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always below the true value by a fixed amount. Example: zero error,
background radiation. Can only be eliminated if source of error is known
and accounted for.
Random Error - Result in readings or measurements being scattered
about a mean value. Equal chance of being positive or negative. Example:
variation in diameter of wire. Can be eliminated by taking average of
multiple readings.
the object.
Principle of Flotation - A body that is floating at equilibrium in a
fluid displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight.
Average Force <F> - momentum change/time interval.
Force - Any action that causes a change in the physical shape or
the state of motion of an object. Types: Gravitational,
Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Weak Nuclear.
Weight - Measure of the gravitational force that Earth exerts on the
object. W = mg.
Mass - Measure of inertia and is the property of the body which
resists change in motion.
Friction - Force that the surface applies anti-parallel to an object's
motion. Can be kinetic (between 2 objects moving relative to one
another) or static (between 2 objects at rest)
Density - Mass per unit volume, = m/V.
Pressure - Magnitude of the normal force per unit surface area, p =
F/A.
Moment - The moment of a force about a pivot is defined as the
product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot
to the line of action of the force, = F*l
Couple - A pair of equal and opposite parallel forces whose lines of
action do not coincide. Torque of couple = one force * perpendicular
distance between forces.
Center of Gravity - The point through which the entire weight of
the body may be considered to act.
Power - Rate of work done or energy conversion w.r.t. time. P =
dW/dt = Fv.
Average Power <P> - given by W/t.
Angular Displacement is the angle the object moves through
during a specified time interval.
Angular Velocity of a body is defined as the rate of change of its
angular displacement w.r.t. time. Is a vector quantity.
Period T is the time taken for one complete revolution.
Frequency f is the number of revolutions per unit of time.
Newton's Law of Gravitation - states that every two particles in
the universe attract each other with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them, F =
-GMm/r2. Negative sign indicates gravitational force is an attractive
force.
Gravitational Field - is a region of space in which a mass placed in
it will experience a gravitational force. Can be visualised as an array
of imaginary field lines in which the tangent at each point of the
field line points in the direction of the gravitational force, and