Qatar University, Post Foundation

APA Citation Style

The information on this handout is derived from the 6 th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association.

In-text Citation
APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier
research.

Authors Name Before Evidence

Clark (2012) explained that students should study three hours for every hour in class.

Authors Name After Evidence

Students should study three hours for every hour in class (Clark, 2012).

End of Text References

The references list is a separate page at the end of the paper. The reference page should be double spaced and in
alphabetical order. Second and subsequent lines in each entry should be indented.

Print Sources
Book by a Single Author

Althen, G. (2003). American ways: A guide for foreigners in the United States. New York:
Intercultural Press.
Book by Two or More Authors

Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (2004). Chinese ways: A guide for foreigners in
China. New York: Intercultural Press.
Article in a Scholarly Journal

Svenson, T. (2000). Stress at college: Effects on health habits, health status, and self esteem. College
Student, 34(6), 217-228.
Article in a Magazine

Stique, R. (2002, March 15). Reverse culture shock: Returning home. Transitions Abroad Magazine,
37, 5-6.

Electronic Sources

Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).]

Document on Web Site with Author

Oberg, L. (n.d.). Culture shock and the problem of adjustment to new cultural environments.
Retrieved from http://www.worldwide.edu/travel_planner/culture_shock
Document on Web Site with no Author

Stages of reverse culture shock. (2006, July 14). Retrieved from

http://www.wings.buffalo.edu/studyabroad/rculture.html
Article from an Online Newspaper
Culhane, P. (2012, December 1). America's politicians and the 'fiscal cliff. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from
http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/americas/americas-politicians-and-fiscal-cliff

Article from a Library Database with DOI

[If available, DOI should be given]

Swan, S. (2000). Stress in education: Effects on secondary school teachers. College Student, 34(6),
229-234. doi: 10.1027/0278-6133.24.2.225
Article from a Library Database without DOI
[If there is no DOI, give the homepage of the journal even though the article is accessed from a library database.]

Scotland, J., & Rogers, J. (2009). Lack of culture shock support. Journal of Social Studies, 40(7),
777-781. Retrieved from http://www.journalofsocialstudies.org
[If the article is from a discontinued journal and/or the journal homepage is not readily available, give the database
homepage.]

Thanktick, P., & Thomson, C. (2007, Winter). Culture shock and social support. Social Psychiatry,
40(7), 777-781. Retrieved from http://www.proquest.com
E-Book

Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgibin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0

E-Book from ebrary

Fantina, R. (2005). Ernest Hemingway: Machismo and masochism [ebrary version]. Retrieved from
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ferris/home.action