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width at the critical section of the lug. The critical section is taken to be at the
junction of the lugs and the plate (Fig 8.7).
They are not normally relied upon to carry significant tensile force. Bolts
and threaded rods with nuts can be used for either axially loaded base plates or
base plates with moments. Threaded rods with nuts are used for both axial
loaded base plates or base plates with moments. Threaded rods with nuts are
used when the length and size required for the specific design exceed those of
standard size bolts. Failure of bolts are threaded rods with nuts occur when their
tensile capacities are reached. Failure is also considered to occur when a cone
of concrete is pulled out from the pedestal. This cone pull-out type of failure is
deplicted schematically in Figure 8.9. The failure cone is assumed to radiate out
from the bolt head or nut at an angle of 45 degree with tensile failure occurring
along the surface of the cone at an average stress of 4 f 'c where fc' is the
compressive strength of concrete in psi. The load that will cause this cone pullout failure is given by the product of this average stress and the projected area
the cone Ap [23, 24]. The design of anchor bolts is thus governed by the limit
states of tensile fracture of the anchors and cone pull-out.
Tu
t 0.75Fu
From Figure 8.9, it is clear that the size of the cone is a function of the
length of the anchor. Provided that there is sufficient edge distance and spacing
between adjacent anchors, the amount of tensile force required to cause cone
pull-out failure increases with the embedded length of the anchor. This concept
can be used to determine the required embedded length of the anchor. Assuming
that the failure can does not intersect
Ap
Tu / 4
f 'c
Where Ap is the projected area of the failure cone, T u is the required bolt
force in pounds, fc' is the compressive strength of concrete in psi and t is the
resistance factored assumed to be equal to 0.75. If failure cone from adjacent
anchors overlap one another or intersect with the pedestal edge, the projected
area Ap must be adjusted according (see, for example [23, 24]).
The length calculated using the above equation should not be less than
the recommended values given by [29]. These values are reproduced in the
following table. Also shown in the table are the recommended minimum edge
distances for the anchors.
A307 (A36)
12d
5d > 4 in
A325 (A449)
17d
7d > 4 in