Who led the longest revolt in the Philippines during the Spanish times?

Francisco Dagohoy. It lasted for 85 years (1744-1829). Francisco Dagohoy rose in rebellion
because a Jesuit priest refused to give his brother, Sagarino, a Christian burial as he had died in
a duel.
Who was the Spanish governor-general who ordered the deportation of Jose Rizal to Dapitan?
Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol. Jose Rizal was deported days after he founded the La Liga Filipina
on July 6, 1892. La Liga Filipina, ostensibly a civic association composed of Filipinos that had as
its motto 'Unus Instar Omnium' ('One Like All'), was considered by the Spanish authorities as
"dangerous".
What was the name of the Filipino soldier who led the Cavite Mutiny of 1872?
Sergeant Lamadrid. Ferdinand La Madrid was a mestizo sergeant who led the mutiny after
Spanish authorities subjected his co-soldiers at the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal
taxes from which they had previously been exempted. The taxes obliged them to pay a monetary
sum and to do the "polo y servicio" or forced labor! (Source: Wikipedia article on the Cavite
Munity).
Who wrote the "Kartilla", considered the 'bible' of the Katipunan movement?
Emilio Jacinto. Jacinto was the adviser on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrs Bonifacio, the
leader of the Katipunan movement. The primer he wrote consisted of 13 teachings which the
members of the (Katipunan) were expected to follow. "A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause
is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed" was one of the 13 teachings. Jacinto was also
the editor of the Katipunan newspaper called "Kalayaan", which translates to "Freedom".
Who created the designs for the Philippine national flag?
Emilio Aguinaldo. General Emilio Aguinaldo, while in exile in Hong Kong in 1897, conceived the
design for the flag, drawing inspiration from the flags used by the Katipunan and the Cuban
revolutionaries. The flag had blue and red horizontal bands with a white triangle at the flag's left
side. Inside the triangle was a yellow sun with eight rays, representing the first eight provinces
which had revolted against the Spaniards. At each corner of the triangle were the three stars for
the three main islands of the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao). The flag was sewn by
Agoncillo with her daughter Lorenza, and Doa Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, Jose Rizal's niece.
Who was the last general of the Filipino-American revolution to surrender to the Americans?
Simeon Ola. He surrendered through Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobatan, Albay Province on
September 25, 1903 and then took the oath of allegiance to the United States.
Which of the following former presidents died in a plane crash?
Ramon Magsaysay. On March 16, 1957, he, together with some friends and newspapermen went
to Cebu on a speaking engagement. At a little past midnight, March 17, he boarded on the plane
'Mt. Pinatubo' for Manila. The plane unfortunately crashed into a mountain in Cebu. He and his
companions were killed, except for Nstor Mata, a newspaperman.
Who named the country 'Islas de San Lazaro'?
Ferdinand Magellan. It was Easter Sunday then, March 31, 1521, the feast day of St. Lazarus.
What was the name of Diego Silang's wife, who continued the revolt against the Spaniards in
the Ilocos region after Diego's death?

Gabriela. Gebriela Silang - her full name was Mara Josefa Gabriela Cario Silang. She was the
first Filipino woman to lead a revolt against the Spaniards. She led the group for four months after
her husband's death before she was captured and executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on September
20, 1763.
Who was the hero of the Battle at Tirad Pass?
Gregorio del Pilar. The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the "Philippine
Thermopylae", was a battle in the Philippine-American War fought on December 2, 1899 in Tirad
Pass,a narrow trail leading to Cervantes, a town in Ilocos Sur. The 60-man Filipino contingent
was commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar but they were later defeated by the
American soldiers under Major Peyton C. March. Del Pilar was "one of the youngest generals in
the Philippine Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American
War." Of the 60 Filipinos, 52, including Del Pilar, were either killed or wounded.
She was the first woman member of the Katipunan (July 1893).
Gregoria de Jess . Gregoria de Jesus was the wife of Andres Bonifacio and the founder of the
female chapter. Marina Dizon was a cousin of Emilio Jacinto. She lost her mother when she was
eight months old. She was also a guitarist and violinist of the Trozo Comparsa Band. Segunda
Katigbak was childhood sweetheart of Jose Rizal.
After the death of her husband Andres Bonifacio, Gregoria de Jesus was later married to
whom?
Julio Nakpil. Julio Nakpil was also a patriot and he was commander of all troops in the north in
company with Emilio Jacinto. Julio Nakpil and Gregoria de Jesus were married in the Catholic
Church on 10 December 1898 and they had eight children, Juana, Lucia, Juan, Julia, Francisca,
Josefina, Mercedes and Caridad.
Who was the last Sultan of Sulu?
Jamalul Kiram II. Abu Bakr brought Islam to the Philippines and Haji Butu was the first Muslim
senator.
The first woman to top the Philippine BAR Examination.
Tecla San Andres Ziga. Geronima Pecson was the only person to serve as vice president to two
former presidents of the Philippines.
He was also known as Hermano Pule.
Apolinario de la Cruz. The leader of a messianic group. Refused membership in a monastic order
because he was a native, he founded the Cofradia de San Jose in 1832. Because membership in
his organization was open only to pure natives, the Spaniards branded him a heretic. In 1841,
during a violent encounter of his group with Spanish troops, he was captured and later executed;
his dismembered body was displayed in various towns of southern Tayabas where his
organization had numerous members and followers.
Who was the chief advisor of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo?
Apolinario Mabini. A staunch nationalist, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and educator. He was
regarded as the most brilliant Filipino mind of the revolutionary era. He was also known as the
"Sublime Paralytic".
The first political party in the Philippines organized on December 23, 1900 by wealthy Filipino
illustrados.

Federal Party. Its principal aims were immediate peace and annexation of the Philippines to the
United States. Promulgated by 125 illustrados, the party elected Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as
president.
What is the pseudonym used by Pablo Faced?
Quioquiap. One of the anti-Filipino writers who wrote to counter the Reform or Propaganda
Movement in the 1880s to the 1890s. He was notorious for his open hatred of Filipinos as shown
in his "Filipinas: esbozos y pinceladas" (The Philippines: outlines and images), published in
Manila in 1888.
Who was called "The First Filipino Diplomat" ?
Felipe Agoncillo. For having served as General Aguinaldo's Minister Plenipotentiary to secure
recognition of Philippine independence and specifically prevent the secession of the Philippines
by Spain to the United States after the Spanish-American war and to convince the U.S
Goverment not to ratify the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898.
Who was the leader of the Cavite Mutiny, the first huelga (labor strike) recorded in the
Philippines?
Francisco la Madrid. Rafael de Izquerdo was the Spanish Governor-General during this incident.
The first president of the Katipunan.
Deodato Arellano. Propagandist of the Katipunan who helped collect funds for the propagandists
in Spain. He was secretary of the executive council of La Liga Filipina in 1892.
The first Sulu-United States Treaty concluded on August 20,1899 allowing American presence
in Sulu.
Bates Treaty.
Who was the first Filipino president (1915-1920) of the University of the Philippines?
Ignacio Villamor. A statesman, jurist and educator, he co-founded the Universidad Literaria de
Filipinas and was also the first Filipino executive secretary.
He founded the Socialist Party of the Philippines in 1929, which merged with the older
Communist Party of the Philippines(PKP) in 1939.
Pedro Abad Santos. The founder and head of the "Aguman Ding Maldang Talapagobra (AMT)"
and also the "General Workers Union (1933)".
Who was the first woman councilor of Manila?
Carmen Planas. Elected in the local election of December 14, 1937. Ranking second among the
Councillors elected, her victory marked the entry of women into Philippine local politics.

Who was the first Filipino recording artist?

Maria Carpena.

Who founded the la Liga Filipina?

Jose Rizal.
What is the first word of the 1987 Philippine Constitution?
We.
Who was the first Miss Philippines?
Evangeline Castro.
Who was the first Filipino Olympian?
David Nepomuceno.
Whose last words were 'It is done!'
Jose Rizal.
Who designed the Rizal Monument?
Richard Kissling.
In 1908, the Philippines Premier State University was created by Act No. 1870. Name the
university.
University of the Philippines.
He arrived in Cebu in 1565 to establish the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines, marking
the beginning of Spain's colonization and Christianization of the archipelago. Who was he?
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
In 1851, the first commercial bank in the Philippines and the far East, was established. What is
the present name of this bank?
Bank of the Philippine Islands.

Who led the longest revolt in the Philippines during the Spanish times?
Francisco Dagohoy. It lasted for 85 years (1744-1829). Francisco Dagohoy rose in rebellion
because a Jesuit priest refused to give his brother, Sagarino, a Christian burial as he had died in
a duel.
Who was the Spanish governor-general who ordered the deportation of Jose Rizal to Dapitan?
Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol. Jose Rizal was deported days after he founded the La Liga Filipina
on July 6, 1892. La Liga Filipina, ostensibly a civic association composed of Filipinos that had as
its motto 'Unus Instar Omnium' ('One Like All'), was considered by the Spanish authorities as
"dangerous".
What was the name of the Filipino soldier who led the Cavite Mutiny of 1872?
Sergeant Lamadrid. Ferdinand La Madrid was a mestizo sergeant who led the mutiny after
Spanish authorities subjected his co-soldiers at the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal
taxes from which they had previously been exempted. The taxes obliged them to pay a monetary

sum and to do the "polo y servicio" or forced labor! (Source: Wikipedia article on the Cavite
Munity).
Who wrote the "Kartilla", considered the 'bible' of the Katipunan movement?
Emilio Jacinto. Jacinto was the adviser on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrs Bonifacio, the
leader of the Katipunan movement. The primer he wrote consisted of 13 teachings which the
members of the (Katipunan) were expected to follow. "A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause
is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed" was one of the 13 teachings. Jacinto was also
the editor of the Katipunan newspaper called "Kalayaan", which translates to "Freedom".
Who created the designs for the Philippine national flag?
Emilio Aguinaldo. General Emilio Aguinaldo, while in exile in Hong Kong in 1897, conceived the
design for the flag, drawing inspiration from the flags used by the Katipunan and the Cuban
revolutionaries. The flag had blue and red horizontal bands with a white triangle at the flag's left
side. Inside the triangle was a yellow sun with eight rays, representing the first eight provinces
which had revolted against the Spaniards. At each corner of the triangle were the three stars for
the three main islands of the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao). The flag was sewn by
Agoncillo with her daughter Lorenza, and Doa Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, Jose Rizal's niece.
Who was the last general of the Filipino-American revolution to surrender to the Americans?
Simeon Ola. He surrendered through Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobatan, Albay Province on
September 25, 1903 and then took the oath of allegiance to the United States.
Which of the following former presidents died in a plane crash?
Ramon Magsaysay. On March 16, 1957, he, together with some friends and newspapermen went
to Cebu on a speaking engagement. At a little past midnight, March 17, he boarded on the plane
'Mt. Pinatubo' for Manila. The plane unfortunately crashed into a mountain in Cebu. He and his
companions were killed, except for Nstor Mata, a newspaperman.
Who named the country 'Islas de San Lazaro'?
Ferdinand Magellan. It was Easter Sunday then, March 31, 1521, the feast day of St. Lazarus.
What was the name of Diego Silang's wife, who continued the revolt against the Spaniards in
the Ilocos region after Diego's death?
Gabriela. Gebriela Silang - her full name was Mara Josefa Gabriela Cario Silang. She was the
first Filipino woman to lead a revolt against the Spaniards. She led the group for four months after
her husband's death before she was captured and executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on September
20, 1763.

Who was the hero of the Battle at Tirad Pass?

Gregorio del Pilar. The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the "Philippine
Thermopylae", was a battle in the Philippine-American War fought on December 2, 1899 in Tirad
Pass,a narrow trail leading to Cervantes, a town in Ilocos Sur. The 60-man Filipino contingent
was commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar but they were later defeated by the
American soldiers under Major Peyton C. March. Del Pilar was "one of the youngest generals in
the Philippine Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American
War." Of the 60 Filipinos, 52, including Del Pilar, were either killed or wounded.

Japanese occupation of the Philippines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japanese Occupation of the

Philippines
Part of the Pacific theater of World War II

A Japanese soldier standing in front of an

American propaganda poster during the occupation of
the Philippines in 1943.

Date

194245

Locati
on

Philippines

Result

Philippine Commonwealth government in

exile (19421944)
Allied victory; Allied forces liberate the
Philippines(19441945)

Second Republic dissolved

Belligerents
Hukbalaha
United States

Empire of

Japan

Co
mmonweal

th of the
Philippines

Se
cond
Philippine
Republic
Unaffiliated Mo
ro
Muslim insurge
nts

Commanders and leaders

General of

Governor-

the

General Masah

Army Douglas

aru Homma

MacArthur
President
Manuel L.
Quezon
President

Chairman Lui
s Taruc

GovernorGeneral Shizui
chi Tanaka
GovernorGeneral Shige

Sergio Osmea nori Kuroda

GovernorGeneral Tomoy
uki Yamashita
President J
os P. Laurel

Datu Gumbay
Piang
Salipada
Pendatun
Sultan of
SuluJainal
Abirin
Sultan of
RamainAlonto
Datu Pino
Datu Busran
Kalaw
Amer Manalao
Mindalano

Sultan
Mohamad Ali
Dimaporo
Datu Lacub
Datu
Dimalaung

Units involved

Hukbalahap
fighters

Moro Jurament
ados

[show]

Pacific War
Part of a series on the

History of the Philippines

Prehistory (pre-900)[show]

Classical Period (9001521)[show]

Spanish Period (15211898)[show]

American Period (18981946)[show]

Post-Colonial (1946present)[show]

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Timeline
Philippines portal

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire
of Japanoccupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines duringWorld War II.
The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl
Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack.
Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Javaon December 12,
1941. General Douglas MacArthurescaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 forAustralia,
4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders
on Bataan surrendered on April 9, 1942, and were forced to endure the infamousBataan Death
March on which 7,00010,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor
surrendered on May 6.
Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective
guerilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly
jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and sent reinforcements and
officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, partly because of the American guarantee of
independence, and also because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work
details and even put young Filipino women into brothels.[1]
General MacArthur kept his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings
on the island of Leyte were accomplished by a force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. Through
December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese soldiers. During the
campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a suicidal defense of the islands. Cities such

as Manila were reduced to rubble. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipinos died during the
occupation.
Contents
[hide]

1 Background

2 The occupation
o

2.1 Resistance

3 End of the occupation

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading
o

6.1 Primary sources

Background[edit]
Main article: Philippines Campaign (19411942)
Japan launched an attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after their attack
on Pearl Harbor.[2] Initial aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops both north
and south of Manila.[3] The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command
of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been recalled to active duty in the United States
Army earlier in the year and was designated commander of the United States Armed Forces in
the Asia-Pacific region.[4] The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces were ordered
to leave; and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his
ground forces were impossible.[5] Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces
withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay.
[6]
Manila, declared an open city to prevent its destruction,[7] was occupied by the Japanese on
January 2, 1942.[8]
The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of U.S.-Philippine forces on the Bataan
Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May.[9] Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by
the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous "Bataan Death March" to a prison
camp 105 kilometers to the north.[9] Thousands of men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and
treated harshly by their captors, died before reaching their destination. [10] Quezon and Osmea had
accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up
a government-in-exile.[11] MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to
the Philippines.[12]

The occupation[edit]

Warning for local residents to keep their premises sanitary or face punishment.

A 100 Pesos note made by the Japanese during the occupation.

Main articles: Philippine Executive Commission, Second Philippine Republic,Japanese war

crimes, Manila Massacre and Moros during World War II
The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the
Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation,
they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943,
when they declared the Philippines an independent republic.[13] Most of the Philippine elite, with a few
notable exceptions, served under the Japanese.[14] The puppet republic was headed by
President Jos P. Laurel.[15] Philippine collaboration in puppet government began under Jorge B.
Vargas, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of Greater Manila before Quezon
departed Manila.[16] The only political party allowed during the occupation was the Japanese-

organized KALIBAPI.[17] During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the United States,
[18]
and war crimes committed by forces of the Empire of Japan against surrendered Allied forces,
[19]
and civilians were documented.[20]

Resistance[edit]
Main article: Philippine resistance against Japan
Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and successful underground and
guerrilla activity that increased over the years which eventually covered a large portion of the
country. Opposing these guerrillas were a Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the
name of the old Constabulary during theSecond Republic),[21][22] Kempeitai,[21] and the Makapili.
[23]
Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla organizations and that
members of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous. Such was their
effectiveness that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. [24]
The Philippine guerrilla movement continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them.
Throughout Luzon and the southern islands, Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the
Japanese. The commanders of these groups made contact with one another, argued about who was
in charge of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the return of American forces to
the islands. They gathered important intelligence information and smuggled it out to the U.S. Army, a
process that sometimes took months. General MacArthur formed a clandestine operation to support
the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant Commander Charles "Chick" Parsonssmuggle guns, radios and
supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, built up their stashes of arms and
explosives and made plans to assist MacArthur's invasion by sabotaging Japanese communications
lines and attacking Japanese forces from the rear.[25]
Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipelago, ranging from groups of U.S. Army Forces
Far East (USAFFE) forces who refused to surrender to local militia initially organized to combat
banditry brought about by disorder caused by the invasion.[26] Several islands in the Visayas region
had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such as Colonel Macario Peraltain Panay,[26]
[27]
Major Ismael Ingeniero in Bohol,[26][28] and Captain Salvador Abcede in Negros.[26][29] The island
ofMindanao, being farthest from the center of Japanese occupation, had 38,000 guerrillas who were
eventually consolidated under the command of American civil engineer Colonel Wendell Fertig.[26]
One resistance group in the Central Luzon area was known as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan
Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army, organized in early 1942 under the leadership
of Luis Taruc, a communist party member since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000 people and
extended their control over portions of Luzon.[30] However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were
hampered due to the heavy Japanese presence and infighting between the various groups,
[31]
including Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units.[32][33]
Lack of equipment, difficult terrain and undeveloped infrastructure made coordination of these
groups nearly impossible, and for several months in 1942, all contact was lost with Philippine
resistance forces. Communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed
Philippine 61st Division on Panay island, led by Colonel Macario Peralta, was able to establish radio
contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligence

regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to SWPA command, as well as consolidating the once
sporadic guerrilla activities and allowing the guerrillas to help in the war effort. [26]
Increasing amounts of supplies and radios were delivered by submarine to aid the guerrilla effort. By
the time of the Leyte invasion, four submarines were dedicated exclusively to the delivery of
supplies.[26]
Other guerrilla units were attached to the SWPA, and were active throughout the archipelago. Some
of these units were organized or directly connected to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla
actions. An example of this was Troop C,26th Cavalry.[34][35][36] Other guerrilla units were made up of
former Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts soldiers who had been released from POW camps by
the Japanese.[37][38] Others were combined units of Americans, military and civilian, who had never
surrendered or had escaped after surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and Moros, who had initially
formed their own small units. Colonel Wendell Fertig organized such a group on Mindanao that not
only effectively resisted the Japanese, but formed a complete government that often operated in the
open throughout the island. Some guerrilla units would later be assisted by American
submarines which delivered supplies,[39] evacuate refugees and injured,[40] as well as inserted
individuals and whole units,[41] such as the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion,[42] and Alamo Scouts.[42]
By the end of the war, some 277 separate guerrilla units, made up of some 260,715 individuals,
fought in the resistance movement.[43] Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized
and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary.[44]

End of the occupation[edit]

A Sherman tank at the ruins of the Fort Santiago gate in Intramuros, February 28, 1945.

Main article: Philippines Campaign (19441945)

When General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army in late 1944, he was well supplied
with information; it is said that by the time MacArthur returned, he knew what every Japanese
lieutenant ate for breakfast and where he had his hair cut. But the return was not easy.

The Japanese Imperial General Staff decided to make the Philippines their final line of defense, and
to stop the American advance toward Japan. They sent every available soldier, airplane, and naval
vessel to the defense of the Philippines. The Kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the
Philippines. TheBattle of Leyte Gulf ended in disaster for the Japanese and was the biggest naval
battle of World War II. The campaign to re-take the Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the
Pacific War. Intelligence information gathered by the guerrillas averted a disasterthey revealed the
plans of Japanese General Yamashita to trap MacArthur's army, and they led the liberating soldiers
to the Japanese fortifications.[25]
MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944, accompanied
by Osmea, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on
August 1, 1944. Landings then followed on the island of Mindoroand around Lingayen Gulf on the
west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated. The Commonwealth of the
Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where
Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch resistance. The
Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for
the final offensive.[45] Filipino guerrillas also played a large role during the liberation. One guerrilla unit
came to substitute for a regularly constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces
ofbattalion and regimental size supplemented the efforts of the U.S. Army units. Moreover, the loyal
and willing Filipino population immeasurably eased the problems of supply, construction and civil
administration and furthermore eased the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country.[46][47]
Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. The Philippines had
suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An
estimated one million Filipinos had been killed from all causes; of these 131,028 were listed as killed
in seventy-two war crime events.[48] U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded;
Japanese dead were 255,795.[48]

SOCIAL SCIENCES
CLUSTER/SUBJECT COMPETENCIES
Philippine Government with New Constitution
1.1. Demonstrate understanding of the various forms of government from the barangay to the present
system.
1.2. Explain the nature and provisions of the present Constitution, its advantages and disadvantages
over the others in the past and its function as fundamental law of the states.
Practice Test
1. All of the following constitute the meaning of political science except:
1.
A basic knowledge and understanding of the state.
2.

It is primarily concerned with the association of human beings into a political community.

3.

Common knowledge every events taking place in the society.

4.

It deals with the relationship among men and groups which are subject to the control by the
state.

2. It refers to the community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render
obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.
1.
Sovereignty
2.

Nation

3.

Citizenship

4.

State

3. It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out.
1.
Government
2.

Sovereignty

3.

Constitution

4.

Laws

4. What are the four elements of state?

A. people, territory, sovereignty, government
B. people, constitution, territory, government
C. government, law, peace, territory
D. constitution, people, land, independence
5. What theory asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary
compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good.
1.
Necessity Theory
2.

Devine Right Theory

3.

Social Contact Theory

4.

Social Compact Theory

6. Government exists and should continue to exist for the benefit of the people.
1.
The statement is a general truth.
2.

The statement is just an assumption.

3.

The statement is a fallacy.

4.

There is no basis for judgment.

7. What are the forms of government in which the political power is exercised by a few privilege class.
1.
Oligarchy and Aristocracy
2.

Aristocracy and Monarchy

3.

Theocracy and Fascism

4.

Democracy and Tyranny

8. The pre-colonial Philippines has no established government. Its villages and settlements were
called barangays.
1.
Only the first statement is true and correct.
2.

Only the second statement is true and correct.

3.

Both statements are true and correct.

4.

Both statements are untrue and incorrect.

9. There were four social classes of people in the pre-colonialbarangays. They were the nobles,
freemen, serfs, and the slaves.
1.
Only the first statement is true and correct.
2.

Only the second statement is true and correct.

3.

Both statements are true and correct.

4.

Both statements are untrue and incorrect.

10. What are the two known written codes during the pre-Spanish era in the Philippines?
1.
Maragtas and Kalantiaw Codes
2.

Sumakwil and Sulayman Codes

3.

Panay and Subanon Codes

4.

Hammurabi and Ur Nammu Codes

11. Under the Spanish colonial government, who directly governed the Philippines?
1.
The Governor-General
2.

The Viceroy of Mexico

3.

The Royal Audiencia

4.

The King of Spain

12. What is the first city to be established in 1565 in the Philippines?

1.
Manila
2.

Davao

3.

Cebu

4.

Iloilo

13.The government which Spain established in the Philippines was defective. It was a government for
the Spaniards and not for the Filipinos.
1.
Only the first statement is true and correct.
2.

Only the second statement is true and correct.

3.

Both statements are true and correct.

4.

Both statements are untrue and incorrect

14. What was the secret society founded in 1896 that precipitated the glorious revolution against the
Spaniards.
1.
The Katipunan
2.

The Kalahi

3.

The Biak na Bato Republic

4.

The Ilustrado

15. Arranged the sequence of governments during the revolutionary era:

1. The Dictatorial Government
2. The Revolutionary Government
3. The Biak-na-Bato Republic
4. The First Philippine Republic
1.
2314
2.

3124

3.

4132

4.

1234

16. Arranged according to its establishment during the American Regime:

1. The Commonwealth Government
2. The Military Government
3. The Civil Government
1.
123
2.

231

3.

321

4.

213

17. What was the civil government established during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines?
1.
The Japanese Imperial Government
2.

The Philippine Republic

3.

The Puppet Government of Japan

4.

The Philippine Executive Commission

18. The Constitution used by the Philippine government from the commonwealth period until 1973.
1.
The Malolos Constitution
2.

The Biak-na-Bato Constitution

3.

The 1935 Constitution

4.

The 1901 Constitution

19. What kind of government was installed under the 1973 Constitution under the Marcos regime?
1.
Modified Presidential system
2.

Modified Parliamentary system

3.

Military system

4.

Bicameral system

20. A de facto government acquires a de jure status when it gains wide acceptance from the people
and recognition from the community of nations.
1.
The statement is true and valid.
2.

The statement is an assumption.

3.

The statement is a fallacy.

4.

The statement is doubtful.

21. It is defined as written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are
established, limited and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the several
departments or branches for their and useful exercise for the benefit of the people.
1.
Laws
2.

Statutes

3.

Constitution

4.

Ordinances

22. There is no Constitution that is entirely written or unwritten.

1.
The statement is true and correct.
2.

The statement is incorrect.

3.

The statement is partially correct.

4.

There is no basis to conclude.

23. Requisites of a good written constitution.

1.
Brief
2.

Broad

3.

Definite

4.

All of the given options

24. Who has the authority to interpret the constitution?

1.
Private individual
2.

Courts

3.

Legislative and Executive departments of the government

4.

All of the given options

25. We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God , in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote our
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and the regime of truth, justice,
freedom, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
What part of Constitution is this?
1.
General Provision

2.

Amendments

3.

Preamble

4.

National Patrimony

Economics, Taxation, Land Reform, and Cooperative

3.1 Manifest understanding of the Philippine economic condition with respect to taxation, land reform,
cooperative as well as to the growth of its Gross National Product (GNP).
3.2 Apply the economic principles to the current economic condition of the Philippines.
Practice Tests
1. The problem of scarcity _____.
A. arises only in poor countries.
B. exists because the price of goods is too high.
C. exists because of limited resources.
D. will eventually be solve by better planning.
2. If an individual is to maximize the utility received from the consumption, he or she should spend
all available income This statement assumes ________.
1.
that saving is impossible.
2.

that the individual is not satiated in all goods.

3.

that no goods are inferior.

4.

both A and B.

3. An individuals demand curve

A. represents the various quantities that the consumer is willing to purchase of a good at various
price levels.
B. is derived from an individuals indifference curve map.
C. will shift if preferences, price of other goods, or income change.
D. all of the above.
4. What is a firm?
1.
A president, some vice presidents, and some employees
2.

Any organization that wants to make a profit.

3.

Any accumulation of productive assets.

4.

Any organization that turns inputs into outputs

5. If more and more labor is employed while keeping all other inputs constant, the marginal physical
productivity of labor _____.
1.
will eventually increase.
2.

will eventually decrease.

3.

will eventually remain constant.

4.

cannot tell from the information provided.

6. In general, microeconomic theory assumes that the firms attempt to maximize the difference
between ______.
1.
total revenue and accounting costs.
2.

price and marginal cost.

3.

total revenues and economic costs.

4.

economic costs and average cost.

7. In a competitive market, efficient allocation of resources is characterized by ________.

1.
a price greater than the marginal cost of production.
2.

the possibility of further mutually beneficial transactions.

3.

the largest possible sum of consumer and producer surplus.

4.

a value of consumer surplus equal to that of producer surplus.

8. Price controls _______.

1.
are always popular with consumers because they lower prices.

2.
3.
4.

create shortages.
increase producer surplus because firms can now sell a greater quantity of a good at a lower
price.
are necessary to preserve equity.

9. The excess burden of tax is ____.

1.
The amount of which the price of a good increases
2.

The loss of consumer and producer surplus that is not transferred elsewhere.

3.

The amount y which a persons after-tax income decrease as a result of the new tax.

4.

The welfare costs to firms forced to leave the market due to an inward shift of the demand
curve.

10. In the opening of the free trade, if world prices of a good are less than domestic prices of that
same good, _________.
1.
domestic consumers will experience a loss of surplus.
2.

domestic prices will drop to the world price level.

3.

all domestic producers of that good will try to find another market because they cant compete
with foreign producers.

4.

domestic producers will increase the quantity supplied in order to crowd out the foreign
produced goods.

11. It states that as the price of the commodities increase the amount of goods the consumer is
willing to purchase decrease and as the price of the commodities decrease the willingness of the
consumer to buy increases and other factor remain constant.
1.
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
2.

Law of Gravity

3.

Law of Supply

4.

Law of Demand

12. A deliberate attempt to recognize and transform existing agrarian system with the intention of
improving the distribution of agricultural incomes and thus fostering rural development.
1.
Millennium Development Plan
C. Water Reform
2.

Land Reform

D. Development Goals

13. What is the process by which the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to
bring about rising levels of national output and income?
1.
Economic growth
C. Economic development
2.

Industry

D. Employment

14. A system whereby the determination of exchange rate is left solely to the market forces.
1.
Foreign exchange liberalization
2.

Import liberalization

3.

Terms of trade

4.

Foreign investment

15. All are possible results when a high population growth rate continues in the Third World except
1.
growth of slums
2.

spread of diseases due to poverty and poor sanitation

3.

not enough schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, etc.

4.

increased Gross National Product

16. Which of the following is the nature of power of taxation?

1.
It is inherent in sovereignty.
2.

It is legislative in nature.

3.

It is subject to constitutional and inherent limitations.

4.

All of the above

17. A kind of tax based on the rate of which decreases as the tax base or bracket increases.
1.
Progressive
C. Regressive
2.

Graduated

D. Proportional

18. Agrarian reform program, Philippine experience is a success.

1.
The statement is generally true.
2.

The statement is doubtful.

3.

The statement is untrue.

4.

There is no basis to conclude.

19. It is also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)

1.
Presidential Decree # 2
2.

Presidential Decree # 27

3.

Republic Act 6657

4.

Republic Act 5766

20. The Cooperatives Development Program of the government is designed primarily to support the
agrarian reform program. It aims to achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from
pernicious institutional restraints and practices.
1.
Only the first statement is true and correct.
2.

Only the second statement is true and correct.

3.

Both statements are true and correct.

4.

Both statements are untrue and incorrect.

Philippine Government and Constitution

Elements of State
1.
People
2.

Territory

3.

Government

4.

Sovereignty
A.

internal

B.

external

Origin of States
1.
Devine Right Theory
2.

Necessity or Force Theory

3.

Paternalistic Theory

4.

Social Contract Theory

State distinguished from nation

State is a political concept while nation is an ethnic concept.
State is not subject to external control while nation may or may not be.
A single state may consist of one or more nations or people and conversely, a single
nation may be made up of several states.
Purpose and Necessity of Government
1.
A.

Advancement of the public welfare

B.

Consequence of absence

Forms of Government
1.
As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers:
A.

Monarchy

1.
A.
i.

absolute

ii.

limited

1.
A.

Aristocracy

B.

Democracy

1. direct or pure democracy

2. Indirect, representative, or republican
1.
As to extent of powers exercise by the central or national government:

2.

A.

Unitary government

B.

Federal Government

As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government:
A.

Parliamentary government

B.

Presidential government

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES IN TRANSITION

The pre-Spanish government
1.
Unit of government
2.

Datu

3.

Social classes in the government

4.

A.

nobility

B.

freemen

C.

serfs

D.

slaves

Early Laws
A.

Maragtas Code

B.

Kalantiaw Code

Government during the Spanish period

1.
Spains title to the Philippines
2.

Spanish Colonial government

3.

Government in the Philippines unitary

4.

The Governor-General

5.

The Judiciary

Government during the Revolutionary era

1.
The Katipunan government
2.

The Biak-na-bato republic

3.

The Dictatorial Government

4.

The Revolutionary Government

5.

The First Philippine Republic

Governments during the American regime

1.
The Military Government

2.
3.

The Civil Government

The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines

Government during the Japanese occupation

1.
The Japanese Military Administration
2.

The Philippine Executive Commissions

3.

The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines

The Provisional Government of 1986

1.
Revolutionary
2.

De jure./ de facto the first is one constituted or founded in accordance with the existing
constituted not in accordance with the procedure provided in an existing constitution of the sate,
while the other is not so constituted or founded but has the general support of the people and
effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers.

3.

Constitutional and transitory

4.

Democratic

5.

Powers

6.

The Provisional Constitution

CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION
Nature and purpose or function of constitution
1.
Serves as the supreme or fundamental law
2.

Establishes basic framework and underlying principles of government

Kinds of Constitution
1.
As to their origin and history
1.

Conventional or enacted

2.

Cumulative or evolved

3.

Written

4.

Unwritten

5.

Rigid or inelastic

6.

Flexible or elastic

1.

as to their form

1.

As to manner of amending them:

Requisites of a good written constitution

1.
As to form, a good written constitution should be:

2.

A.

Brief

B.

Broad

C.

Definite

As to contents, it should contain at least three sets of provisions:

A.

That dealing with the framework of government and its powers, and defining the
electorate. This group of provisions has been called the constitution of government.

B.

That setting forth the fundamental rights of the people and imposing certain
limitations on the powers of the government as a means of securing the enjoyment of these
rights. This group has been referred as to the constitution of liberty.

C.

That pointing out the mode or procedure for amending or revising the constitution.
This group has been called the constitution of sovereignty

CONSTITUTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

The 1935 Constitution
The 1973 Constitution
Parts of the 1987 Constitution
Preamble
Article 1 National Territory
Article II Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article III Bill of Rights
Article IV Citizenship
Article V Suffrage
Article VI Legislative Department
Article VII Executive Department
Article VIII Judicial Department
Article IX Constitutional Commission
Article X Local Government
Article XI Accountability of Public Officers
Article XII National Economy and Patrimony
Article XIII Social Justice and Human Rights
Article XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
Article XV The Family
Article XVI General Provisions
Article XVII Amendments or Revisions
Article XVIII Transitory Provisions
AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES
A. The agrarian problem
1. The Philippines agrarian problem
2. Right to own property, universal but limited
3. A historico-political survey of the agrarian problem and agrarian legislation
B. Imperative of Agrarian Reform
1. Necessity of agrarian reform in the Philippines
2. Objections to agrarian reforms
3. Components of agrarian reform
4. Arguments for the land to the tiller program
5. Companion measures to land distribution
6. Role of the farmer in agrarian reform
7. Role of the landlord in agrarian reform
C. Constitutional Provisions Relevant to Agrarian Reform
1. Promotion of just and dynamic order
2. Expropriation of private property
3. Promotion of social justice
D. Bill of Rights for Agricultural Labor
1. Exercise of right to self-organization
CARP
1.

Coverage

2.

Improvement of Tenurial and Labor Relation

A.

Agricultural Leasehold and lease rental determination

B.

Production sharing plan

C.

Land Acquisition and Redistribution

i.

Compulsory acquisition of private lands

ii.

Qualified beneficiaries

iii.

Compensation

iv.

Corporate farms

v.

Support Services

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION

Concepts, Nature, and Characteristics of Taxation and Taxes
1.
Purpose and importance of taxation
2.

Essential characteristics of tax

3.

Theory and basis of taxation

4.

Nature of power of taxation

NATIONAL TAXES
1.
A.

Income Tax

B.

Estate Tax

C.

Donors Tax

D.

Value Added Tax

E.

Percentage Taxes

F.

Excise Tax

G.

Documentary Stamp Tax

H.

Custom Duties

I.

Travel Tax

J.

Energy Tax

K.

Private Motor Vehicle Tax

Answer Key to Practice Tests

Philippine Government with Constitution
1.
C

Economics, Taxation, CARP

2.

1. C

3.

2. D

4.

3. D

5.

4. D

6.

5. B

7.

6. C

8.

7. C

9.

8. B

10.

9. B

11.

10. B

12.

11. D

13.

12. B

14.

13. A

15.

14. A

16.

15. D

17.

16. D

18.

17. C

19.

20.

19. C

21.

20. C

22.

23.

24.

25.

18. C

The Philippine National Heroes

1. Dr. Jose Rizal - The National Hero.
2. Andres Bonifacio - The Great Plebian and Father of the Katipunan.
3. General Gregorio del Pilar - Hero of the Battle of Tirad Pass.
4. General Emilio Aguinaldo - President of the First Philippine Republic.
5. Apolinario Mabini - Sublime Paralytic and Brains of the Revolution.
6. GOMBURZA - Martyred Priests of 1872.
7. Trece Martirez - 13 Martyrs from Cavite.
8. Emilio Jacinto - Brains of the Katipunan.
9. General Antonio Luna - Cofounder of La Independencia .
10.Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - Mother of Balintawak.
11. Graciano Lopez-Jaena - Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda
Movement.
12.Panday Pira - First Filipino Cannon-maker.
13.Mariano Ponce - Propagandist, Historian, Diplomat And Managing Editor
of La Solidaridad.
14.Gregoria de Jesus - Lakambini of Katipunan and Wife of Andres Bonifacio.
15.Fernando Ma. Guerrero - Poet of the Revolution.
16.Felipe Agoncillo - Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.
17.Rafael Palma - Cofounder of La Independencia and First UP president .

18.Juan Luna - Greatest Filipino Painter.

19.Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Greatest Journalist and Moving Spirit of the
Propaganda Movement.
20.Leona Florentino - First Filipino Poetess(from Ilocos Sur).
21.Pedro Paterno - Peacemaker of the Revolution.
22.Isabelo delos Reyes - Founder of Philippine Socialism.
23.Artemio Ricarte - Revolutionary General, known as Viborra.
24.Jose Palma - Wrote the Spanish Lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem.
25.Lakandola - Chief of Tondo, Friendly to the Spaniards.
26.Rajah Soliman - The Last Rajah of Manila.
27.Leonor Rivera - Cousin and Fiancee of Jose Rizal.
28.Marcela Mario Agoncillo - Maker of the First Filipino Flag.
29.Galicano Apacible - One of the Founders of Katipunan.
30.Jose Ma. Panganiban - Bicolandia's Greatest Contribution to the Historic
Campaign for Reforms.
31.Diego Silang - Leader of the Ilocano Revolt.
32.Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang - Continued the Fight After her Husband's
Death.
33.Lapu-Lapu - Chieftain of Mactan Who Killed Magellan. First Filipino Hero.
34.Francisco Dagohoy - Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol.
35.Epifanio delos Santos - A Man of Many Talents; the Former Highway 54 is
Now Named After him (EDSA).
36.Francisco Baltazar - Prince of Tagalog Poets.
37.Teresa Magbanua - First Woman Fighter in Panay. Visayan Joan of Arc.

38.Trinidad Tecson - Mother of Biak-na-Bato.

39.Agueda Esteban - Wife of Artemio Ricarte Who Carried Secret Messages
About Spanish Troops.
40.Marina Dizon - Daughter of One of the Trece Martirez.
41.General Francisco Makabulos - Leader of the Revolt in Tarlac.
42.Julian Felipe - Composer of the Philippine National Anthem.
43.

45.

Remembering Don Belong; Isabelo

delos Reyes Sr.
44. By IFI Page Gallery Updated about 2 months ago

Collection of photos in tribute to Don Isabelo delos Reyes Sr., one of the Pillars and the

Proclaimer and Architect of the Philippine Independent Church.

"Father of Philippine Labor Union Movement"
"Father of Philippine Trade Unionism"
"Father of the Philippine Socialism"
"Father of Ilocano Journalism"
* 1st Filipino labor union leader (1902).
* Founder and President of the 1st Philippine labor union, Union Obrera Democratica Filipina
(Philippine Democratic labor Union, 1902).
* Founder of the 1st Filipino independent Catholic Church (Philippine Independent Church, 1902).
* Founder and 1st Filipino Editor of the 1st vernacular newspaper in the Philippines, El llocano
(1889).
* Founder and 1st Filipino Editor of the 1st labor newspaper in the Philippines, La Redencion del
Obrero (The Redemption of the laborer).
Serve as:
Senator of the Philippines from 1922 to 1928.
Honorary Bishop of the Philippine Independent Church.
Other Accomplishments:
* Translated the Bible to Ilocano in 1898.
* One of the Brains of the Nation.
* One of the Propagandist.
QUOTE
Lack of social justice causes social unrest.
ALIAS

"Don Belong"
DATE OF BIRTH
July 7, 1864
BIRTHPLACE
Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
FATHER: Elias de los Reyes
MOTHER: Leona Florentino
3rd WIFE: Maria Um
2nd WIFE: Maria Angeles Lopez Montero
1st WIFE: Josefa Sevilla
Isabelo de los Reyes had 27 children by his three marriages.
YEAR OF DEATH
October 10, 1938.
Sources:

Isabelo de los Reyes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Isabelo de los Reyes Sr. y Florentino

Born

Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino

July 7, 1864
Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

Died

October 10, 1938 (aged 74)

Manila, Philippines

Nationality

Filipino

Other names

Don Belong

Religion

Catholic Church (former)

Iglesia Filipina Independiente

Isabelo de los Reyes, Sr. y Florentino,[1] also known as Don Belong (July 7, 1864 October 10,
1938), was a prominent Filipino politician, writer and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He
was the original founder of theAglipayan Church, an independent Christian Protestant church in
the catholic tradition. Due to his widespread Anti-Catholicwritings and activism with labor unions, he
is sometimes dubbed as the "Father of Filipino Socialism". Pope Leo
XIIIformally excommunicated Reyes in 1903 as a schismatic apostate.
As a young man, Reyes followed his mother's footsteps by initially turning to writing as a career; he
won a prize at the age of 23 for his first written book. He later became a journalist, editor, and
publisher in Manila, and was imprisoned in 1897 for revolutionary activities. He was deported to the

Kingdom of Spain, where he was jailed for his activities until 1898. While living and working
in Madrid, he was influenced by the writings of European socialists and Marxists.
Returning to the Philippines in 1901, Reyes founded the first labor union in the country. He also was
active in seeking independence from the United States. After serving in the Philippine Senate in the
1920s, he settled into private life and religious writing. He had a total of 27 children with three
successive wives; he survived all his wives and 12 of his children.
Contents
[hide]

1 Early life and education

2 Early career

3 Marriage and family

4 Writing and exile

5 The Philippines and politics

6 Works

7 References

8 External links

Early life and education[edit]

Isabelo de los Reyes was born to Elas de los Reyes and Leona Florentino in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. His
mother, of mixed Spanish and Filipino descent, is recognised as the first significant female poet of
the Philippines for her works in both Spanish and Ilocano.
Due to their troubled marriage, Elas entrusted his six-year-old son Isabelo to the care of Don Mena
Crislogo, a wealthy relative[2] who was also a writer in the vernacular. The boy was enrolled in
a grammar school attached to the local seminary run by Augustinians; their harsh discipline made
him a lifelong critic of friars. In 1880 at age 16, De los Reyes went to Manila, where he finished
the Bachiller en Artes at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. After that, he studied law, history,
andpalaeography at the Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas.

Early career[edit]
In 1887, at the age of 23, de los Reyes won a silver medal at the Exposicin Filipina in Madrid for his
Spanish-language book entitled El folk-lore filipino (Filipino Folklore). It was the same year that the
Filipino writer Jos Rizal published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere in Berlin. As a teenager, de los
Reyes had been intrigued by the growing interest in the "new science" of el saber popular (folklore).

Manila's Spanish newspaper La Oceania Espaola asked readers to contribute articles on el folklore and offered directions on how to collect material.
Two months later, de los Reyes set to work on the folklore of Ilocos, Malabon, and Zambales,what
he called el folk-lore filipino. It became one of the greatest passions of his life. By 1886, as the
French were starting serious study of folklore in relation to their own native traditions, de los Reyes
at the age of 22 was completing a manuscript for publication.
After his father died when Isabelo was 18, the young man had to earn money to supplement an
allowance from his mother. He pursued his passion for writing, contributing articles to most
of Manila's newspapers. In 1889 he founded El Ilocano, said to be the first newspaper written solely
in a Philippine vernacular.[2] It was short-lived but influential. He continued to write and research
extensively on Philippine history and culture, and was nicknamed Don Belong.

Marriage and family[edit]

De los Reyes married thrice, siring a total of 27 children. [2] He survived all his wives and twelve of his
children.
At the age of 20, de los Reyes married in the Catholic Church, despite his personal feelings about its
problems. He and his wife had children, but she died of illness in 1897 while he was in Bilibid Prison.
[2]

In late December 1898, he married Mara ngeles Lpez Montero (the daughter of a retired Spanish
infantry colonel) in Madrid, also in a Catholic ceremony. She died in 1910 while giving birth to their
ninth child.[2]
De los Reyes' last marriage in 1912 was to the 18-year-old Mara Lim, a mestiza de
sangley from Tondo. They married in the independent Aglipayan Church, which de los Reyes had
helped found. They also had several children before Mara also died in childbirth in 1923. Before her
death, she had asked that they be married according to the Catholic rite, to which de los Reyes
agreed.
With his own family spanning Catholic and Aglipayan traditions, de los Reyes was tolerant of
religious diversity among his children. Isabelo de los Reyes, Jr., a son from his second marriage,
was ordained an Aglipayan priest and later became Obispo Mximo IV of the church. His daughters
ngeles, Elisa, and Elvira from his second marriage, along with Crescencia from his third marriage,
became professed nuns in the Catholic Church. [2]

Writing and exile[edit]

As a journalist, de los Reyes almost faced the firing squad for attracting the ire of Spanish authorities
in highlighting Spanish church and governmental abuses during the movement for independence.
He criticized the large haciendas of the friars while so many peasants were landless. In January
1897 he was arrested and held in Bilibid Prison for his part in the revolution. During this period, the

writer Jos Rizal was among those executed. A change in governors won de los Reyes a measure of
leniency, and in April, General Fernando Primo de Rivera ordered him deported to Spain and
imprisoned in Barcelona.[2]
In 1898 de los Reyes was released and given a job in the Spanish government, as Counselor of
the Ministry of the Colonies (Consejero del Ministerio de Ultramar), which he held until 1901.[2] While
in Madrid, he published articles critical of the United States when they occupied the Philippines. He
also published a biweekly newspaper, Filipinas ante Europa, which had the editorial logo: Contra
Norte-America, no; contra el imperialismo, s, hasta la muerte! (Against the Americans, no; against
Imperialism, yes, till death!) It ran for 36 issues between October 25, 1899 and June 10, 1901. After
closing (probably due to trouble with the authorities), it briefly reappeared as El Defensor de
Filipinas, which ran monthly from July 1 to October 1, 1901.
Don Belong was not only a journalist, as he did much religious writing during his life, starting when
he was first imprisoned. He helped to translate the Bible into theIlocano vernacular. He became one
of the few convicts to translate the Scriptures.

The Philippines and politics[edit]

On July 1, 1901, the Spanish government permitted de los Reyes to return to the Philippines. He
brought many books with him, among which were those written by Karl Marx, Friedrich
Engels, Victor Hugo, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, and other socialists of Europe.
These books inspired him to introduce socialism to the Philippines, where he became known as the
first Filipino Marxist.
After returning, de los Reyes was jailed for inciting labour strikes against American business firms.
Influenced by anarchism and Marxism during his imprisonment in Barcelona, in 1902 de los Reyes
founded the first labour union in the country, the Unin Obrera Democrtica. He wanted to protect
Filipinos against what he perceived as the exploitation of labour by American capitalist institutions. In
the same year, he and other UNO members launched the Philippine Independent Church, to create
a national church independent of the Pope and the Catholic Church. He chose his
fellow Ilocano compatriot, Gregorio Aglipay, as its first bishop.
In 1912 at the age of 48, de los Reyes was elected a councilor of the City of Manila, and began his
political career. Winning re-election, he served as councilor until 1919.
Beginning his campaign for the senate in 1922, in 1923, de los Reyes won a Senate seat in an
election against Elpidio Quirino to represent the Ilocos region.
After his term and the death of his third wife in childbirth, Don Belong returned to private life in the
1920s. He dedicated the remainder of his life to religious writings for the Aglipayan Church, in which
he was made honorary bishop. He wrote many sermons and other Christian literature, including
basic materials for the Aglipayan Church.

Progressive tax
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Taxation
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A progressive tax is a tax in which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases.[1][2][3]
[4][5]
The term "progressive" refers to the way the tax rate progresses from low to high, with the result
that a taxpayer's average tax rate is less than the person's marginal tax rate.[6][7] The term can be
applied to individual taxes or to a tax system as a whole; a year, multi-year, or lifetime. Progressive
taxes are imposed in an attempt to reduce the tax incidence of people with a lowerability-to-pay, as
such taxes shift the incidence increasingly to those with a higher ability-to-pay. The opposite of a
progressive tax is a regressive tax, where the relative tax rate or burden decreases as an individual's
ability to pay increases.[5]
The term is frequently applied in reference to personal income taxes, in which people with
lower income pay a lower percentage of that income in tax than do those with higher income. It can
also apply to adjustments of the tax base by using tax exemptions, tax credits, or selective taxation
that creates progressive distribution effects. For example, a wealthor property tax,[8] a sales tax
on luxury goods, or the exemption of sales taxes on basic necessities, may be described as having
progressive effects as it increases the tax burden of higher income families and reduces it on lower
income families.[9][10][11]
Progressive taxation is often suggested as a way to mitigate the societal ills associated with
higher income inequality,[12] as the tax structure reduces inequality,[13] but economists disagree on the
tax policy's economic and long-term effects.[14][15][16] Progressive taxation has also been positively
associated with happiness, the subjective well-being of nations and citizen satisfaction with public
goods, such as education and transportation.[17]
Contents
[hide]

1 History
o

1.1 Early examples

1.2 Modern era

2 Measuring progressivity
o

2.1 Marginal and effective tax rates

2.2 Inflation and tax brackets

3 Economic effects
o

3.1 Income equality

3.2 Educational attainment

4 Psychological factors

5 Computation

6 Examples

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

History[edit]
Early examples[edit]
In the early days of the Roman Republic, public taxes consisted of assessments on owned wealth
and property. The tax rate under normal circumstances was 1% of property value, and could
sometimes climb as high as 3% in situations such as war. These taxes were levied against land,
homes and other real estate, slaves, animals, personal items and monetary wealth. By 167 BC,
Rome no longer needed to levy a tax against its citizens in the Italian peninsula, due to the riches
acquired from conquered provinces. After considerable Roman expansion in the 1st century,
Augustus Caesar introduced a wealth tax of about 1% and a flat poll tax on each adult, this made the
tax system less progressive (as it no longer only taxed wealth) and closer to an income tax. [18]

Modern era[edit]

A caricature of William Pitt the Younger collecting the newly introduced income tax.

The first modern income tax was introduced in Britain by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in
his budget of December 1798, to pay for weapons and equipment for the French Revolutionary War.
Pitt's new graduated (progressive) income tax began at a levy of 2 old pence in the pound (1/120) on
incomes over 60 (5,511 as of 2015),[19] and increased up to a maximum of 2 shillings (10%) on
incomes of over 200. Pitt hoped that the new income tax would raise 10 million, but actual receipts
for 1799 totalled just over 6 million.[20]
Pitt's income tax was levied from 1799 to 1802, when it was abolished by Henry Addington during
the Peace of Amiens. Addington had taken over as prime minister in 1801, after Pitt's resignation
over Catholic Emancipation. The income tax was reintroduced by Addington in 1803 when hostilities
recommenced, but it was again abolished in 1816, one year after the Battle of Waterloo. A tax on
incomes over a certain amount is a two bracket graduated progressive tax, similar to those still in
use in Sweden. Bottom brackets of 0% are almost universal, whether they are called "earned income
credits" or appear explicitly in tax tables.

The United Kingdom income tax was reintroduced by Sir Robert Peel in the Income Tax Act 1842.
Peel, as a Conservative, had opposed income tax in the 1841general election, but a growing budget
deficit required a new source of funds. The new income tax, based on Addington's model, was
imposed on incomes above 150 (12,320 as of 2015), [19]. Although this measure was initially
intended to be temporary, it soon became a fixture of the British taxation system. A committee was
formed in 1851 under Joseph Hume to investigate the matter, but failed to reach a clear
recommendation. Despite the vociferous objection, William Gladstone, Chancellor of the
Exchequer from 1852, kept the progressive income tax, and extended it to cover the costs of
the Crimean War. By the 1860s, the progressive tax had become a grudgingly accepted element of
the English fiscal system.[21]
In the United States, the first progressive income tax was established by the Revenue Act of 1862.
This was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln and repealed the flat tax, which had had
been brought in under the Revenue Act of 1861. By the mid-20th century, most countries had
implemented some form of progressive income tax.[22]

Measuring progressivity[edit]
Indices such as the Suits index,[8] Gini coefficient, Kakwani index, Theil index, Atkinson index,
and Hoover index have been created to measure the progressivity of taxation, using measures
derived from income distribution and wealth distribution.[23]

Marginal and effective tax rates[edit]

German marginal and average income tax rates display a progressive structure.

Main articles: Marginal tax rate and Effective tax rate

The rate of tax can be expressed in two different ways; the marginal rate expressed as the rate on
each additional unit of income or expenditure (or last dollar spent) and the effective (average)
rate expressed as the total tax paid divided by total income or expenditure. In most progressive tax
systems, both rates will rise as the amount subject to taxation rises, though there may be ranges
where the marginal rate will be constant. Usually, the average tax rate of a tax payer will be lower
than the marginal tax rate. In a system with refundable tax credits, or income-tested welfare benefits,
it is possible for marginal rates to fall as income rises, at lower levels of income. [citation needed]

Inflation and tax brackets[edit]

Many tax laws are not accurately indexed to inflation. Either they ignore inflation completely, or they
are indexed to theConsumer Price Index (CPI), which tends to understate real inflation. In a
progressive tax system, failure to index the brackets to inflation will eventually result in effective tax
increases (if inflation is sustained), as inflation in wages will increase individual income and move
individuals into higher tax brackets with higher percentage rate. This phenomenon is known
as bracket creep and can cause fiscal drag.[citation needed]

Economic effects[edit]
Income equality[edit]
Main article: Economic inequality
Progressive taxation reduces income inequality.[13] This is especially true if taxation is used to
fund progressive government spending such as transfer payments andsocial safety nets.[12] However,
the effect may be muted if the higher rates cause increased tax evasion.[13][24] When income inequality
is low, aggregate demand will be relatively high, because more people who want ordinary consumer
goods and services will be able to afford them, while the labor force will not be as
relativelymonopolized by the wealthy.[25][26] High levels of income inequality can have negative effects
on long-term economic growth, employment, and class conflict.[27][28]Progressive taxation is often
suggested as a way to mitigate the societal ills associated with higher income inequality.[12] The
difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after
taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.[29]
There is debate between politicians and economists over the role of tax policy in mitigating or
exacerbating wealth inequality and the effects on economic growth. For example,
economists Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez wrote that decreased progressiveness in US tax
policy in the post World War II era has increased income inequality by enabling the wealthy greater
access to capital,[14] Conversely, a report published by the OECD in 2008 presented empirical
research showing a negative relationship between the progressivity of taxes and economic growth.
[15]
Describing the research, economist William McBride stated that progressivity can undermine
investment, risk-taking, entrepreneurship, and productivity because high-income earners tend to do
much of the saving, investing, risk-taking, and high-productivity labor.[30][31] Professor Robert H.
Frank states that tax cuts for the wealthy are largely spent on positional goods such as larger
houses and more expensive cars, which could have been used to pay for things like improving public
education and conducting medical research,[32] and suggests progressive taxation as an instrument
for attacking positional externalities.[33]

Educational attainment[edit]
Economist Gary Becker has described educational attainment as the root of economic mobility.
[34]
Progressive tax rates, while raising taxes on high income, have the goal and corresponding effect
of reducing the burden on low income, improving income equality. Educational attainment is often
conditional on cost and family income, which for the poor, reduces their opportunity for educational
attainment.[35][36] Increases in income for the poor and economic equality reduces the inequality of

educational attainment.[37][38] Tax policy can also include progressive features that provide tax
incentives for education, such as tax credits and tax exemptions forscholarships and grants.[39][40]
A potentially adverse effect of progressive tax schedules is that they may reduce the incentives for
educational attainment.[16][36][41] By reducing the after-tax income of highly educated workers,
progressive taxes can reduce the incentives for citizens to attain education, thereby lowering the
overall level of human capital in an economy.[16][36][41] However, this effect can be mitigated by an
education subsidy funded by the progressive tax.[42] Theoretically, public support for government
spending on higher education increases when taxation is progressive, especially when income
distribution is unequal.[43]

Psychological factors[edit]

"Tax The Rich" banner at an IUSYcampaign for a financial transaction tax.

Tax law professor Thomas D. Griffith, summarizing research on human happiness, has argued that
because inequality in a society significantly reduces happiness, a progressive tax structure which
redistributes income would increase welfare and happiness in a society.[44] A 2011 social psychology
study, using data from 54 countries, found that progressive taxation was positively associated with
the subjective well-being, while overall tax rates and government spending were not. The authors
added, "we found that the association between more-progressive taxation and higher levels of
subjective well-being was mediated by citizens satisfaction with public goods, such as education
and public transportation."[17]
Since progressive taxation reduces the income of high earners and is often used as a method to
fund government social programs for low income earners, calls for increasing tax progressivity have
sometimes been labeled as envy or class warfare,[33][45][46] while others may describe such actions as
fair or a form of social justice.[46][47]
Law Professor Marjorie E. Kornhauser has theorized that much of the opposition to progressive
taxation is caused by ignorance,cognitive bias, and inflammatory rhetoric, and would be reduced if a
nationwide education campaign taught the public about progressive taxation and told them that it
benefits their self-interests.[48]

Computation[edit]
There are two common ways of computing a progressive tax, corresponding to pointslope
form and slopeintercept form of the equation for the applicable bracket. These compute the tax
either as the tax on the bottom amount of the bracket plus the tax on the marginal amount within the
bracket; or the tax on the entire amount (atthe marginal rate), minus the amount that this overstates
tax on the bottom end of the bracket.
For example, suppose there are tax brackets of 10%, 20%, and 30%, where the 10% rate applies to
income from $1 to $10,000; the 20% rate applies to income from $10,001 to $20,000; and the 30%
rate applies to all income above $20,000. In that case the tax on $20,000 of income (computed by
adding up tax in each bracket) is 10% $10,000 + 20% $10,000 = $1,000 + $2,000 = $3,000. The
tax on $25,000 of income could then be computed two ways. Using pointslope form (tax on bottom
amount plus tax on marginal amount) yields:

Geometrically, the line for tax on the top bracket passes through the point ($20,000, $3,000) and
has a slope of 0.3 (30%).
Alternatively, 30% tax on $20,000 yields 30% $20,000 = $6,000, which overstates tax on the
bottom end of the top bracket by $6,000 $3,000 = $3,000, so using slopeintercept form
yields:

Geometrically, the line for tax on the top bracket intercepts the y-axis at $3,000 it passes
through the point (0, $3,000) and has a slope of 0.3 (30%).
In the United States, the first form was used through 2003, for example (for the 2003 15%
Single bracket):[49]

If the amount on Form 1040, line 40 [Taxable Income], is: Over 7,000

But not over 28,400

Enter on Form 1040, line 41 [Tax] $700.00 + 15%

of the amount over 7,000

From 2004, this changed to the second form, for example (for the 2004 28% Single bracket):
[50]

Taxable income. If line 42 is At least $100,000 but not over $146,750

(a) Enter the amount from line 42

(b) Multiplication amount 28% (.28)

(c) Multiply (a) by (b)

(d) Subtraction amount $ 5,373.00

Tax. Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result here and on Form 1040, line 43

Examples[edit]

Distribution of US federal taxes from 1979 to 2013, based on CBO Estimates. [51]

See also: Tax rates around the world

Most systems around the world contain progressive aspects. When taxable income falls
within a particular tax bracket, the individual pays the listed percentage of tax on each dollar
that falls within that monetary range. For example, a person in the U.S. who earned $10,000
US of taxable income (income after adjustments, deductions, and exemptions) would be
liable for 10% of each dollar earned from the 1st dollar to the 7,550th dollar, and then for
15% of each dollar earned from the 7,551st dollar to the 10,000th dollar, for a total of
$1,122.50.
In the United States, there are seven income tax brackets ranging from 10% to 39.6% above
an untaxed level of income based on the personal exemption and usually various other tax
exemptions, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and home mortgage payments. The US
federal tax system also includes deductions for state and local taxes for lower income
households which mitigates what are sometimes regressive taxes, particularly property
taxes. Higher income households are subject to the Alternative Minimum Tax that limits
deductions and sets a flat tax rate of 26% to 28% with the higher rate commencing at
$175,000 in income. There are also deduction phaseouts starting at $112,500 for single
filers. The net effect is increased progressivity that completely limits deductions for state and
local taxes and certain other credits for individuals earning more than $306,300. [52]

New Zealand has the following income tax brackets (for the 20122013 financial year):
10.5% up to NZ$14,000; 17.5% from $14,001 to $48,000; 30% from $48,001 to $70,000;
33% over $70,001; and 45% when the employee does not complete a declaration form. [53] All
values are in New Zealand dollars and exclude the earner levy.
Australia has the following progressive income tax rates (for the 20122013 financial year):
0% effective up to A$18,200; 19% from $18,201 to $37,000; 32.5% from $37,001 to
$80,000; 37% from $80,001 to $180,000; and 45% for any amount over $180,000. [54]
An average tax rate is the ratio of the total amount of taxes paid to the total tax base (taxable
income or spending), expressed as a percentage.[1]

Let

Let be the total tax base.

be the total tax liability.

In a proportional tax, the tax rate is fixed and the average tax rate equals this tax rate. In case
of tax brackets, commonly used for progressive taxes, the average tax rate increases as taxable
income increases through tax brackets, asymptoting to the top tax rate. For example, consider a
system with three tax brackets, 10%, 20%, and 30%, where the 10% rate applies to income from
$1 to $10,000, the 20% rate applies to income from $10,001 to $20,000, and the 30% rate
applies to all income above $20,000. Under this system, someone earning $25,000 would pay
$1,000 for the first $10,000 of income (10%); $2,000 for the second $10,000 of income (20%);
and $1,500 for the last $5,000 of income (30%). In total, they would pay $4,500, or an 18%
average tax rate.

Marginal[edit]