243-1

IEC 1988

Tiu chun
IEC
quc t
243-1

xut bn ln th nht
1988

Cc phng php
th nghim bn
in
ca cc vt liu cch
in dn
Phn 1 :
Cc th nghim
vi tn s in cng
nghip

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mc lc
Li ni u
Li ta
1 - Phm vi ng dng_______________________________________
2 - Cc nh ngha________________________________________
3- ngha ca vic th nghim__________________________
4 - Cc in cc v mu th_______________________________
5 - X l mu trc khi th___________________________________
6 - Mi trng xung quanh__________________________________
7 - Cc kh c in_________________________________________
8 - Th tc tin hnh_______________________________________
9 - Phng php nng in p_____________________________
10 - Tiu chun chc thng_________________________________
11 - S ln th nghim_____________________________________
12 - Lp bin bn____________________________________________

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3
u ban k thut in quc t

cc phng php th nghim bn in

ca nhng vt liu cch in rn
Phn 1 : Cc th nghim dng tn s xoay chiu

Li ni u
1- Nhng quyt nh v tho c chnh thc ca IEC v cc vn k
thut, son tho bi cc Phn ban k thut vi s tham d ca tt c cc U ban
quc gia quan tm n nhng vn ny phn nh mt cch st sao nht
s nht tr trn tm c quc t v cc ch cn xem xt.
2- Nhng quyt nh ny c tnh cht khuyn ngh cc quc gia p
dng, v trn thc t chng c hu ht cc U ban quc gia chp nhn theo
tinh thn trn.
3- Nhm mc tiu khuyn khch s thng nht quc t, IEC by t c vng
rng tt c cc U ban quc gia nn chp nhn ton vn bn khuyn ngh ca IEC
vo cc qui tc quc gia ca mnh trong chng mc m cc iu kin quc gia
cho php. Mi s sai khc gia khuyn ngh ca IEC v cc qui tc quc gia tng
ng cn c nu r, trong chng mc c th, trong cc qui tc ny.

Li ta
Tiu chun ny c son tho bi Phn ban k thut IEC s
15A " Cc th nghim ngn hn", trc thuc Tiu ban K thut s
15 "Cc vt liu cch in".
Ni dung ca tiu chun ny c da trn nhng ti liu
sau:
Qui tc su thng

Bin bn b
phiu
15A ( CO )

15A ( CO) 152

155

Thng tin y v vic b phiu chp nhn tiu chun

ny c th tm thy trong Bin bn B phi bng trn.
Cc cng bo IEC sau y c trch dn trong tiu chun :
Cc cng bo s :
trong

212 (1971) : Cc iu kin tiu chun u tin p dng trc v

lc th nghim cc vt liu cch in rn

243 (1967) : Cc phng php nn dng th nghim
bn in ca
cc vt liu cch in rn
tn s cng nghip.
296 (1982) : c tnh ca cc loi du khong cch in cha
s dng,
dng cho cc my bin p v thit b
ng ct
455 : c tnh ca cc cht trng hp l cao su plime
khng dung
mi dng trong cch in.
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dung mi,
thut in.

464-2 (1974) : c tnh ca cc loi vc ni cch in c cha

phn 2 : Cc phng php th.
674 : c tnh ca cc tm nha mng dng trong k
684 : c tnh ca vic lt ghen cch in.

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cc phng php th nghim bn in

ca nhng vt liu cch in rn

Phn 1 : Cc th nghim dng tn s li

__________
Phn m u
Tiu chun ny l mt phn trong tp tiu chun ni v cc th
nghim bn in i vi nhng vt liu cch in rn. Tp tiu
chun gm c bn phn :
Phn 1 : Cc th nghim dng tn s li ( Cng bo IEC 243-1 )

Phn 2 : Cc qui nh b sung i vi nhng th nghim dng

in p mt chiu ( Cng bo IEC 243-2 )
Phn 3 : Cc qui nh b sung i vi nhng th nghim xung
( Cng bo IEC 243-3 )
Phn 4 : X l thng k v gii trnh kt qu ( Cng bo IEC
243-4 ).

1 - Phm vi ng dng
Tiu chun ny a ra cc phng php th nghim nhm xc
nh bn in ca nhng vt liu cch in rn tn s li, c
ngha l tn s nm trong phm vi gia 48 Hz v 62 Hz. Tiu chun
khng cp n vic th nghim cc cht lng v cht kh, mc
d chng c ch nh v s dng vo vic ngm tm hoc lm
mi trng cng tc cho cc vt liu cch in rn cn th.
Ghi ch : - Phng php th nghim trn l vt liu vi mc phng
in b mt gim vi in cc hnh cu cng c chun b

2 - Cc nh ngha
trnh by tiu chun ny, ta s dng cc nh ngha sau
y :
2.1 Hin tng nh thng ( s c nh thng )
Vic ph hu, t nht l tm thi, tnh nng cch in ca mt
mi trng cch in di ng sut in.
2.2 in p nh thng

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in p m ti xy ra hin tng nh thng, trong nhng

iu kin th nghim cho hoc trong lc vn hnh.

2.3 bn in
Thng (s) ca in p nh thng v khong cch gia cc
phn mang in chu in p di cc iu kin th nghim cho.
Trong trng hp th nghim nhy cp ( in p tng dn tng bc ) ,
in p nh thng c xc nh theo in p chu ng cao nht
trong sut thi gian duy tr mt bc.
Thut ng ny cng dng din t tnh nng tng ng ca
mt vt liu.
2.4 S phng in
S chc thng gia hai in cc trong mi trng kh, cht lng
hoc chn khng, t ra cng l trn mt phn ca b mt cht cch
in rn.
3- ngha ca vic th nghim
3.1 Cc kt qu th nghim bn in thu c theo tiu
chun ny c th c dng pht hin cc bin i hoc
sai lch so vi nhng c tnh thng thng. Nhng c
tnh ny c rt ra t vic x l cc bin s, cc iu kin lo
ho, hoc cc iu kin khc ca nh ch to, v mi trng,
v.v... m i khi ngi ta vn dng xc nh trc tip
phm cht ca cc vt liu cch in trong ng dng hng
ngy.

3.2

Cc tr s v bn in o c ca vt liu c th
b nh hng bi nhiu yu t, bao gm :

a/ Tn s, dng sng v tc nng in p hoc thi gian

t in p.
b/ dy v tnh ng nht ca mu th, s tn ti cc ng
sut c hc bn trong
mu th.
c/ Qu trnh x l mu trc lc th, c bit l qu trnh sy
v tm.
d/ Nhit , p sut v m ca mi trng xung quanh.
S hin din ca cc tp cht kh, hi m v cc cht
nhim khc.

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Cu to, kch thc v dn nhit ca cc in cc ( th

nghim )
Cng phng in b mt trc khi chc thng.
Din tch hoc th tch chu ng sut in ti a gia cc
in cc.
c tnh nhit v c tnh in ca mi trng xung quanh.
3.3 Nhng hiu ng ca cc yu t trn cn phi c xem xt
n khi tm hiu cc vt liu cha bit r c tnh. Tiu chun ny
xc nh cc iu kin c th, gip ta phn bit vt liu mt cch
nhanh chng, v tiu chun cng c ng dng trong cng tc kim
tra cht lng hoc cc mc ch tng t.
Cc kt qu thu c t nhiu phng php khc nhau khng so
snh trc tip c vi nhau nhng chng c th cung cp nhng thng
tin v bn in tng i ca cc vt liu. Cng cn lu rng
bn in ca hu ht cc vt liu u gim i khi dy ca mu
th gia hai in cc tng ln hoc thi gian t in p tng ln.
3.4 bn in ca hu ht cc vt liu l khc nhau, ph
thuc vo cng v khong thi gian phng in b mt trc khi
nh thng. i vi cc thit k sn phm khng cho php phng
in cc b di in p th nghim, iu quan trng l phi bit r
" bn in khng phng in" trc giai on nh thng nhng
cc phng php cho trong tiu chun ny ni chung khng thch hp
tm c thng s ni trn.
3.5 Cc vt liu c bn in cao khng trnh khi vic
chu ng di hn cc qu trnh gy h hi, i loi nh nhit , n
mn, hoc cc tc hi ho hc khi xy ra phng in cc b, cc tc
hi in ho khi khng kh cha hi m ... Tt c nhng nhn t ni
trn c th gy ra cc h hng trong vn hnh ngay c nhng ng
sut (in) b hn nhiu.

4 - Cc in cc v mu th
Cc in cc kim loi cn phi lun lun sch s, nhn mt v
khng c nhng khuyt tt.
Ch thch : Vic bo dng ni trn cng ng vai tr quan
trng khi th nghim cc mu mng. Thng ngi ta a dng cc in
cc bng thp khng r gim thiu cc h hi cho in cc lc
nh thng.

Cc u ra gn in cc khng c lm lch, lm lung lay cc

in cc hoc gy nh hng n p sut t ln mu th, cng
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IEC 1988

khng c nh hng ng k n vic phn b in trng ti khu

vc k cn mu th.
4.1 Th nghim tin hnh trn b mt ca nhng vt liu
khng cn mng v trn cc lp ghp ca nhng vt liu cn
mng.

4.1.1 Cc vt liu c dng tm v dng l, gm c : cc tm p,

ba (cch in), vi cng nghip v cc loi mng mng.

4.1.1.1 Cc in cc khng bng nhau

B in cc l hai kim loi hnh tr c mp trn, bn knh
cong 3 mm. Mt cc c ng knh 25 1 mm, chiu cao khong 25
mm. Cc kia c ng knh 75 1 mm , cao khong 15 mm. Hai in
cc ny c b tr ng trc nh hnh 1a.

Khi ly c tnh, cc tm v l cch in c b dy ln hn 3

mm c gia cng li cn 3 0,2 mm , sau dng in cc ng
knh 25 mm th trn b mt cha gia cng.
4.1.1.2 Cc in cc bng nhau
Nu s dng b g nh v, bo m cho cc trn v cc di
hon ton ng trc, ta c th dng cc di c ng knh 25 mm nhng kt qu thu c khng phi lc no cng ng bng kt qu khi
dng i cc 25/75 mm ( xem hnh 1b ).

4.1.2 Bng cun, mng mng v cc di hp

B in cc l hai cy kim loi, mi cy c ng knh 6 0,2
mm , c lp thng ng, ci ny trn ci kia nh mt b g, sao cho
mu th c gi nm gia hai mp ct vung gc ca cc in cc.
Cc in cc trn v di phi c b tr ng trc. Cnh ca hai
mp ct c gt trn vi bn knh cong khong 1 mm. in cc trn
phi c khi lng 50 2 g v dch chuyn c trong b g vi ma
st t nht.
Hnh 2 l mt cch thit tr thun li. Nu cc mu cn phi
th trong trng thi ko cng, chng s c kp hai u trn mt ci
khung, khung ny gi mu nm t th cn thit trn c cu ca
hnh 2. Qun mt u ca mu th vo mt trc quay l cch thch
hp nht iu chnh cng mong mun.
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ngn nga hin tng phng in vng qua mp nhng bng

hp, c th kp mu th bng cch km thm vi di vi tm sn ph
kn mp. Mt cch na l dng vng chn bao quanh in cc, ch
cn gi sao cho khong trng vnh khn gia vng chn v in
cc vo khong 1,5 mm.
Ch thch :
th cc mng mng, xem Cng bo IEC 674.

4.1.3 H thng ng mm v ghen mm

Th nghim theo cng bo IEC 684
4.1.4 Cc ng cng ( c ng knh trong n 100 mm )

in cc ngoi l mt ai lm bng l kim loi, b rng 25 1

mm. in cc trong l mt vt dn tip st vi thnh trong ca ng
cng, c th l mt cy kim loi, ng kim loi, l kim loi hoc tp
hp nhiu vin bi ng knh t 0,75 2,0 mm, chng bo m
tip xc tt vi mt trong ca ng. Trong tng trng hp mt, hai
u ca in cc trong phi di ra so vi in cc ngoi mt
on t nht 25 mm.
Ch thch :
Trong trng hp khng pht sinh hiu ng c hi, c th dng keo du
m dn cht tm kim loi vi mt trong v mt ngoi.

mm )

4.1.5 Cc loi ng v xi lanh ( c ng knh trong ln hn 100

in cc ngoi l mt ai bng l kim loi, rng 75 1 mm v

in cc trong l mt a bng l kim loi ng knh 25 1 mm,
a ny mm c th p st vo vch trong ca xi lanh.
Cch thit tr xem hnh 3.
4.1.6 Cc vt liu c
Lm mt ming mu, ng knh t nht l 100 mm v chiu
dy 3 0,2 mm ri th theo cng bo IEC 464-2.
4.1.7 Cc loi men (cch in)
c th theo Cng bo IEC 464-2.
4.1.8 Cc hp cht kn
Cc in cc l hai qu cu kim loi, mi qu c ng knh
t 12,5 n 13 mm c b tr trn mt trc nm ngang, cch nhau
hoc 0,75 0,05 mm , hoc 1,0 0,1 mm hoc 1,25 0,1 mm ,
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10

v c lp kn trong hp cht (th nghim). iu cn lu l lp hp

cht nm gia hai qu cu khng c c cc ch rng. V cc kt
qu thu c ng vi cc khe h in cc khc nhau khng th so
snh c vi nhau, do chiu di ca cc khe h c qui nh c
th i vi tng loi hp cht v phi c ghi r trong bin bn th
nghim.

4.2 Cc th nghim trn b mt cc vt liu khng ghp

lp v trn cc lp ca nhng vt liu ghp lp.

Nu khng cn thit phi phn bit gia cc h hng do

chm kim v h hng do vt xc trn b mt mu th, c th dng
cc in cc nh mc 4.2.1 v 4.2.2. Loi 4.2.1 c a dng hn.
Trong trng hp cn ngn nga hin tng lm hng b mt,
phi dng cc in cc mc 4.2.3.
4.2.1Cc in cc bn song song
4.2.1.1 Cc bng cch in v tm cch in
Khi th nghim cc bng v tm cch in, mu th l mt
hnh ch nht c chiu dy bng chiu dy ca vt liu cn th,
chiu di bng 100 2 mm v chiu rng bng 25 0,2 mm. Cc
cnh di c ct thnh hai mt phng song song thng gc
vi b mt ca vt liu. Phn chiu rng 25 mm ca mu c kp
gia hai tm kim loi c chiu dy khng nh hn 10 mm, hai tm
ny hnh thnh nhng bn cc m gia chng ta s t in p
vo. i vi cc vt liu mng, ngi ta t ng thi hai hoc ba
mu theo mt t th thch hp ( c ngha l ta trn cc cnh di v
lch gc nhau ) chng c th chu c trng lc ca in
cc pha trn. Cc in cc cng phi c kch thc ln ph
kn mp ca cc mu th vi khong di ra khng di 15 mm v bo
m tip xc tt vi ton b b mt ca cc mp . Mp ca
cc in cc phi c h gc trn ( bn knh cong t 3 n 5
mm ) trnh hin tng phng in t mp ca in cc ny
sang mp ca in cc kia ( xem hnh 4 ).
Kiu in cc ny ch thch hp khi th nghim cc vt liu
cng c dy ti thiu 1,5 mm.
4.2.1.2 Cc loi ng v xi lanh
th cc ng v xi lanh, mu th c dng mt vng trn
hon chnh hoc mt on ( tc mt cung ND ) di 100 mm ca
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11

vng ct c chiu di dc trc bng 25 0,2 mm. Hai mp cnh

ca mu th hnh thnh hai mt phng song song thng gc vi
trc ca ng hoc ca xi lanh. Mu c th gia hai bn song song
nh m t mc 4.2.1.1 v th tm v th l. Nu cn gi
vng in cc pha trn, c th t mt lc t hai n ba mu
th. Cc in cc cng phi c kch thc ln ph kn mp
ca cc mu th vi khong di ra khng di 15 mm v bo m
tip xc tt vi ton b b mt ca cc mp .
4.2.2 Cc in cc cht ( in cc hnh cn )
Hai l song song c khoan thng gc trn mt mt phng,
tm l cch nhau 25 1 mm v ng knh l c tnh ton sao
cho sau khi doa bng mi doa s t cn khong 2%.
ng
knh ca tng l v pha rng khng c nh hn 4,5 mm v
khng ln hn 5,5 mm.
L c th khoan sut mu th hoc, trong trng hp cc ng
ln, ch khoan thng mt bn thnh ng v c doa trn ton b
chiu di ca n.
Khi khoan v doa cc mu th, phi ch phn vt liu k
cn l khoan khng c hin tng h hng, v d: vt nt, ch v,
m chy... di bt c mc no.
Khi cm cc in cc cht phi dng cch p, khng c g
bng ba, sao cho chng chn kht vo thnh l v tha ra trn b
mt mu khng di 2 mm ( xem cc hnh 5a v 5b ).
Loi in cc ny ch thch hp khi th nghim cc vt liu
cng c chiu dy t nht l 1,5 mm.
4.2.3 Cc in cc ng song song
Khi th cc mu c bn in cao v c chiu dy trn 15
mm, ta ct thnh thnh tng mu c kch thc 100 x 50 mm v
khoan hai l nh v hnh 6, sao cho ng knh ca chng khng
ln qu 0,1 mm so vi ng knh 6 0,1 mm ca in cc hnh tr
thng dng c u mt l mt bn cu. y ca tng l cng phi
c dng bn cu m kht vi u in cc. Nu khng c ch
nh g c bit trong qui cch vt liu, hai thnh l phi cch
nhau 10 1 mm trn sut dc chiu di ca chng v xuyn thng
n cch mt i din mt on 2,25 0,25 mm.
Mt s kiu dng in cc rng khc cng c trnh by trn
hnh 6. Khi dng cc loi in cc c rnh ny, rnh ca chng phi
quay mt i tm v pha bn kia ca khe h ( xem hnh v ).
4.3 Cc mu th
Ngoi cc ch dn v mu th ni trong cc mc trc,
nhng im tng qut sau y cn phi lu :
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12

Khi chun b cc mu th lm bng vt liu rn, cn phi

ch sao cho cc mt tip xc vi in cc cn phi thc song
song ng thi phi thc phng v bng trong mc vt liu
cho php.
i vi cc loi th nghim tin hnh thng gc trn b mt
vt liu, din tch mu th ch cn ln sao cho khi b phng
in vng qua mp trong iu kin th nghim l c.
i vi cc loi th nghim tin hnh thng gc trn b mt
vt liu, nhng kt qu thu c trn cc vt liu c b dy khc
nhau khng th i chiu trc tip c vi nhau (xem iu khon
3 ).
4.4Khong cch gia cc in cc

Tr s dng tnh ton bn in l mt trong cc gi

tr sau y, cc gi tr ny c cho theo c tnh ca tng loi
vt liu em th :
a) Chiu dy nh mc hoc khong cch gia cc in
cc ( hy dng gi tr ny, tr phi c cc ch nh khc ).
b) Chiu dy trung bnh ca mu th hoc khong cch
gia cc in cc trong trng hp th song song vi b mt ca
vt liu.
c) Chiu dy hoc khong cch gia cc in cc o c
tc thi k cn ch chc thng trn tng mu th.
5 - X l mu trc khi th

bn in ca cc vt liu cch in thay i tu theo

nhit v hm lng m. Nu c sn bng c tnh ca vt liu
cn th, cn phi tun th ng. Nu khng c, cc mu th cn
phi c x l trc trong khong thi gian khng di 24 gi nhit
23 2 C, m tng i 50 5%, c ngha l mi trng
tiu chun theo qui nh ca Cng bo IEC 212, tr khi c
nhng iu kin tho thun khc so vi Cng bo .
6 - Mi trng xung quanh

Cc vt liu s c th :
a) trong khng kh
b) trong du ( Cng bo IEC 296, tr khi c qui nh ring )
c)
trong mi trng m vt liu s c s dng.

Nu xt thy mi trng khng bo m ngn chn hin tng

xuyn thng hoc phng in d, ta th nghim trong mt mi trng c bn in hoc hng s in mi cao. Nhng dng bt
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13

c mi trng no cng khng c php n gy tc hi n vt

liu ang th.
Mi trng th nghim c th gy tc ng ng k n
kt qu th, nht l i vi cc vt liu hp th, i loi nh cc tm
p ... do qu trnh chun b mu th rt quan trng v n
quyt nh tt c cc bc i cn thit ( v d nh cng on sy
kh v tm )
Cho php t mu th trong thi gian di t ti
nhit cn thit, nhng cng c mt vi loi vt liu c th b
nh hng nu t trong nhit cao qu lu.
6.1 Th nghim trong khng kh

Th nghim trong khng kh nhit cao c th tin hnh

vi bt c chic l sy no min l c kch thc thch hp
cha mu th v cc in cc m khng gy hin tng phng
in ( ra v ) trong qu trnh th. Nn trang b mt vi phng
tin lu chuyn khng kh nhm bo m nhit tht ng
u xung quanh mu, v dng nhit k, cp nhit hoc cc kh
c khc o nhit ti v tr tht gn im th trong kh
nng c th.
6.2 Th nghim trong cht lng
Nu th nghim phi tin hnh trong cht lng, ta dng du
bin p theo qui nh Cng bo IEC 296 , tr khi c qui nh
ring. Cn bo m cht lng c bn in thch ng trnh
hin tng phng in (ra v). Vic gim thp in tr sut ca
cht lng c th gy nn hin tng bn in biu kin cao gi
to ca mu th.
Cc th nghim nhit cao c th tin hnh hoc trong
mt bnh cha t trong l sy ( xem mc 6.1 ) hoc trong mt
bnh t ng n nhit dng cht lng cch in truyn
nhit. Trong trng hp ny cn phi trang b nhng phng tin
thch hp lu chuyn cht lng, bo m cho nhit xung
quanh mu th c tuyt i ng u.

7 - Cc kh c in

7.1 Ngun in p
in p th nghim c ly t mt bin p tng, bin p ny
li c cp in t mt ngun h p bin i hnh sin. My bin
p, ngun cp in v cc phng tin iu khin kt hp cn
phi c nhng c im sau :

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14

7.1.1
T s gia nh sng v gi tr in p qun
phng phi bng 2 5% ( 1,34 1,48 ) khi mu th
ang mang in v ng vi tt c cc gi tr in p ln
hn 50% in p chc thng.

7.1.2 Cng sut ca ngun phi ln c th duy tr c in p th cho n khi xy ra chc thng. i vi hu ht cc
vt liu, nu dng cc in cc nh khuyn ngh, gi tr dng
in u ra thng bng 40 mA l thch hp. Cng sut ca hu
ht cc loi th nghim thay i t 0,5 kVA khi th cc mu c
in dung nh, in p di 10 kV n 5 kVA, khi th vi in p
n 100 kV.
7.1.3 C cu iu khin ngun h p bin i phi c kh
nng iu chnh in p mt cch iu ho, n iu, v
khng c hin tng nhy bc hoc chuyn tip. Khi cung cp in
p tng ng vi iu khon 9, lng in p gia tng sn ra v d
bng mt bin p t ngu khng c ln qu 2% in p chc
thng d kin.
Gi tr nh ca cc in p chuyn tip trong bt c trng
hp no cng khng c vt qu 1,48 ln gi tr qun phng ca
in p th nghim c ch nh. Thng ngi ta hay dng mch
iu khin c ng c nng nhanh in p v rt ngn thi
gian th.
7.1.4 bo v ngun in p khi h hi, cn trang b mt
c cu (t ng) ngt ngun in trong vng ba chu k ngay sau
khi mu th b chc thng. C cu ny c th l mt yu t nhy
cm v dng in lp trong mch cao p ni ti cc in cc.
7.1.5 hn ch nhng thit hi do cc sng in p v
dng in gy ra, nn u ni tip vi cc in cc mt in tr
c gi tr thch ng. Gi tr in tr ph thuc vo mc h
hng cho php i vi tng in cc.

7-2 o in p

Cn phi chun b sn dng c o in p hiu dng

khi th nghim. Tt nht l s dng mt vn k o gi tr nh,
trong trng hp ny ch s o s c chia cho 2 thu c tr s
hiu dng ( xem mc 7.1.1 ). Sai s tng ca mch o in p
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15

khng c vt qu 5% gi tr o c, k c sai s do thi gian p

ng ca bn thn vn k gy ra. Sai s sau cng ny cn phi bo
m sao cho chm khng vt qu 1% thang o ng vi mi tc
nng in p.
7.2.1 Vn k p ng y cc yu cu mc trn s c
dng o in p t vo cc in cc. o trc tip l tt
nht. Cng c th o qua mt b phn p hoc mt bin p
phn th. Nu mt cun dy trong my bin p tng p c dng
vo mc ch o lng, chnh xc ca in p o c trn cc
in cc s khng b nh hng bi vic np ti cho bin p tng p
cng nh cho cc in tr ni tip.
7.2.2 Thng ta rt mun sao cho in p th nghim ti a
c lu li trn mt vn k sau khi chc thng c th c v
ghi li c chnh xc tr s ny, nhng nh th th my o li khng
c nhy i vi cc i lng qu c th pht sinh khi chc
thng.

8 - Th tc tin hnh

Cc in cc ph hp vi iu khon 4 s c la chn
dng cho tng mu th, sao cho chng khng gy h hng cc mu
th . Dng phng tin cp in p ph hp vi iu khon 7.
in p c t vo gia cc in cc theo mt trong nhng phng cch ch dn cc mc t 9.1 n 9.5. Quan st xem hin tng chc thng xy ra di hnh thc no, xuyn thng hay phng
tia la ( xem chng 10 )
Cc ti liu cn hon tt sau th nghim phi trnh by r
nhng im sau y:
- Mu em th
- Phng php o b dy ca mu ( nu kch thc vt liu
khng nh mc )
- Cc phng cch x l mu trc khi th nghim, nu c.
- S lng cc mu th, nu ln hn nm.
- Nhit th nghim.
- Mi trng xung quanh.
- Cc in cc em dng.
- Phng php nng in p.
- Kt qu o tnh theo bn in hay theo in p chc
thng.

9 - Phng php nng in p

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16

9.1 Th ngn hn ( nng in p nhanh )

9.1.1 in p c nng ln t gi tr khng, theo tc u
cho n lc xy ra hin tng chc thng.
9.1.2 Tc nng c chn tu theo vt liu em th.
Thng thng tc ny c xc nh sao cho thi gian nng t
khi bt u n lc chc thng vo khong 10 s n 20 s. i
vi mt s vt liu c in p chc thng rt khc bit , mu th
ca chng c th b xuyn thng ngoi phm vi thi gian ny. Tuy
vy nu thi gian ca phn ln s ln chc thng nm trong phm vi
10 20 s vn l tt nht.
9.1.3 Tc nng thng dng ca a phn cc vt liu l
500 V/s. Chng ti khuyn ngh trong mi trng hp nn chn mt
trong cc gi tr sau:
100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 V/s
Ch thch : Trong nhng khong thi gian ngn trc khi mu b
chc thng,
thi gian p ng m chng ta yu cu i vi vn k
nh mc
7.2 rt kh c tho mn.

9.2 Th nghim nng nhy bc 20 s mt

9.2.1
Tr s in p gn nht ti im 40% in p
chc thng ngn hn s c chn bng 1 v p dng cho
mu th. Nu nh khng th d kin c gi tr in p th
nhanh ny, ta c th thu c bng cch dng phng php
cho mc 9.1.

9.2.2 Nu nh mu th chu ng c in p ny trong 20

s , ta lp tc t gi tr in p cao hn k tip cho trong bng I
v duy tr 20 s na, c th tip tc cho n khi xy ra chc
thng.
bng I
Chi in p c s dng
( kilvn, gi tr nh / 2 )
0,5
0
1,0
0
2,0
0
5,0
0
10,
0
20,
0

0,5
5
1,1
0
2,2
0
5,5
0
11,
0
22,
0

0,6
0
1,2
0
2,4
0
6,0
0
12,
0
24,
0

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0,6
5
1,3
0
2,6
0
6,5
0
13,
0
26,
0

0,7
0
1,4
0
2,8
0
7,0
01
4,0
28,
0
70,

0,7
5
1,5
0
3,0
0
7,5
0
15,
0
30,
0

0,8
0
1,6
0
3,2
0
8,0
0
16,
0
32,
0

0,8
5
1,7
0
3,4
0
8,5
0
17,
0
34,
0

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0,9
0
1,8
0
3,6
0
9,0
0
18,
0
36,
0

0,9
5
1,9
0
3,8
0
9,5
0
19,
0
38,
0

4,0
0

4,2
0

4,4
0

4,6
0

4,8
0

40,
0

42,
0

44,
0

46,
0

48,
0

20
0

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50,
0
10
0

60,
0
12
0

55,
0
11
0

65,
0
13
0

0
14
0

75,
0
15
0

17

80,
0
16
0

85,
0
17
0

90,
0
18
0

95,
0
19
0

9.2.3 Vic nng in p phi tin hnh cng nhanh cng

tt v thi gian tiu tn trong vic nng in p c tnh c trong
khong 20 s mc in p cao.
Nu chc thng xy ra di su ln nng in p k t khi
bt u mu tip theo trong s nm mu em th s p dng
in p khi im thp hn.
bn in v (hoc) in p chc thng s c xc nh
theo in p cao nht m mu chu c sau 20 s khng b chc
thng.
9.3 Th nghim nng in p chm ( 120 240 s )
in p c nng ln bt u t 40% in p chc thng
ngn hn d kin theo mt tc u, sao cho hin tng chc
thng xy ra trong khong gia 120 s v 240 s. i vi nhng vt
liu c in p chc thng rt khc bit, mu th c th b xuyn
thng ngoi phm vi thi hn ny. Tuy vy nu thi gian ca phn
ln s ln chc thng nm trong phm vi 120 240 s vn l tt nht.
Tc tng in p trc ht c chn t nhng gi tr sau :
2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 V/s
9.4 Th nghim nng nhy bc 60 s mt
Th nghim c tin hnh ging nh im 9.2 nhng thi
gian ch l 60 s , tr khi c qui nh ring.
9.5

Th nghim nng in p rt chm ( 300 600 s )

Tr khi c qui nh ring, th nghim ny c tin hnh

ging nh mc 9.3 nhng hin tng chc thng s xy ra trong thi
gian t 300 s n 600 s vi tc nng in p chn la t cc
gi tr :
1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 V/s

Ch thch : Cch th nghim nng p chm 120 240 s

theo mc 9.3 v cch th nghim nng p chm 300 600 s theo
mc 9.5 cho ta kt qu gn nh ging ht vi cch nng nhy bc
20 s (im 9.2) v 60 s (im 9.4). Hai phng php ban u rt
thch hp khi s dng cc trang b t ng hin i v chng c
gii thiu y nhm gip ta p dng i vi cc trang b ni
trn.

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9.6 Th nghim chu xuyn thng

Khi cn phi xc nh in p chu xuyn thng nhm mc
ch th chu ng hoc th xuyn thng, ta cho in p tng
ln tc thi cng nhanh cng tt n gi tr yu cu, ging nh vt
liu chu in p tc thi m khng c bt k mt qu trnh
qu no. in p ny sau c duy tr mt thi gian theo qui
nh.

10 - Tiu chun chc thng

Hin tng chc thng thng ko theo vic tng dng in

chy trong mch v vic gim in p ging trn mu th. Dng
in tng cao c th lm nhy my ct hoc lm n cu ch.
Tuy vy vic nhy my ct i khi c th b nh hng bi s
phng in, s np in ca mu, cc dng in r hoc dng
in phng cc b, dng t ho thit b hoc cc s c k thut.
V vy iu ct yu l my ct cn phi c phi hp thng s tt
vi thit b th nghim v vt liu cn th nu khng, my ct
c th tc ng ngay khi mu vn cha b chc thng hoc khng
tc ng khi mu b chc thng ri. T khng cung cp cho
ta tiu chun chc thng ng tin cy. Ngay trong nhng iu
kin tt nht, hin tng phng in sm vo mi trng xung quanh
cng c th xy ra, do khi th nghim, ngi thao tc cn phi
ch quan st phn bit chng. Nu thy xy ra hin tng
ny, cn phi ghi vo bin bn.

Nu th nghim c tin hnh thng gc vi b mt ca vt

liu ta d dng pht hin c ngay khi vt liu b nt v sau
quan st k s thy c rnh nt, cho d n c b chy en hay
khng.
Trong cc th nghim thng gc, nh mc 4.2 ni, cn
phi phn bit c hin tng mu b hng do phng h quang hay
do b xuyn thng. C th lm c iu ny bng cch quan st
k b mt ca mu hoc cho lp li nhiu ln in p thp hn
in p chc thng ban u. Kinh nghim thc t l ch cn
t li mt na in p chc thng ri sau tng dn ln n
khi mu b phng, theo ng cch thc ca ln th u tin.
11 - S ln th nghim

Tr khi c qui nh ring, th nghim s c tin hnh nm

ln tt c, v bn in hoc in p chc thng c ly theo
gi tr trung im ca cc kt qu th nghim. Nu nh c kt qu
no lch qu 15% so vi gi tr trung im, phi tin hnh
thm nm th nghim b sung. Trong trng hp ny bn in
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hoc in p chc thng s c ly theo gi tr trung im ca

mi kt qu th.
Ch thch : Gi tr trung im l kt qu trung gian ca mt s l
ln th nghim hoc l trung bnh ca hai kt qu trung gian ca
mt s chn ln th nghim khi
sp xp chng theo th t ln.

Khi cc th nghim c tin hnh khng nhm mc ch

kim tra cht lng nh k, cn phi dng s lng mu th ln hn,
tu thuc vo tnh a dng ca vt liu v php phn tch thng
k c s dng.
Ch thch : C mt phn ring trong Cng bo IEC 243 c bin
son da theo
phng php x l thng k v gii trnh
kt qu.
12 - Lp bin bn

sau :

Tr khi c qui nh ring, bin bn phi bao gm nhng phn

a/ Phn gii thiu c tnh ca vt liu cn th, phn m
t cc mu th v phng php gia cng mu.
b/ Gi tr trung im ca cc bn in theo kV/ mm
v (hoc) ca cc in p chc thng theo kV.
c/ Chiu dy ca tng mu th ( xem im 4.4 ).
d/ Mi trng xung quanh trong lc th v cc c im
ca n..
e/ H thng in cc.
f/ Cc gi tr bn in theo kV/mm v (hoc) in p
nh thng ring ca tng mu.
g/ Nhit , p sut v m ca khng kh hoc cc
cht kh khc trong lc th , hoc nhit ca mi trng bao quanh, nu l cht lng.
h/ Qu trnh x l mu trc lc th.
i/ Cch cho in p v tn s vo mu.
j) M t trng thi v v tr ch b chc thng.
Nu bin bn ch cn trnh by ngn gn, bt buc
phi c bn hng mc u.

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21

Kim loi
Xp x
Mu th

Hnh 1a : Cp in cc c kch thc khng bng nhau

( kch thc cho theo mm )

Hnh 1b : Cp in cc c kch thc bng nhau

( kch thc cho theo mm )

Hnh 1 : Cch b tr cc in cc th cc bng v tm

theo phng php thng gc vi b mt

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Khong cch tm

Hnh 1b : Cch b tr tng th

ca c cu ti im lp in
cc c u nh ln
( kch thc cho theo mm )

A=
B=
C=
D=
E=
F=
G=
H=
J =

Hnh 2b : Mt ct
ca c cu
( kch thc cho theo mm )

in cc trn lp kht vo ng lun D

in cc di
Mu trng thi th
ng xuyn bng ng thau c ng knh trong va lt cy
kim loi ng knh 6 mm.
Bng ng thau b rng 25 mm ni tt c cc in cc di.
Cc mnh lm t bng vi tm vc ni ph kn mp mu th.
Cc khi lm bng vt liu cch in thch hp, v d : ba p
tm nha .
L bt cht.
ng xuyn bng ng thau c ren bn trong.

Hnh 2 : Cch b tr cc in cc ( v d lm mu ) th
nghim cc di bng
theo phng php thng gc vi b mt

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23

in cc bng
l kim loi

Mu th

( kch thc cho theo mm )

php

Hnh 3 : Cch b tr cc in cc th theo phng

thng gc vi b mt i vi cc ng v xi lanh
ng knh trong ln hn 100 mm

Mu th
Cc in cc kim loi ( ng knh xem im 4.2.1 )
Xp x

( kch thc cho theo mm )

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Hnh 4 : Cch b tr cc in cc th theo phng

nu c )

song song vi b mt ( v dc theo cc lp ghp,

Hnh 5a : Mu th dt dng in cc cht

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25

( kch thc cho theo mm )

cc cht

php

Hnh 5b : Mu th hnh cy hoc hnh ng dng in

Hnh 5 : Cch b tr cc in cc th theo phng

nu c )

song song vi b mt ( v dc theo cc lp ghp,

- 20 -

Electrode : in cc
minimum : ti thiu
Variable dimension : kch thc thay i
Cc dy u nm ngoi phm vi bn v ny
Laminae : Cc lp ghp
General assembly : Lp ghp tng th
Vent hole : L thot
Vent :

L
V tr ca cc in cc trong mu
Kch thc cho theo mm

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Hnh 6 : Cch thit tr th nghim lp ghp trong cc bng

dy trn 15 mm
s dng in cc ng song song

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