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QUESTION BANK
Third Semester Mechanical Engineering
1. ENGINEERING THERMO DYNAMICS (ME 2202)
1. What do you understand by pure substance?
A pure substance is defined as one that is homogeneous and invariable
in
chemical composition throughout its mass.
2. Define thermodynamic system.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region
in space,
on which the analysis of the problem is concentrated.
3. Name the different types of system.
Closed system (only energy transfer and no mass transfer)
Open system (Both energy and mass transfer)
Isolated system (No mass and energy transfer)
4. Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
If a system is in Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium then
the system
is in thermodynamically equilibrium. (or)
If the system is isolated from its surrounding there will be no change in
the
macroscopic property, then the system is said to exist in a state of
thermodynamic equilibrium.
5. What do you mean by quasi-static process?
Equilibrium state
Quasi-static process
Infinite slowness is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process.
A quasistatic process is that a succession of equilibrium states. A
quasi-static process is also called as reversible process.
Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across
the control
surface are constant.
11.
energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the
surroundings. There is no mass transfer and energy transfer. According
to first
law of thermodynamics as dQ = dU + dW; dU = dQ dW; dQ = 0, dW
= 0,
There fore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant,
therefore the
internal energy is constant for isolated system.
12.
Define system.
Define cycle.
16.
If the forces are balanced between the system and surroundings are
called
Mechanical equilibrium
17.
is in Thermal equilibrium.
19.
21.
28.
31.
Explain entropy?
The entropy measured for all perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero
temperature is known as absolute entropy.
33.
Define availability.
The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final
condition
of the system is the same as that of the surrounding is called
availability of the
system.
34.
38.
carnot cycle?
No friction is considered for moving parts of the engine.
There should not be any heat loss.
39.
The work obtained at the end of the expansion is very less. The work is
too
inadequate to overcome the friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion
is
terminated at the point before the end of the expansion in the turbine
and pressure decreases suddenly, while the volume remains constant.
40.
41.
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of the ideal cycle efficiency is
termed as efficiency ratio.
42.
It is the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel.
It is also
defined as the product of combustion efficiency and the cycle
efficiency.
43.
It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.
44.
Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle
efficiency. The main disadvantage is lowering the back pressure in
rease the wetness of steam. Isentropic compression of a very wet
vapour is very difficult.
46.
of Rankine cycle.
1. Lowering the condenser pressure.
2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
47.
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than
the Rankine cycle efficiency. Since the average temperature during
heating will then be low.
48.
increases the cost of the plant due to the reheats and its very long
connections.
49.
The dry steam is further heated its temperature raises, this process is
called
as
superheating
and
is
known
as
superheated steam.
52.
The heat added to dry steam at 100 oC to convert it into super heated
steam at the temperature Tsup is called as heat of superheat or super
heat enthalpy.
53.
pressure.
In the T-S diagram the region left of the waterline, the water exists as
liquid. In
right of the dry steam line, the water exists as a super heated steam.
In between
water and dry steam line the water exists as a wet steam. At a
particular point, the water is directly converted into dry steam without
formation of wet steam. The point is called critical point. The critical
temperature is the temperature above which a substance cannot exist
It is defined as the ratio of mass of the dry steam to the mass of the
total steam.
55.
If V>vg then super heated steam, V= v g then dry steam and V< v g then
wet steam.
57.
compressibility chart.
The general compressibility chart is plotted with Z versus P r for various
values of
Tr. This is constructed by plotting the known data of one of mole gases
and can
be used for any gas. This chart gives best results for the regions well
removed
from the critical state for all gases.
67.
68.
If any two gases have equal values of reduced pressure and reduced
temperature, then they have same values of reduced volume.
69.
The gas equation for an ideal gas is given by (PV/RT) = 1, for real gas
(PV/RT) is
not equal to 1 (PV/RT) = Z for real gas is called the compressibility
factor.
73.
The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas
would exert if it occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixtures
at the same
temperature.
74.
How does the Vander Waals equation differ from the ideal gas
equation of state?
The ideal gas equation pV=mRT has two important assumptions,
1. There is little or no attraction between the molecules of the gas.
2. That the volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligibly
small compared to the volume of the gas. This equation holds good
for low pressure and high temperature ranges as the intermolecular
attraction and the volume of the molecules are not of much
significance.
As the pressure increases, the inter molecular forces of attraction and
repulsion
increases and the volume of the molecules are not negligible. The real
gas deviate considerably from the ideal gas equation
[p+(a/V2)](V-b) = RT
76.
The addition of water vapour into air is humidification and the removal
of water
vapour from air is dehumidification.
77.
psychrometric
chart? a) Cooling and dehumidification, b) Evaporative cooling.
80.
It is the ratio of the actual specific humidity and the saturated specific
humidity at
the same temperature of the mixture.
83.
84.
The temperature recorded by the thermometer with a dry bulb. The dry
bulb
thermometer cannot affected by the moisture present in the air. It is
the measure
of sensible heat of the air.
85.
What
is
meant
by
adiabatic
saturation
temperature
(or)
What is psychrometer?
1.Sensible
heating
and
dehumidification,
sensible
cooling,
2.
Cooling
and
The process of mixing two or more stream of air without any heat
transfer to the surrounding is known as adiabatic mixing. It is
happened in air conditioning system.
93.
state?
There is no inter molecular forces between particles. The volume of
molecules is negligible in comparison with the gas.
94.
volume with the change in temperature per unit volume keeping the
pressure constant. It is denoted by .
95.
Helmholtz function = U TS
96.
Define psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air
(mixture of dry
air and water vapour) is known as psychrometry.
1. A system receives 42 kJ of heat while expanding with volume change of 0.123 m 3 against an
atmosphere of
12 N/cm2. A mass of 80 kg in the surroundings is also lifted through a distance of 6 metres.
(i)
Find the change in energy of the system.
(ii)
The system is returned to its initial volume by an adiabatic process which requires
100 kJ of work. Find the change in energy of system.
(iii)
Determine the total change in energy of the system.
[Ans. (i) 22.54 kJ, (ii) 100 kJ, (iii) 122.54 kJ]
2. A tank contains 2.26 m3 of air at a pressure of 24.12 bar. If air is cooled until its pressure and
temperature becomes 13.78 bar and 21.1C respectively. Determine the decrease of internal
energy.
[ 5857.36 kJ]
3. Determine work done by fluid in the thermodynamic cycle comprising of following processes :
(a) Unit mass of fluid at 20 atm and 0.04 m3 is expanded by the law PV1.5 = constant, till volume
gets doubled.
(b) Fluid is cooled isobarically to its original volume.
(c) Heat is added to fluid till its pressure reaches to its original pressure, isochorically.
[18.8 kJ]
4. Air at 8 bar, 100C flows in a duct of 15 cm diameter at rate of 150 kg/min. It is then throttled by
a valve upto 4 bar pressure. Determine the velocity of air after throttling and also show that
enthalpy remains constant before and after throttling.
[37.8 m/s]
5. Determine the power required by a compressor designed to compress atmospheric air (at 1 bar,
20C)
to 10 bar pressure. Air enters compressor through inlet area of 90cm2 with velocity of 50 m/s and
leaves with velocity of 120 m/s from exit area of 5 cm2. Consider heat losses to environment to
be 10% of power input to compressor.
[50.4
kW]
6. A frictionless piston is free to move in a closed cylinder. Initially there is 0.035 m3 of oxygen at
4.5 bar, 60C on one side of the piston and 0.07 m3 of methane at 4.5 bar and 12C on the other
side. The cylinder walls and piston may be regarded as perfect thermal insulators but the oxygen
may be heated electrically. Heating takes place so that the volume of oxygen doubles. Find :
(i)
Final state condition ; (ii) Work done by the piston ;
(ii)
Heat transferred to oxygen.
Treat both gases as perfect and take :
For oxygen cp = 0.88 kJ/kg K, R = 0.24 kJ/kg K
For methane cp = 1.92 kJ/kg K, R = 0.496 kJ/kg K.
7. The specific heat at constant pressure of one kg fluid undergoing a non-flow
constant pressure process is
given by
where T is in C.
The pressure during the process is maintained at 2 bar and volume changes
from 1 m3 to 1.8 m3
and temperature changes from 50C to 450C.
Determine :
(i) Heat added (ii) Work done
(iii) Change in internal energy (iv) Change in enthalpy.
8. The resistance of the winding in a certain motor is found to be 75 ohms at room (25 oC). When
operating at full load under steady state conditions, the motor is switched off and the resistance of
the winding s is immediately measured again, and found to be 90 ohms. The windings are made
of copper whose resistance at temperature t oC id given by Rt = Ro [1+0.00393t] where R0 is the
resistance at 00C. Find the temperature of the coil during full load
9. A certain working fluid undergoes a process in such a way that pressure and
5
volume are related as p 2.0 , Where p is in kPa and V is in m3 . During
V
the process the volume changes from 0.15 m 3 to 0.1 m3. Determine the work
done in the process.
10.A gas occupies 0.3m3 at 2 bar. It undergoes a cycle consisting of the following processes a)1-2
constant pressure process with work interaction of 15kJ b)2-3 constant temperature process and
E3=E2 c) 3-1 constant volume and change in internal energy E1-E3 is-40kJ. Determine network
and net heat transfer for the cycle.
11.A piston-cylinder assembly contains 1kg or nitrogen at 100 kPa. The initial
3
volume is 0.5 m . Heat is transferred to the substance in an amount
necessary to cause a slow expansion at constant temperature. This process
is terminated when the final volume is twice the initial volume. Estimate the
amount of heat transferred.[Molecular wt. 28 & C v=0.773 kJ/kgK]
12.0.115m3 of gas has a pressure of 138 kN /m 2. It is compressed to 680
kN /m2according to the law PV1.4 =C, Determine the volume of the gas, work
done and heat transferred.
13.The gas is compressed from initial state of 0.35 m 3 and 105 kPa to a final
state of 0.14 m3 and to the same pressure .Determine the change in internal
energy of the gas which transfers 38 kJ of heat.
3
14.A piston and cylinder device contains 1 kg of air, Initially, v 0.8 m /kg and
T 298 K. The air is compressed in a slow frictionless process to a specific
3
volume of 0.2 m /kg and a temperature of 580 K according to the equation
1.3
3
pV
0.75 ( p in bar, v in m /kg). If Cv of air is 0.78 kJ/kg determine :
work and
heat transfer (both in kJ)
15.A piston-cylinder assembly contains 1kg or nitrogen at 100 kPa. The initial
3
volume is 0.5 m . Heat is transferred to the substance in an amount
necessary to cause a slow expansion at constant temperature. This process
is terminated when the final volume is twice the initial volume. Estimate the
amount of heat transferred.[Molecular wt. 28 & C v=0.773 kJ/kgK](16)
16.A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three process 1-2, 2-3 and 31. Given that Q12 30 kJ, Q23 10 kJ, 1w2 5 kJ, 3w2 5 kJ and E31 15
kJ, determine Q31, w23,E12 and E23.
17.The following cycle involves 3 kg of air : Polytropic compression from 1 to 2
where P1 150 kPa, T1 360 K, P2 750 kPa and n 1.1 ; constant-pressure
cooling from 2 to 3; and constant - temperature heating from 3 to 1. Draw
the pV diagram and find temperatures, pressures and volumes at each state
and determine the net work and heat.
18. A reversible engine is operating between 1000 K and 300 K. Find the efficiency of the
engine. Also find the power developed, in kW if the amount of heat received from high
temperature reservoir is 500 kJ per min.
19. A refrigerator operating on reversible cycle is pumping heat from -5 oC to the atmosphere
at 40oC. If it has to pump 24000 kJ/hr, find the power required to run the refrigerator.
20. Calculate the power developed and diameter of the inlet pipe, if air enters at 5 kg/s, 50m/s
with an enthalpy of 0.9 MJ/kg and leaves at 150 m/s with an enthalpy of 0.4 MJ/kg. The
heat loss to the surroundings is 0.025MJ/kg. Assume 100kPa and 300 K at the inlet
21. In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flow at the rate of 600 kg/hr. At inlet to
the nozzle, pressure is 2MPa and temperature is 127oC. The exit pressure is 0.5
MPa. Initial air velocity is 300 m/s determine exit velocity of air, inlet and exit
area of nozzle.
22. Two heat engines operating on carnot cycle are arranged in series. The engine A
receives heat at 1000 K and rejects heat at a constant temperature T2. The engine
B receives heat rejected by A, and in turn rejects heat to a reservoir at 300 K.
Calculate the T2 when a) the efficiency of the two engines are equal b) the work
output of the two engines are equal.
23. A carnot engine receives 90kJ from a reservoir at 900 K. It rejects heat to he
24. Three reversible engines of Carnot type are operating in series between the limiting
temperatures of 1100 K and 300 K. Determine the intermediate temperatures if the work
output from engines is in proportion of 3 : 2 : 1.
25. In a compressor the air enters at 27C and 1 atm and leaves at 227C and 1 MPa.
Determine the work done per unit mass of air assuming velocities at entry and exit to be
negligible. Also determine the additional work required, if velocities are 10 m/s and 50
m/s at inlet and exit respectively.
26. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger upto 750C from ambient
temperature of 27C. Hot air then enters into gas turbine with the velocity of 50 m/s and
leaves at 600C. Air leaving turbine enters a nozzle at 60 m/s velocity and leaves nozzle
at temperature of 500C. For unit mass flow rate of air determine the following assuming
adiabatic expansion in turbine and nozzle,
(i)
heat transfer to air in heat exchanger
(ii)
power output from turbine
(iii)
velocity at exit of nozzle.
Take cp for air as 1.005 kJ/kgK.
27. A refrigerator operates on reversed Carnot cycle. Determine the power required to drive
refrigerator between temperatures of 42C and 4C if heat at the rate of 2 kJ/s is extracted
from the low temperature region.
28. A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device as shown in
Fig. 1.1 The piston is frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due to atmospheric
pressure of 101.3 kPa. The stirring device is turned 9500 revolutions with an average
torque against the fluid of 1.25 Nm. Meanwhile the piston of 0.65 m diameter moves out
0.6 m. Find the net work transfer for the system.
Fig. 1.1
29. At the inlet to a certain nozzle the enthalpy of fluid passing is 2800 kJ/kg, and the
velocity is 50 m/s. At the discharge end the enthalpy is 2600 kJ/kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it.
a. Find the velocity at exit of the nozzle.
b. If the inlet area is 900 cm2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m 3/kg, find
the mass flow rate.
c. If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m 3/kg, find the exit area of
nozzle. [8]
30. A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is 340 kJ. The
system completes 200 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method
for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
[8]
Process
Q (kJ/min)
W (kJ/min)
E (kJ/min)
12
23
34
41
0
42000
4200
4340
0
73200
___
31. During flight, the air speed of a turbojet engine is 250 m/s. Ambient air temperature is
14C. Gas temperature at outlet of nozzle is 610C. Corresponding enthalpy values for air
and gas are respectively 250 and 900 kJ/kg. Fuel air ratio is 0.0180. Chemical energy of
fuel is 45 MJ/kg. Owing to incomplete combustion 6% of chemical energy is not released
in the reaction. Heat loss from the engine is 21 kJ/kg of air. Calculate the velocity of the
exhaust jet.
[8]
32. The connections of a reversible engine to three sources at 500 K, 400 K and 300 K are
shown in Fig. 1.3. It draws 1500 kJ/min of energy from the source at 500 K and develops
200 kJ/min of work.
a. Determine the heat interactions with the other two sources of heat.
b. Evaluate the entropy change due to each heat interaction with the engine.
c. Total entropy change during the cycle.
[8]
at 1 bar,15C. Identify the tank in which stored energy is more. Also find the availability
of air in each tank.
35. A cold storage plant of 40 tonnes of refrigeration capacity runs with its performance just
hot gases in a steam boiler. Find the increase in total entropy of the combined system of
gas and water and increase in unavailable energy due to irreversible heat transfer. The
gases are cooled from 1000C to 500C and all the heat from gases goes to water.
Assume water enters the boiler at saturated condition and leaves as saturated steam
38. One kg of air is compressed polytropically from 1 bar pressure and temperature of 300 K
to a pressure of 6.8 bar and temperature of 370 K. Determine the irreversibility if the sink
temperature is 293 K. Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, cp = 1.004 kJ/kg K and cv = 0.716
kJ/kg K.
39. water is heated from 40oC in a piston cylinder arrangement until it becomes s aturated
vapour at a constant pressure of 50 bar. Find the heat to added per kg.
40. A steam power plant works between 40 bar and 0.05 bar. If the steam supplied is dry
saturated and the cycle of operation is Rankine, find : (i) Cycle efficiency (ii) Specific
steam consumption.
41. In a regenerative cycle the inlet conditions are 40 bar and 400C. Steam is bled at 10 bar
in Regenerative heating. The exit pressure is 0.8 bar. Neglecting pump work determine
the efficiency of the cycle.
42. A steam power plant operates on ideal Rankine cycle using reheater and regenerative feed
water heaters. It has one open feed heater. Steam is supplied at 150 bar and 600C.The
condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at 40 bar for
closed feed water heater and remaining steam is reduced at 40 bar to 600C. Extracted
steam is completely condensed in this closed feed water heater and is pumped to 150 bar
before mixing with the feed water heater. Steam for the open feed water heater is bled
from L.P. turbine at 5 bar. Determine :
(i) Fraction of steam extracted from the turbines at each bled heater, and
(ii) Thermal efficiency of the system.
Draw the line diagram of the components and represent the cycle on T-s diagram.
43. The atmospheric conditions are 30C and specific humidity of 0.0215 kg/kg of air.
Determine :
(i)
Partial pressure of air
(ii)
Relative humidity
(iii)
Dew point temperature.
Atmospheric pressure = 756 mm Hg.
44. 1 kg of air at 24C and a relative humidity of 70% is to be mixed adiabatically in a steady
state, steady flow device with 1 kg of air at 16C and a relative humidity of 10%.
Assuming that the mixing is to be carried out at a constant pressure of 1.0 atm, determine
the temperature and relative humidity of the stream leaving the device.
45. In a laboratory test, a psychrometer recorded 36C DBT and 30C WBT. Calculate :
(i)
Vapour pressure
(ii)
Relative humidity
(iii)
Specific humidity
(iv)
Degree of saturation
(v)
Dew point temperature
(vi)
Enthalpy of the mixture.
46. An air-water vapour mixture enters an adiabatic saturator at 30C and leaves at 20C,
which is the adiabatic saturation temperature. The pressure remains constant at 1 bar.
Determine the relative humidity and the humidity ratio of the inlet mixture.
47. The following observation were made during a testing of moist air
bulb temperature 25oC. The fresh air is drawn at the rate of 100m3/min. The returned air
from conditioned space has the drug bulb temperature 23oC and relative humidity 50%.
The volume flow rate of it 540 m3/min. Determine the (i) dry bulb and web bulb
temperature (ii) specific humidity of mixture
50
Find the value of co-efficient of volume expansion and isothermal compressibility K for a
Van der Waals gas obeying