Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Geometric
Dimensioning &
Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5M, 1994
REV. A
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing ASME Y14.5M-1994
Table of Contents
1. General Rules.................................................... 3
2. Geometric Characteristics and Symbols ........... 8
3. Datum .............................................................. 19
4. Form Tolerance ............................................... 46
5. Orientation Tolerance ...................................... 54
6. Profile Tolerance ............................................. 65
7. Runout Tolerance ............................................ 75
8. Location Tolerance .......................................... 83
Page 2 of 102
1. General Rules
1.1. Rule 1 – Limits of Size
1.1.1. Individual Feature of Size

Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature
prescribe the extent to which variations in its geometric form and size are allowed.
1.1.2. Variations of Size

The actual size of an individual feature at any cross-section shall be within the
specified tolerance of size.
1.1.3. Variations of Form (Envelope Principle)

a) The surface or surfaces of a feature shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope)
of perfect form at Maximum Material Condition (MMC). This boundary is the true
geometric form represented by the drawing. No variation in form is permitted if the
feature is produced at its MMC limit of size.
EXTERNAL FEATURE INTERNAL FEATURE
+0.1 +0.1
n20 -0.1 n20 -0.1
n20.1
n20.1 (MMC) (LMC)
BOUNDARY OF
PERFECT FORM
AT MMC
n19.9(LMC) n19.9(MMC)
n20.1 (MMC) n19.9(MMC)
n20.1
n19.9 (LMC)
(LMC)
b) Where the actual local size of a feature has departed from MMC toward Least
Material Condition (LMC), a variation in form is allowed equal to the amount of such
departure.
Page 3 of 102
c) There is no requirement for a boundary of perfect form as

LMC.
LMC
SIZE
1.1.4. Relationship between Individual Features

The limits of size do not control the orientation or location relationship between
individual features.
Features shown perpendicular, coaxial, or symmetrical to each other must be

controlled for location or orientation to avoid incomplete drawing requirements.
1.2. Rule 2 – Applicability of Feature Size

Applicability of material condition modifier (RFS, MMC, LMC) is limited to features
subject to variations in size.
They may be datum features or other features whose axes or centre planes are
controlled by geometric tolerances.
FOR ALL Applicable Geometric Tolerances: RFS applies will respect to the individual
tolerance, datum reference, or both, where NO MODIFYING SYMBOL is specified.
. “ASME Y14.5-1994”
j n0.5 A j n0.5m Am j n0.5m A
1.3. Rule 3
All other controls is implied Regardless of Feature Size (RFS).
1.4. Pitch Rule

a) Each tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for a screw
thread applies to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder.
j n0.5 A A
MAJOR n MAJOR n
Page 4 of 102
b) Each tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for features
other than screw threads, such as gears and splines, must designate the specific
feature to which each applies.
j n0.5 A A
PD n PD n
Internal Thread
(tapping)
External Thread
(screw)
1.5. Virtual Condition

A constant boundary generated by the collective effects of a size feature’s specified
MMC or LMC material condition and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
The virtual condition of a feature is the extreme boundary of that feature which
represents the ‘worst case’ for, typically, such concerns as a clearance of fit possibility
relative to a mating part or situation.
PIN: VC = Size MMC + Tolerance

VC = Size LMC – Tolerance
HOLE: VC = Size MMC – Tolerance

VC = Size LMC + Tolerance
Page 5 of 102
1.6. Exercise
1. A(n) _________________ is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of
measure, indicated on a drawing and in documents to define the size and/or
geometric characteristics and/or locations of features of a part.
2. _________________ is a general term applied to a physical portion of a part.
3. Define Tolerance.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. All Dimensions shall have a tolerance except for dimensions that are identified
as:
a) reference. b) maximum. c) minimum.
d) stock sizes. e) all of the above.
5. What are the limit of the dimension 25±0.4? ___________________
6. What is the tolerance of the dimension in question 5?____________
7. What is the nominal dimension of the dimension shown in question 5?

___________________
8. Give an example of an equal bilateral tolerance. ________________
9. Give an example of an unequal bilateral tolerance. ______________
10. Give an example of a unilateral tolerance. _____________________
11. Define Maximum Material Condition (MMC).

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the MMC of the feature shown below?
n15.00+0.25
Page 6 of 102
13. What is the MMC of the feature shown below? _________________
n15.00+0.25
14. Define Least Material Condition (LMC).

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
15. What is the LMC of the feature shown in question 12? ____________
16. What is the LMC of the feature shown in question 13? ___________
17. List the three general groups related to the standard ANSI fits between mating
parts.
1) ____________________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________________
3) ____________________________________________________
18. Is the fit between the two parts shown below a clearance or a force fit?
______________________________________________________
19.43 19.76
n n
19.18 19.50
Page 7 of 102
2. Geometric Characteristics and Symbols
2.1. Symbol
Type of Characteristic Symbol Symbol

Tolerance ASME ISO
Y14.5M-1994
For Form Straightness u u
Individual
Flatness c c
Features
Circularity e e
Cylindricity g g
For Profile Profile of a Line k k
Individual
or Related
Profile of a Surface d d
Features
For Related Orientation Angularity a a
Features
Perpendicularity b b
Parallelism f f
Location Position j j
Concentricity r r
Symmetry i i
Runout Circular Runout h h
Total Runout t t
Page 8 of 102
Symbol for: ASME Y14.5M ISO

At Maximum Material m m
Condition
At Least Material Condition l l
Regardless of Feature Size NONE NONE
Projected Tolerance Zone p p
Diameter n n
Spherical Diameter Sn Sn
Square o o
Number of Places X X
Counterbore v v
Countersink w w
Depth x x
All Round
Between NONE
Arc Length
10 10
Radius R R
Spherical Radius SR SR
Controlled Radius CR NONE
Conical Taper y y
Slope z z
Tangent Plane T T
Free State F F
Statistical Tolerance NONE
ST
Page 9 of 102
Radius, Controlled Radius
There are two types of radii tolerance that can be applied, the radius and controlled radius.
The radius (R) tolerance is for general applications. The controlled radius (CR) is used
when it is necessary to place further restrictions on the shape of the radius, as in high
stress applications.
Radius, R Min Radius 12.3
Max Radius 12.7

12.7
R
12.3
Part contour must fall within
zone defined by Max and
On drawing Meaning Min radius tolerance
Controlled Radius, CR Min Radius 12.3
Max Radius 12.7

12.7
CR
12.3 Part contour must be a fair
curve with no reversals. All
On drawing Meaning radii points must be 12.3 min
to 12.7 max.
Page 10 of 102
Statistical Tolerance
Often, tolerances are calculated on an arithmetic basis. Tolerances are assigned to

individual features on a component by dividing the total assembly tolerance by the number
of components and assigning a portion of this tolerance to each component. When
tolerances are stacked up in this manner, the tolerance may become very restrictive or
tight.
Statistical tolerancing is the assignment of tolerances to related components of an

assembly on the basis of sound statistics. An example is, the assembly tolerance is equal
to the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual tolerance.
Statistical Tolerance may be applied to features to increase tolerances and reduce

manufacturing cost. To ensure compatibility, the larger tolerance identified by the
statistical tolerance symbol may only be used where appropriate statistical process control
will be used. A note such as the one shown below shall be placed on the drawing.
16.07
n
20.2 15.93
n
19.8 16.1
n
15.9
0.5 A B
0.2 A B
NOTE:
FEATURES INDENTIFIED AS STATISTICAL TOLERANCE SHALL BE PRODUCED
WITH STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROLS, OR TO THE MORE RESTRICTIVE ARITHMETIC
LIMITS
Page 11 of 102
Free State
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensioning and tolerancing applies in a free state
condition with no restraint. Some parts, such as sheet metal, thin metal, plastics and
rubber are non-rigid in nature. It may be necessary to specify design requirements on the
part in a natural or free state as well as in a restrained condition. The restraint or force on
the nonrighi9d parts is usually applied in such a manner to resemble or approximate the
functional or mating requirements.
A note or specification on the drawing should explain how the part is restrained and the
force required to facilitate the restraint. A sample note can be found on the drawing
below.
The free state symbol means that dimensions and tolerances that have the free state
symbol applied are checked in the free state and not in the restrained condition.
3 F 2 SURF
2 SURF 4X n 5.4 - 5.6
n 0.2 M A
A
B
25
65
32 5.6
36.8
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS ARE
BASIC. PART IS TO BE RESTRAINED ON DATUM A WITH 4 5M SCREWS
Page 12 of 102
ASME Y14 Series ISO Standards

Y14.2 – Lines & Lettering 3098
Y14.3 – Sections & Views 128
Y14.5 – Dimensioning & 129, 406, 1101, 1660,

Tolerancing R1661, 2692, 5455,
5458, 5459, 7083,
8015, 10579; (also
14660-1 & 14660-2)
Y14.6 – Screw Thread 6410-1, 6410-2, 6410-3

Representation
Y14.8 – Casting &

Forgings
Y14.36 – Surface Texture 1302

Symbols
Page 13 of 102
Basic Dimension
(theoretically exact dimension in ISO) 65
Reference Dimension (auxiliary dimension

in ISO) (68)
Datum Feature
A A
Dimension Origin
Feature Control Frame

Ø 0.5 M A B C
Datum Target Area Ø20

Ø8
A1 A1
Datum Target Point

A1
Datum Target Line

A1
Page 14 of 102
Controls Applicability Applicability
Type of
Datums Characteristic Symbol 2D or 3D Axis or of Feature of Datum
Tolerance Surface
Median Plane Modifiers Modifiers
Datums NOT Form Straightness u 2D X No N/A

allowed Line Element
Straightness
u 3D X Yes N/A
Axis or Median Plane
Flatness c 3D X No N/A
Circularity e 2D X No N/A
Cylindricity g 3D X No N/A
Datums Profile Profile of a Line Yes if size

k 2D X No
Required features
Geometric Charactieristic Overview
1 Profile of a Surface Yes if size

d 3D X No
features
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Location Position Yes if size

j 3D X 3 Yes
features
Concentricity r 3D 2 No No
Symmetry i 3D 2 No No
Datums Orientation Angularity Yes if size Yes if size

a 3D 5 X X
Requied features features
Perpendicularity Yes if size Yes if size
b 3D 5 X X
features features
Parallelism Yes if size Yes if size

f 3D 5 X X
features features
Runout Circular Runout h 2D X No No
4
Total Runout t 3D X No No
1 There are special case where position and profile may not require datums
2 These characteristics control opposing median points
3 Can also control surface boundary
ASME Y14.5M-1994
4 Can control form, orientation and location
Page 15 of 102
5 These characteristics can be made 2D by writing “LINE ELEMENTS” under the feature control frame
2.2 Exercise
A dimensioning and tolerancing template is recommended for drawing proper

symbols on this test and on future tests.
1. List the five basic types of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing symbols.
a) ____________________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________________
d) ____________________________________________________________
e) ____________________________________________________________
2. Name the five types of geometric characteristic symbols.
a) ____________________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________________
d) ____________________________________________________________
e) ____________________________________________________________
3. Name each of the following geometric characteristic symbols.
u ___________________ r ___________________
c ___________________ i ___________________
e f
___________________ ___________________
g ___________________ a ___________________
k ___________________ b ___________________
d ___________________ h ___________________
j ___________________ t ___________________
Page 16 of 102
4. Any letter of the alphabet can be used to identify a datum except for ____, ____, or
____.
5. When may datum feature symbols be repeated on a drawing?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
6. What information is placed in the lower half of the datum target symbol?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
7. What information is placed in the top half of the datum target symbol?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
8. Label the parts of the following feature control frame.
j n0.05m A Bm C
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
Page 17 of 102
9. Completely define the term “basic dimension”.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. How are basic dimensions shown on a drawing?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
11. Name the following symbols.
n ___________________ r ___________________
R ___________________ o ___________________
SR (68)
___________________ ___________________
CR ___________________ x ___________________
Sn ___________________ ___________________
X y
___________________ ___________________
v ___________________ z ___________________
w ___________________ ST ___________________
___________________ 65 ___________________
Page 18 of 102
3. Datum
3.1. Datum Concepts
A datum is a theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric
counterpart of a specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which the location
of geometric characteristics of features of a part are established. Datums are
established by specified features or surfaces. Where orientation or position
relationships are specified from a datum, the features involved are located with respect
to this datum and not with respect to one another.
Every feature on a part can be considered a possible datum. That is, every feature
shown on a drawing depicts a theoretically exact geometric shape as specified by the
design requirements. However, a feature normally has no practical meaning as a
datum unless it is actually used for some functional relationship between features.
Thus a datum appearing on an engineering drawing can be considered to have a dual
nature: it is (1) a “construction” datum, which is geometrically exact representation of
any part feature, and (2) a “relationship” datum, which is any feature used as a basis
for a functional relationship with other features on the part. Since the datum concept is
used to establish relationships, the “relationship” datum is the only type used on
engineering drawings.
By the above definition, a datum on an engineering drawing is always assumed to be

“perfect”. However, since perfect parts cannot be produced, a datum on a physically
produced part is assumed to exist in the contact of the actual feature surface with
precise manufacturing or inspection equipment such as machine tables, surface plates,
gage pins, etc. These are called datum simulators which create simulated datum
planes, axes, etc., and, while not perfectly true, are usually of such high quality that
they adequately simulate true references. This contact of the actual feature with
precise equipment is also assumed to simulate functional contact with a mating part
surface.
Datum feature: The actual surface of the part.
Simulated datum: The plane established by the inspection equipment such as a

surface plate or inspection table.
Datum plane: The theoretically exact plane established by the true geometric
counterpart of the datum feature.
Page 19 of 102
Datum Feature
Part
Datum Plane –
theoretically exact
Simulated Datum Surface of manufacturing

or verification equipment
3.2. Establishing Datum Planes
Datum features are selected based on their importance to the design of the part.
Generally three datum features are selected that are perpendicular to each other.
These three datums are called the datum reference frame. The datums that make up
the datum reference frame are referred to as the primary datum, secondary datum, and
tertiary datum. As their names imply, the primary datum is the most important,
followed by the other two in order of importance.
ESTABLISH SECONDARY DATUM

PLANE (MIN 2 POINT) CONTACT
WITH DATUM SURFACE B
ESTABLISH TERTIARY DATUM

PLANE (MIN 1 POINT) CONTACT
90O
WITH DATUM SURFACE C
ESTABLISH PRIMARY DATUM

PLANE (MIN 3 POINT) CONTACT 90O
WITH DATUM SURFACE A
90O
90O
MEASURING DIRECTION
FOR RELATED DIMENSIONS
Page 20 of 102
Datum Axis
90o Direction of
measurements
Datum Point
90o
90o
Datum Axis
Datum Planes
Datum Axis origin of
measurement
3.3. Datum Identification
When a surface is used to establish a datum plane on a part, the datum feature symbol
is placed on the edge view of the surface or on an extension line in the view where the
surface appears as a line. A leader line may also be used to connect the datum
feature symbol to the view in some applications.
D
50
Angled Surface
B C B
30
Surface Datum Feature Symbol
Datum Feature Symbol
must be offset from dimension
placed on edge view of
line arrowheads
surface or extension line
from edge view
10
A A
Page 21 of 102
3.4. Datum Axis
A cylindrical object may be a datum feature. When the cylindrical datum feature is
used, the centre axis is known as the datum axis. There are two theoretical planes
intersecting at 90º. These planes are represented by the centrelines of the drawing.
Where these planes intersect is referred to as the datum axis. The datum axis is the
origin for related dimensions, while the X and Y planes indicate the direction of
measurement. A datum plane is added to the end of the object to establish the datum
frame.
DATUM
AXIS
Y
30 30
Y
TERTIARY DATUM X
SECONDARY DATUM
B
30
n80
30
X
AXIS
PART PRIMARY
A DATUM PLANE
Placement of the Datum Feature Symbol for a Datum Axis
A
A
n12 A
n12
n12
n12
Ø 0.4 M C B A
D
Page 22 of 102
Simulated datum axis

The simulated datum axis is the axis of a perfect cylindrical inspection device that
contacts the datum feature surface. For an external datum feature, the inspection
device is the smallest (MMC) circumscribed cylinder. The inspection device for an
internal datum feature is the largest (MMC) inscribed cylinder.
DATUM FEATURE (PART)
SIMULATED DATUM
SMALLEST CIRCUMSCRIBED
CYLINDER
DATUM AXIS DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
Simulated datum axis for an external datum feature
DATUM FEATURE (PART)
SIMULATED DATUM
LARGEST INSCRIBED
CYLINDER
DATUM AXIS
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
Simulated datum axis for an internal datum feature
Page 23 of 102
3.5. Coaxial Datum Features
Coaxial means two or more cylindrical shapes that share a common axis. Coaxial
datum features exist when a single datum axis is established by two datum features
that are coaxial. When more than one datum feature is used to establish a single
datum, the datum reference letters are separated by a dash and placed in one
compartment of the feature control frame. These datum reference letters are of equal
importance and may be placed in any order.
t 0.2 A-B
A B
THE DRAWING
SIMULATED PAIR OF COAXIAL

CIRCUMSCRIBED CYLINDERS
THE MEANING
3.6. Datum Axis of Screw Threads, Gears, and Splines
When a screw thread is used as a datum axis, the datum axis is established from the
pitch cylinder unless otherwise specified. If another feature of the screw thread is
desired, then note “MAJOR DIA” or “MINOR DIA” is placed next to the datum feature
symbol.
A specific feature such as the major diameter should be identified when a gear or
spline is used as a datum axis. When this is done, the note “MAJOR DIA”, “MINOR
DIA”, or “PITCH DIA” is placed next to the datum feature symbol as appropriate. The
use of a screw thread, gear, or spline should be avoided for use as a datum axis
unless necessary.
Page 24 of 102
3.7. Datum Center Plane
Elements on a rectangular shaped symmetrical part or feature may be located and

dimensioned in relationship to a datum centre plane. The representation and related
meaning of datum center plane symbols are as shown in the following.
A
12
28
Datum Datum
Center Plane Center Plane
12
12
j 0.2 m A Bm
Page 25 of 102
The simulated datum centre plane is the centre plane of a perfect rectangular
inspection device that contacts the datum feature surface. For an external datum
feature the datum centre plane is established by two parallel planes at minimum
(MMC) separation. For an internal datum feature, the datum centre plane is
established by two parallel planes at maximum (MMC) separation.
Datum Feature
Datum
Simulator True geometric counterpart
Feature A
of datum feature A parallel
planes at mimimum
separtation (MMC)
Datum Center
Plane A
Datum Center
Plane A
Datum Feature
Simulator
Datum
Feature A
True geometric counterpart of

datum feature A parallel planes
at maximum separtation (MMC)
Page 26 of 102
3.8. Pattern of Holes as a Datum
The center of a pattern of features, such as the holes in the part may be specified as
the datum axis when the datum feature symbol is placed under, and attached to, the
middle of the feature control frame. In this application, the datum axis is the center of
the holes as a group.
6X 60 o
6X n 8.4
8.0
j n0.05m A
Datum Axis B
n30
Page 27 of 102
3.9. Datum Targets
In many situations it is not possible to establish an entire surface, or entire surfaces, as

datums. When this happens, then datum targets may be used to establish datum
planes. This procedure is especially useful on parts with surface or contour
irregularities, such as some sheet metal, sand cast, or forged parts that are subject to
bowing or warpage. This method can also be applied to weldments where heat may
cause warpage. Datum targets are designated points, lines, or surface areas that are
used to establish the datum reference frame.
N1 N N1 N
45 45
L
20
M
Datum Target N1 N1
Datum Target
Point Line
N N
L L
20 20
M n12
M n6
45 45 N1
N1
Datum Target Area Datum Target Area

Area Shown Area Not Shown
Page 28 of 102
When datum target points are used on a drawing to identify a datum plane, the
datum plane is established by locating pins at the datum tangent points. The locating
pins are rounded or pointed standard tooling hardware.
X2
15 50 15
35
40
The Drawing
X1 X3
X1, X2
50 15
X3
The Part
Datum
Locating
Plane X
Datum Pins
Feature
The Fixture Setup
Page 29 of 102
Areas of contact may also be used to establish datums. The shape of the datum
target area is outlined by phantom lines with section lines through the area. Circular
areas are dimensioned with basic or tolerance dimensions to located the center. The
diameter of the target area is provided in the upper half of the datum target symbol or
with a leader and dot pointing to the upper half. The locating pins for target areas are
flat end tooling pins with the pin diameter equal to the specified size of the target area.
20 60
20
40 n12
X1
n12 50
X3
n12
The Drawing X2
Datum
50 Feature
X3, n12
X2, n12
X1, n12
Datum
Plane X The Part
Locating
Pins
20 60
The Fixture Setup
Page 30 of 102
When the area is too small to accurately or clearly display on a drawing, a datum
target point is used at the center location. The top half of the datum target symbol
identifies the diameter of the target area.
20 60
20
40 n6
X1
n6 50
X3
n6
The Drawing X2
Datum
50 Feature
X3, n6
X2, n6
X1, n6
Datum
Plane X The Part
Locating
Pins
20 60
The Fixture Setup
Page 31 of 102
A datum target line is indicated by the target point symbol “X” on the edge view of the
surface and by a phantom line on the surface view. If the locating pins are cylindrical,
then the datum target line is along the tangency where the pins meet the part. The
pins may also be knife-edged. A surface is often placed at 90º to the pin to create the
datum reference frame.
Y1
50
Y
The Drawing
Y1
PART
50 LOCATING PIN
The Fixture Setup
Page 32 of 102
Example 1
From ASME Y14.5M-1994, p78
40 100
A3
B2 A2
n38
C1
45o
15
15
45o
C2
4X n6.3-6.4
B1
A1 j n0.1m A B C
B1 B2
3
20
A A3
A1 A2
C1 C2
10
Page 33 of 102
3.10. Partial Datum Surface
A portion of a surface may be used as a datum. For example, this may be done
when a part has a hole or group of holes at one end where it may not be necessary
to establish the entire surface as a datum to effectively locate the features. This
may be accomplished on a drawing using a chain line dimensioned with basic
dimensions to show the location and extent of the partial datum surface. The
datum feature symbol is attached to the chain line. The datum plane is then
established at the location of the chain line.
26
THE DRAWING
12
CHAIN LINE 52
THE FIXTURE SETUP DATUM FEATURE
THEORETICALLY
EXACT DATUM
SIMULATED DATUM
PLANE
(FIXTURE SURFACE)
Page 34 of 102
3.11. Exercise
1. List the 3 primary items that are considered Datum features on an object or part.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Draw the symbol that is known as the Datum Reference Symbol.
3. The primary datum requires a minimum of _________ points.

The secondary datum requires a minimum of _________ points.
The tertiary datum requires a minimum of _________ points.
4. Below are examples of a hole (Figure 1) and a pin (Figure 2) that will be identified as
datum features. Sketch on the figure and explain how the datum axis for each would
be determined.
5.
Page 35 of 102
On the following, Figure 3, identify the: datum feature, part, simulated datum, and the
datum plane.
c)__________________
a)__________________
b)__________________
d)__________________
Figure 3
On the following exercises, using the drawing provided on next page (Figure 4),
6. Specify the left hand edge as Datum A.
7. Specify the ∅12 hole as Datum D.
8. Specify the right hand edge as Datum G.
9. On the bottom surface, specify a partial Datum K over a distance of 40 from the right
edge of the part.
10. Specify the right hand edge of the 13 slot as Datum M.
11. Specify the 13 slot as Datum P.
12. Specify the two ∅6 holes as Datum S.
13. Datum features may be either features of size or features without size. On the
drawing, identify features of size by placing a ‘Z’ next to them, and identify the
features without size by placing an ‘x’ next to them.
Page 36 of 102
51
6 THRU
12 THRU
Figure 4
151
2X
114
13
50
25
16
32
16
70
Page 37 of 102
14. What is the relationship between the center plane of the slot and the center plane of the
part? What is the total location tolerance that the center plane of the slot vary from the
center plane of the part? Is design intent clear?
14+1
7+ 0.5
PLUS/MINUS
METHOD
20+ 0.5
40+1
FUNCTIONAL GAGE
POSITIONAL
METHOD
Page 38 of 102
The picture below represents a cast part. It was determined that the part should have
datum targets specified to standardise the initial machining set-up. On the drawing next
page, sketch the datum targets in proper format as you would expect to see them on an
engineering drawing. Surface X should have three ∅10 target pads, Surface Y should
have two targets lines of contact and Surface Z should have one point of contact. Arrange
these targets on the indicated surfaces to your preference. Show all basic dimensions and
just estimate the distances.
Page 39 of 102
0.28
X
7
0.69
0.49
17.5
12.5
Z
0.39
10
2.76
70
Y80
3
X
1.18
0.39
10
30
Page 40 of 102
Understanding Datum Reference Degrees of Freedom Matrix
Frame Application (DRF) Rx Ry Rz Tx Ty Tz
Example 1 Datum
Features
152
C
0
128 Ø 38.5 - 40.0
0
120 Ø 0.4 M A B C
28
Ø 0.12 A
74
74 A
24
20
20
96
64
50
Y
Y
24
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Page 41 of 102
X Z
B
Example 2 Datum
Page 42 of 102
Features
152
C
128
128 Ø 38.5 - 40.0
120
120 Ø 0.4 M C B A
Ø 0.12 A 28
74 A
24
20
96
64
Y 50
Y
24
ASME Y14.5M-1994
X Z
B
Understanding Datum Reference
Example 3 Datum
Features
Ø 38.5 - 40.0
Ø 0.4 M A B C
Ø 0.12 A
D
74
74 46
46
C
24 Ø 19.0 - 19.3
Ø 0.25 M A D B
A
A D M B
What effect does the MMC Modifier

have in this second FCF arrangement?
24
24
Y 50
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994
X Z
Page 43 of 102
B
Understanding Datum Reference
Example 4 Datum
Features
Page 44 of 102
Ø 0.98 22.2 - 22.5
Ø 38.5 - 40.0
Ø 0.25 M D E A 1.
Ø 0.4 M A B C
D E M A 2.
Ø 0.12 A
D M E M A 3.
D
74
74 46
46
C
48 Ø 19.0 - 19.3
Ø 0.25 M A D B
A
E
24
Y 50
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994
X Z
B
Frame Application (DRF)
Example 5
Features
Ø 0.98 22.2 - 22.5

Ø 38.5 - 40.0
Ø 0.25 M A D B
Ø 0.4 M A B C
G Ø 0.12 A
D
74
74 46
46
C
48 Ø 19.0 - 19.3
Ø 0.25 M A D - G
B
A
25.56
24
Y 50
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Page 45 of 102
X Z
B
4. Form Tolerance
4.1. Straightness
Line Element – Plane Surface
0.05 0.1
ON THE DRAWING
0.1 Tolerance
0.05 Tolerance
MEANING
Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie

between two parallel lines 0.05 apart in the left view
and 0.1 in the right view of the drawing.
Page 46 of 102
Line Element – Cylinder
(a)
0.02 n16.00 MMC
0.02 wide tolerance zone
(b)
n 16.00
15.89
n16.00 MMC
ON THE DRAWING

Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie
(c)
between two parallel lines 0.02 apart where the
two lines and the nominal axis of the part share a
n16.00 MMC
specified limits of size and the boundary of
perfect form at MMC 16.00
Note: Waisting (b) or barreling (c) of the surface,
though within the straightness tolerance, must MEANING
not exceed the limits of size of the feature
Axis at Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

16.00
n
15.89
n16.00
n0.04
0.04 diameter tolerance zone
n16.04 outer boundary
ON THE DRAWING MEANING
The derived median line of the feature’s actual local size must lie within a cylindrical tolerance
zone of 0.04 diameter, regardless of the feature size. Each circular element of the surface must be
within the specified limits of size.
Page 47 of 102
Axis at Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
16.00 n16.04 Virtual Condition

n
15.89
MEANING
n0.04m
ON THE DRAWING
Feature Diameter tolerance
Size zone allowed
The derived median line of the feature’s actual local size
16.00 0.04
must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.04 15.99 0.05
diameter at MMC. As each actual local size departs 15.98 0.06
from MMC, an increase in the local diameter of the
tolerance cylinder is allowed which is equal to the
15.90 0.14
amount of such departure. Each circular element of the 15.89 0.15
surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Acceptance Boundary
• The maximum diameter of the pin with n16.00 n16.04

perfect form is shown in a gage with a
16.04 diameter hole.
n16.00
n0.04
• With the pin at maximum diameter 16.00,

the gage will accept the pin with up to
n16.04
0.04 variation in straightness.
n15.89
n0.15
• With the pin at minimum diameter 15.89,

the gage will accept the pin with up to
n16.04
0.15 variation in straightness.
Page 48 of 102
Per Unit Length
n 16.00
15.89
n0.4 ON THE DRAWING The derived median line of
n0.1/25 the feature’s actual local size
must lie within a cylindrical
tolerance zone of n0.4 for the
total 100mm of length and
within a 0.1 cylindrical
100 tolerance zone for any 25mm
length, regardless of feature
size. Each circular element of
n16.04 outer boundary the surface must be within the
MEANING
specified limits of size.
100
n16.04 tolerance zone
n0.1 tolerance zone in each

25mm of length
n15.89-16.00 25
4.2. Flatness

0.25
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.25 apart. The
Page 49 of 102
4.3. Circularity (Roundness)

0.25
A 90
SECTION A-A A
ON THE DRAWING
MEANING
Each circular element of the surface in a plane perpendicular to an axis must lie between two
concentric circles, one having a radius 0.25 larger than the other. Each circular element of the
Sn19.2+0.5
0.25
A
Each circular element of the
surface in a plane passing
through a common center must
lie between two concentric
circles, one having a radius 0.25
SECTION A-A
A larger than the other. Each
ON THE DRAWING
MEANING circular element of the surface
must be within the specified
limits of size.
4.4. Cylindricity
n25.0+0.5 0.25 wide tolerance zone

0.25
ON THE DRAWING
MEANING
The cylindrical surface must lie between two concentric cylinders, one having a radius 0.25 larger than
the other. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Page 50 of 102
4.5. Exercise
1. On Figure 1(a), indicate control of element straightness by use of Rule #1 so that

maximum possible error is no more than mm if the feature maximum size is ∅16mm.
2. On Figure 1(b), indicate an element straightness maximum of 0.012mm.
3. What is the circularity (roundness) of this pin? ___________________________
4. On Figure 1(c), indicate that axis straightness may violate Rule #1 and allow a total
bend of up to 0.4mm.
5. On Figure 1(d), assume that the pin will assemble with the hole shown in 1 (e).
The condition of ______________ is often desired. Indicate this with a straightness

tolerance of 0.4mm.
6. What is the cylindricity of this pin? ___________________
7. What is the Virtual Condition of the pin for the requirement of question 5? _____
8. On Figure 2, indicate on the bottom surface a control that requires all elements and
points relative to each other be within a tolerance zone that is two planes
which are 0.05mm apart. This control would be called ____________________
Page 51 of 102
(a)
Ø 16.00 - 15.97
(b)
Ø 16.00 - 15.97
(c)
Ø 16.0 - 15.9
(d)
Ø
(Virtual Condition) (e)
Figure 1
Page 52 of 102
28 °
20 ± 0.4
45
4045
± 0.4
+ 0.1
Ø 12
-0
30°
30
18 ± 0.4
45 4545
± 0.4
MAIN VIEW
110.00
110 ± 0.6
Figure 2
Page 53 of 102
5. Orientation Tolerance
5.1. Parallelism
Surface Plane
Possible orientation
of the surface
f 0.12 A 0.12 wide tolerance

zone
Datum
Plane A
A
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plane A.
The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Axis related to a Surface Plane
f 0.12 A
of feature axis
A Datum Plane A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which
are parallel to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
What would be the result if a diameter symbol was added to the callout?
Ø 0.12 A
Page 54 of 102
Axis related to another Axis at Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
n0.2
tolerance zone
f n0.2 A Possible orientation
of feature axis
A
Datum Axis A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone parallel to
datum axis A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Axis related to another Axis at Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
10.022
n10.000 Possible orientation of
feature axis
f n0.05m A

A Size zone allowed
Datum Axis A 10.000 0.050

10.001 0.051
10.002 0.052
10.021 0.071
10.022 0.072
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (10.000), the maximum parallelism tolerance
is n0.050. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, an increase in the parallelism tolerance is
allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be within the
specified tolerance of location.
Page 55 of 102
5.2. Perpendicularity
Surface Plane
ON THE DRAWING Possible orientation of the

MEANING surface
b 0.12 A
Datum Plane A
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which are perpendicular to datum plane
A. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Center Plane
Possible orientation of the

0.12 A
feature center plane

ON THE DRAWING
MEANING
b
0.12 wide
tolerance zone
A Datum Plane A
Regardless of feature size, the feature center plane must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart
which are perpendicular to datum plane A. The feature center plane must be within the specified
tolerance of location.
Page 56 of 102
Axis to Axis
b 0.2 A 0.2 wide

Datum Axis A tolerance zone
A
of feature axis
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 apart which are
perpendicular to datum axis A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Note: This applies only to the view on which it is specified.
Axis to Plane (RFS)
ON THE DRAWING
MEANING
b n0.4 A
0.4 diameter
tolerance zone
Feature
Height
25+0.5
Datum Plane A
A
of feature axis
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie within a cylindrical zone 0.4 diameter which is
perpendicular to and projects from datum plane A for the feature height. The feature axis must be
within the specified tolerance of location.
Page 57 of 102
Axis to Plane (MMC)
MEANING
15.984
n15.966
b n0.05m A

Size zone allowed
Feature
25+0.5
Height
Datum Plane A 15.984 0.050
A 15.983 0.051
15.982 0.052
15.976 0.067
15.966 0.068
ON THE DRAWING Possible orientation of
feature axis
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (15.984), the maximum perpendicularity
tolerance is n0.050. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, an increase in the
perpendicularity tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature
axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
ACCEPTANCE BOUNDAY
n0.050 n0.068
n15.984 n15.984 n15.966
n16.034 n16.034 n16.034
Datum
Plane A
(A) (B) (C)
(A)The maximum diameter pin with perfect orientation is shown in a gage with a 16.034 diameter
hole.
(B)With the pin at maximum diameter (15.984), the gage will accept the part with up to 0.05
variation in perpendicularity.
(C)The pin is at minimum diameter (15.966), and the variation in perpendicularity may increase to
0.068 and the part will be acceptable.
Page 58 of 102
5.3. Angularity
Surface Plane
Possible orientation of
a 0.4 A actual surface
30o 30o
A ON THE DRAWING
Datum Plane A MEANING
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.4 apart which are inclined at 30o to datum plane
A. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Axis to Surface Plane
ON THE DRAWING
0.2 wide
n16 tolerance zone
a 0.2 A Possible orientation
of feature axis
60o
60o
A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 apart which are
inclined 60o to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Page 59 of 102
ON THE DRAWING
n0.2 tolerance zone
n16
a n0.2 A B Possible orientation
of feature axis
60o
B 60o
A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone inclined
60o to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
5.4. Use of Tangent Plane Symbol
f 0.1 T A Tangent Plane

50.0+.05
A 0.1 wide tolerance zone
A plane contacting the high points of the surface shall lie within two parallel planes 0.1 apart. The
Page 60 of 102
5.5. Use of Zero Tolerance at MMC
of feature axis
50.16 Feature Diameter tolerance

A n
50.00 Size zone allowed
Datum
b n0 m A Plane A 50.00 0.00
ON THE DRAWING 50.01 0.01
50.02 0.02
MEANING
50.15 0.15
50.16 0.16
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (50.00), its axis must be perpendicular to
datum plane A. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, a perpendicularity tolerance is
allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be within the
specified tolerance of location.
of feature axis
50.16 Feature Diameter tolerance

A n
50.00 Size zone allowed
Datum
b n0 m n0.1 MAX A Plane A 50.00 0.00
ON THE DRAWING 50.01 0.01
50.02 0.02
MEANING
50.10 0.10
50.16 0.10
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (50.00), its axis must be perpendicular to
datum plane A. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, a perpendicularity tolerance is
allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure, up to the 0.1 maximum. The feature axis
must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Page 61 of 102
5.6. Exercise
1. On Figure 2, indicate that the right vertical surface in the main view is to be square to
the lower surface within 0.08mm.
2. Show below (sketch) how the tolerance zone is established for the requirement of
question 1.
3. Working on Figure 2, indicate that the right vertical surface is to be square with the
front surface within 0.08mm.
4. Assume that in Figure 2, the ∅12mm hole has been located with position dimensions
and tolerance. Add an orientation tolerance to control the relationship of the hole to
the bottom surface within ∅0.08mm total.
5. Sketch how the tolerance zone is established for the requirement of question 4.
6. What is the total permissible perpendicularity if the hole size is produced at ∅12mm?
_________. If the hole is produced at ∅12.1mm? __________
Page 62 of 102
7. Suppose the perpendicularity of the produced feature was allowed to increase as the
size of the feature increased, how would that be indicated?
8. What THEN is the total permissible perpendicularity if the hole size is produced at
∅12mm? ________. If the hole is produced at ∅12.05mm? __________. If the
hole is produced at ∅12.1mm? ___________.
9. On Figure 2, indicate requirements to control the angles within a total tolerance of

0.1mm.
10. Sketch how the tolerance zone is established for the 30° angle.
Page 63 of 102
28 °
20 ± 0.4
45
4045
± 0.4
+ 0.1
Ø 12
-0
30°
30
18 ± 0.4
45 4545
± 0.4
MAIN VIEW
110.00
110 ± 0.6
Figure 2
Page 64 of 102
6. Profile Tolerance
6.1. Bilateral & Unilateral Profile of a Line k Profile of a Surface d
ON THE DRAWING 0.8 wide tolerance zone equally

disposed about the true profile
(0.4 each side)
MEANING
d 0.8 A Actual profile
Datum Plane A
A
True profile relative

(A) Bilateral Tolerance to Datum Plane A
0.8 wide tolerance zone entirely

ON THE DRAWING disposed on one side of the true
profile as indicated
d 0.8 A
Actual profile
Datum Plane A
A
MEANING
to Datum Plane A
(B) Unilateral Tolerance (Inside)
0.8 wide tolerance zone entirely

ON THE DRAWING disposed on one side of the true
profile as indicated
d 0.8 A MEANING
Actual profile
Datum Plane A
A

(C) Unilateral Tolerance (Outside) to Datum Plane A

unequally disposed on one side MEANING
ON THE DRAWING
of the true profile as indicated
d 0.2
0.8 A
Actual profile
0.6
Datum Plane A
A

to Datum Plane A
(D) Bilateral Tolerance unequal distribution
Page 65 of 102
d 0.12 E F
A B
d 0.1 E F
B C
8+0.1
d 0.05 E F
75o B R82
C D
C
R12 R8
E A R80 F
10 7
78.8
D
ON THE DRAWING
C
d 0.25 A B C
49+0.12
8+0.05 D E A
2X 8.6+0.12
7X 7
D
E
A 17.5 17.5
21.4 19.8
23 21.7 8+0.12
23.4 23
65+0.25
Datum Plane C Datum Plane A
0.25 wide tolerance zone 90o

E
D
Datum
Plane B MEANING
The surface between points D and E must lie between two profile boundaries 0.25 apart,
perpendicular to datum plane A, equally disposed about the true profile and positioned with respect
to datum planes B and C.
Page 66 of 102
26 ± 0.04 12
18
Page 67 of 102
Page 68 of 102
6.2. Exercise
0.3 A B C
H L
0.09 A B C
L K
Surface Y
70 40
C
Surface Z
H
A
L
60
35
Distance V Distance W K B
Distance X
1. On the part shown above, what is the minimum and maximum of the following
distances in relation to the datum reference frame, as allowed by the profile callout?
(a) Distance V: Minimum ________________ Maximum ________________
(b) Distance W: Minimum ________________ Maximum ________________
(c) Distance X: Minimum ________________ Maximum ________________
2. On the same part, considering the applicable profile callouts, what is the maximum
perpendicularity of the following surfaces in relation to Datum A?
(a) Surface Y: ________________
(b) Surface Z W: ________________
Page 69 of 102
3. Profile of a Surface can also be used with a size tolerance to refine the size or shape.
Following is an example where the three top surfaces are to be coplanar (in-line)
within 0.3mm and in relation to the bottom surface of the part. Each surface is to flat
within 0.1mm. Define these requirements on the drawing.
40 40
± 0.3
Page 70 of 102
30.00
± 0.5
12
160 ± 0.5
130 20
90 20
50 20
10 20
12
30.00
± 0.5
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Page 71 of 102
Unless Otherwise Specified:
Tolerance ± 0.05
Angles ± 1°
Page 72 of 102
0.05 X Y Z
18
X
30
Y
20 1010
20 20 20 20 20 20
20 20
Z
160 ± 0.5
130 20
C
90 20
50 20
20 10
10 20
A
30
18
B 0.05 A B C
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Unless Otherwise Specified:
Page 73 of 102
Tolerance ± 0.05
Angles ± 1°
Page 74 of 102
7. Runout Tolerance
7.1. Coaxial Features

There are three types of coaxial feature control. Proper selection is based upon which of
the below controls best suits the functional design requirement.
Runout - Use where part feature surfaces in a rotational consideration must relate to
a datum axis. Runout is applicable only on an RFS basis.
h 0.5 A
Runout
t 0.5 A
Total Runout
(Surface to axis control, RFS)
Position - Use where part feature surfaces relate to a datum axis on a functional or
inter-changeability basis; typically mating parts are involved. Position is normally
applied only on an MMC basis (occasionally an RFS datum is used).
j n0.5m Am
(Axis to axis control, MMC)
Concentricity - Use where part feature axis / axes in a rotational consideration must
relate to a datum axis. Concentricity is applicable only on an RFS basis.
r n0.5 A
(Axis to axis control, RFS)
Page 75 of 102
7.2. Runout
n 40+0.5
n 20+0.5
h 0.05 A
ON THE DRAWING
FIM 0.05 Each Circular Element

Individually
Datum Feature Simulator
(Collet)
Datum Feature A
Rotate Part
Simulated Datum Feature A Datum Axis A

(True Geometric Counterpart)
MEANING
Runout: Each circular element of the feature must be within the runout tolerance and within 0.05
wide tolerance zone (FIM) in relation to datum axis A
n 40+0.5
n 20+0.5
t 0.05 A
ON THE DRAWING
FIM 0.05 All Elements Together

Datum Feature Simulator
(Collet)
Datum Feature A
Rotate Part
Simulated Datum Feature A Datum Axis A

(True Geometric Counterpart)
MEANING
Total Runout: All surface elements, total, across entire surface must be within the runout tolerance
and within 0.05 wide tolerance zone (FIM) in relation to datum axis A.
Page 76 of 102
7.3. Examples
Part Mounted on Two Functional Diameters
Page 77 of 102
Part Mounted on Functional Face Surface (Datum) and Diameter (Datum)
Page 78 of 102
Part Mounted on Two Functional Diameters
Page 79 of 102
7.4. Exercise
1. What is the coaxiality requirement between the two diameters as expressed on the
following drawing sketch? _____________________
n20+0.05
n6+0.02
2. On the sketch, specify a 0.12mm circular runout requirement on the large

3. After defining the runout requirement, what is the maximum circularity (roundness)
for the larger diameter? _________________________
4. With the specified runout requirement, what is the maximum position of the large
diameter in relation to the small diameter? ____________________
5. On the sketch, specify a runout requirement to make the left face perpendicular to the
Datum axis within 0.1mm total.
6. On the figure below, sketch how the two runout requirements would be verified.
Page 80 of 102
7. On the part drawing below, specify a 0.12mm total runout relating the large diameter
to both of the two small diameters together.
8. On the figure below, sketch how the runout requirement would be verified.
9. Can runout be used without a datum feature reference?____________________
10. Can the m or l modifiers be used with runout?
_________________________________________________________________
11. What is the main difference between circular and total runout?
_________________________________________________________________
12. What is the main difference between runout and concentricity?
_________________________________________________________________
13. What is the main difference between concentricity and position?
_________________________________________________________________
Page 81 of 102
80
Ø80
25
Ø24
D
60
20
C
40
70
90
Ø 10
10
Ø 20
20
A
Ø 25
24
Page 82 of 102
8. Location Tolerance
8.1. Position
Hole Verification
Remember that all features have depth. Therefore, when doing design or making
measurements, the tolerance zone must be considered from one end of the zone to the
other.
Position vs. Plus/Minus

Coordinate Tolerancing
96 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
52
Tolerance ± 0.5 0.5 0.7
0.5
Page 83 of 102
Position Tolerancing
(Round zone)
4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
Ø 0.7 M A
96
96
52
1.3
0.7
♦ Each hole has its own positional tolerance zone. The zone size is
dependent on the size of the produced hole.
♦ When the hole is produced at its MMC size, the positional tolerance zone
is the tolerance stated in the FCF.
♦ If the hole is produced at something larger than the MMC size, the
positional tolerance zone is stated FCF tolerance PLUS the amount that
the hole is larger than MMC.
Example Features:
If Hole #1 = ∅ 16.7 Then tolerance zone =

#2 = ∅ 16.9 tolerance zone =
Page 84 of 102
Position Zone
Page 85 of 102
"X" Difference
Actual Measurement
(from created part)
Actual Produced
Feature Center
Basic Dimension
(from drawing) "Y" Difference
True Position
Actual
"Z" = Actual Measurement
Positional Diameter (from produced part)
Basic
Dimension
Datum Plane (from drawing)
"X" Direction
Datum Plane
"Y" Direction
Z Y
Formula : Z = 2 X 2 + Y 2
Page 86 of 102
8.2. Composite Positional Tolerance
Position, Axis to Surface, Coaxial

Axis to Axis, Coaxial
C
18
4X n10.15 +0.15
0
Pattern Locating Position Tolerance
9
n0.25m A B C A
j n0.15m A
Feature Relating Position Tolerance
n0.25 at MMC, four coaxial

tolerance zones located at true
n0.15 at MMC, four coaxial position relative to the specified
tolerance zones within which datums within which the axes of
the axes of the holes must lie the holes as a group must lie
relative to each other
Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size
Page 87 of 102
Position, Axis to Surface, Coaxial

Axis to Axis, Coaxial
C
18
4X n10.15 +0.15
0
9
n0.25m A B C
j n0.15m A B
A
Orientation
n0.25 at MMC, four coaxial

tolerance zones located at true
n0.15 at MMC, four coaxial position relative to the specified
tolerance zones within which datums within which the axes of
the axes of the holes must lie the holes as a group must lie
relative to each other
Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size, Partial (Parallelism)

Refinement of Feature-Relating Axis
Page 88 of 102
Position, Axis to Axis, Coaxial
80
Ø80
25
Ø24
D
60
20
C
40
70
90
Ø 10
10
Ø 20
20
A
Ø 25
24
Page 89 of 102
150
134 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
30 96
52
100
24
Tolerance ± 0.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
150
C
134 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
Ø 0.7 M A B C
30 96
96
A
52
100
24
24
B Tolerance ± 0.5
Page 90 of 102
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
Ø 0.7 M A
52
100
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
Ø 0.7 M A B
52
100
24
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
Page 91 of 102
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
96 Ø 0.7 M A B
52
100
24
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
8.3. Position Tolerance Calculation
Floating Fastener
To calculate position tolerance with fastener and hole size known:

T=H−F
Where T = tolerance, H = MMC hole, and F = MMC fastener
Fixed Fastener
To calculate position tolerance with fastener and hole size known:

H−F
T=
2
Where T = tolerance, H = MMC hole, and F = MMC fastener
Page 92 of 102
8.4. Projected Tolerance Zone

(1)
Positional
tolerance zone
True position axis
Clearance hole
axis
Interference area
Threaded hole
Tolerance zone height is equal axis
to height of threaded hole
j n0.5m A B C
Interference diagram, fastener and hole

(2)
Positional
tolerance zone
True position axis Clearance hole

axis
Threaded hole
Min. tolerance zone height
axis
is equal to max. thickness
of mating part
j n0.5m p10.0 A B C
Basis for projected tolerance zone
Page 93 of 102
8.5. Concentricity
Concentricity is that condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed
elements of a figure of revolution (or corresponding-located elements of two or more
radially disposed features) are congruent with the axis (or center point) of a datum.
A concentricity tolerance is a cylindrical (or spherical) tolerance zone whose axis (or
center point) coincides with the axis (or center point) of the datum feature. The median
points of all correspondingly-located elements of the feature being controlled, regardless
of feature size, must be within the cylindrical tolerance zone. The specified tolerance and
the datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.
20.2
n 19.8
10.2
n
A 9.8
r n 0.2 A
ON THE DRAWING
Median points of diametically

opposed elements of feature
Datum Axis A
n0.2
MEANING
Tolerance Zone (RFS)
Page 94 of 102
8.6. Symmetry
Symmetry is that condition where the median points of all opposed or correspondingly
located elements of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or center
plane of a datum feature. The material condition RFS only is to apply.
30.2
29.8
10.2
9.8
A
i 0.2 A ON THE DRAWING
0.2 Wide Tolerance Zone (RFS)
Datum Feature A (RFS) 0.1
MEANING
Datum Centerplane A
All median points of opposed elements of the slot must lie within the 0.2
wide tolerance zone, RFS. The tolerance zone being established by two
paralle planes equally disposed about datum centerplane A, RFS.
Page 95 of 102
8.7. Exercise
1.
150
C
134 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
Ø 0.7 M A B C
30 96
96
#1 #2
A
52
100 #3 #4
24
24
Inspection Report
Hole # Actual “X” Location Actual “Y” Location Hole Size
1 29.75 76.5 17.2
2 126.3 75.85 17
3 30.4 24.43 16.9
4 125.91 23.48 17.1
Hole # Actual Location Hole Position

Size Tol. Accept Reject
X= Y=
1
X= Y=
2
X= Y=
3
X= Y=
4
Page 96 of 102
2.
Drawing Requirements
100
C
30 3X Ø 15.0 - 15.5
Ø 1.0 M A B C
A
40
24
B Tolerance ± 0.5
Produced Part
100.35
C
29.47
Produced Hole
15.30
#1
Produced Hole
15.15 A
63.66
#2 #3
24.25 23.48
Produced Hole
B 15.38
30.62
Hole Hole Hole Position “X” “Y” Position Accept Reject

# MMC Actual Tolerance Distance Distance Location
Size Allowed
1
Page 97 of 102
3.
32 8 ± 0.1
Page 98 of 102
15 34.00 - 34.25 0.5 M A B
Ø 0.1 M A
C
Ø 110
B
2X 40
A
4X Ø 10.9 - 11.4
Ø1 M A B C
2X 40
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Inspection Report for Hub Cover

Item # Actual Size X Dimension Y Dimension Comments
B 34.09 +0.1 +0.1
C 8.05 0.59 ---
1 11.25 +0.3 39.72
2 11.3 40.25 +0.55
3 11.04 -0.21 40.54
4 11.28 40.48 +0.26
Page 99 of 102
32 8 ± 0.1
Page 100 of 102

15 34.00 - 34.25 0.5 M A B M
Ø 0.1 M A
C
Ø 110
B
2X 40
A
4X Ø 10.9 - 11.4
Ø1 M A B M C M
2X 40
ASME Y14.5M-1994
4X Ø 6.45 - 6.80
Ø 2 M X Y Z
Z Ø M X
13
51
X
Y
6M Cap Screws
13 32 Hole MMC =
- Screw MMC =
--------------------------------------
4X Ø 6.45 - 6.80
Tolerance =
Ø 2 M A B C
Ø M A
C
13
A
51
0.5
2 SURF
13 32
Page 101 of 102

4X 6M
Ø 2 M X Y Z
Z Ø M X
13
51
X
Y
6M Cap Screws
13 32 Hole MMC =
- Screw MMC =
--------------------------------------
4X Ø 6.45 - 6.80
Tolerance =
Ø 2 M A B C
Ø M A
C
13
A
51
0.5
2 SURF
13 32
Page 102 of 102

Geometric Dimensioning &amp; Tolerancing

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Geometric

ASME Y14.5M, 1994

1.1. Rule 1 – Limits of Size

1.1.1. Individual Feature of Size

1.1.2. Variations of Size

1.1.3. Variations of Form (Envelope Principle)

EXTERNAL FEATURE INTERNAL FEATURE

n20.1 (MMC) n19.9(MMC)

c) There is no requirement for a boundary of perfect form as

1.1.4. Relationship between Individual Features

Features shown perpendicular, coaxial, or symmetrical to each other must be

1.2. Rule 2 – Applicability of Feature Size

j n0.5 A j n0.5m Am j n0.5m A

1.4. Pitch Rule

1.5. Virtual Condition

PIN: VC = Size MMC + Tolerance

HOLE: VC = Size MMC – Tolerance

2. _________________ is a general term applied to a physical portion of a part.

5. What are the limit of the dimension 25±0.4? ___________________

6. What is the tolerance of the dimension in question 5?____________

7. What is the nominal dimension of the dimension shown in question 5?

8. Give an example of an equal bilateral tolerance. ________________

9. Give an example of an unequal bilateral tolerance. ______________

10. Give an example of a unilateral tolerance. _____________________

11. Define Maximum Material Condition (MMC).

13. What is the MMC of the feature shown below? _________________

14. Define Least Material Condition (LMC).

2. Geometric Characteristics and Symbols

Type of Characteristic Symbol Symbol

Symbol for: ASME Y14.5M ISO

Radius, Controlled Radius

Radius, R Min Radius 12.3

Max Radius 12.7

Controlled Radius, CR Min Radius 12.3

Max Radius 12.7

Often, tolerances are calculated on an arithmetic basis. Tolerances are assigned to

Statistical tolerancing is the assignment of tolerances to related components of an

Statistical Tolerance may be applied to features to increase tolerances and reduce

ASME Y14 Series ISO Standards

Y14.3 – Sections & Views 128

Y14.5 – Dimensioning & 129, 406, 1101, 1660,

Y14.6 – Screw Thread 6410-1, 6410-2, 6410-3

Y14.8 – Casting &

Y14.36 – Surface Texture 1302

Reference Dimension (auxiliary dimension

Feature Control Frame

Datum Target Area Ø20

Datum Target Point

Datum Target Line

Datums NOT Form Straightness u 2D X No N/A

Datums Profile Profile of a Line Yes if size

1 Profile of a Surface Yes if size

Location Position Yes if size

Datums Orientation Angularity Yes if size Yes if size

Parallelism Yes if size Yes if size

4 Can control form, orientation and location

A dimensioning and tolerancing template is recommended for drawing proper

3. Name each of the following geometric characteristic symbols.

8. Label the parts of the following feature control frame.

9. Completely define the term “basic dimension”.

10. How are basic dimensions shown on a drawing?

11. Name the following symbols.

3.1. Datum Concepts

By the above definition, a datum on an engineering drawing is always assumed to be

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing