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Anatomical Basis of Dentistry:

Intro to Musculoskeletal system


Chapter 1.3, 1.4. 1.5
-O-

Cartilage
Supporting connective tissue
Consists of cells (chondroblast chondrocytes) contained within a
ground substance of a rigid gel
No neurovascular element within nutrients diffuse through ground
substance
Fetal skeleton is mostly cartilage, replaced by bone subsequently
Growth: internal growth (from inside) & appositional growth (from
surface)

Cartilage: types
Hyaline (hyalos = glass). Gross: bluish white, translucent. Found in
fetal skeleton, articular cartilage, costal cartilage, respiratory
cartilages, auditory cartilages
Elastic cartilage. Gross: yellowish because of the elastin fibers. Found
in the external ear and in the epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: more collagen fibers. It is found in tendon insertions
and the intervertebral discs

Bone
Living tissue
Consisting of cells (osteoblasts osteocytes) within an organic
framework (matrix)
Bone matrix is calcified (unlike cartilages)
Calcification prevents diffusion of nutrients direct vascular supply
is needed
Growth: internal growth not possible only appositional through
periosteum

Bone: functions
Support: rigid framework of the body
Movement: act as levers for muscles
Protection: the brain and thoracic viscera are protected
Hemopoiesis: within the marrow space of bone
Storage: for calcium and phosphorus

Bone classification
By Region:
Axial: skull-vertebrae-costae-sternum
Appendicular: bones of the upper and lower limbs

By shape:
Long bones:
hollow tubes/shafts/diaphysis capped at both ends by epiphysis
Cross section: (1) outer compact layer, (2) inner cancellous/spongy layer of
trabeculated bone, (3) marrow space containing blood-forming tissue or fats
Blood supply: (1) nutrient arteries, (2) periosteal arteries, (3) epiphyseal
arteries

By shape (continued):
Short bones: cuboidal not tubular carpal bones, tarsal bones
Flat bones: thin and flat, sandwich of 2 layers of compact bone and a
cancellous layer (diploe) in between skull, scapula
Irregular bones: bones that fit none of the previous description
maxilla, lacrimal, etc
Sesamoid bones: grow within a tendon patella (largest sesamoid)

Bone: surface features


The surface of individual bones is marked by features that reflect
Attachment of muscles and ligaments raised areas
Passage of nerves and vessels openings, depressions
Articulation with other bones joint surface, either raised or depressed

Elevations: condyle, epicondyle, process, plate, tubercle, tuberosity,


trochanter, malleus, crest, linea, spine
Depressions: fossa, sulcus, notch/incisura
Spaces: foramen, canal, fissure

Joints
Articulation or union between two or more bones
By the degree of movement:
Synarthroidal: NO movement
Amphiarthroidal: SOME movement
Diarthroidal: FREE movement

By the joint tissue: fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, combo


connective + cartilage, combo cartilage + joint cavity

Fibrous joints
3 types: Suture, Syndesmosis, gomphosis
Sutures:
only between bones of the skull. Fetal amphiarthrodial adult synarthodial
Squamous, serrated, denticulate

Syndesmosis: amphiarthrodial, united by fibrous interosseous


membrane
Gomphosis: peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of the
teeth and the alveolar processes, united by the fibrous periodontal
ligament. Normally NO mobility.

cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
Develop between 2 bones od endochondral origin
Solid plate of hyaline cartilage between apposing surfaces
E.g. sphenooccipital synchondrosis
Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphysis)
Amphiarthordial
Apposing bony surfaces are covered with cartilage but separated by
fibrous/fibrocartilage
E.g. Intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, symphysis menti

Synovial joints
Freely movable (diarhtrodial)
Characteristic:
Articular cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage. No blood vessels
Joint cavity: between the articular surfaces, contains thin synovial
fluid
Capsular ligament: surrounds the joint,
synovial membrane: lining the internal surface of the capsule, but not
the articular cartilage
Disc: not always present, if present it divides the joint cavity to
compartments in Temporomandibular joint

Synovial joints: Axes


Multiaxial joints: 3 planes
Ball-and-socket joint
Saddle/ellipsoid joint

Biaxial joints: 2 planes (no rotation)


Condyloid joint

Uniaxial joints: 1 plane


Plane joint
Hinge joint (ginglymus)
Pivot joint

Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal attached to bones, span joints, move one bone in relation
to another
Mostly under voluntary control
Striated from the histological sections

Skeletal muscles: nomenclature


Indicating the shape: (e.g. deltoid, trapezius)
Indicating the number of origins (e.g. triceps, biceps)
Indicating the location (e.g. temporalis, brachialis)
Indicating the number of bellies (e.g. digastricus)
Indicating the function: (e.g. levator veli palatini, tensor tympani)
Indicating the origin and insertion (e.g. thyrohyoid)

Skeletal muscles: parts


Fleshy portion/Venter
Contains muscle fibers
Muscle fibers/cells-fasiculus-musclesgroup of muscles/compartment
Endomysium-perimysium-epimysiumintermuscular septa
Tendinous portion: attaching part of the
muscle
Cylindrical tendons
Linear tendon
Aponeurosis
Common tendon

Skeletal muscles: origin and insertion


Origin: proximal end of a muscle
Insertion: the distal end of a muscle
In movements, the insertion moves toward the stationary origin as
the muscle contracts
Technically, origins and insertions can be interchanged

Skeletal muscles: architecture


The arrangement of the muscle fiber bundles/fasciculi
Parallel and converging fibers (no interruption of the fasciculi from
origin to insertion for the range of movement):
rectangular muscles, triangular muscles, fusiform muscles

Pennate muscles (central tendon with obliquely arranged muscle


bundles for power):
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

Sphincter muscles (circular muscles encircle openings, where


contraction closes the opening)

Skeletal muscles: Actions


Types of contraction:
Isotonic (same tone) produce actual movement
Isometric (same length) no movement

Action of muscle groups


Prime movers: Muscles that are controlled by pyramidal system and are used
to initiate a particular movement
Antagonist: muscles that produce movement in the opposite direction of the
prime movers.
Synergists: muscles that are controlled by extrapyramidal system to refine the
movement of the prime movers
Fixators: indirectly involved in the movement by stabilizing the body.

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