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Outline:
Reaction Rates
General Mole Balance Equation
Batch Reactor (BR)
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)
Packed Bed Reactor (PBR)
Chemical Identity
For all our chemical reactions/processes mass and moles
will be conserved
We are transforming chemical species to other chemical
species.
Molecules change their chemical identity during a
chemical reaction.
The identity of a chemical species is determined by the
kind, number, and configuration of that species atoms.
1. Decomposition
2. Combination
3. Isomerization
3
CH3CH3 H2 + H2C=CH2
N2 + O2 2 NO
Reaction Rate
A mole balance will be used to keep track of the number of
moles of each species in the reactor as a function of time.
Concept of a rate of reaction
The rate of reaction of species j, rj, is the number of moles
of A reacting per unit time per unit volume (e.g. mol/dm3/s).
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
(molj/gcat/s)
(molj/m2cat/s)
Fj0
Gj
Fj
+
=
Fj
Gj
Fj 0
dt
mole
mole
mole
mole
time
time
time
time
G j = r jV
=
V1
rj1
G j1 = rj1V1
7
V2
rj 2
G j 2 = rj 2 V2
Fj 0 Fj
8
+ rj V
dN j
dt
F j 0 F j + rj dV =
Fj 0 = Fj = 0
Well-Mixed
r dV
j
dN j
9
dt
dN j
dt
= r jV
= rjV
t = 0 N j = N j0
t =t Nj = Nj
NA
10
N j0
t=
Nj
dN j
rjV
F j 0 F j + rj dV =
Steady-State:
dN j
dt
Well Mixed:
11
dN j
dt
V=
=0
r dV = r V
j
Fj 0 Fj
rj
12
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Fj
Fj
V
V + V
V + V
In Out
Generation
at V at V + V + in V
= 0
steady state
Fj
13
Fj
V + V
rj V
=0
lim
V 0
Fj
V + V
Fj
dF j
= rj
dV
= rj
V =
Fj 0
14
dF j
rj
Fj
W + W
Fj
lim
W 0
Fj
Fj
W + W
W + W
+ rj' W
Fj
W + W
steady state
dF j
= rj
dW
= rj'
W =
15
Fj 0
rj'
Differential
PBR
16
V=
dFA
= rA
dV
dFA
= rA
dW
Integral
t=
dN A
= rAV
dt
CSTR
PFR
Algebraic
NA
dN A
N rAV
A0
FA 0 FA
rA
FA
dFA
V=
rA
FA 0
W=
FA
FA 0
dFA
rA
NA
t
FA
V
FA
W
Batch Reactors
Advantages:
- Simple operation
- High conversion can be reached
Disadvantage:
- High operating cost
- Temperature control difficult
- Non steady-state (not continuous)
- Batch-to-batch variations
Applied to:
- Small scale testing
- Manufacture of expensive products
- Testing new proceses
17
CSTR Reactors
Advantages:
- Intense agitation
- Good temperature control
- Steady-state, continuous large production scale
Disadvantage:
- Lowest conversion of all reactor types (hence large
volume reactors needed.
Applied to:
- A variety of reaction types
- Very common for liquid-phase reactions
18
AB
is to be carried out isothermally in a continuous flow reactor.