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Cartilage
Supporting connective tissue
Consists of cells (chondroblast chondrocytes) contained within a
ground substance of a rigid gel
No neurovascular element within nutrients diffuse through ground
substance
Fetal skeleton is mostly cartilage, replaced by bone subsequently
Growth: internal growth (from inside) & appositional growth (from
surface)
Cartilage: types
Hyaline (hyalos = glass). Gross: bluish white, translucent. Found in
fetal skeleton, articular cartilage, costal cartilage, respiratory
cartilages, auditory cartilages
Elastic cartilage. Gross: yellowish because of the elastin fibers. Found
in the external ear and in the epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: more collagen fibers. It is found in tendon insertions
and the intervertebral discs
Bone
Living tissue
Consisting of cells (osteoblasts osteocytes) within an organic
framework (matrix)
Bone matrix is calcified (unlike cartilages)
Calcification prevents diffusion of nutrients direct vascular supply
is needed
Growth: internal growth not possible only appositional through
periosteum
Bone: functions
Support: rigid framework of the body
Movement: act as levers for muscles
Protection: the brain and thoracic viscera are protected
Hemopoiesis: within the marrow space of bone
Storage: for calcium and phosphorus
Bone classification
By Region:
Axial: skull-vertebrae-costae-sternum
Appendicular: bones of the upper and lower limbs
By shape:
Long bones:
hollow tubes/shafts/diaphysis capped at both ends by epiphysis
Cross section: (1) outer compact layer, (2) inner cancellous/spongy layer of
trabeculated bone, (3) marrow space containing blood-forming tissue or fats
Blood supply: (1) nutrient arteries, (2) periosteal arteries, (3) epiphyseal
arteries
By shape (continued):
Short bones: cuboidal not tubular carpal bones, tarsal bones
Flat bones: thin and flat, sandwich of 2 layers of compact bone and a
cancellous layer (diploe) in between skull, scapula
Irregular bones: bones that fit none of the previous description
maxilla, lacrimal, etc
Sesamoid bones: grow within a tendon patella (largest sesamoid)
Joints
Articulation or union between two or more bones
By the degree of movement:
Synarthroidal: NO movement
Amphiarthroidal: SOME movement
Diarthroidal: FREE movement
Fibrous joints
3 types: Suture, Syndesmosis, gomphosis
Sutures:
only between bones of the skull. Fetal amphiarthrodial adult synarthodial
Squamous, serrated, denticulate
cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
Develop between 2 bones od endochondral origin
Solid plate of hyaline cartilage between apposing surfaces
E.g. sphenooccipital synchondrosis
Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphysis)
Amphiarthordial
Apposing bony surfaces are covered with cartilage but separated by
fibrous/fibrocartilage
E.g. Intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, symphysis menti
Synovial joints
Freely movable (diarhtrodial)
Characteristic:
Articular cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage. No blood vessels
Joint cavity: between the articular surfaces, contains thin synovial
fluid
Capsular ligament: surrounds the joint,
synovial membrane: lining the internal surface of the capsule, but not
the articular cartilage
Disc: not always present, if present it divides the joint cavity to
compartments in Temporomandibular joint
Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal attached to bones, span joints, move one bone in relation
to another
Mostly under voluntary control
Striated from the histological sections