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Coile cliuision multiple access(CDMA)

307

2 cosro"t

Chp ratcR"= 1ffs

m(t)
p(t)

m(t)p(t)

p(t)

recover'ed
data signal
Figure 5.22 Direct sequence(D$CDMA).

.\
t'I

{{
':

At the receiver the signal is coherently demod';lated by multiplying the received


signal by a replica of the carrier. I.leglecting ihernial noise, the signal r(f) at the
input of the detector lov,'-passfilter GPE) is given by:
r(t) - n(t)p(t) ccs.c^r.t(2cos r.r.f)

.!

.t
i
i
5

: m(t)p(t) + m(t)p(t) cos 2a,t

(V)

(6.1e)

The low-pass filter (LPF) eliminates the high frequency components at 2c..r.and
retainsonly the low frequencycomponentu(t) - m(t)p(t). This componentis then
mu{iplied by the local code p(t) in phasezuith the receiaedcode.In the product
p(t)'- 1. At the output of the multiplier this gives:

: mU)
: m(t)p(t)z
x(t) - m(t)p(t)p(f)

ry)

(6.20)

,d

5
',S
.r.4
,d

Code ilivision maltiple access (CDMN

:.t
s
''*i
.j

,*
',,:;
g

-,:ii
.,.i

,$

.,4
.:s
rx
".,.:&
',,i9
.+

:t

:;

317

Table 6.1 The performance of a CDMA accessnetwork using a 36MHz repeater channel and
binary phase shift keying (BPSK).Each carrier has the capacity of one 64kbit/s telephone channel

Required error
probability
1 0-{
-s
10
10

-6

EuiNo

Maximum number
of accesses Nrro*

Maximum total
capacity

Efficiency
(%)

8.4dB
9.6dB
1 0 . 5d B

82
62
51

5.3Mbit/s
4 Mbit/s
3.3Mbit/s

15
11
9

1{
,f

. . I

.,n

.-$
t

.ilx
,,{
,g

.{
.f
..*
',1
'1
,";

i ; {

-j

.t'
'j

Table 6.1 shows the maximum numhr of accesses,the maximum total capacity of
the network and the throughput for a chosen error probability. The throughput, of
the order af 10Vo,is low compard, for example, with TDMA (Section 6.5.5). The
values in the table are optimistic; thermal noise is neglected, user codes are assumed
to be orthogonai and no account is taken of degradation due to the demodulator.

6.6.6 Conclusion
Code division multiple accessoperateson the principle of spread spectrurn
transmission,
recalledin Figure6.29.Thecodesequence
which servesto spreadthe

,]
.,{

..:l
I

i
-:t

.t

Four
spectral
clcnsity
(psd)

+
t!m
lffi
ffi

ffi

mmm

ffi

Bffiffi
0
W trequency

Figure 6.29 Spread spectrum transmission in a code division multipl'e accesssystem.

308

Multiple access

This signal is then integrated over one bit period to filter the noise. The transmitted
message m(t) is recovered at the integrator output.

4.6.1.2 Spectraloccupation
The spectrumof the carrier c(t), of power C and frequency Fr, is given by:
\ -|\ (/\/ _f

(;)t

s i n f zfr-(F , . ) l R , - )
- F.)/R. )'
"(f

(w lHz)

(6.21)

It is represented in Figure 6.23. For comparison purposes, this spectrum is


superimposed on that which the carrier would have if modulated by the message
m(t) alone. It can be seen that, with CDMA, c(f) has a spectrum which is broadened
by the spreading ratio R./R6. This is the result of combining the message with
the chip sequence. It will now be shown that this combination permits multiple
ACCESS.

6.6.1.3 Realisation
of multipleaccess
The earthstationreceivesfrom the channelthe wanted carrierc(f) superimposedon
t h e c a r r i e r sc i ( f ) ( i - 7 , 2 , . . . , . ^ y ' - 1 ) o f t h e l / - 1 o t h e r u s e r st r a n s m i t t e do n t h e
samefrequency;hence:

r(t):c(t)+fr'(t)

(V)

(6.22)

with:
c(f) : m(t)p(t) coscu.f

r,(t) : t

m ift)pi(f) cosc,,'.f

modulationby
m(t)p(t)

-Rc

-Rb

Fc

Rb

Rc
frequency _+

Figure 6.23 The spectrum of the carrier in DS-CDMA together with the spectrum which the
carrier would have if modulated by the messagenr(/).

308

Multiple access

This signal is then integrated over one bit period to filter the noise. The transmitted
messagem(t) is recovered at the integrator output.

4 . 6 . 1 . 2 Spectraloccupation
The spectrumof the carrierc(t), of power C and frrequency F., is given by:
(-( f\

(fr)
{

,I
r(f - F.)/R.

sln

l " ( f - F . ) / R .l ' )

,l

(w lHz)

(6.21)

It is represented in Figure 6.23. For comparison purposes, this spectrum is


superimposed on that which the carrier would have if modulated by the message
rn(f ) alone. It can be seen that, with CDMA, c(f) has a spectrum which is broadened
by the spreading ratio R./Ru. This is the result of combining the message with
the chip sequence. It will now be shown that this combination permits multiple
access.

6.6.1.3 Realisationof multiple access


The earth station receives from the channel the wanted carrier c(f) superimposed on
th e c a rri e rs c i (f)(i :7 , 2 ,. . ., l J - 1) of the N - 1 other users transmi tted on th e
same frequency; hence:

r ( t 1: c ( f )+ I r ' ( t )

(V)

(6.22)

zc(t) : m(t)p(t) cos u,r./

L r,G): L*,ft)p i(t) cosw,t

- Flc

-Rb

Fc

Rb

Rs
-+
frequencY

Figure 6.23 The spectrum of the carrier in DS-CDMA together with the spectrum which the
carrier would have if moduiated by the messagen(f).

Conclusion
time for protocols of the DAMA
transmission throughput.

327

type with explicit reservation as a functior"r of

6.9 CONCLUSION
There is a large variety of solutions to the problem of multiple accessto a satellite by
a group of network stations. The choice of access type depends above all on
economic considerations; these are the global cost in terms of invesinent and
operating costs ancl the benefits in terms of revenues.
General indications can be given according to the type of traffic:
-For

traffic characterised by long messages,irnplying continuous or quasicontinuous transmission of a carrier, FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA accesstechniques are
the most appropriate. This involves, for example, telephone traffic, television
transmission and videoconferencing. If the volume of traffic per carrier is large
and the number of accessesis small (trunking), FDMA has the advantage of
operational simplicity. When the traffic per carrier is small and the number of
accesseslarge, FDMA loses much in efficiency of usage of the space segment and
TDMA and CDMA are the best candidates. However" TDMA requires relatively
costly earth station equipment. For small stations exposed to inter-svstern
interference" CDMA may be preferred despite its low throughput.

THROTJGHPUT
oh

NQ

NI,IIGEROF rcCESSES
Figure 6.34 Comparison of throughput for different multiple access techniques. A 1,00%
throughput corresponds to the capacity considedng one accessonly (one carrier within a single
repeater channel).

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