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Ideal fluid, dry water, shear-stress, dynamic and kinematic viscosity, Reynolds's number, non
newtonian fluid, etc., etc., are heap of nonsense which are crowded theory of fluid motion and
textbooks of physics and engineering. Therefore, I am on this subject decided to write "ab ovo" the
work about "movement of fluids" using only my modest knowledge of physics and mathematics. The
result of this work is myself amazed, and surprised me even more, that this "unscientific state", in
which is that area of physics and engineering, is not at all surprised our "Professors". So here, I exhibit
this work in order to someone else will be amazed too, with catch-32.
(Vjekoslav Brki, Osijek)
CONTENTS:
FLUID DYNAMICS (HYDRODYNAMICS)
Motion of the fluid in the continuum
~~~
Potential force
Pressure force
Viscous force
~~~
The equation of fluid dynamics (new, Navier-Stokes) ~~~
The equation of fluid statics (the fluid is at rest, and acting external forces)
The equation of fluid statics (v = 0, dv/dt = 0, v/t = 0)
STATIONARY FLOW OF IRROTATIONAL FLUID
~~~
~~~
~~~
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Laminar flow through a pipe with the wrong "viscosity"
~~~
Resistance of motion a sphere in the fluid with the wrong "viscosity"
Laminar flow through a pipe without the use of viscosity
~~~
Resistance of motion a sphere in the fluid without the use of viscosity
Laminar flow through a pipe with the correct viscosity
~~~
Resistance of motion a sphere in the fluid using the correct viscosity
(CATCH-32), WHAT IS NUMBER 32?
~~~
~~~
~~~
~~~
)=
)=
)=
( )
Or shorter written:
=
( ) ( uler s approach) ,
so it will e
"Force acting on a point of the fluid by simultaneously changing the speed and energy of that point."
"Force of action (FA) opposing reaction forces: potential force, pressure force and viscous force":
=
Potential force:
=
Pressure force:
0
= |0
0
0
0|
(pressure tensor)
On volume of fluid:
=
=
,
( auss s theorem)
Viscous force:
Since, in the fluid there are not specific layers, surfaces, even volumes, in a fluid is the simplest to
define all the force per unit mass (F) and thus should be defined and the viscous force. In physics
textbooks there is confusion about the name and the meaning of important terms. So here I give the
names and definitions used in this text:
= mass,
=
= impuls,
= moment,
= force,
"The flow of impulses in the fluid, is actually the work per unit mass [N m/kg] at some point in the
fluid."
[N m/kg ] = [m2/s2] so the dimension of the coefficient will e [m2/s].
In fact, it would be more accurate to write Newton's law of "friction" in the form of:
=
And are instantly more clear meaning and dimensions of that term:
=
+)
=
,
=
( ) (viscous force per unit mass)
The basic equation (4) for the balance of forces in the fluid will now be:
=
( ) with
(
(
=0,
) with
= 0,
)
=0,
,
(
) = 0,
) (Bernoulli s theorem)
After meeting all the conditions in equations (11) and (15), a fluid flowing, must still meet the
remaining, speed members of vector equations of the stationary fluid flow:
) = 0,
"The force of the internal (viscous) friction is proportional to the gradient of the kinetic energy of the
fluid "!
(
)=0,
(the same as (
) which implies)
( 0)
All these equations (15), (19) and (20) are very difficult to solve.
But if we assume that all point of the same fluid velocity, also have the same coordinate:
Differential equations, for this (20) one-dimensional problem is:
(
tanh
tanh
(
gives
,
(
From this solution it follows that the distribution of velocity in a fluid, falls in the area of hyperbolic
equations, rather than parabolic, how to interpret a valid theory of fluid flow. The same equation (21)
over the logarithm will be:
ln [
ln [
]=
(
]=
=
(
(
)
)
How, in a fluid, applies the "principle of relativity", then in the equation (21), we can introduce:
rE - relative distance and vE - relative speed between two points in the fluid, and the same equation
read as follows:
)
=
, gives
= ,
"A fluid flows such, that the product of the relative speed and distance is constant (of viscosity)".
( )
)=
So the maximum relative velocity of laminar flow in pipes, for r = R will be:
(
Laminar flow may therefore be demonstrated in only a very small diameter profiles!
In general it can be said that the motion of the fluid is always defined by the condition of viscous
friction (22) but when the maximum relative velocity in the fluid reaches the maximum critical speed
then the condition v rot v = 0, is no longer valid and in the fluid must begin to flow, except current
of impulses and the current of moment. The current of impulses in the fluid is always perpendicular to
the direction of the relative speed of fluid, but the resultant of moment current have direction of the
absolute velocity. Generation of current of moment in the fluid, allows living beings to swim and fly.
]
][
=* +
On the fluid in porous media can act external forces (acceleration), the kinetic forces (resistance and
motion) and potential forces (gradient of pressure and gravity) and, balance of forces per unit mass,
we can visualize by the equation:
( )
( (
) = 0,
Kinetic forces can be described by the relative superficial velocity and the corresponding coefficient of
proportionality, a potential forces by the potential of pressure and gravity, and the corresponding
coefficient of proportionality:
[ (
] = 0,
or,
),
) ( arcy s equation)
=
= (
=
For multilayer porous medium will be:
=
=
=
(third layer
=
=
etc )
(continuity equation )
(summary equation)
(a common overall coefficient of resistance)
[ (
(potential gradient)
=
=
=
The homogeneous differential equation of second order with constant coefficients is solved by
substitution:
=
=
= 0,
= 0,
=
=(
and
=
,
) will e
=
=0,
so that (
(
,
),
),
Rate equation of filtration not only from mathematical reasons has of all by two coefficients, but this
equation and realistically describes two causally related processes: obtaining of the filtrate and
filtration cake. It's in mathematics and physics already known, damping equation.
Based on the known velocity of filtration, we can define the volume of the filtrate:
=
=0,
= 0,
=
(
)
=
and for
= 0 it will e
"The amount of the filtrate, which is at all possible to get (in infinite time) is constant."
or,
Coefficient of resistance of the total porous media (filter and cake), we can without error expressed by
the coefficient of resistance of the filtration cake Because the filtration at a constant flow rate is a
process in which is continuously changing the pressure gradient (falling), and the thickness of the
porous layer of the cake (rises), so by differentiating by time:
=
In which, the growth rate of the cake can be expressed as a function of the relative superficial speed
(f) by the concentration of solids in suspension (Cs) and density of cakes (k), ie, the volume of cakes
(Vk) per volume of suspension (Vs).
=
where
)(
(
=
=(
)
=
)
,
=0,
=
),
(
respectively
Besides complex experimental devices which I do not have, the only tool to check a hypothesis, that
everyone has, is dimensional analysis:
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Problem 1a :
LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH A PIPE WITH THE WRONG "VISCOSITY"
= ( , , , ),
),
[ ]=
[ ][
=[
]=
[ ]=[ ]=
[ ]=* +=
[ ]=
[
[
]
=
]
[ ]=[
]=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
( )
( )
enter dimensions
=( ) (
) (
=( )
( )
) (
( )
) ,
,
calculate a, , c y using d
=
=
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[( ) ( ) ( ) ][( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ] ,
,
( )
arrange exponents
) ,
( )
if
=
( ) ,
( )
= ,
it will e
if
Poiseuile s aw
"Professor," says K must be 32. Where did constant "32"? What is that, a natural magic number?
Where disappeared Reynolds? Obviously, something is wrong!
Problem 2a :
RESISTANCE OF MOTION A SPHERE IN THE FLUID WITH THE WRONG "VISCOSITY":
= ( , , , ),
),
[ ]=[
[ ]=[
]=
]=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
enter dimensions
=( ) (
) (
=( )
( )
( )
( )
= ,
( )
( )
) ,
,
arrange exponents
calculate a, , c y using d
,
( )
) (
( )
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
) ,
if
= ,
it is
it will e
=(
Here we do not recognize any natural law, least of all Stokes's law of motion of the sphere. Where is
the Reynolds? Apparently there is something wrong! What do you say "Professor"?
And what will happen if, from the analysis, completely drop the "viscosity"? Let's try derivation:
Problem 1b :
LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH A PIPE WITHOUT THE USE OF VISCOSITY:
= ( , , ),
),
enter dimensions
=( ) (
) (
=( )
( )
( )
= ,
( )
) ,
( ) ( )
arrange exponents
calculate values for a, , c
=
=
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) =
[( ) ( ) ( ) ] ,
,
=
=
(
if
,
)
= , it will e,
the solution is
,
(
or in general ,
),
or,
ut,
or
= geometric mem er
rea
crosssection
circumference
),
[ ]=[
]=
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
=( ) (
=( )
enter dimensions
) (
( ) ( )
) ,
,
arrange exponents
calculate values for a, , c
( )
( )
= ,
( )
=
=
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
=(
it will e,
it is
if ,
,
or
( rd ewton s law )
The sphere, moves so that the drag force is balanced with kinetic energy of motion. The force of
resistance is a pressure on the surface of the cross section of sphere. It's all right! Here also has no
Reynolds!
I wonder, what is the solution of the same problems according to my definition of viscosity:
Problem 1c :
LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH A PIPE WITH THE CORRECT VISCOSITY:
= ( , , , ),
[ ]=*
),
+=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
enter dimensions
=( ) (
) (
=( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
= ,
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
) (
) ,
arrange exponents
calculate a, , c y using d
,
( )
) ,
( ) ( ) ,
if
= ,
[( ) ( ) ( ) ][( ) ( ) ( ) ] ,
it wil e
it is
if
,
=
equation ecomes
=(
ie ,
arcy s equation ,
Poiseuille s law
= friction factor [ ]
This is obviously correct Darcy's equation, ie, Poiseuille s law The constant = / , is a geometric
coefficient of proportionality, and the velocity is expressed by the flow rate (in the experiment, is
measured volume, by the time!). Here also does not have any Reynolds's number! Originally that law
is defined as: Q = K D4P/L, which is entirely correct, as opposed to mathematical ugliness that were
later "derived".
),
[ ]=[
[ ]=*
]=
+=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
=( ) (
) (
=( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
= ,
( )
enter dimensions
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
) ,
,
arrange exponents
calculate a, , c y using d
=
( )
) (
( ) ( ) ,
) ,
if,
= ,
[( ) ( ) ( ) ][( ) ( ) ( ) ] ,
it will e
it is
= ,
The resistance of sphere is proportional to circumference and the speed of sphere and the density and
viscosity of the fluid. It is an essential part of Stokes's equation for resistance of sphere. Again has no
Reynolds number! It is known, that to this basic equation, many experimentalists added additional
coefficients, in order to cover up a mistake of wrong determination of the constant of viscosity.
= 0,0
It is a mistake, size of 0 0 , which carry our methods of determining and the use of viscosity. In
other words, all the values of "dynamic and the kinematic viscosity" should be multiplied by 1/25.13
to get a correct value and the dimension of the constant of viscosity. (Example: viscosity = 1x10-4 x
4x10-2 = 4x10-6 = 0.000004 m2/s) (Reynolds 2320 x 25.13 = 58308) But why would someone do
that? Who guarantees that the results are correct if the measurement does not fit the theory? Let's see
what will happen with the famous Moody's chart when is corrected value of Reynolds: it will become
clear that the friction factor has nothing to do with Reynolds and that the Reynolds number does not
exist. This diagram is a monumental monument to the wrong measurement. That's why we measure
again!
So we need to critically and the soberly consider our methods of measuring of viscosity and the clarify
whether those measures diffusion constant or viscosity, or if at all, something measures, or just
compare.
"Professors" whenever you drink a beer remember to James Prescott Joule, Leonhard Euler and Sir
Isaac Newton!
(Vjekoslav Brki , Osijek)
Keywords:
fluid, fluid friction, viscosity, hydrodynamics, fluid flow, laminar flow, stationary flow, relativity,
porous media, filtration, Newton, Euler, Poaseuille, Joule, Stokes, Reynolds, Darcy, catch-32.