Li ni u

Trong s nghip cng nghip ha hin i ha nc ta

hin nay ngnh cng nghip nng ni chung v ngnh cng
ngh kim loi ni ring ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s
nghip cng nghip ha ca t nc.
Ngnh cng ngh kim loi c rt nhiu vn i hi ngi
k s tng lai phi hc tp nghin cu nm bt c nhng
yu cu c bn nhm phc v cho hc tp cng nh trong cng
tc phc v cho t nc sau ny.
Trong cc mn hc v nhngvn cn thit cho mt ngi
k s tng lai. Mn hc K thut ch to phi l mt trong
nhng b mn cng ngh kim loi, nhm cung cp nhng kin
thc c bn, nhng yu cu c bn sing vin c th hc
tp v nghin cu, m rng tm hiu bit. Mn hc trang b
nhng kin thc c bn v cng ngh lm khun, k thut
nu v rt cc hp kim khc nhau, cch phn tch thit k ...
i hi ngi sinh vin phi nm bt c nhng vn c
bn.
Cch phn tch tnh ton thit k i hi phi r rng
chnh xc, trong cun thuyt minh ny chc chn khng trnh
khi sai st trong qu trnh tnh ton thit k. V vy em
mong c s tham gia gp ca cc thy c gio trong b mn
em rt kinh nghim v hiu su hn trong qu trnh lm
bi.
Em xin chn thnh cm n !
Sinh vin

-2-

L Quang
Trung

I Phn tch tnh cng ngh c ca chi tit

Chn phng php c
1.1 Phn tch tnh cng ngh c ca chi tit
Chi tit l mt chi tit ph bin trong ngnh ch to my.
Vt c ny khng i hi phi s dng cc phng php c
c bt. Theo bn v ta c th c c chi tit m ch cn
phi sa i gia cc gc ln, cc b mt gia cng ta lng d
khi c. Lng d v phng php ch to li c tra bng trong
sch thit k c.
1.2 Chn phng php c
a) Tnh khi lng vt c:
Theo cng thc c ta c:
MVD = V
Trong : : khi lng ring ca gang xm = 7 (kg/dm3)
V: Th tch vt c (dm3)
Ta chia vt c ra 3 phn V = V1 + V2 + V3
V1 =

h 2 3,14.225. 75 40
.d
4
4

= 0,2.106 (mm3)

V2 = 10.137 = 0,001.106 (mm3)

V3 = 100.55 = 0,005.106 (mm3)
-3-

V = (0,2 + 0,001 + 0,005).106 = 0,206.106 (mm3)

V = 0,206(dm3)

Khi lng vt c l
m = V
m = 0,206.7 = 1,442 (kg)
Xem h thng rt chim 20% khi lng vt c
Tng khi lng kim loi cn rt khun l: G (kg)

G = 1,2.m

G = 1,73 (kg).

b) Chn phng php c:

Vi vt c c khi lng l 1,73 (kg) l vt c c kt cu
n gin nn ta chn phng php c n gin trong khun
ct, khun ti lm khun bng tay. Vi iu kin sn xut n
chic mu l g nn cp chnh xc ca vt c t c l cp
III.
- Dng sn xut lot nh
- Sn lng: 100 chi tit/nm
- Cp chnh xc ca vt c t c l cp III
- Vt liu l GX: 18 - 36
ii thit k vt c
2.1 Chn mt phn khun phn mu

-4-

T
D

2.2 Xc nh lng d gia cng c kh v dung sai c:

Lng d gia cng c kh l lng kim loi c ct gt i trong
qu trnh gia cng c kh chi tit t chnh xc v
bn b mt sau khi c (lng d tra bng B7, B8 HTKD):
Trong chi tit ny cc mt cn gia cng c kh l cc mt
sau, l 40, 2 mt u, vu c hnh nh hnh v. Tra bng ta
c:
- Lng d mt trn 4,5 (mm)
- Lng d mt di 3,5 (mm)
- Lng d mt bn 3,5 (mm)

-5-

Khi ch to bao gi cng c lng sai lch kch thc sai lch
ny ph thuc vo dng sn xut, lng d gia cng c. Theo bng
B3 (HDTKD) ta c lng d sai lch kch thc ca chi tit l :
1
2.2 Xc nh nghing thnh bn:
Trong cc thnh bn ca vt c ta thy ch c thnh ngoi
cng c kch thc chiu cao l 225 (mm) l cn lm xin v
thnh ny khng phi gia cng c kh sau khi c. Tra bng
B10 (HDTKD) ta xc nh gc xin thnh l +0030'
2.4 Xc nh gc ln:
Xem bng B2 (HDTKD)
R = 15 (mm)
2.5 Xc nh lng co b
Gang xm vi vt c trung bnh c lng co theo chiu di
co %

B cn tr: 0,8%

T do: 0,9%

2.6 Thit k li v u gc li:

ng knh
ca u
gc cho cc
kch thc
trung bnh
mt ct
ngang, mm
d
42
60

Chiu cao ca u
gc (mm)
u gc di
II. Li
I. Li
khng
vng
vng
h1
h2
30

40

u
gc
trn
h3
25

Khe h gia u gc
xin
Bn
v gc li mt
knh l- ca u
pha, mm
gc
n
Phn di ca
chn
Phn
khun
ca
trn
u Di
Trn
ca
gc,
Ti Kh
khun
mm
s1
s2
s3
r
0
0
Khng
khe h

Trong :

-6-

1,5

10

15

s1: khong cch theo phng thng ng u gc li trn

n gc li.
s2: khong cch theo phng ngang u gc li trn (tri, phi)
n gc li.
s3: khong cch theo phng ngang u gc li di (tri, phi)
n gc li
1: gc nghing gc li di
1 : gc nghing gc li trn

501

0.5

15

8.1

2352

601.5

421

10

-7-

801.5

551.5

1252

2.7 Sai lch cho php i vi gn chu lc

Sau khi c khng phi gia cng gn chu lc ta c chiu
dy thnh v gn chu lc l 10 (mm)

iii - thit k h thng rt- u hi , u ngt

3.1 Chn h thng rt u hi, u ngt:
V chiu su hc khun nh nn ta chn h thng rt bn
hng.
Chi tit c bng gang xm khi lng trung bnh nn khng
cn b tr u ngt ta chn h thng rt nh hnh v.

-8-

T
D

3.2 Chn loi v kch thc hm khun (hnh v):

Khi lng vt c,
kg
<5

40

40

30

30

30

30

-9-

Chn hm khun gang c kch thc hm khun tra bng

B28 (HDTKD)
a) Khong cch gia mt trn vt c v mt trn hm
khun:

(mm)

b) Khong cch gia mt di vt c v mt di hm

khun: (mm)
c) Khong cch mt bn vt c v thnh hm :
(mm)
d)

Khong

cch

ng

rt

thnh

hm:

cc

vt

c:

(mm)
)

khong

cch

gia

(mm)
e)

Khong

cch

gia

vt

rnh

lc

x:

(mm)
Vy kch thc hm khun l:
Chiu cao na khun trn l: H T = a + h1 = 40 + 50 = 90
(mm)
Chiu cao na khun di l: HD = b + h + h v = 40 + 80 +
225 = 345
Chiu di hm khun l:

L = 2c + L v =2.30 + 175 =

235 (mm)
Chiu

rng

hm

khun

l:

e+d+c+B v

30+30+30+75=165(mm)
Chiu cao hm khun l :

H = HT + HD =90 + 345 = 435

(mm)
3.3 Tnh ton kch thc h thng rt (Tnh theo gii
tch):

- 10 -

Theo bng B19 (HDTKD)

Tit din mt rnh dn

1 1,5 (cm2)

Chiu di mt rnh dn

35 40 (mm)

Xc nh thi gian rt kim loi

t K 3 SG

Trong
S : Chiu dy thnh vt c.
G : Khi lng vt c + h thng ngt, hi.
K : H s
K = 1,9 2,3

t 23 18.1,73

= 6,29 (s)

t = 6,29 (s)
Tc dng ca kim loi lng trong khun c tnh
theo cng thc
V

C
T

Trong
C: Chiu cao vt c t th rt (cm).
C = 225 (cm)
V=

225
6,29

= 35,77 (cm/s)

Tit din ch hp nht ca h thng rt:

Fmin

G
0,31.t h tb

Trong :
G : khi lng vt c + h thng rt (kg)
htb : Ct p thu tnh trung bnh ca kim loi
: H s tr lc chung ca khun.
= 0,5
- 11 -

p2
2c

h tb H 0

Trong :
H0 :p sut thu tnh ban u ln nht (cm).
p : Chiu cao vt c trn rnh dn (cm)
c : Chiu cao vt c v tr rt.

h tb H T
Fmin

p2
02
90
90
2c
2.225

1,73
0,19
0,31.6,29.0,5. 90

(cm2)

Chn s rnh dn l n = 1, v Frd = 1 (cm2)

Frd = 1.11 = 1 (cm2)

Theo t l:
Frd : Flx : Fr = 1: 1,2 : 1,4

Flx =1,2 = 1,2

Fr = 1,4 = 1,4

(cm2)
(cm2)

Chn tit din rnh dn l hnh thang thp, tra bng B21
(HDTKD)
Vi:
Frd = 1 (cm2)

a = 41 (mm), b = 39 (mm), h = 2 (mm)

41

39

Chn tit din rnh lc x l hnh thang cao, tra bng B21
(HDTKD)
Flx =

Flx 1,2

0,6 (cm2)
2
2

Flx = 0,6 (cm2)

- 12 -

a = 11 (mm), b = 3 (mm), h = 11 (mm

11

11
Tnh ng knh ng rt.
d or

1,4
3,14

= 0,67 (cm)

Tra bng B21 (HDTKD)

H = 60 (mm), D = 60 (mm), D 1 = 40 (mm), d = 16,9
(mm) .

60

60

40

16.9

iv - bn v cng ngh c

- 13 -

T
D

v - thit k mu hp li
5.1. Chn vt liu lm mu, hp li
Tra bng B26 (HDTKD)
Theo s lng vt c, c im kt cu ta chon mu l
mu g loi thng
Chon hp ch to li gia l hp b i 2 na theo
chiu cao ca li.
5.2. Xc nh hnh dng, kch thc mu - hp li
Hnh dng, kch thc mu - hp li c ghi trn bn v mu
v hp li.
- 14 -

1000.5

800.5

2351

1100.8

500.5

6
750.5

- 15 -

500.5

500.5

600.5

125

365

55

50

420.5
750.5

20

20

25

80

225
25

33

20

65

20

40

vi chn vt liu v hn hp lm khun, li

6.1. Chn vt liu v hn hp lm khun v li
Tra bng B29 (HDTKCND)
Chn hn hp lm khun l loi ct o. Vi thnh phn cht
liu nh sau:
Ct c: 45 47%
Ct t st mi: 21 51 %
- 16 -

Bt than: 3 5%
Mn ca: 3 5%
C th dng 1 2% nc b giy lm cht kt dnh.
Tnh cht hn hp:
C ht: 0,16 0,2 (mm)
Lng t st: 8 10%
bn nn ti t: 4 5%
bn nn kh t: 4 5%
thng kh t: 40 70
6.2. Chn vt liu v hn hp lm li:
Tra bng B30 (HDTKCND)
Ta chn i vi trng hp li c kt cu n gin v kch
thc ln, hn hp lm li l hn hp loi IV.
Thnh phn hn hp gm :
Ct thch anh: 93 59%
t st: 7 1%
Ct c: 0 40%
Mn ca: 0 2%
Cht kt dnh l nc b giy: 2 3%
Tnh cht hn hp:
Lng t st: 5 7%
thng kh ti: 70
m: 4 5%
bn nn ti: 1,5 2,5 (N/cm2)
bn ko kh: 20 30 (N/ cm2)

- 17 -

tnh lc khun
7.1 Tnh lc y ln khun trn:
Theo cng thc
P = V
Trong :
: Khi lng ring
Vi kim loi = 7 (kg/dm3)
= 1,5 (kg/dm3)

Vi ct

V : Th tch ca vt p lc
V = 0,26 dm3

P = (KL - ct) = (7 - 1,5).0,26 = 1,43 (kg)

P = 1,43 (kg) = 14,3 (N)

7.2 Tnh lc y ln li
PL = .VL.
trong
VL: Th tch li chim ch trong kim loi
: Khi lng ring ca kim loi lng.
VL

hD 2
3,14.365.(60) 2

1,03.10 6
4
4

VL = 1,03 (dm3)

PL = 7.1,03 =7,22 (kg)

(mm3)

7.3 Khi lng ct v hm khun trn:

Gct trn = Vct trn. ct .
Trong
Gct trn : Th tch ct hm khun trn
- 18 -

ct

: Khi lng ring ca ct

Vi

ct = 1,5 (kg/dm3)

Gct trn = 3,4.1,5 = 5,2 (kg)

Ghm trn = 15%.Gct trn =

15
.5,2
100

= 0,78 (kg)

7.4 Lc khun
G = (P - Ght).n
n = 1,3 1,4
P = Py hm trn + Py li = P + PL = 1,43 + 7,22 = 8,65
(kg)
Ght = Ghm trn + Gct trn = 0,78 + 5,2 = 5,98 (kg)
Lc khun: G = (8,65 - 5,98).1,3 = 3,47 (kg)
Vy cn lc khun trn l 34,7 (N)

viii - tnh phi liu

8.1. Thnh phn vt liu vt c v vt liu kim loi:
8.1. Thnh phn vt liu vt c v vt liu kim loi:
Vi

mc gang cn c l GX 18- 36, theo bng B.33 ta c

thnh phn ha hc ca gang nh sau: 3,43,6%C, 1,72,1%Si,

0,50,8%Mn, <0,3%P, <0,15%S. Ly gi tr trung bnh ca cc
thnh phn ny tnh ton 2,2%Si, 0,65%Mn vi t l chy
hao cho l Mn=20%; Si=15%. Vi t l chy hao ny cn
nu loi gang t phi liu c cc thnh phn.
8.2. Tnh ton phi liu;
a) Tnh cho 100 (kg):

- 19 -

Mc gang cn c l GX 18 - 36 tra bng B33(HDTKCND) c

thnh phn ho hc l 3,43,6%C, 1,72,1%Si, 0,50,8%Mn,
<0,3%P, <0,15%S ,Ta ly tr s trung bnh ca cc thnh phn
ny tnh toan, 3,6 %C, 2,2 %Si, 0,7 %Mn vi t l chy hao
cho ta nu ra loi gang c thnh phn nh sau
%Mn = 0,8.1,24 = 0,992
Theo bng B34, B35 (HDTKCND) ta c thnh phn ho hc
ca kim loi l:
0,91 1,3%Mn
Ly tr s trung bnh tnh ton.
Gang c II 1,8 2,2 %Si; 0,4 0,6%Mn
K hiu A, B, C ln lt l 3 im tng ng vi thnh phn (Si,
Mn) ca G 1
GD 4 Gang c II ta c A(3,1,11), B(1,5;1,1), C( 2;0,5).
Ni cc im A, B, C ta c tam gic ABC trn h to
thnh phn (Si, Mn)
Gi M l im biu din phi liu cn tnh M(2,618;
0,868). Thuc vng 5, ta c
Mn
1,1

M
0,5

C
1,5 2

Thnh phn cc giai on l;

Vi
X = GD 1.
- 20 -

Si

Y = GD 4.
Z = Gang c

X Y Z 100

3 X 1,5Y 2Z 100.2,618

1,1X 1,1Y 0,5Z 100.0,868

Ta c

X 87,73

Y 13,2
Z 38,67

b) Tnh cho mt m liu:

Vi ng knh l l 700 (mm) tra bng B32 (HDTKCND) ta
xc nh c
Nng sut l l 2900 (kg/h)
Lng than cc cho mt m liu l; 50 kg.
Lng vi l: 14 kg.
T l gia than cc v kim loi l: 16 17 %
Vy lng kim loi cn tnh cho mt m liu l:
MKl = 50.

100
312.5
16

(kg)

Vy

312.5
X 100.87,73 274.16(kg)

312.5

13,2 41.25(kg)
Y
100

312.5

38,67 120.63(kg)

100

thuyt minh ch dn khc

9.1 Thuyt minh quy trnh lm khun
t na mu di v hm khun di ln tm

- 21 -

Ph mt lp ct ln b mt, sau ph ct m ln trn lp

ct ao v m cgt theo theo tng lp dy 20 40 mm gt
phng, xin l thot hi.
Lt nga na hm khun di ln lp cc phn trn ca mu
vo phn di.
t na hm khun trn ln hm khun di v nh v hai
hm khun lp h thng rt, hi rc ct phn cch 2 na,
xin l thot hi, rt mu , ng rt, phu rt ra.
Lt hm khun trn ly mu ca h thng rt ra khi
khun , sa li lng khun v mt phn khun.
Ly mu ra khi hm khun di sa li lng khun v mt
phn khun.
9.2 Thuyt mnh quy trnh lm li:
Cho hn hp lm li vo hc li dm cht gt phng xin l
thot hi cho li kh.
Thao hp li dt li vo khay em i sy kh
9.3.Cc ch dn khc

- 22 -