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Category Archives: Constitutional Law

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XVIII
DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XVIII TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Effectivity of the 1987 Constitution
The 1987 Constitution took effect immediately upon its ratification.

According to the SC, this took place on February 2, 1987, which was the day the people cast
their votes ratifying the Constitution.
Military bases agreements
1)
Renewals of military bases agreements must be through a strict treaty.
2)
Ratification of the agreement in a plebiscite is necessary only when Congress so requires.
3)
Section 25 of Article XVIII allows possible local deployment of only AMERICAN forces.
Reference:
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Reviewer & Memory Aid
Ateneo Central Bar Operations 2001
Louie, Carrie, Evelyn, Thel, Gem, Ronald
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Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article XVIII
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XVII

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XVII- AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS

Definitions:
1) Amendment: an alteration of one or a few specific provisions of the Constitution. Its main
purpose is to improve specific provisions of the Constitution. The changes brought about by
amendments will not affect the other provisions of the Constitution.
2) Revision: An examination of the entire Constitution to determine how and to what extent it
should be altered. A revision implies substantive change, affecting the Constitution as a whole.
Constituent power v. Legislative power
1)
Constituent power is the power to formulate a Constitution or to propose amendments to
or revisions of the Constitution and to ratify such proposal. Legislative power is the power to pass,
repeal or amend or ordinary laws or statutes (as opposed to organic law).
2)
Constituent power is exercised by Congress (by special constitutional conferment), by a
Constitutional Convention or Commission, by the people through initiative and referendum, and
ultimately by sovereign electorate, whereas legislative power is an ordinary power of Congress
and of the people, also through initiative and referendum.
3)
The exercise of constituent power does not need the approval of the Chief Executive,
whereas the exercise of legislative power ordinarily needs the approval of the Chief Executive,
except when done by people through initiative and referendum.
Three (3) steps necessary to give effect to amendments and revisions:
1) Proposal of amendments or revisions by the proper constituent assembly;
2) Submission of the proposed amendments or revisions; and
3) Ratification
Proposal of amendments:
Amendments may be proposed by:
A. Congress, acting as a constituent assembly, by a 3/4 vote of all its members.
The power of Congress to propose amendments is NOT part of its ordinary legislative power.
The only reason Congress can exercise such power is that the Constitution has granted it such
power.
B. Constitutional Convention:
1) How a Constitutional Convention may be called
a). Congress may call a ConCon by a 2/3 vote of all its members; or
b). By a majority vote of all its members, Congress may submit to the electorate the question of
whether to call a ConCon or not.
2) Choice of which constituent assembly (either Congress or ConCon) should initiate amendments
and revisions is left to the discretion of Congress. In other words, it is a political question.
3) BUT: The manner of calling a ConCon is subject to judicial review, because the Constitution has
provided for vote requirements.
4) If Congress, acting as a constituent assembly, calls for a ConCon but does not provide the
details for the calling of such ConCon, Congress exercising its ordinary legislative power may
supply such details. But in so doing, Congress (as legislature) should not transgress the resolution
of Congress acting as a constituent assemble.
5) Congress, as a constituent assembly and the ConCon have no power to appropriate money for
their expenses. Money may be spent from the treasury only to pursuant to an appropriation made
by law.
C. Peoples Initiative
1) Petition to propose such amendments must be signed be at least 12% of ALL registered voters.
2) Every legislative district represented by at least 3% of the registered voters therein.
3) Limitation:
It cannot be exercised oftener than once every 5 years.
Note:
1)
While the substance of the proposals made by each type of constituent assembly is not
subject to judicial review, the manner the proposals are made is subject to judicial review.
2)
Since these constituent assemblies owe their existence to the Constitution, the courts may
determine whether the assembly has acted in accordance with the Constitution.
3)
Examples of justiciable issues:
a)
Whether a proposal was approved by the required number of votes in Congress (acting as a
constituent assembly).
b)
Whether the approved proposals were properly submitted to the people for ratification.
Proposal of Revisions
1)
By Congress, upon a vote of 3/4 of its members
2)
By a constitutional convention
Ratification
1)
Amendments and revisions proposed by Congress and/or by a ConCon:
a)
Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.
b)
Plebiscite is held not earlier than 60 days nor later than 90 days from the approval of such
amendments or revisions.
2)
Amendments proposed by the people via initiative:
a)
Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.
b)
Plebiscite is held not earlier than 60 days nor later than 90 days after the certification by
COMELEC of the petitions sufficiency

3)
Requisites of a valid ratification:
a)
Held in a plebiscite conducted under the election law;
b)
Supervised by the COMELEC; and
c)
Where only franchised voters (registered) voters take part.
4)
Issues regarding ratification:
a)
The Constitution does not require that amendments and revisions be submitted to the
people in a special election. Thus, they may be submitted for ratification simultaneously with a
general election.
b)
The determination of the conditions under which proposed amendments/revisions are
submitted to the people falls within the legislative sphere. That Congress could have done better
does not make the steps taken unconstitutional.
c)
All the proposed amendments/revisions made by the constituent assemblies must be
submitted for ratification in one single plebiscite. There cannot be a piece-meal ratification of
amendments/revisions.
d)
Presidential proclamation is NOT required for effectivity of amendments/revisions, UNLESS
the proposed amendments/revisions so provide.
Reference:
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Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article XVII
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XVI

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XVI GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sections 1-2. Symbols of Nationality

1) Flag
Red, white, and blue.

With a sun and 3 stars
The design may be changed by constitutional amendment.
2) Congress may, by law, adopt a new:

(a) Name for the country,
(b) National anthem, or
(c) National seal.
Note: Law will take effect upon ratification by the people in a NATIONAL REFERENDUM.
Section 3. State Immunity
Suability of State
1) The State cannot be sued without its consent.
2) When considered a suit against the State
a). The Republic is sued by name;
b). Suits against an un-incorporated government agency;

c). Suit is against a government official, but is such that ultimate liability shall devolve on the
government
i. When a public officer acts in bad faith, or beyond the scope of his authority, he can be held
personally liable for damages.
ii. BUT: If he acted pursuant to his official duties, without malice, negligence, or bad faith, they
are not personally liable, and the suit is really one against the State.
3) This rule applies not only in favor of the Philippines but also in favor of foreign states.
4) The rule likewise prohibits a person from filing for interpleader, with the State as one of the
defendants being compelled to interplead.
Consent to be sued
A. Express consent:
1). The law expressly grants the authority to sue the State or any of its agencies.
2). Examples:
a). A law creating a government body expressly providing that such body may sue or be sued.
b). Art. 2180 of the Civil Code, which creates liability against the State when it acts through a
special agent.
B. Implied consent:
1). The State enters into a private contract.
a). The contract must be entered into by the proper officer and within the scope of his authority.
b). UNLESS: The contract is merely incidental to the performance of a governmental function.
2). The State enters into an operation that is essentially a business operation.
a). UNLESS: The operation is incidental to the performance of a governmental
function (e.g.
arrastre services)
b). Thus, when the State conducts business operations through a GOCC, the latter can generally
be sued, even if its charter contains no express sue or be sued clause.
3). Suit against an incorporated government agency.
a) This is because they generally conduct propriety business operations and have charters which
grant them a separate juridical personality.
4). The State files suit against a private party.
UNLESS: The suit is entered into only to resist a claim.
Garnishment of government funds:
1) GENERAL RULE: NO. Whether the money is deposited by way of general or special deposit,
they remain government funds and are not subject to garnishment.
2) EXCEPTION: A law or ordinance has been enacted appropriating a specific amount to pay a
valid government obligation, then the money can be garnished.
Consent to be sued is not equivalent to consent to liability:
1) The Fact that the State consented to being sued does not mean that the State will ultimately
be held liable.
2) Even if the case is decided against the State, an award cannot be satisfied by writs of execution
or garnishment against public funds. Reason: No money shall be paid out of the public treasury
unless pursuant to an appropriation made by law.
Section 4. THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES
Composition:
A citizen armed force
Prohibitions and disqualifications:
1) Military men cannot engage, directly or indirectly, in any partisan political activity, except to
vote.
2) Members of the AFP in active service cannot be appointed to a civilian position in the
government, including GOCCs or their subsidiaries.
The Chief of Staff:
1) Tour of duty: Not exceed to three years
2) EXCEPTION: In times of war or other national emergency as declared by Congress, the
President may extend such tour of duty.
Reference:
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Tags: Constitutional Law - Article XVI General Provisions
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XIV

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XIV EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

ARTS, CULTURE, AND SPORTS
Education
Goals of the State:
The State shall promote and protect:
1) The right to quality education at all levels;
2) The right to affordable and accessible education; and
3) Education that is relevant to the needs of people and society.
Right to Education and Academic Freedom
The right to education must be read in conjunction with the academic freedom of schools to
require fair, reasonable, and equitable admission requirements.
Power to Dismiss Students
1) Schools have the power to dismiss students, after due process, for disciplinary reasons.
2) Acts committed outside the school may also be a ground for disciplinary action if:
a) It involves violations of school policies connected to school-sponsored activities; or
b) The misconduct affects the students status, or the good name or reputation of the school.
Regulation of Right to Education
The right to education in particular fields may be regulated by the State in the exercise of its
police power, e.g. the State may limit the right to enter medical school by requiring the applicants
to take the NMAT.
Free Education
1) The State shall maintain a system of free education in:
a) Elementary level, and
b) High school level.
2) Elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age. However, this is a moral
rather than a legal compulsion.
Educational Institutions
I. Filipinization
A. Ownership:
1). Filipino citizens, or
2). Corporations incorporated in RP and 60% Filipino-owned.
EXCEPT: Schools established by religious groups and mission boards.
3). Congress may increase Filipino equity requirements in ALL educational institutions.
B. Control and Administration:
1). Must be vested in Filipino citizens
2). Refers to line positions, such as President, Dean, Principal, and Trustees
3). Faculty members may be foreigners.
C. Student Population:
1). GENERAL RULE: Cannot establish school exclusively for aliens. Aliens can only comprise up to
1/3 of total enrollment.
2). EXCEPTIONS: Schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents, and
unless otherwise provided for by law for other foreign temporary residents.
II. Tax Exemptions

A. Non-stock, non-profit educational institutions:
1) All revenues and assets actually, directly and exclusively used for educational purposes are
exempt from taxes and duties.
2) This is self-executory
B. Proprietary educational institutions, including cooperatives:
1) Entitled to exemptions as may be provided by law, including restrictions on dividends and reinvestment
2) Requires an enabling statute
3) Grants, endowments, donations and contributions actually, directly and exclusively used for
educational purposes are exempt from taxes, subject to conditions prescribed by law.
III. Academic Freedom
A. Educational Institutions
Schools have the freedom to determine:
1) Who may teach,
2) What may be taught,
3) How it shall be taught, and
4) Who may be admitted to study.
B. Faculty members
1) Full freedom in research and in the publication of the results, subject to the adequate
performance of their other academic duties.
2) Freedom in the classroom in discussing their subjects, but they should be careful not to
introduce into their teaching controversial matter which has no relation to their subjects.
3) When faculty members speak or write in their capacity as citizens, then they are free from
institutional censorship or discipline.
C. Students
They have the right to enjoy in school the guarantees of the Bill of Rights.
D. Limitations
1) Dominant police power of the State
2) Social interest of the community
E. Budgetary Priority:
1). Education must be assigned the highest budgetary priority.
2). BUT: This command is not absolute. Congress is free to determine what should be given
budgetary priority in order to enable it to respond to the imperatives of national interest and for
the attainment of other state policies or objectives.
Religious Education in Public Schools:
Religion may be taught in public schools subject to the following requisites:
1) Express written option by parents and guardians;
2) Taught within regular class hours;
3) Instructors are designated and approved by the proper religious authorities; and
4) WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST TO THE GOVERNMENT.
Section 6. Language
1) National language: Filipino
2) Official Languages: Filipino, and unless otherwise provided by law, English.
3) Regional languages are auxiliary to the official languages.
4 (Spanish and Arabic are promoted only on an optional and voluntary basis.
Reference:
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Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XIII

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XIII SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Social Justice
1) Social justice in the Constitution is principally the embodiment of the principle that those who
have less in life should have more in law.
2) The 1987 Constitution advances beyond what was in previous Constitutions in that it seeks not
only economic social justice but also political social justice.
Principal activities in order to achieve social justice

1) Creation of more economic opportunities and more wealth; and
2) Closer regulation of the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of property in order to
achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth and political power.
Labor
Section 3 of Article XIII elaborates on the provision in Article II by specifying who are protected
by the Constitution, what rights are guaranteed, and what positive measures the state should
take in order to enhance the welfare of labor.
Right to organize and to hold peaceful concerted activities
The right to organize is given to all kinds of workers BOTH in the PRIVATE and PUBLIC sectors.
The workers have a right to hold peaceful concerted activities except the right to strike,
which is subject to limitation by law.
Right to participate in the decision making process of employers

The workers have the right to participate on matters affecting their rights and benefits, as may
be provided by law. This participation can be through
1)
collective bargaining agreements,
2)
grievance machineries,
3)
voluntary modes of settling disputes, and
4)
conciliation proceedings mediated by government.
Agrarian Reform
Goals:
Agrarian reform must aim at
1) efficient production,
2) a more equitable distribution of land which recognizes the right of farmers and regular
farmworkers who are landless to own the land they till, and
3) a just share of other or seasonal farmworkers in the fruits of the land.
CARL as an exercise of police power and power of eminent domain
To the extent that the law prescribes retention limits for landowners, there is an exercise of
police power. But where it becomes necessary to deprive owners of their land in excess of the
maximum allowed there is compensable taking and therefore the exercise of eminent domain.
Reach of agrarian reform
It extends not only to private agricultural lands, but also to other natural resources, even
including the use and enjoyment of communal marine and fishing resources and offshore
fishing grounds.
The Commission on Human Rights

Composition:
1) Chairman; and
2) 4 members
Qualifications:
1) Natural-born citizens of the Philippines;
2) Majority of the Commission must be members of the Philippine Bar;
3) Term of office, other qualifications and disabilities shall be provided by law;
4) The appointment of the CHR members is NOT subject to CA confirmation; and
5) The CHR is not of the same level as the COMELEC, CSC, or COA.
Powers:
1) Investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil or political rights
A. Violations may be committed by public officers or by civilians or rebels.
B. CHR cannot investigate violations of social rights.
C. CHR has NO adjudicatory powers over cases involving human rights violations.
D. They cannot investigate cases where no rights are violated.
E. Example: There is no right to occupy government land, i.e. squat thereon. Therefore, eviction
therefrom is NOT a human rights violation.
2) Adopt operational guidelines and rules of procedure.
3) Cite for contempt for violations of its rules, in accordance with the Rules of Court.
4) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of the human rights of all persons, within
the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and legal
aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights have been violated or need protection.
A. CHR can initiate court proceedings on behalf of victims of human rights violations.
B. They can recommend the prosecution of human rights violators, but it cannot itself prosecute
these cases.
C. BUT: The CHR cannot issue restraining orders or injunctions against alleged human rights
violators. These must be obtained from the regular courts.
5) Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons and other detention facilities.
6) Establish continuing programs for research, education and information in order to enhance
respect for the primacy of human rights.
7) Recommend to Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide
compensation to victims of human rights violations or their families.
8) Monitor compliance by the government with international treaty obligations on human rights.
9) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of
documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any CHR
investigation.
10) Request assistance from any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its
functions.
11) Appoint its officers and employers in accordance with law.

12) Perform such other functions and duties as may be provided for by law
Reference:
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Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XII

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XII NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Sec. 1. GOALS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Three-fold goal:
1. More equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth;
2. Sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit
of the people; and
3. Expanding productivity, as the key to raising the quality of life for all.
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment
1. It should be based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform
2. It should be through industries that make full and efficient use of human and natural
resources. Industries should also be competitive in both domestic and foreign markets.
Protection of Filipino enterprises
The State shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
Role of Private Enterprises
Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations,
shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership
Section 2. REGALIAN DOCTRINE

Distinction between Imperium and Dominium.
1. Imperium
Government authority possessed by the State which is appropriately embraced in sovereignty.
2. Dominium
1.
The capacity of the State to own and acquire property.
2.
It refers to lands held by the government in a proprietary character: can provide for the
exploitation and use of lands and other natural resources.
Scope:
The following are owned by the State:
1. Lands of the public domain:
Waters
Minerals, coals, petroleum, and other mineral oils;
All sources of potential energy;
Fisheries;
Forests or timber;
Wildlife;
Flora and fauna; and
Other natural resources.
Alienation of Natural Resources
1. General Rule: All natural resources CANNOT be alienated
2. Exception: Agricultural lands
Exploration, Development and Utilization of Natural Resources
1. Shall be under the full control and supervision of the State
2. Means
A. The state may DIRECTLY UNDERTAKE such activities
B. The state may enter into CO-PRODUCTION, JOINT VENTURE OR PRODUCTION-SHARING

arrangements with
1.
2.
Filipino citizen or
Corporation or association at least 60% of whose capital is owned by such citizens
3. Limitations:
A. Period: It should not exceed 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years
B. Under terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
4. In case of water rights/water supply/fisheries/industrial uses other than the development of
water power
The beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant.
Small-scale Utilization of Natural Resources
1. Congress may, by law, authorize small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens
2. Congress may also authorize cooperative fish farming with priority given to subsistence
fishermen and fishworkers in the rivers, lakes, bays and lagoons.
Large-Scale Exploration, Development and Utilization of Minerals/Petroleum/Other Mineral Oils
1. The President may enter into agreements with foreign owned corporations involving technical
or financial assistance for large-scale exploration etc. of minerals, petroleum, and other mineral
oils. These agreements should be in accordance with the general terms and conditions provided
by law.
2. They should be based on the real contributions to economic growth and general welfare of the
country.
3. In the agreements, the State should promote the development and use of local scientific and
technical resources.
4. The President should notify Congress of every contract under this provision within 30 days from
its execution.
5. Management and service contracts are not allowed under this rule.
Protection of Marine Wealth
1. The State shall protect its marine wealth in its
Archipelagic waters
Territorial sea &
EEZ
2. The State shall reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
Section 3. LANDS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
1. Agricultural
2. Forest/timber
3. Mineral lands &
4. National Parks
Note:
1. Classification of public lands is an exclusive prerogative of the Executive Department through
the Office of the President, upon recommendation by the DENR.
2. Classification is descriptive of the legal nature of the land and NOT what it looks like. Thus,
the fact that forest land is denuded does not mean it is no longer forest land.
Alienable lands of public domain
1. Only agricultural lands are alienable.
2. Agricultural lands may be further classified by law according to the uses to which they may be
devoted.
Limitations regarding Alienable Lands of the Public Domain
1. For private corporations or associations
A. They can only hold alienable lands of the public domain BY LEASE
B. Period: Cannot exceed 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years
C. Area: Lease cannot exceed 1,000 hectares
Note: A corporation sole is treated like other private corporations for the purpose of acquiring
public lands.
2. For Filipino citizens
A. Can lease up to 500 hectares

B. Can ACQUIRE not more than 12 hectares by purchase, homestead or grant.
Taking into account the requirements of conservation, ecology and development, and subject to
the requirements of agrarian reform, Congress shall determine by law the size of the lands of the
public domain which may be acquired, developed, held or lease and the conditions therefore.
Means by Which Lands of the Public Domain Become Private Land

1. Acquired from government by purchase or grant;
2. Uninterrupted possession by the occupant and his predecessors-in-interest since time
immemorial; and
3. Open, exclusive, and undisputed possession of ALIENABLE (agricultural) public land for a period
of 30 years.
A. Upon completion of the requisite period, the land becomes private property ipso jure without
need of any judicial or other sanction.
B. Here, in possession since time immemorial, presumption is that the land was never part of
public domain.
C. In computing 30 years, start from when land was converted to alienable land, not when it was
still forest land
D. Presumption is that land belongs to the State.
Section 4. Congress shall, as soon as possible, determine by law, the specific limits of forest
lands and national parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter, such
forest lands and national parks shall be conserved and may not be increased or diminished,
EXCEPT by law. Congress shall provide measures to prohibit logging in
1.
a.
Endangered forest and
2.
b.
Watershed areas for such period as it may determine.
Section 5. ANCESTRAL LANDS
Protection of Indigenous Cultural Communities

1. The State protects the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands
A. Subject to Constitutional provisions
B. Subject to national development policies and programs
2. In determining ownership and extent of ancestral domain, Congress may use customary laws on
property rights and relations.
3. ANCESTRAL DOMAIN
A. It refers to lands which are considered as pertaining to a cultural region
B. This includes lands not yet occupied, such as deep forests.
Section 7. PRIVATE LANDS
General rule
1. Private lands CAN only be transferred or conveyed to:
A. Filipino citizens
B. Corporations or associations incorporated in the Philippines, at least 60% of whose capital is
owned by Filipino citizens
2. Exceptions
A. In intestate succession, where an alien heir of a Filipino is the transferee of private land.
B. A natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his Philippine citizenship may be a
transferee of PRIVATE ALND, subject to limitation provided by law. Hence, land can be used only
for residential purposes. In this case, he only acquires derivative title.
C. Foreign states may acquire land but only for embassy and staff residence purposes.
3. Filipino citizenship is only required at the time the land is acquired. Thus, loss of citizenship
after acquiring the land does not deprive ownership.
4. Restriction against aliens only applies to acquisition of ownership. Therefore:
A. Aliens may be lessees or usufructuaries of private lands
B. Aliens may be mortgages of land, as long as they do not obtain possession thereof and do not
bid in the foreclosure sale.
5. Land tenure is not indispensable to the free exercise of religious profession and worship. A
religious corporation controlled by non-Filipinos cannot acquire and own land, even for religious
purposes.
Remedies to recover private lands from disqualified aliens:
1. Escheat proceedings
2. Action for reversion under the Public Land Act
3. An action by the former Filipino owner to recover the land
A. The former pari delicto principle has been abandoned
B. Alien still has the title (didnt pass it on to one who is qualified)
Section 10. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY/INVESTMENTS
Power of Congress
1. Congress, upon the recommendation of NEDA, can reserve to Filipino citizens or to
corporations or associations at least 60% of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher
percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investment. This may be done when the
national interest dictates.
2. Congress shall also enact measures to encourage the formation and operation of enterprises
whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
National Economy and Patrimony

In the grant of rights, privileges and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony,
the State shall give preference to QUALIFIED Filipinos.
Section 11. FRANCHISES FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES

Power to grant:
1. Congress may directly grant a legislative franchise; or
2. Power to grant franchises may be delegated to appropriate regulatory agencies and/or LGUs
Public utility
1. In order to be considered as a public utility, and thus subject to this provision, the undertaking
must involve dealing directly with the public.
2. Thus, a Build-Operate-Transfer grantee is NOT a public utility. The BOT grantee merely
constructs the utility, and it leases the same to the government. It is the government which
operates the public utility (operation separate from ownership).
To whom granted:
1. Filipino citizens or
2. Corporations or associations incorporated in the Philippines and at least 60% of the capital is
owned by Filipino citizens.
Terms and conditions:
1. Duration: Not more than 50 years
2. Franchise is NOT exclusive in character
3. Franchise is granted under the condition that it is subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal
by Congress when the common good so requires.
Participation of Foreign Investors

1. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall
be limited to their proportionate share in its capital.
2. Foreigners cannot be appointed as the executive and managing officers because these positions
are reserved for Filipino citizens.
Section 16. FORMATION/ORGANIZATION/REGULATION OF CORPORATIONS

1. Private corporations
Congress can only provide for the formation, etc of private corporations through a general law.
2. GOCCs
They may be created by:
a. Special charters in the interest of the common good and subject to the test of economic
viability.
b. By incorporation under the general corporation law.
Sections 18-19. SPECIAL ECONOMIC POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT

1. Temporary takeover or direction of operations:
A. Conditions
i. National emergency and
ii. When the public interest requires
B. May be used against privately owned public utilities or businesses affected with public interest.
C. Duration of the takeover: period of emergency
D. Takeover is subject to reasonable terms and conditions
E. No need for just compensation because it is only temporary.
2. Nationalization of vital industries:
A. Exercised in the interest of national welfare or defense
B. Involves either:
i. Establishment and operation of vital industries; or
ii. Transfer to public ownership, upon payment of just compensation, public utilities and other
private enterprises to be operated by the government.
Section 19. MONOPOLIES

1. The Constitution does NOT prohibit the existence of monopolies.
2. The State may either regulate or prohibit monopolies, when public interest so requires.
3. Combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition are prohibited.
Filipino citizenship or equity requirements:
ACTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
Exploitation of natural resources
CITIZENSHIP AND/OR EQUITY

1. Filipino citizens; or
2. Corporations incorporated in RP, with 60% Filipino ownership
Operation of Public Utilities
Acquisition of alienable lands of the public domain
1. Filipino citizens;
2. Corporations incorporated in RP, with 60% Filipino ownership;
3. Former natural-born citizens of RP, as transferees, with certain legal restrictions; and
4. Alien heirs as transferees in case of intestate succession.
Practice of ALL Professions
Filipino citizens only (natural persons)
*Congress may, by law, otherwise prescribe
Mass Media
2. Corporations incorporated in RP, and 100% Filipino owned
Advertising
2. Corporations incorporated in RP, and 70% Filipino owned.
Educational institution

EXCEPT: Schools established by religious groups and mission boards.
*Congress may, by law, increase Filipino equity requirements for ALL educational institutions.
Other economic activities

Congress may, by law, reserve to Filipino citizens or
to corporations 60% Filipino owned (or even higher) certain investment areas.
Reference:

1 Comment
Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article XII
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XI

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE XI: ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Section 1: PUBLIC OFFICE AS A PUBLIC TRUST
Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with
utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice and lead
modest lives.
Section 2: IMPEACHMENT/REMOVAL FROM OFFICE
Impeachment: (as means of removal from office)
1. Who may be impeached:
President
VP
SC Justices
Constitutional Commission members
Ombudsman
2. Grounds
Culpable violation of the Constitution
treason
bribery
graft and corruption
other high crimes or
betrayal of public trust
Note: It is an exclusive list. Congress cannot, by law, add to the list of impeachable offenses.
1.
These officers cannot be charged in court with offenses that have removal from office as
penalty.
2.
The President cannot be charged with murder.
3.
A SC Justice cannot be disbarred because this would disqualify him from his position.
4.
BUT AFTER an official has been impeached, he can be charged with the appropriate offense.
5.
Resignation by an impeachable official does not place him beyond the reach of impeachment
proceedings; he can still be impeached
All Other Public Officers and Employees
1. They may be removed from office as provided by law
2. BUT: NOT by impeachment
Section 3: PROCEDURE FOR IMPEACHMENT
Exclusive Power of House of Representatives
The House of Representatives has exclusive power to INITIATE all cases of impeachment.
Procedure:
1. Filling of verified complaint
1.
1.
2.
3.
Can be filed by:

Any member of the House of Representatives or
Any citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member of the House or
By at least 1/3 of all the Members of the House of Representatives
2.) Inclusion of complaint in the order of business with 10 session days

3.) Referral to proper Committee within 3 session days thereafter
4.) Submission of Committee report to the House together with corresponding resolution
1.
2.
3.
There should be a hearing

There should be a majority vote of the members
The report should be submitted within 60 days from referral, after hearing, and by a majority
vote of ALL its members.
5.) Calendaring of resolution for consideration by the House

Should be done within 10 session days from receipt thereof
6.) Vote of at least 1/3 of all Members of the House necessary to:
1.
Affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee or
2.
To override its contrary resolution
Note: If the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment was filed by at least 1/3 of all the
Members of the House, it shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment. Trial in the Senate shall
proceed.
7.)
1.
2.
3.
8.)
Trial in the Senate

Senate has the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment
For this purpose, the Senators shall be under oath or affirmation
When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the CJ of the Supreme Court presides.
However, he/she will not vote.
Judgment of Conviction
This requires the concurrence of 2/3 of all the Members of the Senate
9.)
1.
2.
3.
Effect of the Impeachment

Removal from office of the official concerned
Disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines
Officer still liable to prosecution, trial, and punishment if the impeachable offense committed
also constitutes a felony or crime.
Section 4: SANDIGANBAYAN
Sandiganbayan = the anti-graft court
Sections 5-6, 8-14: OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN
Composition:
1.)
Ombudsman/Tanodbayan
2.)
Overall deputy
3.)
At least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
4.)
Deputy for military establishment may be appointed
Qualifications: (Ombudsman and his deputies)

1.)
Natural born citizen of the Philippines
2.)
At least 40 years old at time of appointment
3.)
Of recognized probity and independence
4.)
Member of the Philippine bar
5.)
Must not have been candidate for any elective office in the immediately preceding election
6.)
For Ombudsman: He must have been for ten years or more
1.
2.
A judge or
Engage in the practice of law in the Philippines
Disqualifications/Prohibitions (under Article IX, Section 2)

1.)
Cannot hold any other office or employment during his tenure
2.)
Cannot engage in the practice of any profession or in the active management or control of
any business which may be affected by the functions of his office

3.)
Cannot be financially interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with or in any
franchise or privilege granted by the Government, any of its subdivisions, agencies or

instrumentalities, including GOCCs or their subsidiaries.
Appointment
1. Of Ombudsman and deputies
1.
By the president from a list of at least 6 nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council.
Vacancies will be filled from a list of 3 nominees
2.
Appointments do NOT require confirmation
3.
All vacancies shall be filled within 3 months after they occur.
2. Of other officials and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman
1.
By the Ombudsman
2.
In accordance with Civil Service Law
Term: (Ombudsman and deputies)
1. 7 years with reappointment
2. They are NOT qualified to run for any office in the election immediately succeeding their
cessation from office
Rank/Salaries:
1. The Ombudsman has the rank of Chairman of a Constitutional Commission
2. The Members have the rank of members of a Constitutional Commission
3. Their salaries cannot be decreased during their term of office.
Powers, Functions and Duties of the Office of the Ombudsman
1. Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public
official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust,
improper, or inefficient.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The SC held that the power to investigate and prosecute cases involving public officers and
employees has been transferred to the Ombudsman.
The Ombudsman may always delegate his power to investigate.
The power to investigate includes the power to impose preventive suspension.
This preventive suspension is not a penalty.
INVESTIGATE does not mean preliminary investigation.
The complaint need not be drawn up in the usual form.
The ILLEGAL act or omission need not be in connection with the duties of the public officer
or employee concerned.
ANY illegal act may be investigated by the Ombudsman. In this regard, the Ombudsmans
jurisdiction is CONCURRENT with that of the regular prosecutors.
2. Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the
government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any governmentowned or controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and expedite any act of duty
required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any abuse or impropriety in the performance of
duties.
1.
The Ombudsman has PERSUASIVE POWER, and may require that proper legal steps are taken by
the officers concerned.
2.
The public official or employee must be employed in:
(I).
The Government
(II).
Any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; or
(III).
GOCCs with original charters
1.
The SC has held that the SP may prosecute before the Sandiganbayan judges accused of graft
and corruption, even if they are under the Supreme Court.
3.) Direct the officer concerned to take the appropriate action against a public official or
employee at fault, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or
prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
1.
2.
3.
The Ombudsman does NOT himself prosecute cases against public officers or employees.
Final say to prosecute still rests in the executive department.
The Ombudsman or Tanodbayan may use mandamus to compel the fiscal to prosecute.
4.) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations as may
be provided by law to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or transactions
entered into by his office involving the disbursement or use of public funds of properties, and
report any irregularity to COA for appropriate action.
5.) Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of
its responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and documents.
6.) Public matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and with due
process.
7.) Determine the cause of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud and corruption in the
government and make recommendations for their elimination and the observance of high
standards of ethics and efficiency
8.) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such functions or
duties as may be provided by law.
Note: The Office of the Ombudsman also has the duty to act promptly on complaints filed in any
form or manner against public officials or employees of the government, or any subdivision,
agency or instrumentality including GOCCs and their subsidiaries. In appropriate cases, it should
notify the complainants of the action taken and the result thereof.
Fiscal Autonomy
The Office of the Ombudsman enjoys fiscal autonomy. Its approved annual appropriations should
be automatically and regularly released.
Section 7: OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL PROCECUTOR
1. Under the 1987 Constitution, the existing Tanodbayan became the Office of the Special
Prosecutor
2. Powers
1.
2.
It will continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be provided by law
Exception: Powers conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman
3. The Office of the Special Prosecutor is subordinate to and acts under the orders of the
Ombudsman
Note: According to Jack, the SC was wrong because the ConCom intended that the SP was to
prosecute anti-graft cases.
Section 15: RECOVERY OF ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH

Prescription, Laches, Estoppel
1.)
The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials and
employees from them or from their nominees or transferees shall NOT be barred by prescription,
laches or estoppel.
2.) Their right to prosecute criminally these officials and employees may prescribe.
Section 16: PROHIBITION ON CERTAIN FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
Coverage:
This prohibition applies to:
1.)
President
2.)
Vice-President
3.)
Members of the Cabinet
4.)
Members of Congress
5.)
Members of Supreme Court
6.)
Members of Constitutional Commissions
7.)
Ombudsman
8.)
Any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest
When prohibition applies:

Prohibition applies during their TENURE.
Scope of prohibition:
1.)
The above mentioned officials cannot obtain, directly or indirectly for BUSINESS PURPOSES:
1.
2.
3.
Loans
Guarantees
Other forms of financial accommodation
From:
1.
2.
Government owned or controlled banks; or

Government owned or controlled financial institutions.
2.)
If the loan, etc, is NOT for business purpose, e.g. a housing loan, the prohibition does not
apply.
Section 17: Statements of assets, liabilities and net worth
When submitted:
Public officer and employee shall submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities and net
worth upon assumption of office and as often as required under the law.
When declaration shall be disclosed to the public:
These declarations shall be disclosed to the public in a manner provided by law in the case of:
1.)
President
2.)
Vice-President
3.)
Members of the Cabinet
4.)
Members of Congress
5.)
Justices of the Supreme Court
6.)
Members of Constitutional Commissions
7.)
Other constitutional offices
8.)
Officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank
Section 18: Allegiance of public officers and employees

Allegiance to the State and to the Constitution
Change in Citizenship/Immigrant Status
1.)
1.
2.
Incumbent public officers and employees who seek either:

Change his citizenship; or
Acquire immigrant status in another country
Shall be dealt with by law.

2.) If Philippine citizenship is one of the qualifications to the office, the loss of such citizenship
means the loss of the office by the incumbent.
3.) The Election Code provides the rules with respect to non-incumbents, i.e. persons running
for elective offices.
1.
The Code provides that permanent residents of or immigrant to a foreign country cannot file
certificates of candidacy unless they expressly waive their status as such
This renunciation must be some other than, and prior to, the filling of the certificate of
candidacy.
Reference:
2 Comments
Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article XI
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article X

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE X: LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Section 1. TERRITORIAL/POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ARE
THE:
Composition:
1)
Provinces
2)
Cities;
3)
Municipalities; and
4)
Barangays
There shall be Autonomous regions in:

1)
Muslim Mindanao, and
2)
Cordileras [At present, it is only the Cordilera ADMINISTRATIVE region]
Note:
1) A third autonomous regions would require a constiutional amendment.
2) These political subdivisions, created by the Constitution cannot be replaced by AMENDMENT,

and not by law.
3) While Congress can abolish or eradicate individual units, it cannot abolish an entire class of
LGUs
Section 2. Local Autonomy
1)
All political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy
2)
This does not mean that the LGUs are completely free from the central government.
1.
2.
Judiciary may still pass on LGU actions

President may exercise disciplinary power over LGU officials.
Sec. 3. Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more
responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate
among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and
provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and
functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and
operation of the local units.
Section 4. PRESIDENTIAL SUPERVISION OF LGUS
Supervision of President
1)
The President exercises general supervision over all LGUs
2)
The President exercises DIRECT supervision over

1.
2.
3.
3)
Provinces
Autonomous regions and
Independent cities.
This power is limited to ensuring that lower officers exercise their functions in accordance
with law.
4)
The president cannot substitute his judgment for that of an LGU official unless the latter is
acting contrary to law.

5)
The President may, however, impose administrative sanctions against LGU officials, such as
suspension for 120 days, and may even remove them from their posts, in accordance with law.
6)
Provinces exercise direct supervision over component cities and municipalities.
7)
Cities and municipalities exercise direct supervision over component barangays.
Section 5. EACH LOCAL GOVERNMENT SHALL HAVE THE POWER TO CREATE OWN SOURCES OF
REVENUE/LEVY TAXES, FEES AND CHARGES ETC.
Limitations on Power
1)
It is subject to such guidelines and limitations as Congress may provide. See Local
Government Code for examples.
2)
The guidelines set by Congress should be consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy.
Accrual of taxes, fees, charges

The taxes, fees and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
Section 6. LGUs SHALL HAVE A JUST SHARE IN NATIONAL TAXES, AS DETERMINED

BY LAW, WHICH SHALL BE AUTOMATICALLY RELEASED TO THEM
Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA)
1)
Share of LGUs in national taxes is limited to the internal revenue taxes.
2)
The share of each LGU should be released, without need of any further action, directly to
the provincial, city, municipal or barangay treasurer. Release is made on a quarterly basis within 5
days after the end of each quarter.
3)
The share of each LGU should not be subject to any lien or holdback that may be imposed by
the national government for whatever purpose.
4)
Each LGU should appropriate in its annual budget at least 20% of its annual IRA for
development projects.
5)
Adjustments in IRA
1.
2.
Ground: Unmanageable public section deficit

President can make the necessary adjustments in the IRA upon the recommendation of the
following:
1.
Department of Finance Secretary
2.
DILG Secretary
3.
DBM Secretary
6)
IRA considered for purposes of conversion from one political subdivision to the next.
(Alvarez v. Guingona)
Section 7. SHARE OF LGUS IN NATIONAL WEALTH
Share of LGUs in national wealth
1)
LGUs are entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and development
of the national wealth within their respective areas in the manner provided by law.
2)
This includes share the same with the inhabitants by way of direct benefits.
Under the LGC

1)
LGUs have a share of 40% of the gross collection derived by the national government from
the preceding fiscal year from

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mining taxes
Royalties
Forestry and fishery charges
Other taxes, fees and charges
Share in any co-production, joint venture or production sharing agreement in the utilization
and development of the national wealth w/in their territorial jurisdiction
Sec. 8. TERM OF OFFICE

Term of Office
Elective local officials, now including barangay officials have a term of 3 years.
Limitations:
1)
No elective official shall serve for more than 3 consecutive terms
2)
Voluntary renunciation of office for any length of time shall not be considered as an
interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.
Sec. 9. SECTORAL REPRESENTATION IN LGUS

Legislative bodies of the local governments shall have Sectoral Representation (under the
LGC) as may be provided by law
There should be representatives from:
1)
The womens sector
2)
The workers
3)
Third sector (can choose from any of the following)
A)
Urban poor
B)
Indigenous cultural communities
C)
Disabled persons
D)
Any other sector as may be determined by the sanggunian
Election of Sector Representatives

Sec. 10. Creation, abolition and division of LGUs
1)
2)
Requisites
1.
Compliance with the requirements of the Local Government Code; and
2.
Approved by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held in the political units DIRECTLY
affected.
Thus, a province is supposed to be divided into 2 separate provinces, plebiscite will include
voters of the ENTIRE province, and not just the area to comprise the new province.
3)
LGC requirements relate to matters such as population, revenue, and area requirements.
Sec. 11. Metropolitan political subdivisions

Creation:
1)
Congress may create special metropolitan political subdivisions by law.
2)
It is subject to a plebiscite
Jurisdiction of Metropolitan authority

It is limited to basic services requiring coordination.
Basic Autonomy of Component Cities and Municipalities

1)
The component cities and municipalities retain their basic autonomy
2)
They shall be entitled to their own local executive and legislative assemblies.
Sec. 12. CITIES

Classification of Cities:
1)
Highly urbanized (as determined by law)
2)
Component cities (cities still under provincial control); and
3)
Independent component cities (non-highly urbanized cities whose voters are prohibited by
thecity charter from voting in provincial elections)
Independence from the Province

1)
Highly urbanized cities and independent component cities are independent of the province.
2)
Component cities whose charter contain no such prohibition are still under the control of
the province and its voters may still vote for elective provincial officials.
Section 13. Coordination among LGUS
Consolidation and Coordination of Efforts, Services and Resources

1)
It is optional on the part of LGUs as shown by the use of the word may
2)
It can be done for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with the law.
Under LGC (Section 33)

1)
Consolidation and coordination may be done through appropriate ordinances.
2)
A public hearing should be conducted and the approval of the sanggunian obtained.
3)
An LGU can:
1.
2.
Contribute funds, real estate, equipment and other kinds of property

Appoint/assign personnel under such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon by the
participating LGUs through Memoranda of Agreement.
Section 14. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCILS
Who can provide for RDC

The President shall provide for RDC or other similar bodies composed of:
Composition
1)
Local government officials
2)
Regional heads of departments and other government offices
3)
Representatives of NGOS within the regions
For Purpose of
1)
Administrative decentralization
2)
To strengthen local autonomy
3)
To accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region
Section 15. AUTONOMOUS REGIONS

Where:
1)
Muslim Mindanao
2)
Cordillera region
Factors:
1)
Historical heritage
2)
Cultural heritage
3)
Economic and social structures,
4)
Other relevant characteristics within:

1.
2.
3.
The framework of the consititution

National sovereignty
Territorial integrity.
Creation:
1)
Provided by law.
2)
EFFECTIVITY of such creation occurs only when it is approved by a majority of the votes cast
in a plebiscite held among the constituent units.

3)
Only those Provinces, Cities, and Geographical Areas voting favorably in such plebiscite shall
form part of the autonomous region.

4)
If only 1 province approved the law, NO AUTONOMOUS REGION created, since the
constitution requires more than one province to constitute one (like what happened in the
Cordillera plebiscite)
5)
The question of which LGUs shall constitute an autonomous region is one which is
exclusively for Congress to decide.
Section 16. GENERAL SUPERVISION OVER AUTONOMOUS REGIONS

By Whom:
The President
Purpose:
To ensure that the laws are faithfully executed.
Sec. 17. All powers, functions and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution or by law
to the autonomous region shall be vested in the National Government.
Examples:
1) Foreign relations,
2) National defense and Security

3) Monetary Affairs
Section 20. LEGISLATIVE POWERS

The Organic Act of Autonomous Region shall provide for legislative powers over:
1)
Administrative organization;
2)
Creation of sources of revenues;
3)
Ancestral domain and natural resources
4)
Personal, family and property relations
5)
Regional, urban, and rural planning development;
6)
Economic, social, and tourism development;
7)
Educational policies;
8)
Preservation and development of the cultural heritage; and
9)
Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of the general welfare of
the people of the region.

Limitations:
1)
Subject to the provisions of the Constitution and national laws
2)
To be exercised within its territorial jurisdiction
Section 21. PRESERVATION OF PEACE AND ORDER/DEFENSE AND SECURITY
Peace and Order

It shall be the responsibility of the local police agencies.
Defense and Security

It shall be the responsibility of the national government.
Reference:


6 Comments
Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article X
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article IX

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE IX THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

Section 1. Constitutional Commissions
Independent Constitutional Commissions:
1) Civil Service Commission (CSC)
2) Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
3) Commission on Audit (COA)
Why Independent?
They perform vital functions of government. Their integrity is protected by the fact that they:
1) Are constitutionally created (Sec. 1)
2) Have independent powers of appointment (Sec. 4)
3) Each Commission may promulgate its own procedural rules (Sec. 6)
4) Fiscal autonomy (Sec. 5)
5) Salaries may not be diminished during their office (Sec. 3)
6) Commissioners have a fixed term
7) Commissioners are removable by impeachment only.
Section 2. DISQUALIFICATIONS
Disqualifications:
Members cannot, during their tenure:

1) Hold any other office or employment;
2) Engage in the practice of any profession;
3) Engage in the active management or control of any business, which, in any way, may be
affected by the functions of their office; and
4) Be financially interested, direct or indirect, in any contract, franchise, privilege granted by the
government, any of its subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities, including GOCCs and their
subsidiaries.
Note: The Ombudsman and his deputies are subject to the same qualifications.
Section 3. SALARIES
Salaries
1) Salaries are fixed by law and shall not be decreased during their TENURE.
2) Decreases in salaries only affect those members appointed AFTER increase.
3) Incumbent members do not lose any salary.
4) Increases take effect IMMEDIATELY.
Section 6. RULES OF PROCEDURE
Procedures:
1) Rules: The Commissions may promulgate its own rules EN BANC.
2) Limitation: It shall not:
a) Diminish,
b) Increase, or
c) Modify substantive rights.
3) Power of SC
a). The SC may not, under Art. VIII Sec. 5(5), exercise the power to disapprove rules of special
courts and quasi-judicial bodies.
b). In proceedings before the Commissions, the rules of the Commission prevail.
c). In proceedings before a court, the Rules of Court prevail.

d). The SC may, however, in appropriate cases, exercise JUDICIAL REVIEW
Section 7. DECISION MAKING/APPEAL
Decision-Making:
1) Each commission shall decide matter or cases by a majority vote of all the members within 60
days from submission.
COMELEC may sit en banc or in 2 divisions.

Election cases, including pre-proclamation controversies are decided in division, with motions
for reconsideration filed to the COMELEC en banc.
The SC has held that a majority decision decided by a division of the COMELEC is a valid
decision.
2) As COLLEGIAL BODIES, each commission must act as one, and no one member can decide a case
for the entire commission. (i.e. The Chairman cannot ratify a decision which would otherwise
have been void).
Appeals:
1) Decisions, orders or rulings of the COMELEC/COA may be brought on certiorari to the SC under
Rule 65.
2) Decisions, orders or ruling of the CSC should be appealed to the CA under Rule 43.
Enforcement:
It has been held that the CSC can issue a writ of execution to enforce judgments which are
final.
THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
Section 1. COMPOSITION/QUALIFICATIONS/TERM
Composition:
1) Chairman
2) Commissioners 2 commissioners
Qualifications:
2) At least 35 years old at the time of their appointments;
3) With proven capacity for public administration; and
4) NOT candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their
appointment.
5) Appointees by the President to the CSC need Commission on Appointments (CA) confirmation
Term:
1) Chairman -7 years; Commissioner1 5 yrs; Commissioner2 3 yrs
2) Limitation: single term only, no reappointment
3) Appointment to vacancy: only for unexpired term of predecessor
4) No temporary appointments, or appointments in acting capacity.
Section 2. Scope:
The Civil Service embraces all:
A. branches,
B. subdivisions,
C. instrumentalities,
D. agencies of the government,
E. including GOCCs with original charters.
1.With Original Charter means that the GOCC was created by special law/by Congress
2. If incorporated under the Corporation Code, it does not fall within the Civil Service, and is not
subject to the CSC jurisdiction.
3. Even if once government-controlled, then becomes privatized, ceases to fall under CSC.
4. Jurisdiction is determined as of the time of filing the complaint.
Appointments to civil service shall be:
A. Competitive positions
According to merit and fitness to be determined by competitive examinations, as far as

practicable except to positions which are policy-determining, primarily confidential, or highly
technical.
B. Non-competitive positions
1). No need for competitive examinations.
2). 3 kinds
a) Policy-determining
formulate a method of action for the govt
b) Primarily confidential
more than ordinary confidence; close intimacy insures freedom of
intercourse without betrayals of personal trust

c) Highly technical
requires technical skill to a superior degree.
C. The TEST to determine whether non/competitive is the Nature of the responsibilities, NOT
the administrative or legislative description given to it.
D. Both types of positions are entitled to security of tenure. They only differ in the MANNER in
which they are filled.
E. Who may be appointed:
1). RULE: Whoever fulfills all the qualifications prescribed by law for a particular position may be
appointed therein.
2). The CSC cannot disapprove an appointment just because another person is better qualified, as
long as the appointee is himself qualified.
3). The CSC CANNOT add qualifications other than those provided by law.
F. Next-In-Rank Rule
While a person next in rank is entitled to preferential consideration, it does not follow that
only he, and no one else, can be appointed. Such person has no vested right to the position and
the appointing authority is not bound to appoint the person next in rank.
Tenure (Classification of Positions)
Career Service
1. Entrance based on merit and fitness to

be determined as far as practicable by
competitive examinations or based on
highly technical qualifications.
Non-Career Service
1. Entrance on bases OTHER than usual

tests of merit and fitness.
2. Entitled to security of tenure
1.
Tenure limited to:
a)
Period specified by law,
b)
Coterminous with the appointing
authority or subject to his pleasure, or
c)
Limited to the duration of a particular
project for which purpose the employment was
made.
3. With opportunity for advancement to

higher career positions.
Security of Tenure:
1) Officers or employees of the Civil Service cannot be removed or suspended EXCEPT for cause
provided by law. It guarantees both procedural and substantive due process.
2) For LEGAL CAUSE Cause is:
a). related to and affects the administration of office, and
b). must be substantial (directly affects the rights & interests of the public)
3) Security of tenure for Non-competitive positions
a). Primarily confidential officers and employees hold office only for so long as confidence in them
remains.
b). If there is GENUINE loss of confidence, there is no removal, but the expiration of the term of
office
c). Non-career service officers and employees do not enjoy security of tenure.
d). Political appointees in the foreign service possess tenure coterminous with that of the
appointing authority or subject to his pleasure.
4) One must be VALIDLY APPOINTED to enjoy security of tenure. Thus, one who is not appointed by
the proper appointing authority does not acquire security of tenure.
Abolition of Office
To be valid, abolition must be made:

(a) In good faith; (good faith is presumed)
(b) Not for political or personal reasons; and
(c) Not in violation of law
Temporary employees are covered by the following rules:

1). Not protected by security of tenure can be removed anytime even without cause
2). If they are separated, this is considered an expiration of his term.
3). BUT: They can only be removed by the one who appointed them.
4). Entitled only to such protection as may be provided by law.
No officer or employee in the Civil Service shall engage in any electioneering or in partisan
political activity
1) Cannot solicit votes in favor of a particular candidate.
2) Cannot give campaign contributions or distribute campaign materials.
3) BUT: Allowed to express views on political issues, and to mention the names of the candidates
whom he supports.
4) Prohibition does not apply to department secretaries
Right to organize
The right to organize does NOT include the right to strike

Sections 6-7. DISQUALIFICATION
Disqualifications
1) Losing candidates in any election

a). Cannot be appointed to any office in the government or GOCCs or their subsidiaries.
b). Period of disqualification: One (1) year after such election.
2) Elective officials
a). Not eligible for appointment or designation ANY CAPACITY to ANY PUBLIC OFFICE or position
during their tenure.
b). EXCEPTION: May hold ex officio positions.
Examples:
The Vice President may be appointed Cabinet member
Congressman may sit in the Judicial and Bar Council
c). To be eligible to hold any other office, the elected official must first resign his office
d). Even Congress cannot, by law, authorize the appointment of an elective official.
3). Appointive officials
a). Cannot hold any other office or employment in the government, any subdivision, agency,
instrumentality, including GOCCs and their subsidiaries.
b). EXCEPTION: Unless otherwise allowed by law, or by the primary functions of his position.
c). This exception DOES NOT APPLY to Cabinet members, and those officers mentioned in Art. VII,
Sec. 13. They are governed by the stricter prohibitions contained therein.
Section 8. COMPENSATION
1) Prohibitions: applies to elected or appointed officers and employees
Cannot receive:
A. Additional an extra reward given for the same office i.e. bonus
B. Double when an officer is given 2 sets of compensation for 2 different offices held
concurrently by 1 officer
C. Indirect Compensation
2) EXCEPTION: Unless specifically authorized by law
A. SPECIFICALLY AUTHORIZED means a specific authority particularly directed to the
officer or employee concerned.
B. BUT: per diems and allowances given as REIMBURSEMENT for expenses actually incurred are not
prohibited
3) Cannot accept any present, emolument, office, title of any kind from foreign governments
UNLESS with the consent of Congress.
4) Pensions and gratuities are NOT considered as additional, double, or indirect compensation.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
Section 1. COMPOSITION/QUALIFICATIONS/TERM
Composition: (7)
1) Chairman and
2) Commissioners (6)
Qualifications:
2) At least 35 years old at the time of appointment
3) Holders of college degrees; and
4) Not candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections.
5) Majority of the Commission, including the Chairman must be:
a). Members of the Philippines Bar
b). Engaged in the practice of law for at least 10 years: any activity in or out of court, which
requires the application of law, legal procedure, knowledge, training and experience.
6) Appointments subject to CA approval
Term:
1) Chairman -7 yrs; 3 Members 7 yrs; 2 Members 5 yrs; 1 Member 3 yrs.
2) LIMITATION: Single term only: no reappointment allowed
3) Appointment to a vacancy: only for unexpired portion of predecessors term
4) No temporary appointments, or appointments in acting capacity
a). Thus, the President cannot designate an incumbent commissioner as acting Chairman.
b). The choice of temporary chairman falls under the COMELECs discretion.
Section 2. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

Powers:
1) Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election,
plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
(a)
Ex: COMELEC can enjoin construction of public works within 45 days of an election.
1)
Exercise:
A. Exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections, returns, and
qualifications of all elective
1. Regional,
2. Provincial, and
3. City officials
B. Appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving:
1. Elective municipal officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction
2. Elective barangay officials decided by trial courts of limited jurisdiction.
C. Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving elective
municipal and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
Exception: Appealable to the SC on questions of law.
1.
Contempt powers
1. COMELEC can exercise this power only in relation to its adjudicatory or quasi-judicial
functions. It CANNOT exercise this in connection with its purely executive or ministerial
functions.
2. If it is a pre-proclamation controversy, the COMELEC exercises quasi-judicial/administrative
powers.
3. Its jurisdiction over contests (after proclamation), is in exercise of its judicial functions.
E. The COMELEC may issue writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus in exercise of its
appellate jurisdiction. This is not an inherent power.
3) Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections, including
determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of election officials and
inspectors, and registration of voters.
Note: Questions involving the right to vote fall within the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts.
4) Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and
instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for the
exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections.
a). This power is NOT limited to the election period.
b). Applies to both criminal and administrative cases.
5) Registration of political parties, organizations, or coalitions/accreditation of citizens arms of

the Commission on Elections.
a). The political parties etc. must present their platform or program of government.
b). There should be sufficient publication
c). Groups which cannot be registered:
i. Religious denominations/sects
ii. Groups which seek to achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means
iii. Groups which refuse to uphold and adhere to the Constitution
iv. Groups which are supported by any foreign government.
d). BUT: Political parties with religious affiliation or which derive their principles from religious
beliefs are registerable.
e). Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties,
organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute interference in national
affairs. If accepted, it is an additional ground for the cancellation of their registration with the
Commission, in addition to other penalties that may be prescribed by law.
1) File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion of
exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations of election
laws, including acts or omissions constituting elections frauds, offenses and malpractices.
1.
COMELEC has exclusive jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute cases for violations of election
laws.
2.
COMELEC can deputize prosecutors for this purpose. The actions of the prosecutors are the
actions of the COMELEC
3.
Preliminary investigation conducted by COMELEC is valid.
2) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending, including

limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent and penalize all
forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidacies.
3)
Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized, or the
imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard or, or disobedience to its
directive, order, or decision.
4)
Submit to the President and the congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of each
election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.

Section 3. RULES OF PROCEDURE/DECISION-MAKING
Rules of Procedure
1)
COMELEC can sit en banc or in two divisions
2) It has the power to promulgate its own rules of procedure in order to expedite disposition of
election cases, including pre-election controversies.
Decision-Making
1) Election cases should be heard and decided in division. Provided that,
2) Motions for reconsideration of decisions should be decided by COMELEC en banc.
3) Decisions mean resolutions on substantive issues.
2) If a division dismisses a case for failure of counsel to appear, the Motion for Reconsideration
here may be heard by the division.
3) EXCEPTION: COMELEC en banc may directly assume jurisdiction over a petition to correct
manifest errors in the tallying of results by Board of Canvassers.
Section 4. SUPERVISION/REGULATION OF FANCHISES / PERMITS / GRANTS / SPECIAL PRIVILEGES /
CONCESSIONS
Regulation of franchises
A. What can COMELEC supervise or regulate
1). The enjoyment or utilization of all franchises or permits for the operation of transportation
and other public utilities, media of communication or information.
2). Grants, special privileges or concessions granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency
or instrumentality thereof, including any GOCC or its subsidiary
B. When can COMELEC exercise this power
1). During the election period
a). Under Article XI, Section 9, the election period commences 90 days before
the day of the election and ends 30 days thereafter.
b). In special cases, COMELEC can fix a period.
2). Applies not just to elections but also to plebiscites and referenda.
3). Plebiscite: Submission of constitutional amendments or important legislative measures to the
people ratification
4). Referendum: power of the electorate to approve or reject legislation through an election
called for that purpose.
COMELEC and the MEDIA
1). COMELEC cannot compel print media to donate free space to the COMELEC. It may, however,
compel it to provide space after paying just compensation.
2). Power of COMELEC is over franchises and permits, NOT individuals. For example, COMELEC may
not regulate media practitioners, for this would violate the freedom of expression.
Section 5. No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of election laws,
rules, and regulations shall be granted by the President without the favorable recommendation of
the Commission.
Section 6
Definition of Political Party
organized group of persons pursuing the same political ideals in a government and includes its
branches, and divisions
Importance of registration of a political party
1)
Registration confers juridical personality on the party.
2)
It informs the public of the partys existence and ideals.
3)
It identifies the party and its officers for purposes of regulation by the COMELEC.
Section 7. No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition shall be valid,
except for those registered under the party-list system as provided in this Constitution.
Prohibition on block-voting
1) General rule: Block voting NOT allowed
2) EXCEPTION: those registered under the party-list system
Section 8. PARTY LIST SYSTEM
No Right to be Represented in Various Boards
Political parties, organizations, or coalitions registered under the party-list system shall NOT be
represented in the following:
1). Voters registrations boards,

2). Boards of election inspectors,
3). Boards of canvassers, or
4). Other similar bodies.
Poll Watchers
Political parties, etc. are entitled to appoint poll watchers in accordance with law.
Section 10. Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of
harassment and discrimination.
This section does not give candidates immunity from suit.
Discrimination includes unequal treatment in the availment of media facilities.

Section 11. FUNDING
How provided
1)
Funds certified by the COMELEC as necessary to defray the expenses for holding regular and
special elections, plebiscites, initiative, referenda and recalls, shall provided in the regular or
special appropriations.
2)
Funds should be certified by the COMELEC as necessary.
Release of funds
Once approved, funds should be released automatically upon certification by the Chairman of
COMELEC.
THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT
Section 1. COMPOSITION/QUALIFICATIONS
Composition:
1)
Chairman, and
2)
Commissioners (2).
Qualifications:
1)
Natural-born citizens of the Philippines
2)
At least 36 years old at the time of their appointment;
3)
Either:
a). CPAs with at least 10 years auditing experience; or

b). Members of Phil. Bar with 10 years of practice.
4)
Members cannot all belong to the same profession.
5)
Subject to confirmation of the CA.
6)
Must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately
preceding their appointment.

Term:
1)
Chairman -7 yrs; Commissioner1 -5yrs; Commissioner 2 -3 yrs.
2)
LIMITATION: Single terms only; no re-appointment allowed
3) Appointments to any vacancy shall only be for the unexpired portion of predecessors term.
Section 2. POWERS
1)
Examine, audit, and settle accounts pertaining to:

1.
2.
Revenue and receipts of funds or property; or

Expenditures and uses of funds or property
Owned or held in trust by, or pertain to:

1.
2.
3.
2)
Conduct post-audit with respect to the following:

1.
2.
3.
4.
3)
The Government;
Any of its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities;
Including GOCCs with original charters.
Constitutional bodies, commissions, and offices granted fiscal autonomy;

Autonomous state colleges and universities;
GOCCs and their subsidiaries incorporated under the Corporation Code.
None-governmental entities receiving subsidies or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through
the government, which are required by law of the granting of institution to submit to such audit.
If COA finds internal control system of audited agencies as inadequate, COA may adopt
measures, including temporary or special pre-audit, as may be necessary.

4)
Keep the general accounts of the government, preserving vouchers and other supporting
papers pertaining thereto.

5)
Exclusive authority to define the scope of COAs audit and examination and to establish the
techniques and methods required therefor.

6)
Promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations.
1.
Including those for the prevention or disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive,

extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures or uses of government funds and properties.
2.
Failure to comply with these rules can be a ground for disapproving the payment of a proposed
expenditure.
Note:
1)
The functions of COA can be classified as:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Examine and audit all forms of government revenues;

Examine and audit all forms of govt expenditures
Settle govt accounts
Promulgate accounting and auditing rules (including those for the prevention of irregular
expenditures.
5.
To decide administrative cases involving expenditures of public funds.
2)
COA can settle only LIQUIDATED ACCOUNTS or those accounts which may be adjusted simply
by arithmetic process.
3)
COA has authority not just over accountable officers but also over other officers who perform
functions related to accounting such as verification of evaluations and computation of fees

collectible, and the adoption of internal rules of control.
4)
COA does not have the power to fix the amount of an unfixed or undetermined debt.
5)
Where the following requirements are complied with, it becomes the ministerial duty of the
COA to approve and pass in audit vouchers for payment:

1.
2.
There is a law appropriating funds for a particular purpose;

There is a contract, made by the proper officer, entered into in conformity with the abovementioned law;
3.
The goods or services covered by such contract have been delivered or rendered in pursuance
to such contract, as attested by the proper officer; and
4.
Payment has been authorized by officials of the corresponding department or bureau.
6)
Prosecutors may still review accounts already settled and approved by COA for the purpose of
determining possible criminal liability. This is because COAs interest in such accounts is merely
administrative.
7)
COA has the power to determine the meaning of public bidding and what constitutes
failure when regulations require public bidding for the sale of government property.
Section 3. No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiary in
any guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the
Commission on Audit.
Reference:
3 Comments
Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article IX
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article VIII

DEC 20
Posted by Magz
ARTICLE VIII. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Sec. 1. JUDICIAL POWER

Scope:
1. Judicial power is the authority to settle justiciable controversies or disputes involving rights
that are enforceable and demandable before the courts of justice or the redress of wrongs for
violations of such rights.
2. Vested in the Supreme Court and such lower courts as may be established by law.
3. Since the courts are given judicial power and nothing more, courts may neither attempt to
assume or be compelled to perform non-judicial functions. They may not be charged with
administrative functions except when reasonably incidental to the fulfillment of their duties.
4. In order that courts may exercise this power, there must exist the following:
1.
2.
3.
An actual controversy with legally demandable and enforceable rights;

Involving real parties in interest;
The exercise of such power will bind the parties by virtue of the courts application of existing
laws.
5. Judicial power cannot be exercised in vacuum. Without any laws from which rights arise and
which are violated, there can be no recourse to the courts.
6. The courts cannot be asked for advisory opinions.
7. Judicial power includes:

1.
The duty of the courts to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally
demandable and enforceable; and
1.
To determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government.
Political Questions:
1. A political question is one the resolution of which has been vested by the Constitution
exclusively in either the people, in the exercise of their sovereign capacity, or in which full
discretionary authority has been delegated to a co-equal branch of the Government.
2. Thus, while courts can determine questions of legality with respect to governmental action,
they cannot review government policy and the wisdom thereof, for these questions have been
vested by the Constitution in the Executive and Legislative Departments.
Sec. 2. ROLES OF CONGRESS
1. Defining enforceable and demandable rights and prescribing remedies for violations of such
rights; and
2. Determining the court with jurisdiction to hear and decide controversies or disputes arising
from legal rights.
3. Thus, Congress has the power to define, prescribe and apportion the jurisdiction of various
courts.
1.
BUT, Congress cannot deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases provided for in
the Constitution.
2.
Creation and abolition of courts:
1.
The power to create courts implies the power to abolish and even re-organize courts.
2.
BUT this power cannot be exercised in a manner which would undermine the security
of tenure of the judiciary.
3.
If the abolition/re-organization is done in good faith and not for political or personal
reasons, then it is VALID. (same rule applies for civil servants)
Sec. 3. FISCAL AUTONOMY

1.
The entire judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.
2.
Annual appropriations for the judiciary cannot be reduced below the amount appropriated for
the previous year.
3.
Once approved, appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.
Secs. 4-7; 12 JUDICIARY
Composition of the Supreme Court:
1.
Chief Justice and
2.
14 Associate Justices
Note: Members of the Supreme Court and of other courts established by law shall not be
designated to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
Qualifications of members of the SC:
1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. At least 40 years old
3. At least 15 years of experience as a judge or in the practice of law in the Philippines
4. Person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence.
Qualifications of members of lower collegiate courts (CA, CTA, Sandiganbayan)
1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. Member of the Philippine bar
3. Possesses other qualifications prescribed by Congress
Qualifications of judges of lower non-collegiate courts:
1. Citizen of the Philippines (may be a naturalized citizen)
2. Member of the Philippine Bar
3. Possesses other qualifications prescribed by Congress
Section 8. JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL
1. The Judicial and Bar Council is under the supervision of the SC.
A. Is under the supervision of the Supreme Court and is composed of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chief Justice, as ex-officio chairman

Secretary of Justice, as an ex-officio member
Representative of Congress, as an ex-officio member
Representative of the Integrated Bar
A professor of law
A retired member of the SC; and
Private sector representative
Note: The last four re the regular members of the JBC. Regular members are appointed by the
President with CA approval. Regular members serve for 4 years, with staggered terms.
B. Functions of JBC
1.
Principal function: recommend appointees to the Judiciary
2.
Exercise such other functions as the SC may assign to it.
C. Appointments to the Judiciary
1.
President shall appoint from a list of at least 3 nominees for each vacancy, as prepared by the
JBC.
2.
No CA confirmation is needed for appointments to the Judiciary.
3.
Vacancies in SC should be filled within 90 days from the occurrence of the vacancy.
4.
Vacancies in lower courts should be filled within 90 days from submission to the President of
the JBC list.
Sec. 10. SALARIES
1. Salaries of SC Justices and judges of lower courts shall be fixed by law.
2. Cannot be decreased during their continuance in office, but can be increased.
3. Members of the Judiciary are NOT exempt from payment of income tax.
Sec. 11. TENURE/DISCIPLINARY POWERS OF SC
1. Members of the SC and judges of the lower courts hold office during good behavior until
a. The age of 70 years old; or
b. They become incapacitated to discharge their duties.
2. Disciplinary action against judges of lower courts:
a. Only the SC en banc has jurisdiction to discipline or dismiss judges of lower courts.
b. Disciplinary action/dismissal: Majority vote of SC Justices who took part in the deliberations
and voted therein.
3. Removal of SC Justices:
a. Only by IMPEACHMENT.
b. Cannot be disbarred while they hold office.
Secs. 4-6, 13. THE SUPREME COURT
Hearing of cases:
1.
En banc; or
2.
Divisions of 3, 5, or 7.
Cases required to be heard en banc:

1. All cases involving constitutionality of a/an:
a. Treaty
b. International or executive agreement or
c. Law.
2. All cases required to be heard en banc under the Rules of Court:
a. Appeals from Sandiganbayan; and
b. From the Constitutional Commissions
3. All cases involving the constitutionality, application or operation of
a. Presidential decrees
b. Proclamations
c. Orders
d. Instructions
e. Ordinances; and
f. Other regulations.
4. Cases heard by a division where required majority of 3 was not obtained.
5. Cases where SC modifies or reverses a doctrine or principle of law laid down by the SC en banc
or by a division.
6. Administrative cases to discipline or dismiss judges of lower courts; and
7. Election contests for President and Vice-President.
Cases heard by division
1. Must be decided with the concurrence of a majority of the members who took part in the
deliberations and voted thereon.
2. Majority vote in a division should be at least 3 members.
Powers of the SC
1. SC has ORIGINAL jurisdiction over
a. Cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls.
Note: This refers to foreign ambassadors, etc., stationed in the Philippines.
b. Petitions for certiorari, prohibiton, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.
2. SC has APPELLATE jurisdiction over final judgments and orders in the following:
a. All cases involving the constitutionality or validity of any
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
treaty
international or executive agreement
law
presidential decree
proclamation
order
instruction
ordinance, or
regulation;
b. All cases involving the legality of any

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
tax
impost
assessment or
toll or
any penalty imposed in relation thereto;
c. All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue

d. Criminal cases where the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher; and
e. All cases where ONLY errors or questions of law are involved.
3. Temporarily assign lower court judges to other stations in the public interest.
Note: Temporary assignment shall not exceed 6 months without the consent of the judge
concerned.
4. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
5. Promulgate rules concerning:

a. The protection and enforcement of constitutional rights;
b. Pleading, practice and procedure in all courts;
c. Admission to the practice of law;
d. The Integrated Bar; and
e. Legal assistance to the underprivileged.
Limitations on Rule Making Power
a. It should provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases.
b. It should be uniform for all courts of the same grade.
c. It should not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.
6. Appoint ALL officials and employees of the Judiciary, in accordance with Civil Service Law.
7. Exercise administrative supervision over ALL courts and the personnel thereof.
Decisions of the Supreme Court:
1. Reached in consultation before being assigned to a member for the writing of the opinion.
2. A certification to this effect must be signed by the Chief Justice and attached to the record of
the case and served upon the parties.
3. Members of the SC who took no part, or who dissented or abstained must state the reasons
therefore.
Note: This procedure shall also be observed by all lower collegiate courts (CA, CTA, and
theSandiganbayan).
JUDICIAL REVIEW
Definition
1. Judicial Review is the power of the SC to declare a law, treaty, ordinance etc.
unconstitutional.
2.
Lower courts may also exercise the power of judicial review, subject to the appellate
jurisdiction of the SC.

3. Only SC decisions are precedent, and thus, only SC decisions are binding on all.
Requisites
Code: [A R S Co R]
1. An ACTUAL CASE calling for the exercise of judicial power

2. The question involved must be RIPE FOR ADJUDICATION, i.e. the government act must have had
an adverse effect on the person challenging it.
3. The person challenging the governmental act must have STANDING, i.e. a personal and
substantial interest in the case such that he has sustained, or will sustain, direct injury as a result
of its enforcement.
4. The question of Constitutionality must be raised in the first instance, or at the earliest
opportunity.
5. Resolution of the issue of constitutionality is unavoidable or is the very lis mota.
Effect of a declaration of unconstitutionality:
1. Prior to the declaration that a particular law is unconstitutional, it is considered as an
operative fact which at that time had to be complied with.
2. Thus, vested rights may have been acquired under such law before it was declared
unconstitutional.
3. These rights are not prejudiced by the subsequent declaration that the law is unconstitutional.
Sec. 14. DECISIONS
1. Decisions MUST state clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based.
2. Refusal to give due course to petitions for review and motions for reconsideration must state
the legal basis for such refusal.
3. Memorandum decisions, where the appellate court adopts the findings of fact and law of the
lower court, are allowed as long as the decision adopted by reference is attached to the
Memorandum for easy reference.
4. These rules only apply to courts. They do not apply to quasi-judicial or administrative bodies
nor to military tribunals.
Political Law Part II Preamble
Political Law Part I Definitions

& Concepts
MAY 9
Posted by Magz
POLITICAL LAW PART I

DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTS
1. Define: a. Political Lawis that branch of public law which deals with the organization and
operations of the governmental organs of the State and defines the relations of the State with the
inhabitants of its territory. (PEOPLE VS. PERFECTO, 43 Phil. 887)
b. Constitutional Law
c. Constitution
d. Administrative Law
e. Law of Public Officers
f. Law on Public Corporations
g. Election Law
h. Distinction between Political Law and Constitutional Law
2. Read: MACARIOLA VS. JUDGE ASUNCION, 114 SCRA 77
The provision in the Code of Commerce which prohibits judges, justices, etc., (public officers)
from engaging in business within the territorial jurisdiction of their courts is political in nature and
therefore, said provision was deemed abrogated when there was a change of sovereignty from
Spain to the United States at the turn of the century. Political laws are deemed abrogated if there
is a change of sovereignty and unless re-enacted under the new sovereign, the same is without
force and effect.
3. The Supremacy of the Constitution
Read: 1. MUTUC VS. COMELEC, 36 SCRA 228
2. MANILA PRINCE HOTEL VS. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408
A constitution is a system of fundamental laws for the governance and administration of a nation.
It is supreme, imperious, absolute and unalterable except by the authority from which it
emanates. It has been defined as the fundamental and paramount law of the nation. It prescribes
the permanent framework of a system of government, assigns to the different departments their
respective powers and duties, and establishes certain fixed principles on which government is
founded. The fundamental conception in other words is that it is a supreme law to which all other
laws must conform and in accordance with which all private rights must be determined and all
public authority administered.
Under the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, if a law or contract violates any norm of the
constitution that law or contract whether promulgated by the legislative or by the executive
branch or entered into by private persons for private purposes is null and void and without any
force and effect. Thus, since the Constitution is the fundamental, paramount and supreme law of
the nation, it is deemed written in every statute and contract.
Admittedly, some constitutions are merely declarations of policies and principles. Their provisions
command the legislature to enact laws and carry out the purposes of the framers who merely
establish an outline of government providing for the different departments of the governmental
machinery and securing certain fundamental and inalienable rights of citizens. A provision which
lays down a general principle, such as those found in Art. II of the 1987 Constitution, is usually not
self-executing. But a provision, which is complete in itself and becomes operative without the aid
of supplementary or enabling legislation, or that which supplies sufficient rule by means of which
the right it grants may be enjoyed or protected, is self-executing. Thus a constitutional provision
is self-executing if the nature and extent of the right conferred and the liability imposed are fixed
by the constitution itself, so that they can be determined by an examination and construction of
its terms, and there is no language indicating that the subject is referred to the legislature for
action.
4. Kinds of Constitution
a) written or unwritten
b) rigid and flexible
c) cumulative or conventional
5. AMENDMENT OR REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION (Art. XVII)
Section 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
[1] The Congress upon a vote of of all its Members; or
[2] A constitutional Convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people
through initiative upon a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, of
which every legislative district must be represented by at least 3% of the registered voter therein.
No amendment under this Section shall be authorized within five (5) years following the
ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.
Section 3. The Congress, by a vote of 2/3 of all its members, cal a constitutional convention, or
by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a
convention.
Section 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be
valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier
than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval of such amendment or revision.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast
in a plebiscite which shall be held not later than ninety days after the certification by the
COMELEC of the sufficiency of the petition.
NOTE: Amendments to, or revision of the Constitution is VALID only when approved by a majority
of the votes cast during the plebiscite, not by the votes of the Members of Congress.
2. Read: R.A. 6735
Requisites for a valid peoples initiative to amend the Constitution; distinctions between
amendment and revision.
RAUL L. LAMBINO and ERICO B. AUMENTADO , together with 6,327,952 registered voters vs.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006, 505 SCRA 160
Carpio, J.
Facts:
Petitioners filed a Petition for Initiative and Referendum with the COMELEC to amend the 1987
Philippine Constitution, particularly Articles VI and VII to replace the present PresidentialBicameral system of government to Parliamentary-Unicameral system using Section 2, Art. XVII of
the Constitution. Petitioners claim that their petition was signed by 6,327,952 million voters all
over the country and the same constitutes over 12% of all the registered voters in the entire
country and that more than 3% of the registered voters in every legislative district signed the
same in accordance with Section 2, Art. XVII of the Constitution. The petition to change the
Constitution involves sections 1-7 of Article VI; Sections 1-4 of Article VII and an Article XVII
entitled Transitory Provisions. The petitioners prayed with the COMELEC that after due
publication of their Petition, the COMELEC should submit the following proposition in a plebiscite
for the voters ratification:
DO YOU APPROVE THE AMENDMENT OF ARTICLES VI AND VII OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION, CHANGING
THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT FROM THE PRESIDENTIAL BICAMERAL TO A UNICAMERALPARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM, AND PROVIDING ARTICLE XVIII AS TRANSITORY PROVISIONS FOR THE
ORDERLY SHIFT FROM ONE SYSTEM TO THE OTHER?
The COMELEC dismissed the petition citing SANTIAGO VS. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106 where it was
held that:
RA 6735 intended to include the System of Initiative on Amendments to the Constitution, but is,
unfortunately, Inadequate to cover that system under Section 2, Art. XVII of the Constitution. x x x
.
The foregoing brings us to the conclusion that RA 6735 is incomplete, inadequate or wanting in
essential terms and conditions insofar as initiative on amendments to the Constitution is
concerned. Its lacunae on this substantive matter are fatal and cannot be cured by empowering
the COMELEC to promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry the purposes
of this act.
Considering the said dismissal, petitioners elevated the matter to the Supreme Court on Certiorari
and Mandamus alleging rave abuse of discretion and to set aside the COMELEC Decision and to
compel the latter to give due course to their initiative petition.
The Issues:
1.
WHETHER THE LAMBINO GROUPS PETITION COMPLIES WITH SECTION 2, ARTICLE XVII OF
THE CONSTITUTION ON AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION THROUGH PEOPLES INITIATIVE;

2.
WHETHER THE COURT SHOULD REVISIT ITS RULING IN DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO VS. COMELEC,
DECLARING THAT RA NO. 6735 INCOMPLETE, INADEQUATE OR WANTING IN ESSENTIAL TERMS AND
CONDITIONS TO IMPLEMENT THE INITIATIVE CLAUSE ON PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION;
and
3.
WHETHER THE COMELEC COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION IN DENYING DUE
COURSE TO THE LAMBINO GROUPS PETITION.

H E L D:
There is no merit to the petition.
The Lambino group miserably failed to comply with the basic requirements of the Constitution for
conducting a peoples initiative. Thus, there is even no need to revisit Santiago, as the present
petition warrants dismissal based alone on the Lambino Groups glaring failure to comply with the
basic requirements of the Constitution. As such, there is likewise no grave abuse of discretion on
the part of the COMELEC.
Section 2, Article XVII of the Constitution is the governing constitutional provision that allows a
peoples initiative to propose amendments to the Constitution. This Section provides:
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be DIRECTLY PROPOSED BY THE PEOPLE
through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum (12%) of the total number of
registered voters of which every legislative district must be represented by at least three per
centum (3%) of the registered voters therein.
The deliberations of the Constitutional Convention vividly explain the meaning of the amendment
directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition. Thus:
MR. RODRIGO: Let us look at the mechanics. Let us say some voters want to propose a
constitutional amendment. IS THE DRAFT OF THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT READY
TO BE SHOWN TO THE PEOPLE WHEN THEY ARE ASKED TO SIGN?
MR. SUAREZ. That can be reasonably assumed, Madam President.
MR. RODRIGO: What does the sponsor mean? The draft is ready and shown to them before they
sign? Now, who prepares the draft?
MR. SUAREZ: The people themselves, Madam PresidentAs it is envisioned, any Filipino can
prepare that proposal and pass it around for signature.
Clearly, the framers of the Constitution intended that the draft of the proposed constitutional
amendment should be ready and shown to the people before they sign such proposal. The
framers plainly stated that before they sign there is already a draft shown to them. The framers
also envisioned that the people should sign on the proposal itself because the proponents must
prepare the proposal and pass it around for signature.
The essence of amendments directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition
IS THAT THE ENTIRE PROPOSAL ON ITS FACE IS A PETITION BY THE PEOPLE. This means two (2)
essential elements must be present:
1.
The people must author and must sign the entire proposal. No agent or representative
can sign for and on their behalf;

2.
As an initiative upon a petition, THE PROPOSAL MUST BE EMBODIED IN A PETITION.
These essential elements are present only if the full text of the proposed amendments is first
shown to the people who will express their assent by signing such complete proposal in a petition.
Thus, an amendment is DIRECTLY PROPOSED BY THE PEOPLE THROUGH INITIATIVE UPON A
PETIITON ONLY IF THE PEOPLE SIGN ON A PETITION THAT OCNTAINS THE FULL TEXT OF THE
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS.
The petitioners bear the burden of proving that they complied with the constitutional
requirements in gathering the signaturesthat the petition contained, or incorporated by
attachment, the full text of the proposed amendments.
The Lambino Group did not attach to their present petition a copy of the document containing
the proposed amendments and as such, the people signed initiative petition without knowing
the actual amendments proposed in the said initiative. Instead , the alleged 6.3 million people
who signed the petition had to rely the representations of Atty. Lambino. Clearly, Atty. Lambino
and his group deceived the 6.3 million signatories, and even the entire nation.
2. A peoples initiative to change the Constitution applies only to an amendment of the
Constitution and not to its revision. In contrast, Congress and a Constitutional Convention can
propose both amendments and revisions to the Constitution. This is clear under Section 1 of Art.
XVII of the Constitution.
Where the intent and language of the Constitution under Section 2 of Art. XVIII clearly withhold
from the people the power to propose revisions to the Constitution, the people cannot propose
revisions even as they are empowered to propose amendments. The two are distinguished as
follows:
Revision is the alterations of the different portions of the entire document [Constitution]. It
may result in the rewriting whether the whole constitution, or the greater portion of it, or
perhaps some of its important provisions. But whatever results the revision may produce, the
factor that characterizes it as an act of revision is the original intention and plan authorized to be
carried out. That intention and plan must contemplate a consideration of all the provisions of the
Constitution to determine which one should be altered or suppressed or whether the whole
document should be replaced with an entirely new one.
Amendment of the Constitution, on the other hand, envisages a change or only a few specific
provisions. The intention of an act to amend is not to consider the advisability of changing the
entire constitution or of considering that possibility. The intention rather is to improve specific
parts of the existing constitution or to add to it provisions deemed essential on account of
changed conditions or to suppress portions of it that seem obsolete, or dangerous, or misleading in
their effect.
MIRIAM DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO, et al. Vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997 & June 10,
1997
RA 6735 intended to include the System of Initiative on Amendments to the Constitution, but is,
unfortunately, Inadequate to cover that system. Section 2 Art. XVII is not self-executory and unless
Congress provides for its implementation , it would remain in the cold niche of the Constitution.
RA 6735 in all its 23 sections mentions the word Constitution only in section 2 and Section 3 as
compared to the initiative on statutes and local legislation. The foregoing brings us to the
conclusion that RA 6735 is incomplete, inadequate or wanting in essential terms and conditions
insofar as initiative on amendments to the Constitution is concerned. Its lacunae on this
substantive matter are fatal and cannot be cured by empowering the COMELEC to promulgate
such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry the purposes of this act.
Enumerate the steps to be followed and the requisites to be met in order that the people may
proposed the amendments, repeal, amend or enact a law or provision of the Cnstitution.
3. What are the different modes of amending the constitution? Distinguish Revision from
amendment of the Constitution.
Revision is the alterations of the different portions of the entire document [Constitution]. It
may result in the rewriting whether the whole constitution, or the greater portion of it, or
perhaps some of its important provisions. But whatever results the revision may produce, the
factor that characterizes it as an act of revision is the original intention and plan authorized to be
carried out. That intention and plan must contemplate a consideration of all the provisions of the
Constitution to determine which one should be altered or suppressed or whether the whole
document should be replaced with an entirely new one.
Amendment of the Constitution, on the other hand, envisages a change or only a few specific
provisions. The intention of an act to amend is not to consider the advisability of changing the
entire constitution or of considering that possibility. The intention rather is to improve specific
parts of the existing constitution or to add to it provisions deemed essential on account of
changed conditions or to suppress portions of it that seem obsolete, or dangerous, or misleading in
their effect. (SINCO, Vicente, PHILIPPINE POLITICAL LAW)
4. Read: a) MABANAG vs. LOPEZ VITO, 78 Phil. 1
b) GONZALES vs. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774
There is no prohibition for Congress to propose amendments to the Constitution and
at the same time call for the convening of a Constitutional Convention to amend the
Constitution. The word or in the provision Congress, upon a vote of of all its members;
OR [2] A constitutional Convention under Section 1, Art. XVII also means AND.
c) TOLENTINO vs. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702
Doctrine of Proper Submission means all the proposed amendments to the Constitution
shall be presented to the people for the ratification or rejection at the same time, not
piecemeal.
d) SANIDAD vs. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 333
e) ALMARIO vs. ALBA, 127 SCRA 69
If the question regarding the proposed amendment to the Constitution deals with its
necessity, expediency or wisdom, the same is political in nature and beyond the power of the
courts to decide.
f) MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO VS. COMELEC, 270 ACRA 106

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PHILIPPINE LAW REVIEWERS

Category Archives: Constitutional Law

ARTICLE XVIII TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

The 1987 Constitution took effect immediately upon its ratification.

Military bases agreements

Renewals of military bases agreements must be through a strict treaty.

Ratification of the agreement in a plebiscite is necessary only when Congress so requires.

Tags: Political Law (Constitutional Law) - Article XVIII

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XVII

ARTICLE XVII- AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS

Examples of justiciable issues:

By Congress, upon a vote of 3/4 of its members

Amendments and revisions proposed by Congress and/or by a ConCon:

Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.

Amendments proposed by the people via initiative:

Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.

COMELEC of the petitions sufficiency

Requisites of a valid ratification:

Held in a plebiscite conducted under the election law;

Supervised by the COMELEC; and

Where only franchised voters (registered) voters take part.

Issues regarding ratification:

The determination of the conditions under which proposed amendments/revisions are

Presidential proclamation is NOT required for effectivity of amendments/revisions, UNLESS

the proposed amendments/revisions so provide.

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XVI

ARTICLE XVI GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sections 1-2. Symbols of Nationality

Red, white, and blue.

2) Congress may, by law, adopt a new:

b). Suits against an un-incorporated government agency;

Posted in Constitutional Law

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XIV

ARTICLE XIV EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

II. Tax Exemptions

Posted in Constitutional Law, Political Law

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XIII

ARTICLE XIII SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Principal activities in order to achieve social justice

Right to organize and to hold peaceful concerted activities

Right to participate in the decision making process of employers

collective bargaining agreements,

voluntary modes of settling disputes, and

conciliation proceedings mediated by government.

Reach of agrarian reform

The Commission on Human Rights

11) Appoint its officers and employers in accordance with law.

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XII

ARTICLE XII NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Section 2. REGALIAN DOCTRINE

B. The state may enter into CO-PRODUCTION, JOINT VENTURE OR PRODUCTION-SHARING

A. Can lease up to 500 hectares

Means by Which Lands of the Public Domain Become Private Land

Section 5. ANCESTRAL LANDS

Protection of Indigenous Cultural Communities

Section 7. PRIVATE LANDS

Section 10. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY/INVESTMENTS

National Economy and Patrimony

Section 11. FRANCHISES FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES

Participation of Foreign Investors

Section 16. FORMATION/ORGANIZATION/REGULATION OF CORPORATIONS

Sections 18-19. SPECIAL ECONOMIC POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT

Section 19. MONOPOLIES