Bahan Kardig

Basic characteristics of maps

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Categories of maps

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maps are concerned with two elernents:

- location
. positiore in ts'o-dimeroional
- attributes
. qualities or magnitudes
maps have a purpose
. rnore in notes on purpose

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Categories of maps
.

Thematic.

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Examples:

Exampls:

. Street mapping

. Election results

' Hydographic charts

. Weather maps

. Orienteering

. Demographic (e.9. Cerisus

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r:l

Bahan Kardig

Map production

data collection & presentation

measurement

spatial

.
.
.

Mup production

fieldsurvey (GPS, tape measure)

aerialphotography
satellite imagery

- attribute
. questiamaire
. field data collection

(measurement)

printing

.
.

Cartographicdesign

Elements of maps
.

the basic elements of a map are:

'-

bulk printing (e.g. by the Ordnance Survey)

. Revision
- Uses several techniques:

graphics

one-off printing (e.g. by you, using Digimap)

Clobal Positioning System (GPS)

Aerialphotography
Detailed gromd survey
Buy in other companies' survey information

Mup scales
.

scale

any map is a scale representation of the Earth's

surface

map projection
spatial referencing systen'r
features

generalisation
Annotation
'fitle, author, legend, date, orientation, scale, grid
graticule -'l-ALDOGS

scale may be defined as:

the ratio between distance measured on the map and the

true distance on the ground

Bahan Kardig

Mrp scales

Mup scales

scale may be expressed in several ways:

as a Representative

.
.

large scale or small scale?

scale

e.g. l:7,250; 1-:250,000; 1:63,360

"One

mit on

the map represents 1,250 units on the

grcund"
in words

'

Fraction

srnall annunt of detail

small number in scale

large number in scale

fradion

fradion

e.g. "one inch to one mile"

"One inch on the map represents one mile on the ground"

small scale

large amount of detail

relative terms: vary by subject

by scale lines

no absolute definition

of

large and small scale

100m

Mrp
.
.

projeciions

Mup projections

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a rnap projection transforms spatial relationships',1. "

' 4s
from a curwed surface onto a fiat plane using

mathematical algorithms.
projections can be divided into 3 groups:

,- \

.'-+- r;' f \
r -:^r\1 \ !.[.'t ,r/ l
1- ;i:r\=-,t

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'ra".:_

GB Projection

O.S. use a cl.lindrical projection called Transverse N4ercator

Origin

is 49 clegrees north and 2 degrees west

[-{eight Datum
- Hcight illormationexpressed as a measurement above
assuned reference knowl as a Datum
- usualh, N4ean Sea Level at some poiut on coast

.
.
.

CB use Ncwlyn, Cornwall (Ordnance Datunr)

!'rance use N,[arseilles

Switzerland use I-akeCenertr

smooth

Bahan Kardig

Referencing systems

Referencing systerris

Ordnance Survey National Grid

to locate any point, feature or area on the Earth's surface or a

map it is necessary to have concepts and definitiom of

direction and distance

based on the Transverse Mercator Proiection

origin o{f-set from

tfuee main categories of referencing sl stem:

co-ordinates

Geographic(applies globally)

e.g. lines

Rectargular(applies locally)

nonco-ordinate(applim tocally)

.
.

e.g-

of latitude and longitude

::t

e.g. PostCodes,

ZipCodes

.1.

,.,

: .....: ,1..

I L_f __!_l
_-r_-1,--r__f
rr, cA,.3
, \ir,
i K-,!:r

h!;;:,,:::::':,::::i

a8]*f

tr3' rr'
I

ir,

'

Red dot indicales true origin 49"N

and 2'W

ian,nr,(

r-!--F-r--i-r--r'-i

Iji:i":illi-lt:}j:1.!ll
:a :6,;r,su;
rl
jl

Relationship between Transverse

Mercalor graticule and O.S. National
Grid System.

r", irc' rvr

fr
L f'

i i.lwjul,ii*i,.1,.i*,i
r-a--r-r--r--r--r--r

,: -

e*

:,l1l:,:111:1i_":iY_ilii
I rr' nvi Mriro'
F-r_.:ii:r--F-r--i-:i
!o, lrrl !$! {r
'L-l--L,:l--L

ts, i
!
.r--r'f--t--r--r-1--:r

Referencing systems - National Grid

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i.-,--"-.--.-n----.i
Ir
ri I r,r.r tnr.tnr lPr & I j,i I
,--l --i - l__i_
i- -'-- -,
r*., farHs, 4-, rur if, r.q,.

" :
,
!

this origin is as far south as the Scilly Isles and as far west
as St Kilda

OrdnanceSurvey NationalCrid system

Referencing systems - National Grid

..,i-

49o North, 2' West by 100kn-r North and

400km West to ensure that the U.K. is covered by positive

loi

l
;

Green dot indicates false origin of

GB Nalional Grid, otfset lrom true
oriqin by 100km north and 400km

A B C D E
F G H J K
L M N

west

V W

TheUKis covereda bya

500 km square grid. This

500x &

is a
remnant of a previous referencing
system.

S T U

Y Z

Bahan Kardig

Referencing systems - National Grid

Referencing systems - National Grid

The grid is divided into 100 x 100km

squares each identified by two letters.

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Note thal the lelter I is not used.

-A

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Each 1 00km grid square is

.1okm
divided into100 x
squares.
These are from 0-9 from the SW
corner left 10 right and from
bottom to top.

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Using this system we can

identify a 1Okm grid square
e.g. TL63

Referencing systems - National Grid

Referencing systems - National

.'::1

Grid

.,4?::*.

arE

The 1okm grid square is divided

inlo 1 km squares

The 1 km grid square is further

divided into 100 metre squares.

@
-1f,

Enables a more accurate reference

37

Each is numbered as before

to be provided. e.g. TL648321

from 0-9

:5

35

3.1

34

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3f,

30

The position of a poinl within

Used in conjunction with the
1 okm grid square reference we
can identify a 1km grid square
e g TL6432

square TL64832'1 can be idenlified

by adding extra diqits.

Bahan Kardig

National Gqid - Land-Line Tiles

For the purpose of identifying
a grid square on a 1:1.25O
plan, the 1 km square is
divided into 4 sections, NW,
NE, SW and SE.

a l:1,250 plan ihe yellow

squareTL648321 would
appearon sheet TL6432SE
On

Geometric primitives
.

:::

i:..
:..:.,:::|.:l
"1+*:4'

all map symbols can be referred to

as

Symbolisation
.

'"-']
\3:i4"

process of creatir-rg graphic syn-rbols on a map

to 6

represent features that exist in the real world

points

lines

areas

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\l

symbols fall into two categories

withirr these two categories are three

Qualitative and Quantitative symbols

sub-categories

point, line anti arca symbols

Bahan Kardig

Symbolisation

&

r.iils

!.n.
OGlidie

Distimlin

cn,on

TrEn4ldbn pila

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OuanllEiive Dstitulim

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a Lars
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Symbols vary by:

. Shape
. Colour

as the scale

Ma.sh

ffi
ffi

Ford

ffi@

Poiiticallni1r

I--l

D.sed

Generalisation

of tl're map is reduced the

information that it shows becomes more

generalised

. Texture
. Orienlalion

f-;-1

scale of a map determines the amount of detail

that may be shown

'Size

. Density
L]NE

Generalisation

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o

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...i

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Generalisation

.,,.,.,...1

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Classifrcation of a point pattern.

b
After clustering th points a single poinl is
selected. which does not have to coincide
with an existing point, to'typify'the
cluster.

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Simplification of buildings. Buildings are grouped
and their outline simplified whilst relaining their
qeneral qeoqraphical characleristacs.

Bahan Kardig

Generalisation

Generalisation

o
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'

This feature has been simplified from an area to a point feature.

Pdnt
Plan
GerEralised Plan

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Text
text that appears on the face of the map is called
annotation or cartographic text
.

.
, .

distinctivc text: place-names

rlescriptive text: e.g. Post Office

size, position and style imply

ir-nportance, extent ancl nature of object

positioning conventions

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The features on map A have been simplified to produce

map B whilst relaining all its main features. File size of digital
data will also be reduced

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Maps components and marginalia

. map marginalia
- ir-rformation printed around the margins
- assists with interpretation
. major components
- North point, scale indication, Iegend,
- coorclinate system: gricl or graticule
- map name
- compilation and rcvision iuformation
- copyright statemerlt

of a

n'Lap

Bahan Kardig

Mup Readi4g
a map may be regardecl as a database fron'r which
geographical information may be extracted

when reading a map there are 4 stages of approach:

recognitionstage
measurementstage

relationshipstage
explanatory stage

Mrp Communication Model

Cartographic Design

Consider what the real-u,orld <listlibutirxr

o( thc phenornenon miqht Iook like
Detet uiltre lhc pu rp11r.' q1
Au

t|e

u'rap and iLs

ilrtended

rlltrIaC

Coilect rl;ta appropriate for the map's

L)

I).:sign aliii

Urposc

.ot$lruct

uetclnltf-Ie r\il1etl1er users luld

;,.,.,.",,.,r

the map

t_he

map il$e:lul an(l

Map Design Research

Cognitive Map Design Research

Which n-rapping techniques are effective

Why mapping tecluiques

are effeciive

Bahan Kardig

CartosraDhic
Desisn
"
---'"tl^*r":r

,q

.th.

The Design Process

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Gestalt Principles for perceptual organizafion

(1920;m'

Determine map reproduction'approaches

"Describe the manner in which humans see the individual

components of a graphical image, and then organize the
con"rponents into a unifie<l whole"

Select a scale and map projection

Deterrnine methods for data classification and

symbolization
Select map elements and decide their
implementation
Establish a ranking of symbols and map elements
according to their relative importance-

Intellectual hierarchy
Create sketch maps

Construct maps using software

Inteliectual Hierarchy

Sketch Maps
"Thumbnail sketch,

A ranking of syn-rbols and map elements according to

their relative importance

rough,
generalized hand
drawing that
a

Then'ratic symbols and type labels

Title, subtitle, anrl legend

Base infornration
Scale antl north arrou,
Data sorr rce anti notes

represents

Frame ancl ncat lines

reflect intellectual
hierarchy

deveioping idea"
Include all selected
map elements and

4A

Bahan Kardig

Visual Hierprchy
.

Contrast
.

Graphical representation of the intellectual hierarchy

Visual differences between map. features

Which one is appropriate?

Figure-Ground
.
.

,,.

Figure-Ground
,,"9

"Methods of accentuatirrg certain chosen objects o..".ffi,

by making the chosen objects appear ctroser to the map user"
Screening: adjust the lightening of graphics to reduce visual

11

Bahan Kardig

Figure-Ground

Figure-Ground

lnappropriate

lnterposition

Stylized Effects

Balance
.

"Organization of map elements and empty space that

results in visual harmonY and equilibrium"

12

Bahan Kardig

Balance

Map Reproduction
'

"The printing of a map, or the electronic

duplication of a map in digital form"

Print Reproduction
.

Printing the digital map

Black-white printing
Color prilting

Print reproduction
Nonprint reproduction

Nonprint Reproduction
Computer-based
- l'ile formats
. Vector: EPS or PDF
. Raster: JPEG, PNC,

TIFF, and BMP

Internet- and Web-based

Software_-RGB

l:lSl{l's ArclMS (Internet Map Server)

FISRI's ArcCISSerwer
lv1apServcr (@U-Mimresota, open-source)

CeoServer (opcn-source)

13