.
anterior meningeal a., anterior anterior ethmoidal air cells,

septal br., anterior lateral
frontal paranasal sinus, dura
nasal br.
mater in the anterior cranial
fossa, nasal mucosa, olfactory
nerves
labyrinthine (usually)
pons (motor nucleus of cranial
anterior cerebral perforating aa.

a.
anterior inferior inferior

pancreatic brs., duodenal brs.
pancreaticoduode pancreaticoduode
nal
nal a.
anterior inferior inferior

nal
nal a.
anterior part of temporalis m.

and surrounding deep tissues
nerve V, chief sensory nucleus

of cranial nerve V, abducens
nucleus, facial nucleus,
superior salivatory nucleus);
cerebellum; inner ear
lower duodenum and head of
the pancreas
lower duodendum and head of

the pancreas
anterior
intercostal
internal thoracic
a. (upper 6
intercostal
spaces),
musculophrenic
a. (7-10th
intercostal
common
interosseous a.
anterior lateral
malleolar
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
lateral side of the ankle
anterior medial
malleolar
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
medial side of the ankle
they accompany the ventral

rootlets to reach the spinal
cord
meninges; spinal cord; spinal

nerve; ventral rootlets
pial arterial plexus
meninges; spinal cord;

medulla (dorsal motor nucleus
of cranial nerve X, nucleus
ambiguus, spinal accessory
nucleus and hypoglossal
nucleus)
maxillary incisor and canine

teeth; part of the maxillary
sinus
upper duodenum and head of
the pancreas
anterior
interosseous
anterior radicular they arise as

multiple branches
of several vessels
(vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
lumbar, and
anterior spinal
contributions
received from
several arteries
(vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
subcostal,
lumbar, lateral
anterior superior infraorbital a.
alveolar
intercostal muscles anteriorly;

skin overlying the intercostal
muscles
muscular brs.; a. of the median flexor pollicis longus m., flexor

nerve
digitorum profundus m.,
pronator quadratus m., radius,
ulna, carpal bones
anterior superior gastroduodenal a. pancreatic brs., duodenal brs.

pancreaticoduode
nal
anterior tibial
popliteal a.
anterior tibial recurrent a.,

posterior tibial recurrent a.,
anterior malleolar a., medial
malleolar a., lateral malleolar
a., dorsalis pedis a.
anterior leg; dorsum of foot

and deep foot
anterior tibial
recurrent
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
anterior side of the knee and

adjacent muscles
anterior tympanic maxillary a.
no named branches
middle ear
anterior ulnar
recurrent
unnamed muscular brs.
medial side of elbow and

proximal ends of forearm
flexor mm.
ulnar a.
aorta, abdominal
aorta, ascending
the continuation inferior phrenic aa. (2), celiac

of the descending trunk, middle suprarenal aa.
thoracic aorta
(2), lumbar aa. (4 pairs),
superior mesenteric a., renal
aa. (2), testicular/ovarian aa.
(2), inferior mesenteric a.,
median sacral a., common iliac
left ventricle of
left and right coronary aa.
the heart
abdominal wall;
gastrointestinal tract; body
below the level of the
respiratory diaphragm
heart, entire body
aorta, descending continuation of

thoracic
aortic arch
posterior intercostal aa. 3-11,

subcostal aa., left bronchial
aa. (2), esophageal aa. (~3),
mediastinal brs., superior
phrenic aa.
thoracic wall, lungs, posterior

mediastinum, body below the
aortic arch
the continuation
of the ascending
aorta
brachiocephalic trunk, left

common carotid a., left
subclavian a.
the entire body except the

heart
appendicular
posterior cecal,
anterior cecal or
ileocolic
no named branches
vermiform appendix
arch, aortic
the continuation
of the ascending
aorta
brachiocephalic trunk, left

common carotid a., left
subclavian a.
the entire body except the

heart
arch, deep palmar radial a., deep br. palmar metacarpal aa. (2ndof ulnar a.
4th), perforating brs.
deep palm, digits including the

dorsum of the distal
phalangeal segment
arch, dorsal
radial a., ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.
dorsum of the hand and digits,
carpal arterial
excluding the distal
phalangeal segment
arch, plantar
lateral plantar a. plantar metatarsal aa. (4)
deep foot; its plantar
arterial
metatarsal brs. and their brs.
supply the toes, including the
segment
arch, superficial ulnar a.,
common palmar digital aa. (3) phalangeal
superficial palm,
palmar
palmar
superficial
surface of the digits excluding
palmar br. of the
thumb, dorsum of the distal
radial a.
phalangeal segments of digits
2-5
arcuate, of foot
dorsalis pedis a. dorsal metatarsal aa. (3)
dorsum of the foot, excluding
the pollex and the distal
phalangeal segments of the
digits
arcuate, of kidney interlobar a.
interlobular aa.
renal cortex
artery of the
ductus deferens
umbilical a.; may no named branches

be a branch of
the superior or
inferior vesical a.
ductus deferens, seminal

vesical; possibly supplies the
ureter
artery to the
atrioventricular
node
right coronary a. no named branches

near the point
where it becomes
the posterior
interventricular
a.
atrioventricular node and the

surrounding myocardium
ascending aorta
left ventricle of
the heart
heart, entire body
ascending
cervical
inferior thyroid a. unnamed muscular branches
deep muscles of the neck
ascending
palatine
facial a.
no named branches
superior pharyngeal
constrictor, soft palate,
palatine tonsil
ascending
pharyngeal
external carotid
a.
pharynx, meninges
atrioventricular
nodal
pharyngeal brs., inferior

tympanic a., posterior
meningeal a.
no named branches
auricular, deep
right coronary a.
near the point
where it becomes
the posterior
interventricular
a.
maxillary a.
no named branches
auricular,
posterior
external carotid
a.
axillary
subclavian a.
(axillary a. is the
continuation of
the subclavian
lateral to the 1st
rib)
Artery
basilar
Source
Branches
formed by the
pontine brs., anterior inferior
joining of the two cerebellar a., superior
vertebral aa.
cerebellar a., two posterior
cerebral aa. (terminal brs.)
brachial
axillary a.
(brachial a. is the
continuation of
the axillary a.
distal to the teres
major m.)
artery to the
sinuatrial node
left and right coronary aa.
sinuatrial node and the


external auditory meatus,

tympanic membrane
stylomastoid br., auricular br., part of the external ear, scalp
occipital br.
and deeper structures
posterior to the ear
1st part: superior thoracic a.; pectoral region, shoulder
2nd part: thoracoacromial a., region and upper limb
lateral thoracic a.; 3rd part:
anterior humeral circumflex a.,
posterior humeral circumflex
a., subscapular a.
deep brachial a., superior

ulnar collateral a., nutrient a.,
inferior ulnar collateral a.;
terminal branches are the
radial a. and the ulnar a.
Supply to
oculomotor nucleus; nucleus of
Edinger-Westphal; cerebellum;
posterior cerebrum
arm, forearm and hand
brachial, deep
brachial a.
ascending br.; terminal

branches are the middle
collateral a. and radial
collateral a.
brachiocephalic
trunk
aortic arch
bronchial, left
descending
thoracic aorta
3rd right
posterior
intercostal
maxillary a.
right common carotid a., right right side of the head and
subclavian a.
neck; right upper limb and
right side of the chest wall
right bronchial a.
lower trachea, bronchial tree
(occasionally)
no named branches
lower trachea, bronchial tree
bronchial, right
buccal
no named branches
muscles and tissues of the

posterior compartment of the
arm
cheek and associated muscles
of bulb of penis
internal pudendal no named branches

a.
bulb of the penis and

associated tissues
of bulb of
vestibule

a.
bulb of the vestibule and

associated tissues
Artery
Source
Branches
caroticotympanic internal carotid a. no named branches
Supply to
tympanic cavity
carotid, common
brachiocephalic
trunk (right),
aortic arch (left)
external carotid a., internal

carotid a.
most of the head and upper

neck
carotid, external
common carotid
a.
superior thyroid a., ascending upper neck, face and scalp

pharyngeal a., lingual a., facial
a., occipital a., posterior
auricular a., maxillary a.,
superficial temporal a.
carotid, internal
common carotid
a.
none in the neck; in the head: brain; eye and orbit; forehead
ophthalmic a., posterior
communicating a., anterior
cerebral a., middle cerebral a.
carpal arterial
arch, dorsal
radial a., ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.
caudal pancreatic splenic a.
numerous small aa. that

supply the pancreas
cecal, anterior
may give off the appendicular

a.
ileocolic a.

phalangeal segment
tail of the pancreas
anterior surface of the cecum
cecal, posterior
celiac trunk
central, of retina
ileocolic a.
may give off the appendicular

a.
abdominal aorta left gastric a., splenic a.,
at the level of the common hepatic a.
T12-L1
intervertebral
disc
ophthalmic a.
superior nasal br., inferior
posterior surface of the cecum

stomach, lower esophagus,
liver, upper duodenum,
pancreas, spleen
retina
nasal br., superior temporal

br., inferior temporal br.
cerebellar,
anterior inferior
basilar a.
labyrinthine a. (usually)
cerebellar,
vertebral a.
posterior inferior
posterior spinal a.
cerebellar,
superior
no named branches
basilar a.
nucleus
cerebral, anterior internal carotid a. anterior communicating a.,

medial frontobasal a., polar
frontal a., callosomarginal a.,
precuneal a.
cerebral arterial
circle
an anastomotic
circle of blood
vessels formed by
portions of the
following vessels:
posterior cerebral
aa. (2); posterior
communicating
aa. (2); internal
carotid aa. (2);
anterior cerebral
aa. (2); anterior
communicating a.
cerebral, middle
internal carotid a. lateral frontobasal a.;

prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral
sulcal a.; central sulcal a.;
anterior parietal a.; posterior
parietal a.; anterior, middle
and posterior temporal aa.
basilar a.
posterior cerebral a.; anterior
and posterior temporal brs.;
medial occipital a.
cerebral,
posterior
cervical,
ascending

cerebellum; inner ear
part of cerebellum; medulla
(cochlear nucleus, vestibular
nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus
ambiguus)
upper cerebellum; trochlear
this is an anastomotic loop;

major named vessels connect
here, but there are no named
branches of the arterial circle
inferior thyroid a. unnamed muscular branches
medial and inferior portions of

the frontal lobe; medial side of
the parietal lobe; corpus
callosum and part of the limbic
lobe; olfactory bulb and tract;
optic nerve, optic chiasm and
optic tract
brain and midbrain
frontal, parietal and temporal

lobes, especially on their
lateral surfaces
part of the brainstem

(oculomotor nucleus, nucleus
of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear
nucleus); medial and inferior
portions of the temporal lobe;
occipital lobe
deep muscles of the neck
cervical, deep
costocervical
trunk
deep muscles of the posterior

neck
cervical,
transverse
thyrocervical
trunk
unnamed muscular branches, trapezius muscle and

possibly the dorsal scapular a. surrounding tissues
choroidal
internal carotid a. no named branches
ciliary, anterior
muscular brs. of no named branches

the ophthalmic a.
ciliary, posterior
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
eyeball
circumflex
left coronary a.
circumflex
femoral, lateral
deep femoral a.
marginal br., possibly

posterior artery of the left
ventricle br., transverse br.,
ascending
descending br.
posterior surface of the left

ventricle
lateral thigh and hip
circumflex
femoral, medial
deep femoral a.
ascending br., descending br.
circumflex fibular anterior tibial
proximal portion of lateral leg
circumflex
axillary a., 3rd
humeral, anterior part
circumflex
humeral,
posterior
axillary a., 3rd

part

humerus
deltoid; arm muscles near the
surgical neck of the humerus
circumflex iliac,
deep
external iliac a.
iliacus muscle and the lower

abdominal wall
circumflex iliac,
superficial
femoral a.
superficial fascia of lower

abdomen and thigh
circumflex
scapular
subscapular a.
teres major m., teres minor m.,

infraspinatus m.
choroid plexus; optic nerve,

optic chiasm and optic tract
anterior part of eyeball
clitoris, deep a. of internal pudendal no named branches

a.
corpus cavernosum of the

clitoris
clitoris, dorsal a.
of

a.
superficial structures of the

clitoris
colic, left
inferior
mesenteric a.
descending colon
colic, middle
superior
mesenteric
right br., left br.
colic, right
superior
mesenteric (or br.
of)
collateral, inferior brachial a.
ulnar
collateral, middle deep brachial a. unnamed muscular branches
transverse colon
ascending colon
lower medial arm
collateral, radial
deep brachial a.
medial head of triceps,

anconeus
lower lateral arm
collateral,
superior ulnar
brachial a.
medial arm muscles
common carotid
brachiocephalic
trunk (right),
aortic arch (left)
external carotid a., internal

carotid a.
most of the head and upper

neck
common hepatic
celiac trunk
gastroduodenal a., proper

hepatic a.
common iliac
abdominal aorta
external iliac a., internal iliac

a.
liver, upper part of the

duodenum, part of the
pancreas, part of the stomach
pelvis, lower limb
common
interosseous
ulnar a.
anterior interosseous a.,

posterior interosseous a.
common palmar
digital
superficial
proper palmar digital aa. (2)
palmar arterial
arch
anterior cerebral perforating aa.
a.
palmar aspect two adjacent

digits
communicating,
posterior
internal carotid a. perforating aa.
coronary, left
ascending aorta
anterior interventricular a.,

circumflex a.
left ventricle, left atrium,

anterosuperior 2/3 of the
interventricular septum
coronary, right
ascending aorta
sinuatrial nodal a., right

marginal a., posterior
interventricular a.,
atrioventricular nodal a.
right ventricle, right atrium,

inferior 1/3 of the
communicating,
anterior
deep structures of the forearm
costocervical
trunk
subclavian a., 2nd deep cervical a., highest

part
intercostal a.

neck; posterior ends of the
first 2 intercostal spaces
cremasteric
inferior epigastric no named branches

a.
cremaster m., coverings of the

spermatic cord
cricothyroid
superior thyroid
a.
cricothyroid m., inferior

pharyngeal constrictor m.
cystic
no named branches
right hepatic a.
(or superior
mesenteric a.,
proper hepatic a.,
left hepatic a.,
gastroduodenal
gall bladder
Artery
deep brachial
Source
brachial a.
Branches
ascending br.; terminal
branches are the middle
collateral a. and radial
collateral a.
Supply to
muscles and tissues of the
arm
deep cervical
costocervical
trunk

neck
deep external
pudendal
femoral a.
deep femoral
femoral a.
medial circumflex femoral a.,

lateral circumflex femoral a.,
perforating aa. (3 or 4)
origins of pectineus m.,

adductor longus m.;
scrotum/labium majus
hip joint, proximal thigh,
posterior thigh
deep lingual
lingual a.
no named branches
no named branches
deep palmar arch radial a., deep br. palmar metacarpal aa. (2ndof ulnar a.
deep plantar
dorsalis pedis
plantar metatarsal aa. (4)
deep, of clitoris

a.
anterior tongue
deep palm, digits including the
phalangeal segment
phalangeal
segmentof the
corpus cavernosum
clitoris
deep, of penis

a.

penis
descending
genicular
femoral a.
saphenous br., articular brs.
descending
palatine
maxillary a.
greater palatine a., lesser

palatine a.
skin and superficial structures

of the medial aspect of the
knee and upper leg
palate
digital, common
palmar
digital, proper
palmar
digital, proper
plantar
dorsal carpal
arterial arch
superficial
palmar arterial
arch
common palmar
digital a.

digits
no named branches
palmar aspect of each digit
plantar
no named branches
metatarsal a.,
from the plantar
arterial
radial a.,arch
ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.
dorsal digital, of
foot
dorsal metatarsal no named branches

a.
dorsal digital, of
hand
dorsal metacarpal no named branches

a.
dorsal lingual
lingual a.
no named branches
dorsal metacarpal 1st: radial a.; 2-4: dorsal digital aa. (2)
dorsal carpal
arterial arch
dorsal metatarsal dorsalis pedis
dorsal digital aa. (2)
(1st), arcuate
(2nd-4th)
dorsal nasal
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
dorsal pancreatic splenic a.
right br., left br.
plantar aspect of each digit

phalangeal segment
dorsal aspect of 1/2 digit,
phalangeal segment
dorsal aspect of 1/2 digit,
phalangeal segment
posterior tongue, palatine
tonsil, soft palate
dorsum of 2 adjacent digits,
phalangeal segment
dorsum of digits, excluding the
distal phalangeal segment
dorsum of the nose
neck of the pancreas
dorsal scapular
subclavian a., 3rd unnamed muscular branches

part

rhomboideus major m.,
rhomboideus minor m.
dorsal, of clitoris

a.
superficial tissues of the

clitoris
dorsal, of penis

a.
superficial tissues of the penis
dorsalis pedis
anterior tibial a.
dorsal aspect of the foot;
ductus deferens,
artery of
umbilical a.; may no named branches

be a branch of
the superior or
inferior vesical a.
Artery
Source
lateral tarsal a., medial tarsal

a., arcuate a., 1st dorsal
metatarsal a., deep plantar a.
Branches
ductus deferens, seminal

vesical; possibly supplies the
ureter
Supply to
epigastric,
inferior
external iliac a.
cremasteric a.
epigastric,
superficial
femoral a.
cutaneous brs.
epigastric,
superior
internal thoracic
a.
no named branches
upper rectus abdominis m.,

esophageal
descending
thoracic aorta;
left gastric a.
no named branches
lower 2/3rds of the thoracic

esophagus
ethmoidal,
anterior
ophthalmic a.
ethmoidal,
posterior
ophthalmic a.
anterior meningeal a., anterior anterior ethmoidal air cells,

septal br., anterior lateral
frontal paranasal sinus, dura
nasal br.
mater in the anterior cranial
fossa, nasal mucosa, olfactory
nerves
no named branches
posterior ethmoidal air cells;
external carotid
common carotid
superior thyroid a., ascending upper neck, face and scalp

pharyngeal a., lingual a., facial
a., occipital a., posterior
auricular a., maxillary a.,
superficial temporal a.
external iliac
common iliac a.
inferior epigastric a., deep

circumflex iliac a., femoral a.
lower limb
external
pudendal, deep
femoral a.
external
pudendal,
superficial
femoral a.
no named branches

adductor longus m.;
skin and superficial fascia of
the upper medial thigh, skin of
the pubic region
Source
external carotid
a.
Branches
Supply to
ascending palatine a., tonsilar lower part of the palatine
br., submental a., superior
tonsil, submandibular gland,
labial a., inferior labial a.,
facial muscles and fascia
lateral nasal a., angular a.
Artery
facial
lower rectus abdominis m.,

pyramidalis m., lower
abdominal wall
superficial fascia and skin of
the lower abdominal wall
olfactory nerves
facial, transverse superficial

temporal a.
no named branches
parotid gland, masseter m.,

facial muscles and skin
femoral
external iliac a.
thigh, leg and foot
femoral, deep
femoral a.
superficial epigastric a.,

superficial circumflex iliac a.,
superficial external pudendal
a., deep external pudendal a.,
deep femoral a., descending
genicular a., popliteal a.
medial circumflex femoral a.,
lateral circumflex femoral a.,
perforating aa. (3 or 4)
femoral, lateral
circumflex
deep femoral a.
ascending br., transverse br.,

descending br.
lateral thigh and hip
femoral, medial
circumflex
deep femoral a.
fibular
posterior tibial a. nutrient br., lateral malleolar

a., communicating br.,
perforating br.
muscles and fascia of the

lateral leg ankle
Artery
gastric, left
Source
celiac a.
Supply to
superior part of the stomach
near the lesser curvature
gastric, right
proper hepatic a. no named branches
inferior part of the stomach

gastric, short
splenic a.
no named branches
fundus and upper part of the

stomach near the greater
curvature
gastro-omental,
left
splenic a.
gastric brs., omental brs.
mid-part of the stomach near

the greater curvature; greater
omentum
gastro-omental,
right
gastroduodenal a. gastric brs., omental brs.
lower part of the pyloric

region of the stomach, right
part of greater curvature of
the stomach, greater omentum
gastroduodenal
common hepatic
a.
upper duodenum, upper part

of the head of the pancreas;
greater curvature of the
stomach on the right
genicular,
descending
femoral a.
Branches
esophageal brs.
supraduodenal aa.,
retroduodenal aa., posterior
superior pancreaticoduodenal
a., anterior superior
pancreaticoduodenal a., right
gastro-omental a.
saphenous br., articular brs.
hip joint, proximal thigh,

posterior thigh
skin and superficial structures

of the medial aspect of the
knee and upper leg
genicular, inferior popliteal a.

lateral
no named branches
lateral aspect of the knee
genicular, inferior popliteal a.

medial
no named branches
medial aspect of the knee
genicular, middle popliteal a.
no named branches
cruciate ligaments and deep

structures of the knee
genicular,
superior lateral
popliteal a.
no named branches
lateral aspect of knee
genicular,
superior medial
popliteal a.
no named branches
medial aspect of knee
gluteal, inferior
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
gluteus maximus m., hip joint
gluteal, superior
internal iliac,
superficial br., deep br.
posterior division
great anterior
radicular
the spinal br. of

the lower
posterior
intercostal a.,
subcostal a., or
upper lumbar a.,
usually on left
descending
palatine a.
no named branches
no named branches
hard palate, palatine glands,

palatine mucosa
Artery
hepatic, common
Source
celiac trunk
Branches
gastroduodenal a., proper
hepatic a.
hepatic, left
proper hepatic a. segmental aa.
Supply to
liver, upper parts of the
duodenum, upper part of the
pancreas, right side of the
stomach
left lobe of the liver, quadrate
lobe of the liver, part of the
caudate lobe of the liver
greater palatine
gluteus maximus m., gluteus

medius m., gluteus minimus
m., hip joint
lower spinal cord
hepatic, proper
common hepatic
a.
right gastric, right & left

hepatic
hepatic, right
proper hepatic a. cystic a., segmental aa.
highest
intercostal
costocervical
trunk
posterior intercostal aa. for

intercostal spaces 1-2
liver, lesser curvature of the

stomach
right lobe of the liver, part of
the caudate lobe of the liver
intercostal muscles of
intercostal spaces 1 and 2,
vertebral column, deep back
muscles
humerus
humeral, anterior axillary a., 3rd

circumflex
part
humeral,
posterior
circumflex
axillary a., 3rd

part
Artery
ileocolic
Source
superior
mesenteric a.
Supply to
cecum, appendix, terminal
portion of the ileum
iliac, common
abdominal aorta
Branches
colic br., anterior cecal br.,
posterior cecal br.,
appendicular a., ileal br.
external iliac a., internal iliac
a.
iliac, external
common iliac a.
inferior epigastric a., deep

circumflex iliac a., femoral a.
lower limb
iliac, internal
common iliac a.
iliolumbar
inferior alveolar
pelvis, lower limb
anterior division gives rise to pelvic viscera, gluteal region,

the : umbilical a., obturator a., hip, medial thigh
uterine a., vaginal a., inferior
vesical a., middle rectal a.,
internal pudendal a., inferior
gluteal a.; posterior division
gives rise to the: iliolumbar a.,
lateral sacral a., superior
gluteal a.
internal iliac a.,
iliac br., lumbar br.
iliacus m., psoas major m.,
posterior division
quadratus lumborum m.
maxillary a.
lingual br., mylohyoid a.,

dental brs., mental a.
mandibular teeth and gingiva;

mandible; mylohyoid m.
inferior epigastric external iliac a.
cremasteric a.
inferior gluteal
lower rectus abdominis m.,

pyramidalis m., lower
abdominal wall
gluteus maximus m., hip joint
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
inferior labial
facial a.
no named branches
inferior laryngeal inferior thyroid a. no named branches
skin, muscles, fasciae and

mucosa of the lower lip
inferior lateral
genicular
popliteal a.
no named branches
internal part of the inferior

larynx
lateral aspect of the knee
inferior medial
genicular
popliteal a.
no named branches
medial aspect of the knee
inferior
mesenteric
abdominal aorta left colic a., sigmoid aa.(2-3),

at the level of the superior rectal a.
L3 vertebral body
dorsal pancreatic, no named branches
left br.
inferior
pancreatic
splenic flexure, descending

colon, sigmoid colon, superior
part of rectum
lower part of the body of the
pancreas
inferior
superior
pancreaticoduode mesenteric a.
nal
anterior inferior
pancreaticoduodenal a.,
posterior inferior
pancreaticoduodenal a.
lower duodenum, head of the

pancreas
inferior phrenic
abdominal aorta
superior suprarenal aa.
diaphragm, suprarenal gland
inferior rectal

a.
anus, ischioanal fossa
inferior
suprarenal
renal a.
numerous unnamed branches
inferior aspect of the

suprarenal gland
inferior thyroid
thyrocervical
trunk
inferior ulnar
collateral
inferior vesical
brachial a.
ascending cervical a., inferior

laryngeal a., esophageal brs.,
tracheal brs., glandular brs.
thyroid gland, lower larynx,

upper trachea, upper
esophagus, deep neck muscles
lower medial arm
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
or it may arise
from the middle
rectal
a. a.
maxillary
no named branches
lower part of the urinary

bladder, prostate/vagina
anterior superior alveolar a.,

middle superior alveolar a.
internal thoracic
a. (upper 6
intercostal
spaces),
musculophrenic
a. (7-10th
intercostal
maxillary sinus, maxillary

incisors, canine and premolar
teeth, skin of the cheek below
the orbit, mucosa over the
maxillary alveolar arch and the
adjacent cheek
intercostal muscles anteriorly;
skin overlying the intercostal
muscles
infraorbital
intercostal,
anterior
intercostal,
highest
costocervical
trunk
posterior intercostal aa. for

intercostal,
posterior
highest
intercostal (upper
2 intercostal
spaces),
descending
thoracic aorta
(3rd-11th
common carotid
a.
posterior br., spinal br.,

anterior br., collateral br.,
internal carotid
internal iliac
intercostal muscles of
intercostal spaces 1 and 2,
vertebral column, deep back
muscles
intercostal
muscles, spinal
cord and vertebral column,
deep back muscles, skin and
superficial fascia overlying the
intercostal spaces
none in the neck; in the head: brain; eye and orbit; forehead
ophthalmic a., posterior
communicating a., anterior
cerebral a., middle cerebral a.
common iliac a.
anterior division gives rise to

the : umbilical a., obturator a.,
uterine a., vaginal a., inferior
vesical a., middle rectal a.,
internal pudendal a., inferior
gluteal a.; posterior division
gives rise to the: iliolumbar a.,
lateral sacral a., superior
gluteal a.
internal pudendal internal iliac a.,
inferior rectal a., perineal a.,
anterior division artery of the bulb of the
clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep
clitoral/penile a., dorsal
a.
internal thoracic subclavian a. (1st clitoral/penile
pericardiocophrenic
a.,
part)
perforating brs., anterior
intercostal aa., mediastinal
brs., thymic brs.,
musculophrenic a., superior
epigastric a.
interosseous
posterior
recurrent
interosseous a.
pelvic viscera, gluteal region,

hip, medial thigh
anus, muscles of the

superficial and deep perineal
spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior
aspect of the scrotum/labium
majus
mediastinum, anterior thoracic
wall, anterior abdominal wall,
anconeus m., elbow joint
interosseous,
anterior
common
interosseous a.
muscular brs.; a. of the median flexor pollicis longus m., flexor

nerve
digitorum profundus m.,
pronator quadratus m., radius,
ulna, carpal bones
interosseous,
common
ulnar a.
anterior interosseous a.,

deep structures of the forearm
interosseous,
posterior
common
interosseous a.
interosseous recurrent
intestinal
superior
mesenteric a.
arterial arches
muscles of the posterior

(extensor) forearm
compartment: supinator m.,
abductor pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis brevis m.,
extensor indicis m.
jejunum, ileum
Artery
Source
Branches
Supply to
labial, inferior
facial a.
no named branches

mucosa of the lower lip
labial, posterior
perineal a.
no named branches
labial, superior
facial a.
septal br.
labyrinthine
anterior inferior
cerebellar a. (or
basilar a.)
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
posterior aspect of the labium

majus
mucosa of the upper lip, lower
part of the anterior end of the
nasal
septum
internal
ear
lacrimal
lateral palpebral aa. (2)
laryngeal, inferior inferior thyroid a. no named branches

laryngeal,
superior
superior thyroid
a.
no named branches
lacrimal gland, lateral sides of

the eyelids
internal part of the inferior
larynx
internal aspect of the superior
larynx
lateral mammary lateral thoracic a. no named branches
lateral side of the mammary

gland
lateral nasal
facial a.
no named branches
lateral side of the nose
lateral palpebral
lacrimal a.
superior br., inferior br.
lateral sides of the upper and

lower eyelids
lateral plantar
posterior tibial a. proper plantar digital a. to

lateral side of 5th digit
deep foot; the plantar arterial

arch and its brs. supply the
toes, including the distal
phalangeal segment dorsally
lateral sacral
internal iliac a.,

spinal brs.
posterior division
sacrum, sacral nerve rootlets,

meninges, adjacent muscles
lateral tarsal
dorsalis pedis a.
no named branches
lateral thoracic
axillary, 2nd part
left bronchial
descending
thoracic aorta
inferior
mesenteric a.
right bronchial a.
(occasionally)
tarsal bones and joints of the

lateral foot
serratus anterior m., parts of
adjacent muscles, skin and
fascia of the anterolateral
thoracic
wall bronchial tree
lower trachea,
left coronary
ascending aorta
anterior interventricular a.,

circumflex a.
left ventricle, left atrium,

anterosuperior 2/3 of the
left gastric
celiac a.
esophageal brs.
superior part of the stomach

left colic
descending colon
left gastroomental
splenic a.
gastric brs., omental brs.
mid-part of the stomach near

the greater curvature; greater
omentum
left hepatic
proper hepatic a. segmental aa.
left lobe of the liver, quadrate

lobe of the liver, part of the
caudate lobe of the liver
lesser palatine
descending
palatine a.
no named branches
lingual
external carotid
a.
suprahyoid br., dorsal lingual

brs., deep lingual a.,
sublingual a.
muscles of the soft palate,

mucosa and glands of the soft
palate, upper part of the tonsil
bed
tongue, suprahyoid muscles,
palatine tonsil
lingual, deep
lingual a.
no named branches
anterior tongue
lingual, dorsal
lingual a.
no named branches
lumbar
abdominal aorta
anterior br., posterior br.,

spinal br.
posterior tongue, palatine

tonsil, soft palate
psoas major m., psoas minor
m., quadratus lumborum m.,
spinal cord and vertebral
column, deep back muscles
Artery
malleolar,
anterior lateral
Source
anterior tibial a.
Branches
no named branches
Supply to
malleolar,
anterior medial
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
malleolar,
posterior lateral
fibular a.
calcaneal brs.
malleolar,
posterior medial
posterior tibial a. no named branches
mammary, lateral lateral thoracic a. no named branches
lateral side of the mammary

gland
mammary, medial perforating brs.

of the internal
thoracic a.
marginal
formed by
anastomoses of
branches of the
ileocolic a., right
colic a., middle
colic a., left colic
a., sigmoid a.
no named branches
medial side of the mammary

gland
colic brs.
colon
masseteric
maxillary a.
no named branches
masseter m.
maxillary
external carotid
a.
deep auricular a., anterior

tympanic a., middle meningeal
a., inferior alveolar a.,
masseteric a., posterior deep
temporal a., anterior deep
temporal a., buccal a.,
posterior superior alveolar a.,
infraorbital a., a. of the
pterygoid canal, descending
palatine a., sphenopalatine a.
no named branches
deep face, infratemporal fossa,

tympanic cavity, muscles of
mastication
medial aspects of the upper

and lower eyelids
medial mammary perforating brs.

of the internal
thoracic a.
medial palpebral ophthalmic a.
medial side of the mammary

gland
medial plantar
posterior tibial a. digital brs. (3)
medial side of the sole of the

foot
medial tarsal
dorsalis pedis a.
no named branches

medial side of the foot
median sacral
abdominal aorta
5th lumbar aa.
sacrum
meningeal,
middle
maxillary a.
frontal br., parietal br., petrous most of the dura mater

br., superior tympanic br.
(approx. 80%), bones of the
cranial vault
mental
inferior alveolar
a.
no named branches
skin, superficial fascia and

facial mm. of the chin and
lower lip
mesenteric,
inferior
abdominal aorta
at the level of the
L3 vertebral body
abdominal aorta
at the level of the
lower 1/3 of the
L1 vertebral body
left colic a., sigmoid aa.(2-3),

superior rectal a.
splenic flexure, descending

colon, sigmoid colon, superior
part of rectum
inferior part of the head of the
pancreas, distal duodenum,
jejunum, ileum, cecum,
appendix, ascending colon,
transverse
dorsum of 2colon
adjacent digits,
mesenteric,
superior
metacarpal,
dorsal
inferior pancreaticoduodenal
a., middle colic a., jejunal a.,
ileal a., right colic a., ileocolic
a.
1st: radial a.; 2-4: dorsal digital aa. (2)

dorsal carpal
arterial arch
deep palmar arch proper palmar digital aa.
metacarpal,
palmar
metatarsal, dorsal dorsalis pedis
(1st), arcuate
(2nd-4th)
dorsal digital aa. (2)

phalangeal segment
interosseous mm., deep hand
dorsum of digits, excluding the
metatarsal,
plantar
plantar arterial
arch
middle cerebral
internal carotid a. lateral frontobasal a.;

prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral
sulcal a.; central sulcal a.;
anterior parietal a.; posterior
parietal a.; anterior, middle
and posterior temporal aa.
superior
right br., left br.
mesenteric
frontal, parietal and temporal

lobes, especially on their
lateral surfaces
middle collateral
deep brachial a.
middle genicular
popliteal a.
no named branches
medial head of triceps,

anconeus
cruciate ligaments and deep
structures of the knee
middle colic
perforating br., plantar digital

aa. (2)
interosseous mm., deep

portions of the foot; digits
including the dorsum of the
transverse colon
middle meningeal maxillary a.
frontal br., parietal br., petrous most of the dura mater

br., superior tympanic br.
(approx. 80%), bones of the
cranial vault
middle rectal
internal iliac,
anterior division
no named branches
middle portion of the rectum
middle superior
alveolar
infraorbital a.
maxillary premolar teeth; part

of the maxillary sinus
middle suprarenal abdominal aorta
medial side of the suprarenal

gland
middle temporal
superficial
temporal a.
no named branches
temporalis m.
musculophrenic
internal thoracic
a.
anterior intercostal aa.
mylohyoid
inferior alveolar
a.
no named branches
anterior diaphragm, anterior

aspects of intercostal spaces 710 or 11
mylohyoid m.
Artery
nasal, dorsal
Source
ophthalmic a.
Branches
no named branches
Supply to
dorsum of the nose
nasal, lateral
facial a.
no named branches
lateral side of the nose
nodal,
atrioventricular

near the point
where it becomes
the posterior
interventricular
a.

nodal, sinuatrial
right coronary a.
no named branches

Artery
obturator
Source
internal iliac a.,
anterior division
Branches
pubic br., acetabular br.,
anterior br., posterior br.
Supply to
occipital
external carotid
a.
sternocleidomastoid brs.,
auricular br., mastoid br.,
descending br., occipital brs.
lateral neck, posterior neck,

posterior scalp
of bulb of penis

a.

associated tissues
of bulb of
vestibule

a.

associated tissues
ophthalmic
internal carotid a. central retinal a., lacrimal a.,

muscular brs., anterior
ethmoidal a., posterior
ethmoidal a., medial palpebral
a., supraorbital a.,
supratrochlear a., dorsal nasal
abdominal aorta tubal brs., uterine brs.
optic nerve, optic chiasm optic

tract, retina, extraocular mm.,
eyelids, forehead, ethmoidal
air cells, lateral nasal wall,
dorsum of the nose
Artery
palatine,
ascending
Source
facial a.
Branches
no named branches
Supply to
superior pharyngeal
constrictor, soft palate,
palatine tonsil
palatine,
descending
maxillary a.
greater palatine a., lesser

palatine a.
palate
palatine, greater
descending
palatine a.
no named branches
hard palate, palatine glands,

palatine mucosa
palatine, lesser
descending
palatine a.
no named branches
muscles of the soft palate,

mucosa and glands of the soft
palate, upper part of the tonsil
bed palm, digits including the
deep
phalangeal segment
ovarian
palmar arch, deep radial a., deep br. palmar metacarpal aa. (2ndof ulnar a.
ovary, uterine tube
palmar arch,
superficial
ulnar a.,
superficial
palmar br. of the
radial a.
palmar digital,
common
superficial
palmar arterial
arch
common palmar
digital a.
palmar digital,
proper
common palmar digital aa. (3) superficial palm, palmar

2-5
digits
no named branches
palmar
deep palmar arch proper palmar digital aa.
metacarpal
palpebral, lateral lacrimal a.
interosseous mm., deep hand
palpebral, medial ophthalmic a.
medial aspects of the upper

and lower eyelids
pancreatic,
caudal
numerous small aa. that

supply the pancreas
tail of the pancreas
right br., left br.
neck of the pancreas
splenic a.
pancreatic, dorsal splenic a.
lateral sides of the upper and

lower eyelids
pancreatic,
inferior
dorsal pancreatic, no named branches

left br.
lower part of the body of the

pancreas
pancreatic,
superior
splenic a.
no named branches
superior part of the body of

the pancreas
pancreatica
magna
splenic a.
numerous unnamed brs. within body of the pancreas

the pancreas
pancreaticoduode inferior
nal, anterior
pancreaticoduode
inferior
nal a.

the pancreas
pancreaticoduode gastroduodenal a. pancreatic brs., duodenal brs.

nal, anterior
superior

the pancreas
pancreaticoduode superior
nal, inferior
mesenteric a.
lower duodenum, head of the

pancreas
anterior inferior
pancreaticoduodenal a.,
posterior inferior
pancreaticoduode inferior
nal, posterior
pancreaticoduode
inferior
nal a.

the pancreas
pancreaticoduode gastroduodenal a. pancreatic brs., duodenal brs.

nal, posterior
superior

the pancreas
pectoral
thoracoacromial unnamed muscular branches

trunk
a.
pectoralis major m., pectoralis

minor m.
penis
penis, dorsal

a.
superficial tissues of the penis
penis, of bulb

a.

associated tissues
penis, deep
pericardiacophre internal thoracic pericardial br., sternal br.,

nic
a.
mediastinal br.
pericardial
pericardiacophre no named branches
nic a.
pericardial sac, pleura,

diaphragm
pericardial sac
perineal
internal pudendal posterior labial/scrotal; deep

a.
br.
pharyngeal,
ascending
external carotid
pharyngeal brs., inferior

tympanic, posterior meningeal

scrotum/labium majus;
muscles of the superficial
perineal
pharynx space
phrenic, inferior
abdominal aorta
superior suprarenal aa.
diaphragm, suprarenal gland
phrenic, superior descending

thoracic aorta (2
small brs.)
plantar arterial
lateral plantar a.
arch
no named branches
diaphragm
plantar
metatarsal
plantar arterial
arch
perforating br., plantar digital

aa. (2)

phalangeal
interosseoussegment
mm., deep
plantar, deep
dorsalis pedis
plantar, lateral
posterior tibial a. proper plantar digital a. to

lateral side of 5th digit
portions of the foot; digits

phalangeal
segment
deep foot; the
plantar arterial
arch and its brs. supply the
toes, including the distal
phalangeal segment dorsally
plantar, medial
posterior tibial a. digital brs. (3)
medial side of the sole of the

foot
popliteal
femoral a.
anterior tibial a., posterior

tibial a., 5 genicular brs.
knee, leg and foot
posterior
auricular
external carotid
a.
posterior cecal
ileocolic a.
stylomastoid br., auricular br., part of the external ear, scalp

occipital br.
and deeper structures
posterior to the ear
may give off the appendicular posterior surface of the cecum
a.
posterior cerebral a.; anterior part of the brainstem
and posterior temporal brs.;
(oculomotor nucleus, nucleus
medial occipital a.
of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear
nucleus); medial and inferior
portions of the temporal lobe;
occipital lobe
posterior cerebral basilar a.
posterior
circumflex
humeral
axillary a., 3rd

part
posterior
communicating
internal carotid a. perforating aa.
posterior deep
temporal
maxillary a.
no named branches

temporalis m.
posterior
ethmoidal
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
posterior ethmoidal air cells;

olfactory nerves
posterior spinal a.
part of cerebellum; medulla

(cochlear nucleus, vestibular
nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus
ambiguus)
posterior inferior vertebral a.

cerebellar
posterior inferior inferior

nal
nal a.
posterior
intercostal
the pancreas
posterior br., spinal br.,

anterior br., collateral br.,
intercostal muscles, spinal

cord and vertebral column,
deep back muscles, skin and
superficial fascia overlying the
intercostal spaces
posterior
interosseous
highest
intercostal (upper
2 intercostal
spaces),
descending
thoracic aorta
(3rd-11th
common
interosseous a.
interosseous recurrent
posterior labial
perineal a.
no named branches
muscles of the posterior

(extensor) forearm
compartment: supinator m.,
abductor pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis longus m.,
extensor pollicis brevis m.,
extensor indicis m.
posterior aspect of the labium
majus
posterior lateral
malleolar
fibular a.
posterior medial
malleolar
posterior tibial a. no named branches
posterior
radicular
they arise as
no named branches
multiple branches
of several vessels
(vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
lumbar, and
perineal a.
no named branches

nerve; dorsal rootlets
posterior scrotal
calcaneal brs.
posterior septal

scrotum
sphenopalatine a. no named branches

(several small
brs.)
posterior spinal
contributions
received from
several arteries
(posterior inferior
cerebellar,
vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
subcostal,
lumbar, lateral
posterior superior maxillary a.
alveolar
posterior aspect of the nasal

septum
posterior superior gastroduodenal a. pancreatic brs., duodenal brs.

pancreaticoduode
nal

the pancreas
spinal cord, especially the

dorsal columns; medulla
(nucleus cuneatus and nucleus
gracilis)
maxillary molar teeth; part of

the maxillary sinus
posterior tibial
popliteal a.
fibular a. (peroneal),
posterior and lateral leg,
circumflex fibular a., nutrient plantar aspect of the foot
a. of the tibia, communicating
br., posterior medial malleolar
brs., medial calcaneal brs.,
lateral plantar a., medial
plantar a.
posterior tibial
recurrent
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
posterior knee, popliteus m.
posterior ulnar
recurrent
ulnar a.
medial side of the elbow,

forearm flexor mm.
princeps pollicis
radial a.
two brs. to the thumb
palmar aspect of the thumb

proper hepatic
common hepatic
a.
right gastric, right & left

hepatic
liver, lesser curvature of the

stomach
proper palmar
digital
common palmar
digital a.
no named branches
proper plantar
digital
plantar
metatarsal a.,
from the plantar
arterial
femoral arch
a.
no named branches
plantar aspect of each digit
pudendal, deep
external

adductor longus m.;
inferior rectal a., perineal a.,
anus, muscles of the
artery of the bulb of the
superficial and deep perineal
clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior
clitoral/penile a., dorsal
aspect of the scrotum/labium
clitoral/penile
a.
majus
no named branches
pudendal,
internal
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
pudendal,
superficial
external
femoral a.
pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
Artery
quadrigeminal
Source
Branches
posterior cerebral no named branches
Supply to
trochlear nerve; corpora
quadrigemina
Artery
radial
Source
brachial a.
Branches
radial recurrent a., palmar
carpal br., superficial palmar
br., dorsal carpal br., 1st
dorsal metacarpal a., princeps
pollicis a., radialis indicis a.,
deep palmar arterial arch
Supply to
posterior elbow, posterior
forearm, posterior hand, deep
portion of palmar side of the
hand, thumb
radial collateral
deep brachial a.
lower lateral arm

the pubic region
right pulmonary a., left

pulmonary aa.
lungs
radial recurrent
radial a.
lateral side of the elbow and

adjacent extensor muscles
radialis indicis
radial a.
no named branches
lateral (radial) side of the

index finger
nerve; ventral rootlets
radicular, anterior they arise as

multiple branches
of several vessels
(vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
lumbar, and
radicular, great
the spinal br. of
anterior
the lower
posterior
intercostal a.,
subcostal a., or
upper lumbar a.,
usually on left
radicular,
they arise as
posterior
multiple branches
of several vessels
(vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
lumbar, and
rectal, inferior
internal pudendal
a.
they accompany the ventral

rootlets to reach the spinal
cord
rectal, middle
no named branches
lower spinal cord
no named branches

nerve; dorsal rootlets
no named branches
anus, ischioanal fossa
internal iliac,
anterior division
no named branches
middle portion of the rectum
rectal, superior
inferior
mesenteric a.
two unnamed branches
superior part of the rectum
recurrent,
anterior tibial
anterior tibial a.
no named branches

adjacent muscles
recurrent,
anterior ulnar
ulnar a.
recurrent,
interosseous
posterior
interosseous a.

flexor mm.
anconeus m., elbow joint
recurrent,
posterior tibial
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
recurrent,
posterior ulnar
ulnar a.

forearm flexor mm.
recurrent, radial
radial a.
renal
abdominal aorta
at the level of the
upper border of
the L2 vertebra
inferior suprarenal a., apical

kidney, upper ureter,
segmental a., anterior br:
suprarenal gland
superior anterior segmental a.,
middle anterior segmental a.,
inferior segmental a.; posterior
br.: posterior segmental a.
retroduodenal
gastroduodenal a. multiple unnamed brs.
right colic
superior
mesenteric (or br.
of)
ascending aorta sinuatrial nodal a., right
marginal a., posterior
interventricular a.,
nodal a.
proper hepatic a. atrioventricular
no named branches
right coronary
right gastric
lateral side of the elbow and

adjacent extensor muscles
posterior portion of the 1st

part of the duodenum
ascending colon
right ventricle, right atrium,

inferior 1/3 of the
inferior part of the stomach
right gastroomental
gastroduodenal a. gastric brs., omental brs.
lower part of the pyloric

region of the stomach, right
part of greater curvature of
the stomach, greater omentum
right hepatic
proper hepatic a. cystic a., segmental aa.
right lobe of the liver, part of

the caudate lobe of the liver
Artery
sacral, lateral
Source
Branches
internal iliac a.,
spinal brs.
posterior division
Supply to
sacrum, sacral nerve rootlets,
meninges, adjacent muscles
sacral, median
abdominal aorta
5th lumbar aa.
sacrum
scapular,
circumflex
subscapular a.
teres major m., teres minor m.,

infraspinatus m.
scapular, dorsal
subclavian a., 3rd unnamed muscular branches

part
scrotal, posterior perineal a.
septal, posterior
no named branches
sphenopalatine a. no named branches

(several small
brs.)

rhomboideus major m.,
rhomboideus minor m.

scrotum
posterior aspect of the nasal
septum
short gastric
splenic a.
no named branches
fundus and upper part of the

stomach near the greater
curvature
sigmoid
inferior
mesenteric a.
sigmoid colon
sinuatrial nodal
right coronary a.
no named branches

sphenopalatine
maxillary a.
posterior lateral nasal brs.,

posterior septal brs.
posterolateral nasal wall,

posteroinferior nasal septum,
hard palate behind the
maxillary incisor teeth
spinal, anterior
contributions
received from
several arteries
(vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
subcostal,
lumbar, lateral
contributions
received from
several arteries
(posterior inferior
cerebellar,
vertebral,
posterior
intercostal,
subcostal,
lumbar, lateral
celiac trunk
dorsal pancreatic a.,
pancreatic brs., pancreatica
magna a., caudal pancreatic
a., short gastric aa., left
gastro-omental
a., splenic brs.
posterior
no named branches
spinal, posterior
splenic
stylomastoid
auricular a.
meninges; spinal cord;

medulla (dorsal motor nucleus
nucleus)
spinal cord, especially the
dorsal columns; medulla
(nucleus cuneatus and nucleus
gracilis)
pancreas, spleen, greater

curvature of the stomach
tympanic cavity, mastoid air

cells
subclavian
brachiocephalic
a. (right), aortic
arch (left)
1st part: vertebral a.,

thyrocervical trunk, internal
thoracic a.; 2nd part:
costocervical trunk; 3rd part:
dorsal scapular a. (70%)
neck, brain, spinal cord,

thyroid gland, larynx,
shoulder, chest muscles, upper
limb
subcostal
descending
thoracic aorta
spinal br., collateral br., lateral vertebrae, spinal cord;

cutaneous br.
muscles, skin & fascia of the
sublingual
lingual a.
no named branches
mylohyoid m., sublingual

gland, floor of the mouth
submental
facial a.
no named branches
muscles, skin and fascia under

the chin; submandibular gland
subscapular
axillary a., 3rd

part
circumflex scapular a.,

thoracodorsal a.
subscapularis m., teres major

m., teres minor m.,
infraspinatus m.
superficial
epigastric
femoral a.
cutaneous brs.
superficial fascia and skin of

the lower abdominal wall
superficial
femoral a.
external pudendal
no named branches

the pubic region
superficial palmar ulnar a.,

arch
superficial
palmar br. of the
radial a.
common palmar digital aa. (3) superficial palm, palmar

2-5
transverse facial a.; anterior
scalp of the lateral side of the
superficial
temporal
external carotid
a.
superior
cerebellar
auricular brs.; zygomaticoorbital a.; middle temporal a.;

frontal br.; parietal br.
head; lateral face; temporalis

m.
basilar a.
no named branches
upper cerebellum; trochlear

nucleus
superior
epigastric
internal thoracic
a.
no named branches
upper rectus abdominis m.,

superior gluteal
internal iliac,
superficial br., deep br.
posterior division
superior labial
facial a.
septal br.
superior
laryngeal
superior thyroid
a.
no named branches
superior lateral
genicular
popliteal a.
no named branches
lateral aspect of knee
superior medial
genicular
popliteal a.
no named branches
medial aspect of knee
gluteus maximus m., gluteus

medius m., gluteus minimus
m., hip joint
mucosa of the upper lip, lower
part of the anterior end of the
nasal
septum
internal
aspect of the superior
larynx
superior
mesenteric
abdominal aorta
at the level of the
lower 1/3 of the
L1 vertebral body
a., middle colic a., jejunal a.,
ileal a., right colic a., ileocolic
a.
superior
pancreatic
splenic a.
no named branches
superior phrenic
descending
thoracic aorta (2
small brs.)
inferior
mesenteric a.
superior rectal
superior
suprarenal
inferior part of the head of the

pancreas, distal duodenum,
jejunum, ileum, cecum,
appendix, ascending colon,
transverse
colon
superior part
of the body of
the pancreas
no named branches
diaphragm
two unnamed branches
superior part of the rectum
inferior phrenic a. multiple small aa.
superior aspect of the

suprarenal gland
superior thoracic axillary a., 1st

part
muscles of intercostal spaces 1

and 2
superior thyroid
external carotid
a.
infrahyoid br.,
thyroid gland, upper part of
sternocleidomastoid br.,
the larynx, infrahyoid mm.,
cricothyroid br., glandular brs.
superior ulnar
collateral
brachial a.
medial arm muscles
superior vesical
umbilical a.
no named branches
superior aspect of the bladder
supraduodenal
gastroduodenal a. no named branches
superior portion of the 1st part

of the duodenum
supraorbital
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
suprarenal,
inferior
renal a.
muscles, skin and fascia of the

forehead
inferior aspect of the
suprarenal gland
suprarenal,
middle
abdominal aorta
suprarenal,
superior
inferior phrenic a. multiple small aa.
superior aspect of the

suprarenal gland
suprascapular
thyrocervical
trunk
muscular
supraspinatus & infraspinatus,

shoulder joint
supratrochlear
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
sural
popliteal a.
unnamed muscular aa.
muscles, skin and fascia of the

medial forehead
gastrocnemius m., soleus m.,
plantaris m.
medial side of the suprarenal

gland
Artery
tarsal, lateral
Source
dorsalis pedis a.
Branches
no named branches
tarsal, medial
dorsalis pedis a.
no named branches
temporal,
anterior deep
maxillary a.
no named branches
anterior part of temporalis m.

and surrounding deep tissues
temporal, middle
superficial
temporal a.
no named branches
temporalis m.
temporal,
posterior deep
maxillary a.
no named branches

temporalis m.
temporal,
superficial
external carotid
a.
transverse facial a.; anterior

auricular brs.; zygomaticoorbital a.; middle temporal a.;
frontal br.; parietal br.
scalp of the lateral side of the

head; lateral face; temporalis
m.
testicular
abdominal aorta
ureteric brs.
testis, epididymis, lower part

of the ductus deferens, ureter
near its midpoint
thoracic, internal subclavian a. (1st pericardiocophrenic a.,

part)
perforating brs., anterior
intercostal aa., mediastinal
brs., thymic brs.,
musculophrenic a., superior
epigastric a.
thoracic, lateral
axillary a., 2nd
part
Supply to
lateral foot
medial side of the foot
mediastinum, anterior thoracic

wall, anterior abdominal wall,
serratus anterior m., parts of

adjacent muscles, skin and
fascia of the anterolateral
thoracic
wall
muscles of
intercostal spaces 1
and 2
thoracic, superior axillary a., 1st

part
thoracoacromial
axillary a., 2nd

part
pectoral br., clavicular br.,

acromial br., deltoid br.
thoracodorsal
subscapular a.
thyrocervical
trunk
subclavian a., 1st inferior thyroid a., transverse

part
cervical a., suprascapular a.
lower neck, posterior shoulder,

thyroid gland
thyroid, inferior
thyrocervical
trunk
thyroid, superior
external carotid
a.
thyroid gland, lower larynx,

upper trachea, upper
esophagus, deep neck muscles
thyroid gland, upper part of
the larynx, infrahyoid mm.,
ascending cervical a., inferior

laryngeal a., esophageal brs.,
tracheal brs., glandular brs.
infrahyoid br.,
sternocleidomastoid br.,
cricothyroid br., glandular brs.
pectoralis major m., pectoralis

minor m., subclavius m.,
deltoid m., shoulder joint
latissimus dorsi m.
thyroidea ima
brachiocephalic
a. or aortic arch
no named branches
isthmus of the thyroid gland,

upper trachea
tibial recurrent,
anterior
anterior tibial a.
no named branches

adjacent muscles
tibial recurrent,
posterior
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
tibial, anterior
popliteal a.
anterior tibial recurrent a.,

posterior tibial recurrent a.,
anterior malleolar a., medial
malleolar a., lateral malleolar
a., dorsalis pedis a.
anterior leg; dorsum of foot

and deep foot
tibial, posterior
popliteal a.
fibular a. (peroneal),
posterior and lateral leg,
circumflex fibular a., nutrient plantar aspect of the foot
a. of the tibia, communicating
br., posterior medial malleolar
brs., medial calcaneal brs.,
lateral plantar a., medial
plantar a.
transverse
cervical
thyrocervical
trunk
unnamed muscular branches, trapezius muscle and

possibly the dorsal scapular a. surrounding tissues
transverse facial
superficial
temporal a.
no named branches
trunk,
brachiocephalic
aortic arch
trunk, celiac
trunk,
costocervical
parotid gland, masseter m.,

facial muscles and skin
right common carotid a., right right side of the head and
subclavian a.
neck; right upper limb and
right side of the chest wall
abdominal aorta left gastric a., splenic a.,
stomach, lower esophagus,
at the level of the common hepatic a.
liver, upper duodenum,
T12-L1
pancreas, spleen
intervertebral
disc
subclavian a., 2nd deep cervical a., highest
part
intercostal a.
neck; posterior ends of the

first 2 intercostal spaces
trunk, pulmonary right ventricle
right pulmonary a., left

pulmonary aa.
lungs
tympanic,
anterior
no named branches
middle ear
maxillary a.
trunk,
thyrocervical
subclavian a., 1st inferior thyroid a., transverse

part
cervical a., suprascapular a.
lower neck, posterior shoulder,

thyroid gland
Source
brachial a.
Branches
anterior ulnar recurrent a.,
posterior ulnar recurrent a.,
common interosseous a.,
palmar carpal br., dorsal
carpal br., deep palmar br.,
superficial palmar arterial
arch
Supply to
medial side of the anterior
forearm, posterior forearm,
superficial palm, fingers
ulnar collateral,
inferior
ulnar collateral,
superior
brachial a.
lower medial arm
brachial a.
medial arm muscles
ulnar recurrent,
anterior
ulnar a.
ulnar recurrent,
posterior
ulnar a.

flexor mm.
forearm flexor mm.
umbilical
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
superior vesical aa., a. of the

ductus deferens
urethral

a.
penile urethra
uterine
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
uterus, uterine tube
Artery
vaginal
Source
Branches
internal iliac a.,
anterior division;
occasionally it
arises from
uterine
a. a.(1st spinal brs., muscular brs.,
subclavian
part)
anterior spinal a., posterior
inferior cerebellar a.,
medullary brs., meningeal
brs., basilar a.
Artery
ulnar
vertebral
vesical, inferior
internal iliac a.,

anterior division
or it may arise
from the middle
rectal a.
tubal br., vaginal br.
no named branches
superior part of the bladder;

ductus deferens
Supply to
vagina
deep neck, cervical spinal

cord, spinal cord; medulla
(dorsal motor nucleus of
cranial nerve X, nucleus
lower part of the urinary
bladder, prostate/vagina
vesical, superior
umbilical a.
no named branches
vestibule, bulb of internal pudendal no named branches

a.
superior aspect of the bladder

associated tissues
betically
Notes
anterior superior alveolar a. is
located between the inner and
outer tables of bone of the
maxilla
inferior alveolar a. runs with
the inferior alveolar nerve
within the mandibular canal
middle superior alveolar a. is
maxilla
posterior superior alveolar a.
enters the maxilla in the
infratemporal fossa
angular a. is the terminal
anterior cecal a. supplies the
ileocecal junction
the anterior communicating a.
unites the two anterior
cerebral aa. across the midline
anterior circumflex humeral a.

anastomoses with the posterior
circumflex humeral a.
anterior communicating a. is a
short vessel of anastomosis
which crosses the midline to
join the paired anterior
cerebral aa.; it is part of the
Circle of Willis
anterior deep temporal a.
branches in the infratemporal
fossa and runs deep to
temporalis
m.
anterior
ethmoidal
a. leaves
the orbit through the anterior
ethmoidal foramen, then runs
forward on the cribriform plate
shares its region of supply with
branches of the basilar a.
anterior inferior
anastomoses with the anterior
a. to form the anterior
pancreatic arcade
anterior inferior
pancreatic arcade
there are two anterior

intercostal aa. per side per
intercostal space, one coursing
above and one coursing below
each rib
anterior interosseous a.
pierces the interosseous
membrane at its distal end to
reach the dorsal carpal
anastomosis
anterior lateral malleolar a.
lateral malleolar a. and the
perforating br. of the fibular a.
anterior medial malleolar a.
medial malleolar a.
anterior radicular aa.
anastomose with the anterior
spinal a.
anterior spinal a. anastomoses

with the anterior radicular brs.
of the spinal rami of the
vertebral, posterior
intercostal, subcostal, lumbar
and lateral sacral aa.
anterior superior alveolar a. is
maxilla
anterior superior
pancreatic arcade
anterior tibial a. becomes
continuous with the dorsalis
pedis a.; the name change
occurs at the level of the ankle
joint
anterior tibial recurrent a.
anastomoses with the
genicular aa. to participate in
the formation of the genicular
anastomosis
anterior tympanic a. passes
through the petrotympanic
fissure along with the chorda
tympani
n.
anterior ulnar
recurrent a.
often arises in common with
the posterior ulnar recurrent
a.
abdominal aorta passes

posterior to the diaphragm
(aortic hiatus) at the level of
the T12 vertebral body
ascending aorta is the shortest

part of the aorta; it continues
as the aortic arch
descending thoracic aorta
passes posterior to the
diaphragm (aortic hiatus) at
the level of the T12 vertebral
body; it is continuous with the
abdominal aorta
aortic arch continues as the
descending thoracic aorta; the
fibrous ligamentum arteriosum
connects to the inferior surface
of the aortic arch and it marks
the location of the fetal ductus
arteriosus aortic arch
continues as the descending
thoracic aorta
despite its variable origin,
appendicular artery is nearly
constant in its course posterior
to the terminal part of the
ileum
aortic arch continues as the
descending thoracic aorta; the
fibrous ligamentum arteriosum
connects to the inferior surface
of the aortic arch and it marks
the location of the fetal ductus
arteriosus aortic arch
continues as the descending
thoracic aorta
receives the majority of its
blood supply from the radial a.
dorsal carpal arterial arch
anastomoses with the deep
plantar br. of the dorsalis pedis
a.
superficial palmar arterial arch
blood supply from the ulnar a.
arcuate a. anastomoses with
the lateral tarsal a.
arcuate aa. of the kidney are
numerous
artery of the ductus deferens is
also known as: deferential a.
artery to the atrioventricular

node is located at the junction
of the coronary sulcus and the
posterior interventricular
sulcus
artery to the sinuatrial node is
important artery to locate
during cardiac surgical
procedures
ascending aorta is the shortest
part of the aorta; it continues
as the aortic arch
ascending cervical a. ascends
on the anterior surface of the
anterior scalene m. beside the
phrenic n. palatine a. shares
ascending
supply of the tonsil bed with 4
other aa. (see also: tonsillar br.
of the facial a., palatine br. of
the ascending pharyngeal a.,
tonsillar br. of the dorsal
lingual a., tonsillar br. of the
descending palatine a.)
ascending pharyngeal a. arises
from the medial side of the
external carotid a. close to the
birfurcation
sulcus
deep auricular a. is small and
difficult to dissect
posterior auricular and greater
occipital share their region of
distribution
pectoralis minor m. crosses
anterior to the axillary artery
and is used to delineate the 3
parts mentioned at left
Notes
basilar a. contributes blood to
the cerebral arterial circle
brachial a. normally
terminates at the level of the
elbow, but high branching may
occur
deep brachial a. spirals around

the shaft of the humerus in the
radial groove where it is
susceptible to injury in midshaft
there fractures
is only one
brachiocephalic trunk
there are usually two left
bronchial aa.
right bronchial a. may arise
from the left bronchial a.
buccal a. runs with the buccal
branch of CN V
artery of the bulb of the penis
courses within the deep
perineal space to enter the
deep surface of the bulb
vestibule courses within the
deep perineal space to enter
the deep surface of the bulb
Notes
caroticotympanic a. courses
through the petrous portion of
the temporal bone
common carotid a. bifurcates
at the level of the superior
border of the thyroid cartilage;
the internal carotid a. and the
external carotid a. are its
terminal brs.; the carotid sinus
and carotid body are located at
the bifurcation
external carotid a. is the
primary blood supply to the
face and superficial head; the
maxillary a. and superficial
temporal a. are its terminal
branches
internal carotid a. is the
brain; it anastomoses with the
vertebral aa. and the
contralateral internal carotid
a. in the cerebral arterial
circle (of Willis); anterior and
middle cerebral aa. are the
terminal brs. of the internal
caudal pancreatic a. enters the
tail of the pancreas near the
hilum of the spleen; it may
arise from the left gastroomental
anterior a.
cecal a. supplies the
ileocecal junction
posterior cecal a. supplies the

ileocecal junction
celiac trunk supplies the
foregut derivatives
central a. of the retina is the

sole blood supply to the retina;
it has no significant collateral
circulation and blockage of
this vessel leads to blindness;
its branches are viewed in a
funduscopic exam
anterior inferior cerebella a.
branches of the basilar a.
posterior inferior cerebellar a.

the vertebral a. and anterior
spinal a. (watershed region)
there may be more than one
superior cerebellar a. arising
from the basilar a. on each
side
the anterior communicating a.
unites the two anterior
cerebral aa. across the midline
also known as: arterial circle

of Willis
the middle cerebral a. is the

direct continuation of the
internal carotid a.
the two posterior cerebral aa.

are the terminal brs. of the
basilar a.
ascending cervical a. ascends

on the anterior surface of the
anterior scalene m. beside the
phrenic n.
deep cervical a. anastomoses

with the occipital a. near the
occipital bone
transverse cervical a. gives
rise to the dorsal scapular a.
~30% of the time
choroidal a. follows the optic
tract
anterior ciliary aa. course deep
to the conjunctiva to reach the
region surrounding the iris
posterior ciliary aa. may be
classified as short (supplying
the posterior eyeball) and lone
(supplying the anterior
eyeball); short and long
posterior ciliary aa. are
identical in their size and
course external to the eyeball
circumflex a. courses in the
atrioventricular (coronary)
sulcus
lateral circumflex femoral a.
arises from the femoral a. in
~14% of cases
medial circumflex femoral a.
~20% of cases
arises from the tibial a. before
the tibial a. pierces the
interosseous membrane
posterior circumflex humeral
a. anastomoses with the
anterior circumflex humeral a.;
it passes through the
quadrangular space with the
axillary nerve
deep circumflex iliac a.
courses along the iliac crest on
the inner surface of the
abdominal
superficial wall
circumflex iliac a.
crosses the upper thigh
parallel to the inguinal
ligament
suprascapular a. and the
dorsal scapular a. to form the
scapular
deep a. ofanastomosis
the clitoris and
dorsal a. of the clitoris are the
pudendal
a. the clitoris and
dorsal a. of
deep a. of the clitoris are the
pudendal
a.anastomoses with
left colic a.
the middle colic a and the
sigmoid a.to form part of the
marginal a.
middle colic a. anastomoses

with the right colic a. and the
left colic a. to form part of the
marginal
right
colica.a. anastomoses with
the ileocolic a. and the middle
colic a. to form part of the
marginal
a. with the anterior
anastomoses
ulnar recurrent a.
interosseous recurrent a.
travels with the radial nerve;
anastomoses with the radial
recurrent a.
travels with the ulnar nerve;
anastomoses with posterior
ulnar recurrent a.
common carotid a. bifurcates
at the level of the superior
border of the thyroid cartilage;
the internal carotid a. and the
external carotid a. are its
terminal brs.; the carotid sinus
and carotid body are located at
the bifurcation
common hepatic a. is one of
three brs. of the celiac trunk
(see also: left gastric a.,
splenic
a.) aorta bifurcates at
abdominal
the level of the L4 vertebral
body to form the right and left
common iliac aa.; the common
iliac artery bifurcates anterior
to the sacroiliac articulation
into its terminal brs. (external
iliac a. and internal iliac a.)
common interosseous a.
supplies the deep forearm
flexor and deep forearm
extensor palmar
musclesdigital aa.
common
anastomose with palmar
metacarpal aa.
anterior communicating a. is a
short vessel of anastomosis
which crosses the midline to
join the paired anterior
cerebral aa.; it is part of the
Circle of Willis
a vessel of anastomosis which
connects the internal carotid a.
to the posterior cerebral a.;
part of the cerebral arterial
circle
(of Willis)
left coronary
a. arises superior
to the left cusp of the aortic
semilunar valve; during its
short course, it is located in
the coronary sulcus; the
anterior interventricular a. and
the circumflex a. are its
right coronary a. usually
provides the posterior
interventricular a.; it courses
within the coronary sulcus
costocervical trunk is located

between the anterior scalene
m. and the middle scalene m.;
it arches posteriorly over the
cervical parietal pleura
cremasteric a. is one of the
contents of the spermatic cord;
it anastomoses with the
testicular artery distally
cricothyroid a. travels with the
external br. of the superior
laryngeal n.
cystic a. arises from the right
hepatic a. in ~72% of cases;
other possible origins are
noted at left and are clinically
relevant during gall bladder
surgery
Notes
deep brachial a. spirals around
the shaft of the humerus in the
radial groove where it is
susceptible to injury in midshaft
fracturesa. anastomoses
deep cervical
with the occipital a. near the
occipital bone
deep external pudendal a. may
arise from the medial
circumflex femoral a.
deep femoral a. is the primary
blood supply to muscles of the
thigh
deep lingual a. is the terminal
br. of the lingual a.
anastomoses with lateral
plantar a. to form the plantar
arterial arch; the branches
mentioned at left arise from
the
plantar
arterial
arch
deep
a. of the
clitoris
and
dorsal a. of the clitoris are the
pudendal
deep
a. of a.
the penis and dorsal
a. of the penis are the terminal
brs. of the internal pudendal a.
descending genicular a.
genicular brs. of the popliteal
a.
descending palatine a.
accompanies the greater
palatine n. within the palatine
canal
common palmar digital aa.

metacarpal aa.
proper palmar digital aa.
supply the dorsum of the distal
phalangeal segment and nail
bed
proper plantar digital aa.
bed
dorsal digital aa. do not supply
the nail bed
dorsal digital aa. do not supply
the nail bed
dorsal lingual a. is only one of
five arteries that supply the
tonsildorsal
bed metacarpal a.
each
gives off a perforating br. that
palmar
arterial
arch
each dorsal
metatarsal
a. gives
off a perforating br. that
anastomoses with the plantar
arterial
arch a. anastomoses
dorsal nasal
with the angular a.
right br.of the dorsal
pancreatic a. anastomoses
with the anterior superior
pancreaticoduodenal a. in the
prepancreatic
dorsal scapulararcade
a. anastomoses
with the suprascapular a. and
the subscapular a. to form the
scapular anastomosis; dorsal
scapular a is a branch of the
transverse cervical a. in ~30%
of cases
dorsal a. of the clitoris and
deep a. of the clitoris are the
pudendal
a. the penis and deep
dorsal
a. of
dorsalis pedis a. anastomoses
with the plantar arterial arch;
the anterior tibial artery
continues as the dorsalis pedis
- the name change occurs at
the level of the ankle
artery of the ductus deferens is
also known as: deferential a.
Notes
inferior epigastric a.
anastomoses with the superior
epigastric a. within the rectus
abdominis m.
superficial
epigastric a. is one
of three superficial arteries
that arise from the femoral a.
(see also: superficial
circumflex iliac a. and
superior epigastric a. is the
internal thoracic a.; it s
anastomoses with the inferior
abdominis m.
there are usually two
(sometimes 3) esophageal brs.
off of the aorta; the left gastric
a. gives esophageal brs. that
ascend to supply the
abdominal esophagus and
lowest part of the thoracic
esophagus; anastomoses occur
between the esophageal brs. of
the aorta and left gastric a.
anterior ethmoidal a. leaves
the orbit through the anterior
ethmoidal foramen, then runs
forward on the cribriform plate
posterior ethmoidal a. leaves
the orbit through the posterior
ethmoidal foramen
external carotid a. is the
face and superficial head; the
maxillary a. and superficial
temporal a. are its terminal
branches
external iliac a. is continuous
with the femoral a., the name
change occurs at the inguinal
ligament; the common iliac
artery bifurcates anterior to
the sacroiliac articulation
a. is one of three superficial
branches of the femoral a.
near the inguinal ligament (see
also: superficial circumflex
iliac a., superficial epigastric
a.)
Notes
the angular branch of the
facial a. anastomoses with the
ophthalmic a.
transverse facial a.
anastomoses with branches of
the buccal, infraorbital and
facial aa.a. is continuous with
femoral
the popliteal a., the name
change occurs at the adductor
hiatus
deep femoral a. is the primary
blood supply to muscles of the
thigh
lateral circumflex femoral a.
~14% of cases
medial circumflex femoral a.
~20% of cases
fibular a. anastomoses at the
ankle with the anterior and
posterior tibial aa.; also known
as: peroneal a.
Notes
left gastric a. anastomoses
with the right gastric a. on the
lesser curvature of the
stomach; it also anastomoses
with the esophageal brs. of the
thoracic aorta
right gastric a. anastomoses
with the left gastric a. on the
stomach
short gastric aa. reach the
stomach by passing through
the gastrosplenic ligament;
they are usually 4-5 in number
left gastro-omental a.
anastomoses with the right
gastro-omental a. near the
stomach; also known as: left
gastroepiploic a.
right gastro-omental a
anastomoses with the left
stomach; also known as: right
gastroepiploic a.
gastroduodenal a. supplies the
lowest portion of the foregut
and its derivatives
descending genicular a.
a.
inferior lateral genicular a.

anastomoses with the other
a., circumflex fibular a. and
anterior tibial recurrent a. to
form the genicular
anastomosis
inferior medial genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
middle genicular a.
form the genicular
superior lateral genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
superior medial genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
inferior gluteal a. participates
in the formation of the cruciate
anastomoses of the hip
superior gluteal a. participates
great anterior radicular a.
spinal a. at lower thoracic or
upper lumbar spinal cord
levels
greater palatine a.
palatine n., it is endangered by
anesthetic injections for dental
procedures
Notes
common hepatic a. supplies
some of the foregut derivatives
left hepatic a. supplies the
liver parenchyma and stroma;
an aberrant left hepatic a. may
arise from the left gastric a.
proper hepatic a. supplies the

foregut derivatives associated
with the liver bud
right hepatic a. supplies the
liver parenchyma and stroma
highest intercostal a. is also
known as: supreme intercostal
a.
axillary nerve
Notes
colic br. of the ileocolic a.
participates in the formation of
the marginal a.
abdominal aorta bifurcates at
the level of the L4 vertebral
body to form the right and left
common iliac aa.; the common
iliac artery bifurcates anterior
to the sacroiliac articulation
into its terminal brs. (external
iliac a. and internal iliac a.)
external iliac a. is continuous
with the femoral a., the name
change occurs at the inguinal
ligament; the common iliac
artery bifurcates anterior to
the sacroiliac articulation
common iliac artery bifurcates
anterior to the sacroiliac
articulation to form the
internal iliac a. and the
external iliac a.
lumbar br. of the iliolumbar a.

sends a small spinal br. into
the vertebral canal
inferior alveolar a. runs with
the inferior alveolar nerve
within the mandibular canal
inferior epigastric m.
epigastric m. within the rectus
abdominis
m. a. participates
inferior
gluteal
inferior labial a. shares its

region of distribution with
branches of the mental a.
inferior laryngeal a.
accompanies the inferior
laryngeal
n.
inferior lateral
genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
inferior medial genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
branches of the inferior
mesenteric a anastomose in
the marginal artery
inferior pancreatic a. may be
imbedded in the substance of
the gland
a. supplies both the anterior
and posterior surfaces of the
lower duodenum and lower
part of the head of the
pancreas
inferior phrenic a. is the first
abdominal branch of the aorta;
it may arise from the celiac
trunk
inferior rectal a. anastomoses
with the middle rectal a. and
the superior rectal a.
inferior suprarenal a. may
anastomose with the superior
suprarenal a.
inferior thyroid a. gives rise to
the ascending cervical a. as it
arches medially
ulnar recurrent a.
inferior vesical a. anastomoses
with the middle rectal a.
infraorbital a. is one of four

terminal branches of the
maxillary a. (see also:
descending palatine a.,
sphenopalatine a., posterior
superior alveolar a.)
there are two anterior
intercostal aa. per side per
intercostal space, one coursing
above and one coursing below
each rib
highest intercostal a. is also

known as: supreme intercostal
a.
posterior intercostal aa. supply
the lateral and posterior
portions of the intercostal
space; anterior intercostal aa.
supply the anterior portions of
the intercostal spaces
internal carotid a. is the
brain; it anastomoses with the
vertebral aa. and the
contralateral internal carotid
a. in the cerebral arterial
circle (of Willis); anterior and
middle cerebral aa. are the
common iliac artery bifurcates
anterior to the sacroiliac
articulation to form the
internal iliac a. and the
external iliac a.
internal pudendal a. is the

perineum
internal thoracic a. is also
known as: internal mammary
a.
anastomoses with the middle
collateral a.
anterior interosseous a.
pierces the interosseous
membrane at its distal end to
reach the dorsal carpal
anastomosis
common interosseous a.
supplies the deep forearm
flexor and deep forearm
extensor
posterior muscles
interosseous a.
passes proximal to the
interosseous membrane to
reach the extensor
compartment of the forearm
intestinal aa. are 12-15 in
number and are found in the
Notes
inferior labial a. shares its

region of distribution with
branches of the mental a.
posterior labial a. courses
through the superficial
perineal
superior space
labial a. supplies the
orbicularis oris m. and the
levator labii superioris m.
labyrinthine a. accompanies
cranial nerves VII and VIII
through the internal acoustic
meatus
lacrimal a. accompanies the
lacrimal n.
inferior laryngeal a.
accompanies the inferior
superior laryngeal a.
penetrates the thyrohyoid
membrane in company with
the internal br. of the superior
laryngeal
mammaryn.
gland is a
specialization of the skin and is
supplied by superficial
(cutaneous)
lateral nasalarteries
a. anastomoses
with the dorsal nasal a.
the 2 lateral palpebral aa.
anastomose with the two
medial palpebral aa. to form
the superior and inferior
palpebral
arches
lateral plantar
a. becomes
continuous with the plantar
arterial arch
there are usually 2 lateral
sacral aa. on each side, a
superior one and an inferior
one
lateral tarsal a. anastomoses
with the arcuate a.
lateral thoracic a. is a rare
case in that it enters the
serratus anterior from its
superficial
surfacetwo left
there are usually
bronchial aa.
left colic a. anastomoses with
the middle colic a and the
sigmoid a.to form part of the
marginal
a. a. arises superior
left coronary
to the left cusp of the aortic
semilunar valve; during its
short course, it is located in
the coronary sulcus; the
anterior interventricular a. and
the circumflex a. are its
left gastric a. anastomoses
with the right gastric a. on the
stomach; it also anastomoses
with the esophageal brs. of the
thoracic aorta
left gastro-omental a.
anastomoses with the right
stomach; also known as: left
gastroepiploic a.
left hepatic a. supplies the
liver parenchyma and stroma;
an aberrant left hepatic a. may
arise from the left gastric a.
lesser palatine a. is
endangered by anesthetic
injections for dental
procedures
lingual a. is the 2nd branch off
of the anterior side of the
external carotid a.; it may
arise in common with the
facial
a.
deep lingual
a. is the terminal
br. of the lingual a.
dorsal lingual a. is only one of
five arteries that supply the
tonsil
bed
the
4 lumbar
arteries on each
side arise from the posterior
surface of the aorta at the
level of vertebrae L1-L4; they
course posterior to the psoas
major m.
Notes
anterior lateral malleolar a.
lateral malleolar a. and the
perforating br. of the fibular a.
anterior medial malleolar a.
medial malleolar a.
posterior lateral malleolar a.
lateral malleolar a.
posterior medial malleolar a.
medial malleolar a.
mammary gland is a
(cutaneous)
arteries
mammary gland
is a
(cutaneous)
an importantarteries
anastomosis for
the large intestine
masseteric a. passes through

the mandibular notch to enter
the deep surface of the
masseter m.
maxillary
a. may course medial
or lateral to the lateral
pterygoid m.
mammary gland is a
(cutaneous)
the 2 medialarteries
palpebral aa.
lateral palpebral aa. to form
the superior & inferior
palpebral
arches
medial plantar
a. anastomoses
with the plantar metatarsal
aa., but does not usually
participate in formation of the
medial tarsal aa. are 2-3 in
number; they anastomose with
the medial malleolar aa.
median sacral a. appears to be
the continuation of the
abdominal aorta in the median
plane, although it is much
smaller
in size
middle meningeal
a. passes
through the foramen
spinosum; it may be torn by a
fracture at the pterion; it is
encircled by the
auriculotemporal n.
mental a.passes through the
mental foramen; it
labial a.; it accompanies the
mental
n. of the inferior
branches
mesenteric a anastomose in
the marginal artery
superior mesenteric a. supplies
the midgut derivatives; brs. of
the superior mesenteric a.
marginal
artery
each dorsal
metacarpal a.
gives off a perforating br. that
palmar
archaa. join
palmar arterial
metacarpal
with the common palmar
each dorsal metatarsal a. gives
off a perforating br. that
anastomoses with the plantar
arterial arch
plantar metatarsal
aa.anastomose with dorsal
metatarsal aa.
the middle cerebral a. is the
internal carotid a.
middle colic a. anastomoses

with the right colic a. and the
left colic a. to form part of the
marginal
a. with the
anastomoses
middle genicular a.
form the genicular
middle meningeal a. passes
through the foramen
spinosum; it may be torn by a
fracture at the pterion; it is
encircled by the
auriculotemporal n.
middle rectal a. anastomoses
with the inferior rectal a and
middle superior alveolar a. is
maxilla
middle suprarenal a.
suprarenal a. and the inferior
suprarenal
a.
middle temporal
a.
br. of the deep temporal a.
musculophrenic a. supplies
muscles that develop in the
septum transversum
mylohyoid a. accompanies the
mylohyoid n. to the mylohyoid
m.; a rare artery because it
enters the superficial surface
of its target muscle
Notes
dorsal nasal a. anastomoses
with the angular a.
lateral nasal a. anastomoses
with the dorsal nasal a.
sulcus
sinuatrial nodal a. is an
procedures
Notes
anterior and posterior brs.
pass on the anterior and
posterior sides of the adductor
brevis m.; aberrant obturator
a. arises from the inferior
epigastric a. in 30% of cases
occipital a. anastomoses with
the deep cervical a.; it courses
with the greater occipital
nerve on the posterior surface
of
the head
artery
of the bulb of the penis
ophthalmic a. provides the
only artery to the retina
(central retinal a.)
ovarian a. anastomoses with

the uterine a.
Notes
ascending palatine a. shares
supply of the tonsil bed with 4
other aa. (see also: tonsillar br.
of the facial a., palatine br. of
the ascending pharyngeal a.,
tonsillar br. of the dorsal
lingual a., tonsillar br. of the
descending palatine a.)
descending palatine a.
palatine n. within the palatine
canal
greater palatine a.
palatine n., it is endangered by
anesthetic injections for dental
procedures
lesser palatine a. is
endangered by anesthetic
injections for dental
procedures

common palmar digital aa.
metacarpal aa.
bed
palmar metacarpal aa. join
with the common palmar
the 2 lateral palpebral aa.
medial palpebral aa. to form
the superior and inferior
palpebral
arches
the 2 medial
palpebral aa.
lateral palpebral aa. to form
the superior & inferior
palpebral
arches a. enters the
caudal pancreatic
tail of the pancreas near the
hilum of the spleen; it may
arise from the left gastroomental
a. the dorsal
right br.of
pancreatic a. anastomoses
with the anterior superior
pancreaticoduodenal a. in the
prepancreatic
arcade
inferior pancreatic
a. may be
imbedded in the substance of
the gland
superior pancreatic aa. are
multiple small brs. arising
from the splenic a.
pancreatic magna is the
largest pancreatic branch to
arise from the splenic a.; it
enters the pancreas at the
junction of its middle 1/3 and
left 1/3
anterior inferior
pancreatic arcade
anterior superior
pancreatic arcade
a. supplies both the anterior
lower duodenum and lower
part of the head of the
pancreas
posterior inferior
a. to form the posterior
pancreatic arcade
posterior superior
pancreatic arcade
pectoral a. accompanies the
lateral pectoral n.
deep a. of the penis and dorsal
dorsal a. of the penis and deep
artery of the bulb of the penis
pericardiacophrenic a.
accompanies the phrenic n.
pericardial a. courses on the
external surface of the
pericardial sac
perineal a. courses superficial
to the superficial transverse
perineus m.; it courses with
the
perineal
n. medial side of
arises
from the
the external carotid a. close to
the birfurcation
inferior phrenic a. is the first
abdominal branch of the aorta;
it may arise from the celiac
trunk
superior phrenic a.
musculophrenic a. and the
pericardiacophrenic
plantar
arterial arch a.
plantar br. of the dorsalis pedis
a.
plantar metatarsal
aa.anastomose with dorsal
metatarsal aa.
anastomoses with lateral
plantar a. to form the plantar
arterial arch; the branches
mentioned at left arise from
the
plantar
arterial
arch
lateral
plantar
a. becomes
continuous with the plantar
arterial arch
medial plantar a. anastomoses

with the plantar metatarsal
aa., but does not usually
the popliteal a. is the
continuation of the femoral a.,
the name change occurs at the
adductor
posterior hiatus
auricular and greater
occipital share their region of
distribution
posterior cecal a. supplies the
ileocecal junction
the two posterior cerebral aa.
are the terminal brs. of the
basilar a.

axillary nerve
a vessel of anastomosis which
connects the internal carotid a.
to the posterior cerebral a.;
part of the cerebral arterial
circle
(of Willis)
posterior
deep temporal a.
temporalisethmoidal
m.
posterior
a. leaves
the orbit through the posterior
ethmoidal foramen
posterior inferior cerebellar a.
the vertebral a. and anterior
spinal a. (watershed region)
posterior inferior
pancreatic arcade
posterior intercostal aa. supply
the lateral and posterior
portions of the intercostal
space; anterior intercostal aa.
supply the anterior portions of
the intercostal spaces
passes proximal to the
interosseous membrane to
reach the extensor
compartment of the forearm
posterior labial a. courses
through the superficial
perineal space
posterior lateral malleolar a.

lateral malleolar a.
posterior medial malleolar a.
medial malleolar a.
posterior radicular aa.
accompany the dorsal rootlets;
they anastomose with the
posterior spinal aa.
posterior scrotal a. passes

superficial to the superficial
transverse perineus m.
posterior septal a. supplies the
mucous membrane of the nasal
septum
paired; posterior spinal aa.
anastomose with the posterior
radicular brs. of the spinal
rami of the vertebral, posterior
posterior superior alveolar a.

enters the maxilla in the
infratemporal fossa
posterior superior
pancreatic arcade
posterior tibial a. is the direct
continuation of the popliteal a.
inferior border of the popliteus
m. where the popliteal a.
bifurcates; the tibial a.
bifurcates on the medial side
of the foot to give rise to the
medial plantar a. and lateral
anastomosis
posterior ulnar recurrent a.
often arises from a common
trunk with the anterior ulnar
recurrent
a.
arteria princeps
pollicis is
similar in function to a proper
digital aa.; this artery has a
large pulse which can be felt
when attempting to take the
pulse of a patient - use fingers
to feel for the patient's pulse
proper hepatic a. supplies the

foregut derivatives associated
with the liver bud
bed
proper plantar digital aa.
bed
internal pudendal a. is the
perineum
a.)
the pulmonary trunk carries
deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the right and left
pulmonary aa.; each
pulmonary a. carries
deoxygenated blood to the
hilum of one lung; bronchial
aa. supply oxygenated blood to
the tissues of the lung as far
distally in the bronchial tree as
the respiratory bronchioles
Notes
blockage of the quadrigeminal
a. results in paralysis of the
superior oblique m. of the eye
Notes
radial a. provides the majority
of blood supply to the deep
palmar arterial arch; normally
it arises at the level of the
elbow but may high branching
of the brachial a. may result in
the radial a. arising as
proximal as the axilla
travels with the radial nerve;
recurrent a.
radial recurrent a.
collateral a.; it courses in the
groove between the
brachioradialis m. and the
brachialis m.
arteria radialis indicis is
equivalent to a proper digital
a.
anterior radicular aa.
anastomose with the anterior
spinal a.
great anterior radicular a.

spinal a. at lower thoracic or
upper lumbar spinal cord
levels
posterior radicular aa.
accompany the dorsal rootlets;
they anastomose with the
posterior spinal aa.
inferior rectal a. anastomoses

with the middle rectal a. and
middle rectal a. anastomoses
with the inferior rectal a and
superior rectal a. is the
continuation of the inferior
mesenteric a. after the sigmoid
brs. are given off; it
rectal a. and the inferior rectal
a.
anastomosis
anterior ulnar recurrent a.
a.
collateral a.
anastomosis
recurrent a.
radial recurrent a.
collateral a.; it courses in the
groove between the
brachioradialis m. and the
brachialis m.
the right renal a. is longer than
the left renal artery; the right
renal artery passes posterior
to the inferior vena cava
retroduodenal aa. arise as

multiple small brs.
right colic a. anastomoses with
the ileocolic a. and the middle
colic a. to form part of the
marginal
a.
right coronary
a. usually
provides the posterior
interventricular a.; it courses
within
the coronary
sulcus
right gastric
a. anastomoses
with the left gastric a. on the
stomach
right gastro-omental a
anastomoses with the left
stomach; also known as: right
gastroepiploic a.
right hepatic a. supplies the
liver parenchyma and stroma
Notes
there are usually 2 lateral
sacral aa. on each side, a
superior one and an inferior
one
median sacral a. appears to be
the continuation of the
abdominal aorta in the median
plane, although it is much
smaller
in size
circumflex
scapular a.
scapular
anastomosis
dorsal scapular
a. anastomoses
with the suprascapular a. and
the subscapular a. to form the
scapular anastomosis; dorsal
scapular a is a branch of the
transverse cervical a. in ~30%
of cases
posterior scrotal a. passes
superficial to the superficial
transverse perineus m.
posterior septal a. supplies the
mucous membrane of the nasal
septum
short gastric aa. reach the

stomach by passing through
the gastrosplenic ligament;
they are usually 4-5 in number
sigmoid aa. are 2-3 in number;
they anastomose with the left
colic a. to help form the
marginal
sinuatrial a.
nodal a. is an
procedures
sphenopalatine a. accompanies
the nasopalatine n.
the anterior spinal a.

paired; posterior spinal aa.
anastomose with the posterior
splenic a. courses through the

substance of the pancreas near
its superior border; splenic
artery is very tortuous
stylomastoid br. of the
posterior auricular a. passes
through the stylomastoid
foramen in company with the
facial
n.
subclavian
a. is continuous
with the axillary a., the name
change occurs at the lateral
border of the first rib; anterior
scalene muscle passes anterior
to the subclavian a., dividing it
into 3 parts
subcostal a. is equivalent to a
posterior intercostal a., but is
named subcostal because it
courses inferior to the 12th rib
sublingual a. is one of three
branches of the lingual a. (see
also: dorsal lingual a., deep
lingual
a.) a. supplies the
submental
submandibular gland and the
mylohyoid m. in addition to the
skin and superficial fascia
the circumflex scapular branch

of the subscapular
a.anastomoses with the
dorsal scapular a. in the
scapular anastomosis
superficial epigastric a. is one
of three superficial arteries
that arise from the femoral a.
(see also: superficial
circumflex iliac a. and
a.)
superficial temporal a. and
maxillary a. are the terminal
branches of the external
carotid a.
there may be more than one
superior cerebellar a. arising
from the basilar a. on each
side
superior epigastric a. is the
internal thoracic a.; it s
abdominis m.
superior gluteal a. participates
superior labial a. supplies the
orbicularis oris m. and the
levator labii superioris m.
superior laryngeal a.
penetrates the thyrohyoid
membrane in company with
the internal br. of the superior
laryngeal
n.
superior lateral
genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
superior medial genicular a.
form the genicular
anastomosis
superior mesenteric a. supplies

the midgut derivatives; brs. of
the superior mesenteric a.
marginal
artery
superior pancreatic
aa. are
multiple small brs. arising
from the splenic a.
superior phrenic a.
musculophrenic a. and the
pericardiacophrenic
a.
superior rectal a. is the
continuation of the inferior
mesenteric a. after the sigmoid
brs. are given off; it
rectal a. and the inferior rectal
a.
superior suprarenal aa. are
numerous small vessels that
enter the suprarenal gland
independently
superior thoracic a.
intercostal aa. for intercostal
spaces
1 thyroid
and 2 a. is usually
superior
the first branch of the external
carotid a.
ulnar recurrent a.
superior vesical aa.arise from
the umbilical a. proximal to
where its lumen becomes
obliterated
supraduodenal a. supplies
branches to both the anterior
duodenum
supraorbital a. accompanies
the supraorbital n.
inferior suprarenal a. may
anastomose with the superior
suprarenal a.
middle suprarenal a.
suprarenal a. and the inferior
suprarenal
a.
superior suprarenal
aa. are
numerous small vessels that
enter the suprarenal gland
independently
circumflex scapular a. and the
scapular anastomosis
supratrochlear a. accompanies
the supratrochlear n.
sural aa. are often confused
with the inferior genicular aa.
during dissection
Notes
lateral tarsal a. anastomoses
with the arcuate a.
medial tarsal aa. are 2-3 in
number; they anastomose with
the medial malleolar aa.
anterior deep temporal a.
temporalis
m.
middle temporal
a.
br. of the deep temporal a.
posterior deep temporal a.
temporalis
m.
superficial temporal
a. and
maxillary a. are the terminal
branches of the external
carotid a.
testicular a. is one of the
contents of the spermatic cord;
the origin of the testicular a.
from the aorta at the L2
vertebral level indicates the
embryonic level of origin of the
testis prior to its descent
internal thoracic a. is also
known as: internal mammary
a.
lateral thoracic a. is a rare

case in that it enters the
serratus anterior from its
superficial
surfacea.
superior thoracic
intercostal aa. for intercostal
spaces
1 and 2 trunk pierces
thoracoacromial
the costocoracoid membrane
thoracodorsal a. accompanies
the thoracodorsal n.
thyrocervical trunk does not
give rise to the ascending
cervical a.- it is a branch of the
inferior thyroid
thyroid a.
a. gives rise to
inferior
the ascending cervical a. as it
arches medially
superior thyroid a. is usually
the first branch of the external
carotid a.
thyroidea ima a. is present in

10% of individuals; it is
clinically significant because it
is a midline artery in the
region of tracheostomy; ima
means "lowest"
anastomosis
anastomosis
anterior tibial a. becomes
continuous with the dorsalis
pedis a.; the name change
occurs at the level of the ankle
joint
posterior tibial a. is the direct
continuation of the popliteal a.
inferior border of the popliteus
m. where the popliteal a.
bifurcates; the tibial a.
bifurcates on the medial side
of the foot to give rise to the
medial plantar a. and lateral
transverse cervical a. gives
rise to the dorsal scapular a.
~30% of the time
transverse facial a.
anastomoses with branches of
the buccal, infraorbital and
facial
aa.only one
there is
brachiocephalic trunk
celiac trunk supplies the
foregut derivatives
costocervical trunk is located

between the anterior scalene
m. and the middle scalene m.;
it arches posteriorly over the
cervical parietal pleura
the pulmonary trunk carries
deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the right and left
pulmonary aa.; each
pulmonary a. carries
deoxygenated blood to the
hilum of one lung; bronchial
aa. supply oxygenated blood to
the tissues of the lung as far
distally in the bronchial tree as
the respiratory bronchioles
anterior tympanic a. passes
through the petrotympanic
fissure along with the chorda
tympani n.
thyrocervical trunk does not

give rise to the ascending
cervical a.- it is a branch of the
inferior thyroid a.
Notes
ulnar a. supplies the majority
of blood to the superficial
palmar arterial arch; it
normally arises at the level of
the elbow, but high branching
of the brachial a. may cause
the ulnar a. to arise as far
proximally as the axilla
ulnar recurrent a.
ulnar recurrent a.
anterior ulnar recurrent a.
a.
recurrent
a. branches
distal
to the
described at left, the lumen of
the umbilical a. becomes
obliterated after birth and the
remnant of the vessel becomes
the medial umbilical ligament
urethral a. branches off of the
internal pudendal a. within the
deep perineal space
uterine a. anastomoses with
the ovarian a. and the vaginal
a.; it passes superior to the
ureter in the pelvis; remember
the saying "water under the
bridge"
Notes
anastomoses with the uterine
a.; participates in the
formation of the azygos
arteries along the lateral
surface
ofa.
the
vagina
vertebral
anastomoses
with
the internal carotid a. in the
cerebral arterial circle (of
Willis); it courses through the
transverse foramina of
vertebrae C1-C6
inferior vesical a. anastomoses
with the middle rectal a.
superior vesical aa.arise from

the umbilical a. proximal to
where its lumen becomes
obliterated
Veins of the Body - Listed Alphabetically

Vein
angular
antebrachial,
median
Tributaries
union of
supraorbital &
supratrochlear
superficial veins
of palm &
anterior forearm
auricular,
posterior
azygos
basilic
basilar plexus
brachiocephalic
cardiac, anterior
cardiac, great
cardiac, middle
cephalic
cerebral, great
median cubital or basilic
palm, anterior forearm
unites with post. div. of

retromandibular to form
external jugular
sup. vena cava
behind ear
union of
ascending lumbar
& subcostal; post.
intercostals 11-2
(rt. sup.
intercostal),
hemiazygos,
accessory
hemiazygos,
esophageal, rt.
bronchial
dorsal veins of
unites with brachial vs. to form
hand medially;
axillary vein
superficial
forearm vs.,
median
superiorcubital
&
internal vertebral plexus
inferior petrosal
left & right brachiocephalic
union of
unite to form sup. vena cava
subclavian &
internal jugular;
vertebral, thymic,
inferior thyroid,
internal thoracic,
1st post.
intercostal, left
sup. intercostal
right atrium
ventricular vs.,
unites with oblique v. of left
left marginal
atrium to form coronary sinus
ventricular vs.
coronary sinus
lateral & post.

abdominal/chest wall,
esophagus, bronchial tree
medial hand & forearm

superficially
cavernous sinus
head, neck, upper limb,
anterior chest wall
superior
ophthalmic v.,
middle cerebral
vs.,
sphenoparietal
sinus
dorsal veins of
hand laterally;
superficial vs. of
forearm
sup. & inf. petrosal sinuses
anterior surface of right

heart near anterior
interventricular sulcus
heart near posterior
interventricular sulcus
heart near inferior vena cava
& right coronary sulcus
orbit, brain
axillary
lateral hand & forearm
union of paired
internal
cerebrals; basal
vs.
unites with inferior sagittal

sinus to form straight sinus
deep portions of cerebrum
cardiac, small
cavernous
sinuses
Drains Into
Region Drained
unites with superior labial v. to forehead, nose
form facial
coronary sinus
cerebral, inferior
cerebral, superior
of clitoris, deep
dorsal
of clitoris,
superficial dorsal
confluens of
sup. sagittal
sinuses
sinus, straight
sinus, occipital
sinus
coronary sinus
union of great
cardiac v. &
oblique v. of left
atrium; middle
cardiac, small
cardiac
cubital, median
cephalic
cystic
diploic
veins of dipoe of
skull
dorsal venous
arch of foot
dorsal venous
arch of hand
emissary
dorsal digital vs.
gastric, left
gastric, right
gastro-omental,
left
gastro-omental,
right
hemiazygos
hemiazygos,
accessory
frontal & temporal lobes

inferiorly
superficial & deep external

pudendal vs.
transverse sinuses
clitoris superficially
rt. atrium
heart except anterior cardiac

vs. & venae cordis minimae
union of ant. div.

of
retromandibular
& facial
gastric & omental

brs.
gastric & omental
brs.
union of left
ascending lumbar
& subcostal vs.;
left post.
intercostal vs. 119 or 8,
esophageal vs.
left posterior
intercostal vs. 4-7
or 8, left
bronchial vs.,
esophageal vs.
cerebral cortex superiorly

erectile bodies of clitoris
brain
basilic (poss. median

hand & forearm superficially
directly into liver at bed of gall gall bladder
bladder
frontal diploic, ant. & post.
bones of cranial vault
temporal diploic, occipital
diploic are formed, draining to
nearby veins or dural sinuses
great saphenous medially,

small saphenous laterally
dorsal metacarpal cephalic laterally, basilic
vs.
medially
connect scalp vs. with dural
sinuses; 4 named emissary vs.:
parietal, mastoid, occipital &
condylar
esophageal
facial, common
superior sagittal sinus,

cavernous sinus, transverse
sinus, superior petrosal sinus
superior sagittal sinus
vesical plexus
dorsum of digits & foot

superficially
dorsum of digits & hand
superficially
azygos & hemiazygos vs.
esophagus
internal jugular
face & ant. scalp
portal
lesser curvature of stomach,

lower esophagus
portal
splenic
lesser curvature of stomach

greater curvature of stomach
& greater omentum
greater curvature of stomach
& greater omentum
lower posterolateral chest wall
on left side
superior mesenteric
azygos
azygos
middle posterolateral chest

wall on left side
hepatic, left
hepatic, middle
hepatic, right
intercostal,
posterior
intercostal,
superior
jugular, anterior
jugular, external
jugular, internal
lumbar,
mesenteric,
inferior
metacarpal,
metatarsal,
oblique, of left
atrium
occipital sinus
ophthalmic,
inferior
ophthalmic,
superior
ovarian
inferior vena cava
lateral segment & superior

portion of medial segment of
left lobe of liver
inferior vena cava
inferior portion of medial
segment of left lobe of liver, &
inf. part of ant. segment of
right
lobesegment & superior
inferior vena cava
posterior
portion of anterior segment of
right lobe of liver
spinal trib.,
1st: brachiocephalic; 2nd-4th: intercostal space & muscles &
posterior trib.,
superior intercostal; right 5th- adjacent ribs, spinal cord
collateral trib.,
11th: azygos; left 5th-7th or
segment & vertebra
lateral cutaneous 8th: accessory hemiazygos;
trib.
left 9th-11th: hemiazygos
2nd-4th posterior
intercostal
submental,
communicating
union of posterior
division of
retromandibular
& posterior
auricular; post.
external jugular,
transverse
cervical,
suprascapular,
anterior jugular
union of sigmoid
& inferior
petrosal sinus;
pharyngeal vs.,
lingual, common
facial,
sternocleidomast
oid, superior &
middle thyroid
lumbar vs. 1-4
superior rectal,
sigmoid vs., left
colic
dorsal digital
dorsal digital
right: arch of azygos; left: left

brachiocephalic
external jugular
subclavian
head & neck, shoulder
anterior neck superficially
brain & skull, face, viscera of

neck
right: azygos; left: hemiazygos post. abdominal wall

splenic (or superior
gut from splenic flexure
mesenteric)
distally
dorsal venous arch of hand
dorsal venous arch of foot
unites with great cardiac to
form coronary sinus
confluens of sinuses
digits of hand dorsally

digits of foot dorsally
left auricle & adjacent portion
of left atrium
cerebellum
superior ophthalmic
lower portion of orbit
nasofrontal, ant. cavernous sinus

& post. ethmoid,
ciliary vs., central
retinal, lacrimal,
inferior
ophthalmic
right: inferior vena cava; left:
left renal
eyeball, superior portion of

orbit, ethmoid sinuses
ovary & distal uterine tube,

ureter
pampiniform
plexus
becomes testicular vein deep

to deep inguinal ring
testis
pancreaticoduode
nal, posterior
superior
pancreaticoduode ant. & post.
nal, inferior
inferior
pancreaticoduode
pancreaticoduode nal
nal, anterior
paraumbilical
portal
posterior part of head of

pancreas & 1st & 2nd part of
duodenum posteriorly
lower part of duodenum &
head of pancreas
unites with right gastroomental to drain to superior

umbilical part of left branch of
portal vein
upper duodendum & head of

pancreas anteriorly
falciform ligament, round
ligament of liver
of penis, deep
dorsal
of penis,
superficial dorsal
petrosal sinus,
cavernous sinus
superior
prostatic venous plexus
erectile tissue of penis
superficial & deep external

pudendal
sigmoid sinus
superficial tissues of penis
petrosal sinus,
inferior
pharyngeal
portal
internal jugular v.
orbit & brain
posterior
auricular
prepyloric
prostatic plexus
pudendal, deep
external
pudendal,
superficial
external
pudendal,
internal
pulmonary
cavernous sinus
superior mesenteric
orbit & brain
internal jugular
union of superior right & left branches of portal,
mesenteric &
into liver sinusoids
splenic; post. sup.
pancreaticoduode
nal, right & left
gastric
unites with posterior division
of retromandibular to form
external jugular
right gastric
pharynx
connects with caval drainage
at 1) esophagus, 2) rectum, 3)
umbilicus, 4) retroperitoneal
gut structures
deep dorsal v. of
penis
portion of
superficial dorsal
v. of penis/clitoris
portion of
superficial dorsal
v. of penis/clitoris
deep v. of
clitoris/penis, v.
of bulb, post.
labial/scrotal,
inferior rectal
internal iliac
penis & prostate
femoral
superficial penis/clitoris, pubic

region
great saphenous
superficial penis/clitoris, pubic

region
internal iliac
crus & bulb of clitoris/penis,

urogenital triangle, anal
triangle
left atrium
lungs
scalp behind ear
pylorus of stomach
renal, left
renal, right
retromandibular
sagittal sinus,
inferior
sagittal sinus,
superior
left
inferior vena cava
ovarian/testicular,
left suprarenal,
poss. left inferior
phrenic
union of
superficial
temporal &
maxillary
inferior vena cava

ant. & post. divisions of
retromandibular; ant. division
unites with facial to form
common facial, post. division
unites with post. auricular to
form external jugular
right kidney
superior cerebral unites with great cerebral v. to cerebral hemispheres medially

vs.
form straight sinus
superior cerebral confluens of sinuses
cerebral hemispheres
vs.
saphenous,
greater
dorsal venous
arch of foot
mediallly,
perforating
communications,
superficial
epigastric,
superficial
circumflex iliac,
superficial
saphenous, lesser dorsal venous
arch of foot
laterally
sigmoid sinuses
transverse
sinuses, superior
petrosal sinuses
small cardiac
femoral
superficial medial lower limb,

lower abdominal wall,
pudendal region
popliteal
superficial lateral foot & leg
internal jugular v.
brain
coronary sinus
right atrium & ventricle near

inferior vena cava
deep cerebrum
straight sinus
inf. sagittal sinus confluens of sinuses

& great cerebral
vein
suprarenal
left: left renal, usually in
joined by left inferior phrenic;
right: inferior vena cava
testicular
pampiniform
left: left renal; right: inferior
plexus, ureteric
vena cava
tribs.
thoracoepigastric
lateral thoracic or axillary
thyroid, inferior
thyroid, middle
thyroid, superior
transverse
sinuses
left ovary/testes, left ureter,

left kidney, left suprarenal, left
part of diaphragm
superior
confluens of
sinuses, inferior
cerebral vs.
left brachiocephalic
internal jugular
internal jugular
sigmoid sinuses
suprarenal gland
testis, ureter
lateral body wall
thyroid gland inferiorly

thyroid gland laterally
thyroid gland superiorly
brain
vena cava,
inferior
union of paired
rt. atrium
common iliacs;
lumbar vs. 4-1, rt.
ovarian/testicular,
renal vs., rt.
suprarenal, rt.
inferior phrenic,
hepatic vs.
body below diaphragm
vena cava,
superior
union of paired
rt. atrium
brachiocephalics;
azygos arch
descending
maxillary
palatine,
sphenopalatine,
infraorbital,
posterior superior
alveolar, ant. &
post. deep
temporal, middle
meningeal,
masseteric,
inferior alveolar
superior, middle & inferior
rectal
uterine vs. to internal iliac
body above diaphragm except

for pulmonary vs. & heart
pterygoid plexus
rectal plexus
uterine plexus
vaginal plexus
vena comitans
nervi hypoglossi
venae cordis
minimae
vertebral plexus,
external
vertebral plexus,
internal
vesical plexus
meninges, nasal cavity,

infratemporal fossa
rectum & anus

uterus & uterine tube
vaginal v. to internal iliac or

uterine
lingual
connects with uterine &

vesical plexus
tongue
chambers of heart
walls of heart chambers
adjacent segmental vs.
vertebral column & associated

muscles
spinal cord, meninges,
vertebral column
urinary bladder
adjacent segmental vs.

superior & inferior vesical vs.
to internal iliac
etically
Notes
connects with superior &
inferior ophthalmic vs.
variable in size
connects with occipital
may connect with inf. vena

cava; arch of azygos passes
sup. to root of lung (Greek, a= not + zygon = yoke,
therefore unyoked or unpaired,
as the azygos vein)
connects with deep veins of

forearm
variable, connects with other

small sinuses nearby
at its origin, left
brachiocephalic receives
thoracic duct, right receives
right lymphatic duct (Latin,
brachio- = arm + cephalic =
head)
lies within dura mater beside

body of sphenoid bone
median cubital usually shunts

some blood to basilic
lies on occipital bone within

junction of falx cerebri &
tentorium cerebelli
(Latin, coronary = crown)
these multiple small vs. drain

gall bladder directly into liver
connect with dural sinuses &
meningeal vs.
connect with esophageal brs.

of left gastric, forming
potential portal-caval
anastomosis (esophageal
varices when enlarged)
connects with esophageal vs.,

forming portal-caval
anastomosis (esophageal
varices when enlarged); a.k.a.
coronary
v.
a.k.a. coronary
v.
(Latin, jugulum = throat)

connects adjacent lumbar vs.

courses lateral to 4th part of
duodenum
lies within dura mater at base

of falx cerebelli
connects with pterygoid plexus
through inf. orbital fissure
connects with angular v.
connects with uterine v.
surrounds testicular art. to

cool arterial blood reaching
testis (Latin, pampiniform =
tendril-like + plexus = a braid)
connects with posterior
connects with ant. & post.
connects with ant. inferior
pancreaticoduodendal
potential site of portal-caval
anastomosis; blood may pass
retrogradely into body wall
veins near umbilicus, creating
caput medusa sign
lies on petrous ridge within

dura mater at attachment of
tentorium cerebelli
lies within dura mater at
medial end of petrous
temporal
connects with pterygoid plexus
helpful in locating pyloric

region of stomach
connects with vesical plexus
usually two pulmonary vs. per

side, sup. & inf., empty into
left atrium
crosses abdominal aorta under

the origin of superior
mesenteric art.
lies on corpus callosum in free

margin of falx cerebri
lies superiorly within falx
cerebri; lacunae receive
arachnoid granulations
(Greek, saphenous = clearly
visible)
(Greek, saphenous = clearly

visible)
lies within sigmoid groove
covered by dura mater (Greek,
sigmoid = resembles the greek
letter sigma)
lies within junction of falx
cerebri & tentorium cerebelli
connects with superficial

circumflex iliac & superficial
epigastric, and can serve as
collateral drainage
lies within attachment of

tentorium cerebelli to inner
cranial vault
connects with cavernous sinus

& pharyngeal plexus (Greek,
pterygoid = wing-shaped)
site of portal-systemic
anastomosis (Latin, plexus = a
braid)
connects with ovarian v. &
vaginal plexus (Latin, plexus =
a
braid)plexus = a braid)
(Latin,
connects with internal

vertebral plexus (Latin, plexus
=
a braid)with external
connects
vertebral plexus (Latin, plexus
= a braid)with prostatic &
connects
rectal plexus or uterine &
vaginal plexus (Latin, plexus =
a braid)

Gross Anatomy

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Gross Anatomy

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Muscles of the Back Region - Listed Alphabetically

iliac crest and sacrum

angles of the ribs

extends and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

extend trunk and neck

dorsal primary rami of

laterally bend trunk

dorsal primary rami of

extends and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

spinous processes 2-4 extend and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

spinous process of the

rotates the head to the suboccipital nerve

occipital bone above

extends the head,

rectus capitis posterior spinous process of axis inferior nuchal line

extends the head,

long rotatores: spines 2

rotates the vertebral

dorsal primary rami of

extends and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

extends and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

extends and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

extends and laterally

dorsal primary rami of

Muscles of the Upper Limbs - Listed Alphabetically

abductor pollicis brevis flexor retinaculum,

base of the proximal

middle one-third of the radial side of the base

abducts the thumb at

radial nerve, deep

oblique head: capitate

adducts the thumb

ulnar nerve, deep

base of the proximal

lateral side of the

anterior surface of the

coracoid process of the medial side of the

flexes and adducts the

lateral one-third of the deltoid tuberosity of

abducts arm; anterior axillary nerve (C5,6)

coronoid process of the flexes the forearm

four muscles, each

extensor carpi radialis

extensor carpi radialis

lower one-third of the

extensor carpi ulnaris

medial side of the base

extensor digiti minimi

base of the proximal

dorsum of the second

extends the wrist;

deep radial nerve

deep radial nerve

deep radial nerve

deep radial nerve

extensor pollicis brevis interosseous

extends the thumb at

deep radial nerve