Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BUILDING
MATERIALS
THE NEW LADDER
TYPE CURRICULUM
and
GEORGES. SALVAN
All rights 1'9$8rved.
No part of this book ma'f be reproduced in any
manneJ without permission of the publisher.
FIRST EDITION
ISBN : 971-11-0321-4
Published and Printed by:
JMC PRESS, INC.
388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City
Distributed by:
GOODWILL BOOKSTORE
Main Office: Rizal Avenue, Manila
P.0 . Box 2942, Manila
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The completion of this book was made a reality through the patient and hardworking efforts
of the artist and graduate of architecture, Mr. Fermin 0 . Balangcod.
Special thanks are also acknowledged to the artists who contributed in making the drawings
notably, Clamor C. Lecitona from NU, who also helped in the cover design; Johnny Camsol,
Jeny Jun Suyat, Roy Pagador, Rev Puno, and James Fioresca, all from BCF, Baguio City.
To the ones who lent unselfishly their books, like Dean Avelino Cruz of BCF, and to the BCF
librarian Mr. Macabiog, .. to Arcnitect Rogelio Naz of St. Louis University, Companies or
~nufacturers of materials ~o a!!K> eent _broch~res, _
han<!books and catalogues.
To Mr. Luis V. Canave who guided me on the comp\ete process of publishing and printing of
books and to Mr. Francisco C. Ma6csi, Teresita G. Espinoza, Eduardo C. Villanueva and
Enrico P. Gomez for their untiring cooperation in preparing the manuscripts typewritten by
Thelma T. Viilareal in computerized typesetting.
To the many students of architecture whose curiosity about and interestin the Building
Materials and its realization in book form have been a source of inspiration.
PREFACE
Design and construction in the Philippines for the past 20 years had grown steadily and the
. continuous introduction of neW products made it-difficult for those who are-not aware of.
these new materials in the market to cope up with their specifications.
In the many years of teaching the subject of building materials and in the experience of the
author in actual practice, it was found out that there is a need to compile and arrange these
building materials in such a way that the topic is discussed with an accompanying illustrations, brief specifications and labelings for easy comprehension.
This book discusses the properties of building materials, their application and articulation,
system of construction, methods for specifying and their character in use. It is arranged in
such a manner that the reader is provided with adequate knowledge on the characteristic
uses Of building materials. It also equips the reader with sufficient skill in the selection of and
specification of building materials.
With the new curriculum revised by the Ministry of Education with the United Architects of
the Philippines, the syllabus of instruction has been changed to include practically all the materials involved in the building construction field. This book is arranged in such a manner as
to introduce to the reader the qualities of wood, concrete, stone, steel, plastic, bituminous
materials and others. After the reader is equipped with these knowledge, the author arranged
the chapters in such a way as to place the materials in its proper order as flooring materials
whether wood or concrete, walling materials for use in interiors and exteriors, and ceiling
materials and roofing materials. Another important topic included is the chapter on building
protection which include among others the waterproofing, fijtproofing, fireproofing, burglar
proofing and many other protections which is common to buildings especially when it is
already existing .. At the end of the chapter is also included the summarized form of a bill of
materials and specifications which is commonly encountered in the. actual field.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
Chapter
.:h3pter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Cements, 2
Types of Aggregates, 2
Concrete Mixes, 2
Concrete Additives, 4
Concrete Products, 9
Construction Equipments, 12
Concrete Price List, 14
15
Brick, 16
Tile, 18
Terra Cotta, 21
Ceramic Veneer, 21
23
Building Stones, 24
Stone Construction, 25
Gypsum, 29
33
Wood,34
Moisture in Wood, 35
Seasoning of Lumber, 36
Unit of Measurement, 37
Glue Laminated Timber, :rl
Glue Used in Laminating, 39
41
Building Boards, 42
Building Papers, 48
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
..........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~
51
Bitumen, 52
55
Ferrous Metal, 56
Non Hlrrous Metal, 61
63
Glass, 64
Glass Products, 68
9
Chapter 10
...................................
71
i7
11
Chapter
Chapter
Glues, 78
Sealers, 79
Glazing and Caulking Compounds, 81
85
Thermal Insulations, 86
ix
chapter
Chapter
12
13
!n
Water Proofing , 95
Damp-Proofing, 114
Clear Silicone Water Repellant, 116
"ANAY" Proofing-soil Poisoning, 117
Wood Preservation, 119
Fire Protection, 121
Rat-proofing, 123
Rust Proofing, 123
Floor Protection and Surfacing, 126
Descalers, Paint and Chemical Strippers, 129
Chesterton Descaler and Chemical Cleaner, 129
Control, Project and Manage, 129
Paint, 132
Varnishes, 134
Enamels, 135
Shellac, 135
Lacquers, 135
Stains, 136
Fillers, 137
Sealers, 137
Silicone Water Repellant, 137
Product Names, 138
EXTERIOR WORK PAINTING
- Cement Plaster Sprayed Cement and Concrete, 139
- Hollow Block Masonry, 140
- Woodsiding, Paneling, Trims, Fascias Eaves, Soffits, 141
- Galvanized Iron Sheet Roofing, Gutters, 143
- Cappings, Conductors, Flashing, 144
- Asbestos and Ceramics, 145
EXTERIOR & INTERIOR WORK PAINTING
- Metal Sash, trims, mullions, ornamental iron and
other Ferrous Metal Surfaces, 146
- All non-painted concrete, Synthetic finishes, rubble,
brick and washout, 147
INTERIOR WORK PAINTING
- Woodwork, Plywood, Wall and Ceiling, 147
- Acoustical Wall and Ceiling, 149
- Wood Paneling; D9or, Closet Gabinets, 150
- Doors, closet and Cabinet work (Kitchen subjected
to Water), 151
INTERIOR WORK
- Cement Plaster Sprayed Cement and Concrete, 153
- Hollow Block Masonry, 156
- Application of Paint, 157
- Brands of Paints, 157
Chapter
14
HARDWARES ...... ..... ... .... .:....... ............ ......... ........... ......... ... . 159
Doors, 160
To Hung a Door, 164
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
15
PLUMBING MATERIALS .... ... .. ... ........ ...... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... .... .. .. 189
16
17
.FLOORING MATERIALS
Wood Flooring, 222
Concrete FJooring, 224
221
Chapter
18
xi
Glass, 251
Steel, 252
Non-Ferrous Metals, 253
Plastics, 253
Paints, 254
EXTERIOR WALL MATERIALS
-Stucco, 256
- Brick Veneer, 258
-Artificial Stone Veneer, 258
-.Natural Stone Veneer, 258
- Terra-Cotta Facing, 259
- Wood Siding, 260
- Boards an<:t Battens, 260
- Aluminum Siding, 260
- Meta4, 261
- Plywood, 261
- Wood Shakes and Shingles, 262 .
- Hardboard Siding, 263
-Asbestos-Cement Siding and Siding Shingles, 263
-Brick, 264
- Tile, Ceramic, Veneer and Terra-Cotta, 264
- Stone (Marble}, 266
- Precast Concrete Slabs, 266
Washout Finishes, 267
Synthetic Adobe Brick, 2ffl
Sandblasting, E
Bush-hammered Finish, 268
Gtass, 268
Plastic, 268
Logs,
Chapter
19
269
271
Chapter20 ROOFING MATERIALS ....... . .. ... ...... ..... .... . .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .. ... .. .. .. .. 281
Roof Styles, 282
Chsptel'
xii
21
CHAPTER
CEMENTS
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made from mate.rials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina and
iron components.
Four parts of limestone to one part clay are the basic ingredients. These are mixed, burned
. then pulverized.
Portland cement is sold either in cement bags of 40 kilos weight or in BULK into cement
trucks.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
1. White Portlahd Cement
Same materials as normal portland except in color. The manufacturing process is controlled to produce a pure white, non-staining cement. It is used primarily for architectural
purposes such as curtain wall and facing panels, decorative concrete stucco and tile
grout, or wherever white or colored concrete or mortar is specifted.
2. Masonry Cement
Has been specially designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal portland cement or with a lime-cement combination . The mortar made with this cement has
particularly good plasticity and workability, good adhesion and bond .
CONCRETE MIXES
Class "AA''
I
Class A
Class B
1:2:4
1:2 1/ 2:5
Class C
1:3:6
1:11/2:3
The designing of concrete mixtures is based primarily on the water-cement ratio theory,
which states that the strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water
used per unit (1b) of cement.
This means that if. for example, 68 lb. of water per lb . of cement will produce concrete capable of developing 2,500 psi in 28 days, then less w ater per bag w ill produce stronger eoncrete and more water w ill produce concrete of lesser strength.
Probable compressive at
28 days, psi
Plain concrete
0 .75
2,000
2,500
0.68
0.62
3,000
0.56
0.50
0.45
0.41
0.38
0.34
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
12"
1
The cone is filled in t"ree equal layers, each being tamped or ro.dded 25 times with a
standard 5/8" bullet nosed rod . When the cone has been filled and leveled off, it is lifted
carefully and the amount of slump is measured .
7.5 em
5.0 em
5.0 em
10.0 em
7.5 em
(.075) 3"
(.05 ) 2"
(.05 ) 2"'
(.10 ) 4'"
(.075) 3"
Island cement
Continental cement
Hi-cement
Union cement
Rizal cement
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Filipinas cement
Pacific cement
Fortune cement
Republic cement
Northern cement
CONCRETE ADDITIVES
In addition to the basic ingredients of concrete. other materials are often added to the mix or
applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete to produce some special result. These materials are known as concrete additives and may be used for one of the following reasons:
1. To speed up the i ni 1ial set of concrete .
2. To retard the initial set.
3. To make the concrete more resistant to deterioration due to repeated freezing and
thawing cycles.
,ACCELERATORS
An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete.. Such a material may be
added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for several reasons. For
example, this will allow earlier removal of forms and in some cases reduce the whole curing
period.
RETARDERS
The function of a retarder is to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete. In hot weather hydration is accelerated by the heat, thus cutting down the time avail. able to place, consolidate, and finish the concrete. High temperatures, low humidity and
wind cause rapid evaporation of water from the mix during summer. This drying of the concrete leads to cracking and crazing of the surtace.
An initial set retarder will hold back the ~ydration process, leaving more water for workability
and allowing concrete to be finished and .protected before drying out.
A retarder is usually used in bridge construction, since girders or beams are designed with a
camber and will be deflected as the load of the bridge deck is applied. The initial pours may
be partially set before paving of the bridge deck is complete if a retarderis not used. As further deflection takes place, this concrete being no longer plastic. will be subjeC?ted to stress
and may crack. It is also important to use a retarder in casting prestressed concrete.
members. Since prestress beds are usually long, up to 300ft. or more, it takes a considerable
time to place and consolidate the entire pour. It is desirable to keep the concrete plastic until
vibrating is completed to ensure a good bond between concrete and prestressed steel along
the entire length of the bed.
Retarders are also helpful for concrete that has to be hauled long distances in transit mix
trucks, to ensure that it reaches its destination in a plastic and placeable condition.
.
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS
Air entrained concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group of
chemicals called surface active agents, materials that have the pro~erty of reducing the surface tension of water intended for use when be:tter resistance to frost action is concerned.
DISPERSAL AGENTS
When cement and water are mixed, the cement particles tend to gather in clumps, or to floc-
culate. As a result water does not reach some of the particles and some are only partialiy
hydrated. Sometimes only 50 percent of the cement is hydrated.
Water trapped within these clumps later bleeds to the surface of the concrete, because of the
weight of the other materials. The voids left by the forcing out of the water later become
passages through which water can penetrate the concrete.
A cement dispersal agent such as calcium lignosulfonate causes cement particles to separate by imparting like electrostatic charges to them.
CONCRETE HARDENERS
Plain concrete surfaces which are subjected to rolliog live loads, the impact action of foot
traffic, and other types of wear begin to dust and crumble at the surtace after a period of
time. This condition worsens with time, finally resulting in the destruction of the surtace.
CONCRETE. WATERPROOFERS
Water under pressure and in contact with one surface of the concrete can be forced through
channels between th~ inner and outer surfaces. A measure of the amount of water passing
in this way is a measure of permeability; any admixture used to reduce this flow is really a
perrriea bil ity reducer.
Water also can pass through concrete by the action of capillary forces. If one side is exposed
to moisture and the other to air, the water reaching the dry side evaporates, resulting in a
flow of moisture through the concrete. Materials used to reduce or stop this type of flow are
more properly called damproofers.
Materials used to reduce permeability and also a damproofers.
a. Air-entraining agent-because it increases the plasticity of concrete and therefore
help to make placing easier and more uniform . They also reduce bleeding by holding
the water in films about the air bubbles.
As damproofer because the small disconnected voids produced by air entrainment
break up the capillaries in the concrete and therefore offer a barrier to the passage of
water by capillary action.
b. Cement dispersal agent-Since it tends to reduce voids formed when water is
trapped in groups of cement particles.
c. Water repellents- Used as damproofing. The materials used are compounds containing calcium or ammonium stearate, calcium or ammonium oleate, or butyl stearate. These substances are generally combined with lime or calcium chloride.
d. Film applied to surface-'-preferab!y the one adjacent to the water source. The
common materials are those containing asphalt or sodium silicate and one which
contains a metallic aggregate.
The asphaltic products from an impervious coatings. over the surface. The sodium silicate compounds enter the surface pores and form a gel which prevents water from
entering the concrete. The metallic aggregate type of waterproofer consists of fine
cast-iron particles, to which is added a chemical that causes them to oxidize rapidly
when mixed with portland cement.
BONDING AGENTS
When fresh concrete is poured against another' concrete surface already set and at least partially cured, it is often difficult to obtain a bond between the two surfaces unless special precautions are taken. Fresh concrete shrinks when setting, and unless there is a very good
bond th.us shrinkage makes the new concrete pull away from the old surface.
a cement - Paste slurry is often applied to such an old surface immediately prior to
pouring new -concrete to increase the amount of paste. When such a treatment cannot
be applied, bonding agents are used to"join the two surfaces.
Two Types:
1. Metallic aggregate -iron particles are larger, but with same materials as the permeability reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and subsequent expansion of the
iron particles .
-2. Synthstic latex emulsion -consists of a highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin dis
,.
persed in water. When it is sprayed or painted on a concrete surface. the pores in the
concrete absorb the water and allow the resin particles to coalesce and bond .
SET-INHIBITING AGENTS
Specifications sometimes require that concrete surfaces be produced in which the aggregates are exposed for architectural effect.,
Certain inhibiting agents will prevent the ceme.nt paste from bonding to the surface aggregates but will not interfere with the set throughout the remainder of the pour.
Two materials are used for this purpose.
a. a liquid which is applied to forms for vertical surfaces immediately before pouring
concrete and a
b. powder which is applied directly to freshly poured horizont~)l surfaces
The depth of penetrationof the innibitor depend's on the amount used per square foot. Usual
rates of application will vary from 1 1/ 2 to 3 lb. per ~00 sq . ft. of surface.
After three or four days of curing, the retarded surface concrete should be hosed or brushed
off, exposing cleanaggregate and leaving a rough cast effect.
NON-SKID SURFACES
To avoid making concrete surfaces slippery, use wood or cork floats which will leave a rough
surface instead of steel .trowelling operation during ttie floor-finishing process.
Another method is to use an abrassive material in the topping, applied as a dry shake in
much the same way as metallic-aggregate topping is applied . The abravise material is
f loated, into the top and the steel trowel operation is omitted . Materials commonly used for
this purpose are fine particles of .Flint, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, or emery.
con-
2. To seal the pores of a concrete surface after it has hardened in order to prevent the
p&ssage of water and the absorption of spilled materials such as oil, grease, or paint.
Sealing agents used to prevent water evaporation are usually liquid waxes which can
be sprayed over the surface but which are easily removed after curing is complete.
POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES
Materials sometimes used in structures where it is desirable to avoid high temperature or in.
structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates. These pozzolanic; materials are
generally substituted for 10 to 35 percent of the cement. Po~olans may be added to concrete mixes - rather than substituting for part of the cement- to improve workability, impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.
A number of natural materials suches diatomaceous earth, opaline cherts and shales, tuffs
and pumicites, arid some artificial materials such as fly ash are used as pozzolans. (Fly ash is
a fine residue which results from the combustion of powdered coal and may contain various
amounts of carbon, silica, sulfur, alkalies, and other ingredients).
CONCRETE PRODUCTS
Made of lightweight and heavyweight materials for use in exterior and interior load-bearing
walls, firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.
CONCRETE BLOCK
Made with both stone and lightweight aggregates.
2. Solid load bearing block --defined as one having a core area of not more than 25
percent of the gross cross-sectional area.
3. Hollow; non load bearing concrete block -one in which the core area exceeds 25 .
percent of the cross sectional area.
Conc~ete
brick.
COMMON SIZE
4" x 8 .. x 16" -for non load bearing partitions
6" x 8,. x 16.. -for load bearing walls
QUALITY
a. Hand made -backyard i-ndustry
Ramrod
Jackbilt
Permanent
Superior
CAST STONE
Used -to simulate stone from concrete methods.
a. By splitting a solid concrete block to expose two rough surfaces.
b. By making a mortar of cement and very high quality silica sand and casting it in molds
which produces a unit w ith the face shaped to simulate chipped sand stone, shale or slate
done either by placing coloring material on the mold or either by mixing the color to the
mortar.
c. By mixing granite or marble chips with a mortar made with white cement and cast the
mortar in a mold with a hard, smooth face. When the unit is. partially cured, it is ground
off to expose some stone in the surface, resulting in a terrazo-like appearance.
10
OTHER PRODUCTS
1. Decorative and concrete blocks- used for sunbaffles and for fences.
3. ConcNte balusters
4. Cement tiles-1"
X 8H X
a..
11
1- eAGGER CONCReTE
MIXER
12
EM~
7M-g'
10 MT<;
. GdGCUNE eNGINE"
-,.s
1."-3'!.4" PUMP
c.oNVEYOR.
TO 1G 8+-IP
I Eki?A?L> l=l.a)R
GJ.<INDER
.
13
'
PEBBLES:
U/COST
Black #5, '10, 16.. ... .. .... .. .. fl14.00
Buracay 16, 10 . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .
Buracay (Ml #10 .. .. .. . .. . . .
Assorted #5, 10, 15 .. . . . . . ..
36.00
28.00
18.00
60.00
50.00
25.00
90.00
75.00
45.00
SYNTHETIC ADOBE:
White or Natural ........... . , 7.00
Yellow Brown ............ .. .
8 .00
Red ............................. .
8.00
Black .. ..... .. ..... ... .... ...... .
8.00
Dark Brown ................ ..
8.00
Small Shell ... ..... .... .... .. .. . , 7.00
MARBLE CHIPS:
White 15, 10, 15.............. .
Beige #5, 10, 15 ...... .. ..... ..
Pink 15, 10, 16 ............. ..
Gray #5, 10, 15 ............. ..
Black 15. 10, 15 ............. ..
Mariposa #5, 10, 16
MARBLE DUST:
Marble Dust White
Marble Oust Beige.. ..........
P22.00
16.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
P22.00
12.00
14
thickn~
VIGAN TJLES:
12x 12 ... :.. , 6.00/pc.
10 x 10 ..... :
5.00/ pc.
8 X 8.. ..... ..
4.00/pc,
MARBLE CUTTER:
Tylorit .. .. .. P 90 .00/pc.
Rasta ...... ...
85.00/pc.
Sait... ..... ....
85.00/pc.
WOOD STRIP:
1/4 .. . .. .. .. .. . fl 3.00/pc.
3/ 4 ........ ... .
3.30/pc.
1/2 .. .. .. .. . .. .
3.50/ pc.
3 mm .. ..... ..
tt14:00/ pc.
19!00/pc.
BRASS STRIP:
2mm .........
note: 3"-4"'
MARBLE ASHLAR:
4 x 8 ......... P240.00/m2
2 x 8 .. .. .. .. . 225.00/m2
2 x 12 .. .. ....
186.00/m2
3x 12 .........
200.00/m2
4 x 12 ..... .. ..
210.00/ m2
DECORATIVE ROCKS:
Coda ............. :.............
Teresa Rocks ................. .
Petrified Rocks .............. .
,16.00/lyr.
50.00/ lyr.
50.00/lyr.
53.30/lyr.
61.30/lyr.
P 11.00/pc.
4mm .........
p
25.00/ can
800.00/m3
1,400.00/mJ
1,200.00/m3
1,000.00/ mJ
1,400.00/m3
1,600.00/ m3
25.00/can
15.00/ can
75.00/can
~ . 00/can
CARBORUNDUM:
~ough Tylorit .. .. . . P210.00/ pc.
Semi Rough .. ..... . . . 210.00/pc.
Fine Carb:.. .. ... .. .. .
130.00/ pc.
Fine Czec. .... ..... ...
75.00/pc.
Carb. Czec. . .. .. . . ..
80.00/ pc.
Horshow .. ...... ....
250.00/pc.
CHAPTER
,
Clay occurs in three principal forms.
c. fire clays -are found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and
chemical qualiti~s.
'
BRICK TEXTURE
Texture are applied by attachments which cut, scratch, brush, roll, or roughen the s"'rface or
by applying or spraying glazes on the brick before or after burning.
rug~
16
matt
Typical ones are 1) ceramic glaze, consisting of spraying a coating of a mixture of mineral ingredients on one or more surfaces of the brick. The glaze melts and fuses to the brick at a
given temperature, producing a glasslike coating which is available in almost any color and
2) salt glaze, consisting of solution of sodium iron silicate. Salt glaze is transparent so the
color of the bric~ is presented under a lustruous gloss.
BRICK BOUNDS
1. The method of laying bricks in a wall in order to form some distinctive pattern or design is referred to as the pattern bond.
2. The method by which the individual units in a brick structure are tied together either
by overlapping or by metal ties is known as the structural bond.
3. The adhesion of mortar to bricks or to steel reinforcements used in conjunction with
them is called the mortar bond.
fl~r91
JOt
=:1or
J1J1Mirt 9
tmJ
:n:::u:
Jo
JCJr
JCJ..__l_
_---J:JDl.
lDl
r:.
l[
:J'-l_
1xnd
:JI
ll
_,JjfL--....14~;__-_
JJ
ll
__,][
JC.
a} PATTERN BONO
~RUGTURAL HEAOE~
~AVJTY
b) SlRUC.TURAL
WALL
BONO
17
V-j01nt
cflll~
TILE
STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE -are hollow units as opposed to brick which is solid. Tiles are
made from the same material as brick, but all clay tile are formed by extrusion in the stiffmud process.
Types of Tiles
1. Load bearing wall tile-used for the bearing watts .of light buildings, the height
usually restricted to four stories. Struc1uralload bearing wall tile are made in 4, 6, 8,
10 and 12 in thicknesses.
18
3. Back-up tile-intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be
faced with brick or facing tile. The facing is bonded to the back up and the loads are
supported by both.
,,
4. Furring tile-used on the inside of extericr walls to provide air spaces for insulation
to prevent the passage of moisture an9 to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load bearing.
,l
SPLIT FURRI~G TILE
SOLID FURRING
TILE
19
SOFFIT TILE.
COLUMN
6. Roor Tile-one way nbbed concrete floor and roof slabs can be formed by
using structural clay'floor tile. They are manufactured in both load-bearing and nonload bearing grades in standard thicknesses ranging from 3 to 12 in and standard
20
: . />
. ..
'
.
"'.
L..Rihl19
7. Structural Clay Facing Tile - unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a
rough textured finish. They are designed to be used as exposed facing material on
either exterior or interior walls and partitions.
2 Classes
a. Standard ti/e......:suitable for general use in either exterior or interior locations.
b. Specialized tile -have heavier shells and webs and are intended for greater resistance to impact and moisture penetration.
8. Structural Glazed Facing Tile -produced from high-grade light burning clay
which is suitable for the application of ceramic or salt glaze. Two types are single
faced units and two opposite faces glazed.
TERRA COTTA
Meaning "fired earth" is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and
molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually refered to as ceramic veneer.
and is a unit with,' flat face and flat or ribbed back.
t>.
Anchor type - are held by mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the
wall behind adhesion type ceramic veneer is available in face sizes up to 600 sq. in.
and 24 in . max. widths. Lengths can be up to 36 in. thickness limited to 1 in.
21
CERAMJC
~t~l latth
'/4 S?rt~tt.k [()4t
~:l'fk?rta- CLJ~t
l.4rattiC.
v~r
.,.
. METAL
r~L;: ::
~; ~-:-~lfl--_ ~f12a1htrtg
..
r<~~~~;
......,_~"*--Y4" nn-t.ar 6J.at
1
4. --+1-l"+t--
.~: .
~~; :
~
:~..
~..
.:t
::,:
"':.
..
woo.o
22
~+"mlTtar t..,pat
:.PLJttf1tL Y~?nna-
BRICK.
' 0 ...
.
..
:. :.
t. ;"" ~---'
..".:""t't:t:+~
...:.
~r2t.!
. : : :.....
.. :.~- ~~- 111c1rtJ"
,. . : .
'.
teramu.
CONCRETE:.
ven~
,-
CHI'PTER
:~l-:~.;:.~-
CLASSIFICATION
Rock can be divi~ed into three general categories.
1. Igneous-formed as the result of the cooling of molten matter.
2. Sedimentary -formed by the action of water either by .depositing minerals at the bot
tom of a water body _or depositing them on the earth's surface.
3. Metamorphic - rocks changed from their original structure by the action of extreme
pressure, heat, or various combinations of these forces.
Stone used for building purposes also can be classified according to form in which it is available commercially.
1. Rubble- includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into suitable
sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have been roughly cut to size (usually used for and filling material) (escombro and lastillas).
2. Dimension (cut stone} -consist of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a
set or draw;ngs (For facings of walls).
3. Flagstone (Flat slabs) -consists of thin pieces (1 /2 in . and up which may or may not
have had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (For walks and floors.)
4. Crushed rock -Stones consisting of pieces varying in size from 3/8 to 6 in . and is used
to a large extent in concreting.
BUILDING
STONE~
\ ..
1. Argillite -one formed from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used
for floor tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exte
rior window sills.
2. Granite-is of igneous origin and composed ~f quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its
generally very hard, strong durable.and capable of taking a high polish. For use in flooring
wall paneling, column and mullion facings, stair treads or flagstone. Comes in colors of
red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.
3. limestone-is a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, o r calcite cemented calcareous
stone formed of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage
lines and uniform in structure and composition. Dolomitic - a limestOne which is rich in
magnesium Carbonate and frequently somewhat crystalline in character and crystalline
limestone-is prodominantly composed of calcium or carbonate crystals it has high compressive and tensile strength. Very low in absorption, and has a smooth texture ..The color is a fairly uniform light gray.
24
STONECONSTRUCTION
Stones are largely used as a facing material for large buildings with steel or concrete frames.
When used as a facing stonework may be divided into four categories.
2. Ashlar-work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlar, irregular coursed
ashlar, regular coursed ashlar.
25
4. Trim ...:....involves use f!llf stones cut for a SPecific purpose and include Quoin -stones laid at
the intersection of two walls. They are emphasized by using a contrasting color or type
and by projecting beyond the vertical plane of the wall. Usually they are laid so that they
appear alternately as !ong and short stones on each side of the corner.
26
Jamb stone
sills should have a wash or slope or the upper surface to provide for water run off. Sills
are also provided with a drip to prevent water from running back to the wall along the
uhderside of the sill.
11s Copings -one which
cornices -specially cut stones which are built into and project from, a masonry wall
near the top to provide the appearance of a cave.
liS
27
as Lintels -stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.
. ~.
li"
.... . .. .. . . ..
411
II
.,
'~
..
1J
;,
'
A , .'
~ -L------~-------
as Stone Steps - made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in concrete.
as an Arch Stone - cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window
opening.
as Stone Rooring ..... walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick
or tile with Flagstone. They may be random flagstones, Trimmed flagstone Trimmed rectangular and square.
28
GYPSUM
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate-from which gypsum plaster is made
(by heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in port.land cement.
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. Plasters
a. Plastsr of hris-made from carefully selected white _rock ..~hen mixed with water
to form a paste, it sets in about _1~ to 20 minutes. It is used for small patching jobs on
plaster walls and for making molds; When lime putty is mixed, it makes a. plaster
finish coat which hardens fast and free from shrinkage cracks.
b . Keene's Cement -It gypsum is subjected to a temperature of 750F, it is completely
dehydrated. When this material is ground and alum added to it, it is known as keene's
cement. Used where sanitary conditions or exc~iye moisture makes it necessary to
specify a hard impervious, smooth surface since it is highly resistant to moisture penetration.
c. Casting Plaster - This plaster is made from specially selected rock and ground much
f iner than plaster of Paris. It is slower setting aOd cooler working, which make it
adaptible for ornamental molded plaster work.
d. Hard wall plsster- This is a neat gypsum plaster, containing hair or fiber, widely
used to form 'the first (scratch) coat and the second (brown) coat on plastered walls
and ceilings.
29
2. Gypsum Boards
a. Gypsum wsllb011rd-A fireproof sheathing for interior walls and ceilings . It is made
of a core of gypsum covered on each side by a heavy specially manufactured kraft
paper. The paper on the exposed surface is ivorycolored, while the back is gray. Used
to make partitions in which there is no framework, can also be applied directly to the
walt ffame of used over sheathing by a single or double nailing or scr8W-tastanlng
size iS 4 feet by up to 12 feet .-
-
b. Gypsum Lath - Agypsum core is covered on both sides with a heavy paper, but in
the case of lath , the same paper is used for both back and front, size 3/ 8" x 16"' x 48'"
packed in bundles. Used as a base for plaster, providing adhesion for gypsum plaster.
c. Gypsum Precsst Roof Decking - Precast from gypsum containing various types of
fiber are made in either the square-edged. plank from 4 to 6 feet or metal - edged
plank 10 feet long.
"'!' -- 15'.
PLANK
3. Gypsum Tile
a. Psrtitlon snd Furring Tile - made for specially calcined gypsum, to which is usually
add~ about 5 percent wood fiber in the form of chips and sometimes some perlite.
The wood fiber allows the tile to bind together better, while the perlite reduced the
. weight. Both solid and how tile are made, dimensions being 12 X 30 in width thickness .
from 2 to 6'".
30
4. Gypaum Precast Wall Panels. -Made by casting in mold a panel consist of two outer
shells 5/ 8 in. thick reinforced with viscose fiber and separated by a core of hexagonal
cells, it is made 2 feet wide, 2 to 6 i,n. thick and up to 10ft. long. Each panel is tongue and
groove along its long edges to f9rm an interlocking wall.
LIME - Used in the making of the finish or putty coat for interior plaster. The lime used is
hydrated or slake lime which is mixed with water to form a plastic, putty like material to
which is added gauging plaster. The mixture is applied in a thin coat over the bare ~ter
and troweled to a smooth finish. The lime in the putty begins to recarbonate, and this
hardening continues slowly for a long period of time.
31
CHI' PTE~
WOOD
Wood is traditional building material, it is easily worked, has dural;)ility and beauty. It
has great ability to absot'b shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from
rust and corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to a countless variety of
purposes. .
Cl...lflcation of Trees
Trees generally f!!re.classified into two kinds:
1. Hatdwood8-'deciduous' trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in
the winter time.
2. Softwood- 'conifers' trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their
seeds in cones.
a. First Group
Narra-,most expensive, .used for furniture and panelings, for expensive floorings,
door panels, stairs and plywood veneer or facings.
Yacal and Guijo-both hardwoods, used for posts and girders, or jambs attached tO
concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to
weather.
Pine Benguet -SOftwood, used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture. Also
used for framings. trusses.
Tanguile and Apitong-the most common lumber in the market. Used generally for
fr:amings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
White and Red lauan-for framings, chests, jewel boxes
Kamagong-hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair ff'ames.
Oao-used for 'panelings and plywood veneer.
AJmaciga-simifar to pine for paneling.
Mahogany
lpil
Kalantas
Kalamansanai
Supa
b. Second Group
Acacia (rain tree) for wood carvings
Agoho
Oita
Oak
Phflippine Chestnut
Pili
Malabayabas
c. Third Group
Bakawan
Malakamias
Malasaging
Matamata
Nangka
Santol
d. Fourth Group
MOISTURE IN WOOD
The moisture content of wood is_ usually expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry
weight and can be detennined by the oven-dry method or by an electric_.moisture meter
method.
For the oven-dry method, they should be cut the full width of the bOard and from 1/2 to
3/4 inches long. The sections should be cut at least 2 feet from the end of the board to eliminate a sample that may have end-dried: The pieces are weighed and the results recorded
as the, original weight. The samples are pfaced in an oven heated to 212F and left until all
the moisture has been removed. The weights are then checked several times until it is found
that the pieces are no longer- (osing weight, and are constant. The pieces are removed from
the oven and weighed immediately.
This result is recorded as the oven-dry weight. Then the moisture content can be cal
culated using this formula.
Moisture content
(tn percent)
1-. Yard Lumber-Ufed for ordinary light construction and finishing work arid consists
of 1 and 2 in. material manufactured into common boards, shiplap, shelving dimension lumber (2 x 2 in to 2 x 12 in.) Center match, flooring, roof plank, siding, V-joint,
trim and molding of all kinds. These are usuaHy found in retail lumberyards.
Exsmples;
-,
V-cut
Lj
Bead
(for sidings)
"'51Z*(
Concave
Rizal Cut
r;J17llr?
mnf]))JD
1xs"
..._,..{ /2 tS
2'"x2"
2"x to
35
Mouldings
Convex
concav~
Quarter round
2. Shop Lumber-usually left in 1 in. and 2 in . rough thickness often containing knots
or defects not ordinarily permissible in other categories. It is intended for use in
shops or mills making sash, doors and cabinets where it will be cut into relatively
short pieces and the defective material discarded.
3. Structui'BI Lumber - is intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into timbers of lluger size than yard lumber. 3 in. or more thick and 4
in. or more wide. It is made from the heartwood of the log.
Finishes of wood
- surfacing or planing of o.1e side
- two sides planed
- four side$ planed
- as sawn and not planed
Wood GRAIN
SEASONING OF LUMBER
As clay is burned, steel is tempered, so lumb"r must be dried. Water content represents 30
to 100 percent or more of the dry weight of a b~rd . Two methods .for drying of lumber.
1. Air-drying -lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
36
.........
. 2. Kiln-drying IK.O.) more expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as
wood will not move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use. It must be dried
to a moisture content of not more than 5 to 10 percent. This is done in a dry kiln -a large
airtight structure, scientifically heated by steam pipes - in which the lumber is artificially
dried to the correct moisture content. K.D . takes days or weeks as opposed to sun dried
which will take months in a drying yard.
Treated Lumber
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
The board foot, a piece of lumber 12 in. wide and 1 in. thick and one foot long is the unit of
measurement. 1" x 12"i < 1'-0" or 1 x 12/12 x 1'-0" = 1 bd. ft .
Example:
So
Example:
37
2. trees which are too small for production of large sawn timbers will produce material
which is perfectly satisfactory for laminated members.
3. low grade lumber can be used in sections of laminated timbers, reducing the overall
cost.
4. lumber to be used in laminating can be seasoned much more quickly and easily while in
small units .
5. laminated members are dry when erected resulting in the minimum amount of deflection
due to loading.
6. a camber or crown can be built into laminated timbers to take care of deflection due to
loading.
7. curved members such as arch ribs are easily made by bending thin sections to the reQuired curvature and laminating them.
9. in general, variation in strength from one timber to arlother will be lela than with sawed
timbers.
10. subject to certain limitations, it is possible to use two or more speciel together combining advantages of economy of low strength species and superior qualities of highstrength wood.
--
38
as show below.
JL+ ft.
r--.
--
'
Of
unglued
.,.
39
BOXED BEAM
CURVED
GT~IG~T
r
TAP F-JC!ED
S"f'MM ET~\0\l..LY T~
LAMINATED BEAM5
LAMJNA'TED .ARCHES
40
:1
.CHAPTER
~ft.IILDING BOARDS
A group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a
finished surface on walls, ceilings, etc. This group .of boards are all flat, relatively thin in section and have been made to standard sizes, usually 4 x 8ft. These building boards are made
of several materials and used for a variety of purposes.
1. Plywood
2~ 1-:fardw~oci
a: frisulating fiberboard
4. Chipboard
5. i,',article board
6. Gypsum board
7. Strawboard
8. Asbestos-cement board
9 .. Corkboard
10.
Paperboard
11 ...Mineral fiberboard
1~. Plr;~stic
foamboards
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
One of the main advantages of plywood is that it has good strength across as well as along
the panel. The more plies there are in a panel, the more nearly equal the strength in both directions will be.
The tendency to swell and shrink is neutralized to a large extent, because in plywood approximately half the wood grain runs in one direction and the other half at the right angles to
it.
Plywood has a greater r~istance to blows. than ordinary wood.
Plywood cannot be split in the plane of the panel because of its successive layers at right
angles to one another. Nails and screws can be driven very close to the edge of the panels
without danger of splitting.
Plywood can be bent more easily then ordinary wood of the same thickness. The radius of
curvature depends on the thickness of the panel and is limited by the strength of the outer
piles in tension and by the strength of the inner plies in compression.
Plywood offers innumerable possibilities for decoration because of the great variety of colors
and textures that can be produced on'the face piles.
Decorative effects also can be applied to the face ply by sandblasting, by pressure, or by
etching with wire brushes.
1. PLYWOOD
Plywood is made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way th~t the grain of each
layer is at right angles to the grain of each adjacent laye.r.
42
"l!
t=::;::========:::::r;:~h2:.ro$b.at'ld~
Each layer of plywood is called a Veneer,and commonly made by rotary cutting-a method
of cutting wood veneer in ~hich a log is fixed in a lathe and rotated against a knife so that
the veneer is peeled from the log in a continuous sheet.
Waterproof glue is applied by machine to the face plies, core, and crossbonds. They are
assembled into plywood form and placed in hot presses which compress the veneers into
Solid.Sheela of approximately th8,;Riper thickness. At the same time the heat cures the glue,
a process whiCh takes trom 2 to 20 minutes.
TYPES OF PlYWGlOD
1. Marine plywood -absolutely waterproofed
2. Fancy plywood -non waterproofed for panellings and cabinets.
Narra bookmatched
Kalantas rotary cut
Ribbon grained tanguile
lal.Mif'l rotary cut
Dao bookmatched
Rosewood
Tanguile
3. Ordinary plywood
4. Form plywood
5. Pre-finished plywood paneling (Brand Danarra)
a. Paper-overlaid
b. Print~.:..comes in 14 color tones, no need to varnish or paint. Nailed through
V-grooves or glued. Comes in three pre-cut sizes and two series, the morocco
aeries and papyrus series.
43
bookmatched- the assembling of wood veneers from the same flitch so that successive
sheets are alternated face up and face down.
2. HARDBOARD
Made from processed wood chips . Chips of controlled size are subjected to high-pressure
steam in pressure vessels. When the pressure is released the chips " explode" and the cellulose and lignin are separated from the unwanted elements and then mixed into a homogenous mass and formed into a continuous board which is. cut up into convenient lengths.
These are pressed into uniform, hard, grainless sheets in heated presses. The'?'are smooth
on one side and with a overlap-like impression on the other side.
Three grades of board
a. Standard-flexible to be quite easily bent. It is light brown and is produced in thicknesses of 1/ 8, 3/ 16, 1/4, and 5/ 16 in .. Boards are 4 feet wide and are available in
lengths of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and 16 feet. This grade of hardboard is not suitable for
exterior work.
b. Tempered hardboard- is made by impregnated standard board with a tempering
compound of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
Tempered hardboard is dark brown in color and is available in thicknesses of 1/8,
3/ 16, 1/ 4, 5/16 and 3/8 in . This board is brittle and stiff, has improved machining
qualities and much greater resistance to water penetration, making it suitable for exterior use-.
c. Low-density hardboard - Not as strong and durable as standard hardboard.
Some specially products of hard board
, . ~~~~:~?'
r:
..-::::'!
:~>~....
:_' _j
PLAIN
44
MOROCCO LEATHER
GTUCCO
r--,
~,.
:~
~1;
-..
.,
'
.
o :o o
''
,;
'
O:;j.o o
GROOVED BQ.o\RD
SAWALl
f='INE WEAVE
LOWER BQARO
LACE.
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0 .Q
. o.. ?<. o o ci
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.:':':t~l,
o o o .
OIAMONO~
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o~-to".
PERFORATED OR
DISPLAY.BOAAo
OR IF~
3. INSULATING FIBERBOARD
Made from three types of fiber-wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed into a
board.
a-1 Insulating grade -made up as insulating, decorative p(lnels, decorative ceiling tile, Vnotch plaster base, and roof insulation. Standard thicknesses are 1/2, 5/8, 3/4 and 1 in.
CAH~BOARO
a-2 Sheathing grade - Oroe having both surfaces and all edges
coated with asphalt and the other with the fibers impregnated
with asphalt during manufacture.
b. Cane fiberboards ismade by shredding cane and processing the fibers in much the same
Y"av as wood fibers.
c. Mineral fiberboard is made from asbestos fibers mixed with a cementing agent. This type
of board is used primarily for fireproofing and acoustical purposes.
45
4. CHIPBOARD
A large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced with
veneer. Chipboard is made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue in the
form of a 4ft. wide ooard, length from 8to 16feet long with thicknesses 1/ 4, 5/ 16, 3/ 8, 1/ 2,
5/ 8, and 3/ 4 in.
Panefs.are made in two types, plain and pattemed. Plain panels may be unsanded, sanded
on one side, or sanded two sides. Patterned panels have one grooved surface, either evenly
spaced or random.
Chipboards are used both for interior and exterior which include sheathing for walls, and
roof, subflooring, fence panelling, and commercial exteriors and interiora. The board lends
itsetf to a range of stain and paint finishes, an advantage for interior use, while at the same
time, its weather resistance make it valuable as an outdoor material. Hardwood plywood can
also be laminated to chipboard for interior finishing panel.
5. PARTICLE BOARD
A ,hardboard made from relatively small particles. The particles are graduated from coarse at
. the center of the board to fine at the surface to help produce a product;with a smooth, dense
au~. 8oth aurfacae are sanded, and one lllrface.and the edges may be fined to provide a
still smoother denses surface for particular uses.
Common uses are floor underlay, using polyvinyl acetate adhesive-, divergent point staples
Qr annufar-grooved underlay flooring nails for fastening.
.
---~
..;.,.,.....
~-----.~ .-..;-"':.t:.'-
.-... ' ,..:
.
:P': ';..: ..,.,. .',"
~=~~}
::~~~
_,. __ : . .,.
.... .
. : ..,.,....
~
:_ , r-; ; : : '~,.:
:..:.,:_.. -' -
--, "";.
-~
.-~
6. GYPSUM BOARD
A wall board having a gypsum core. One type is a pcard with a special paper face on which a
variety of wood-grain patterns may be printed. Such a board may be nailed with special colored nails, or glue laminated to an interior surface to produce a wood-grain effect.
Another type is a gypsum board faced with a vinyl sheet, made to imitate a textile surface.
This is.either glued in place or held by afuminum or plaStic moldings.
7. STRAWBOARD
A hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400F and covered with
a tough kraft paper.
46
Two grades:
a. Structurttl boardt-is manufactured 2 in. thick, 4ft. wide and 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10ft.
long. It is used for nonbearing partitions,
exterior sheathing, roof decking, and as
wall forms.
b. Insulation gl'tlde- also 2 in. thick and 4ft. wide but comes in 5 ft. lengths onty. It is
intended primarily for roof deck insulation.
8. ASBESTOS-CEMENT BOARD
A dense, rigid, board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded wiih portland
cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low ;esistance to heat flow. Used as a
building material in sheet form and corrugated sheeting.
Flal boards are made 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, and 1/2 in. thick; 4ft: wide, and from 6 to 12 feet long.
Various types of corrugated sheets are made from the 5ame material.
All types of asbestos-cement boards must be drilled for the insertion of screws, bolts, or
other fasteners.
9. CORKBOARD
From the outer bark of the cork oaktree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 in. thick and baked under pressure into rigid
boards.
The standard board length is 36 in. and widths are 12, 18, 24, and 36 in. Corkboard is used
almost exclusively for thermal insulating material and vibration control.
tT:'i .. ,
'
J~~;;;;::;;:::::--....
. ..
. . . .... .
...
10. PAPERBOARD
Made In two different types:
a. A paper rntfp pressed into boards 3 / 16, or 1/ 4 in. thick, 4ft. wide, and 6, 1 or 8ft.
long. Usually one surface is primed fpr ~er finishing.
b. A layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated form and faced on both sides with a
thick paper backing, cemented to the core.
zsz
:s: zI
47
Thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of stiff
paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from 1/2 to 2 in . . The
usual board size is 24 x 48 in. These units are used for roofdeck insulation and are cemented
to the deck with asphalt adhe.sive.
BUILDING PAPERS
In building construction, paper is used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making
asphalt shingles, laminated and corrugated building products, and concrete form materials,
as a moisture and vapor barrier: as a cushioning material; as wall-paper; as an envelope or
sheathe for other materials; and as a fireproofing material.
Most paper is made from cellulose fibers which comes from w ood pulp , but wastepaper. jute
waste, Manila hemp, rags, straw and bagasse (cane and corn stalks) are also utilized.
b. Chemical pulp -produced by digesting wood chips in various chemicals to free the
cellulose fibers from the liquid binding.
c. Semi-chemical pulp -wood chips are first subjected to a mild chemical treatment and
then mechanically disintegrated in rotating disk refiners.
TYPES OF PAPER
1. Sheathing paper - paper used to provide an airtight barrier over walls, floors etc .
Two Types:
a. Plain psper-either a low-cost paper made from a mixture of semichemical pulp and
waste paper or a tough paper made from kraft pulp.
..
2. Roofing Paper
a. Roofing felts-those which are used in making a built-up roof and are ~sually produced in 36 in. wide rolls, in various weights from 3 to 20 lb. per square.
48
b. Relle~ roofing -a heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering,
made 18 and 36 in. wide, in various weights from 45 to h20 lb. per square.
3. Insulating Paper
The primary objective in the production of this type of-paper is to secure bulk and entrapped air with as much strength as possible. Insulating papers are made both from.
a. We_a d-fiber insulating paper -- is made from groundwood or bagasse with some
wastepaper pulp added. The paper is usually gray, produced in 36 in. wide rolls,
weighing about 9 lb. per square. It is used for insulating walls, ceilings and floors.
b. Asbestos fibers -a soft, pliable paper used for insulating p1pes carrying steam ,
boilers, and other vessels w ith high temperatures. It is produced in various weights
from 5 to 10 lb. per square . a heavier asbestos-felt paper is prortuced for use as a
built-up roofing material. It is saturated with asphalt and producerl in rolls 36 in. wide
weighing approximately 15 lb .. per square.
4. Cushioning Paper
Similar to wood-fiber insulating paper, but less attention is paid to strength . Its Ghief use
is for cushioning under linoleum , carpets, or slate roofing .
5. Vapor-Barrier Paper
These paper, which are intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through
walls, ceilings and floors, are made in three different types.
a. Wsxf!d papsr-made from strong light kraft in three grades commonly known as x,
XX , XXX.
b. Two thicknesses of paper laminated together with a film of asphalt. Two kinds of
paper is used - One is a kraft paper, the other, a mixture of ground wood pulps,
treated by the sulfite and the kraft methods .
c. A sheet of kraft paper laminated to copper foil by an asphalt f ilm. This is a heavy duty
material used for vapor barrier and tor flashing.
6. Laminating Paper
This is a special, high strength kraft paper made for use in the production of plastic laminates. The thin, strong paper is impregnated w ith liquid _plastic resin and several sheet
are laminated together under heat and pressure to form the- base for the plastic sheet.
:...
' '
a. A form made from strong kraft paper in the form of a spiral tube . These are used as
column forms and as ducts and core forms in concrete floors.
b. A boxlike form made from corrugated container paper. This is unbleached kraft paper
sized with resin and coated with wax sizing and starch to make it abrasion resistant.
These forms are used in forming ribbed concrete slabs.
8. Wallpaper
Paper from which decorative wallpaper is made. This is produced in two grades.
a. No. 1 hanging-made from bleached sulfite or bleached soda pulp, mixed with not
more than 20 percent high-quality groundwood. Talc is used as a filler, rosin and
sodium silicate as sizing. The paper is coated with a clay film bound to the paper with
case in, and the design is printed over the clay coating.
b. No.2 hanging - from 72 to 90 percent ground wood and the rest unbleached sulfite.
Little filler is used, but the paper must be sufficiently sized to stand the application of
water paste without wetting or breaking through.
9. Envelope Paper
Paper is used as an outer covering or envelope for a number of building materials. One
of these is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined gypsum covered in both sides
by a sheet of kraft paper. A number of insulating materials are enveloped in a kra'ft paper
cover, sometimes plain , sometimes asphalted.
10. Fire Proofing Paper
Made from asbestos fibers, since this is an incombustible material. The material maybe
in the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos insulating or roofing paper, or it may be
in the form of a bloth woven from thread spun from asbestos fibers.
50
CHAPTER
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
BITUMEN
A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from coal
or petroleum, as a coal-tar pTtch or a~phalt.
Tar - the resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on sikh materials as wood coal, shale, peat or bone.
r:
Pitch -a solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or fractional dis. tillation of tar.
Coal-tar
common material of this kind of pitch.
,..... .. . pitch-most
. r
~~phal~s - dark
brown or black solids or ~emi -solids which are found in the natural
state and are also produced by the refming of petroleum.
Bitumens are useful in construction industry since it has the tendency to adhere to a
solid surface. It has good water resistance.
TYPES OF BITUMENS
1. Tar and Pitch - made by the distillation of coal. Tar is used to saturate felt paper and to
coat kraft paper to render it waterproof. The coal -tar pitch is used in making pitch and
gravel built-up roofs.
2. Asphalt-asphalt used results from the refining of naphtha crude oils. which produce
aviation grade gasoline, fuel oil, cold test lubricating oils. and asphalt. The properties of
this residual , known as straight run asphalt, depend on the nature of the crude oil from
which it was refined and the conditions of refining.
Three main gro!JpS of asphalt products produced from straight-run asphalts.
USES OF BITUMENS
.. ,. Adhesiveness and water proofing qualities, along with IQ$f cost, make bitumens useful as a
protective agent in built-up roofing, prepared roofing, and prepared siding. They are used as
water proofing and damproofing agents and as vapor barriers. In addition, they are widely
used as adhesives and Sealants.
The forms in which bitumen is used for any of these purposes depends on the quality and
characteristics d~sired.
a. ~a!urated felts:-used in built-up roofing, as a base for prepared roofings and
stdr~gs, as a membr_ane for ~ater proofing, and as underlays for floors-require a
parttcular grade of bttumen. The asphalt commonly used in the preparation of such
felts has a softening point of approximately 140F and a penetration value of 50.
b. ~repared roofing products are coated with asphalt after being saturated. The coattng grade asphalts used are generally no. 1 cutbacks with softening point of from 200
to 240F.
52
.. ......
c. As waterproof coating for walls and to make waterproof membranes in buildings and
other structures.
d. Used in the manufacture of sealants, acoustical coatings paints, floor tile and mastic
flooring, wt)erein mineral matter is added.
e.. Used as a binder for aggregates in pavements, the asphalt is made into liquid by
heating, cutting with sotvent, or by emulsifying with water and in its capacity as a
cement, mixed with gravel , crushed stone and sand.
Liquid Paving Asphalts-liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks. When gasoline is
used as a solvent, a rapid curing liquid .asphalt is the result; kerosene, medium curing
asphalt; a heavier fuel oils produce a slow-curing asphalt.
Asphalt paving cements -used as binders for more expensive asphalt pavements.
53
CHAPTER
I. FERROUS METAL
Steel - a malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and refining pig iron and / or
scrap steel, graded according to. the carbon content. Other elements such as manganese and
silicon may be included to provide special properties.
Produce by three basic raw materials, iron ore, and limestone. (coal is converted into coke in
coke ovens} Five particles of all three basic ingredients of steel, which otherwise would be
waste, are blended and burned on a moving gate to cause the formation of clinkers. These
are catted sinter, a high-grade blast-furnace charge material.
From These, raw materials which is melted into ingots place in molds, a great variety of products used .in construction are made. They include:
7. Bolts
8. Rivets
9. Nails
10. Sheet Steel
11 Others
Cold - rolled sheets are glavanized (given a zinc coating). Pig iron is used to make cas1
iron which is high in compressive strength but low in tensile strength, and has little use for
construction. However since it is cheap and easy to cast, it is used for pumps, motors,
c;ngines and because of its corrosion resistance it is used for pipes to some extent.
Wrought iron is produced when pig iron is metted in such a way as to remove nearly all of
the carbon and other impurities. It is eaily worked and is tough and ductile. It's main use~
are for roofing sheets, wire and metal ornaments.
Alloy steels are made by combining others elements with the molten steel. Nickel,
chromium copper and manganese are used.
Nickel steel is stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for
buildings chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-resistant.
Stainless steels are made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in
buildings for exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings,
fascia and gravel stops.
Copper - bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel
and metal lath.
Manganese steel -offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy digging tools.
Weathering steel-recently developed grade of steel. It forms its own protection against
atmospheric corrosion and thus requires no painting. It also undergoes a unique color
transformation during the weathering process, from orange to brown and finally to blUegray. This is used on bridges, buildings and other applications.
56
STEEL PRODUCTS
1. Rolled Structural shapes
wrre FLANGr!
/10.:
T
T
L
ANGLE
J: -BEAM
2. Sheet pifing -sections are made to interlock and are available in several
shape~
3. Steel pipe -seamless or welded. small diameter pipe and electrically welded large dia
meter pipe.
*seamless pipe made by forcing a solid hot rod over a pointed mandrel to
form a hollow tube.
* either hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel strip called skelp, can be used to make
resistance-welded pipe or tubing. Coils of skelp are welded together end
to end, and rolls form the strip into a continuous cylinder.
A large diameter pipe is made by having plates with proper width, beveled
edges and placed in a press wl1ich forms them into cylinders. The two
edges are welded together and the pipe is brought to its final diameter by
hydraulically expanding the welded sheet against a retaining jacket .
..
4. Reinforcing steel-made from new steel or from discarded railway-car axles or rails.
ReiRforcing steel comes in plain or deformed bars, that is, bars which have lugs or deformations rolled on the surface to provide anchorage in concrete.
OR
SIZES-start with no. 2 or 1/4 in. (divide a number of bar by 8 to get the equivalent in
inch diameter).
No.2 = 2/8" or 1/4" 0
=
No. 3 = 3/ 8" - 3/ 8" 0
No.4 = 4/8" or 1/2" 0
No. 5 = 5/8" - 5/8" 0
No. 6 = 6/8" or 3/4" 0
No.7 = 7/ 8" - 7/ 8" 0 No. 8 = 8/8" or 1" C!f
=
No. 9 = 9/8" or 1 1/8" 0 =
8mm
10 mm
12 mm
16 mm
20mm
22mm
25mm
3omm
5. Welded W ire Fabric - another type of reinforcing material. lt consists of parallel, longitudinal wires welded to transv~rse wires at regular intervals. (cold drawing process)
6 in x 12 in x 1 0/4
(i>
1
'1.''
.....,
04
cF-1
58
6. Steel Wire -over 150,000 uses for wire including pins, needles, nails, bolts, cables,
piano wire, fences.
7. Bolts and Nuts ..._ (either hot forged or cold-formed from wire of the appropriate diameter). For.. bolts, wire is fed in~o .an automatic bolt-makiQ..o m(!~hine which cuts to
length heads, trims, points, and, in many cases rolls the thread .
8. Steel strapping-made from high-tensile flat wire in a number of sizes. Used for banding column forms to keep them from bulging under the pressure of freshly poured concrete. A tightener tightens it and the .two lapped ends is sealed.
9. Open web steel joists -lightweight w,arren-type trusses made in several different
styles .
59
10. Sheet Steel -black and galvanized, can be used to manufacture corrugated roofing
and siding and formed steel decki'ng. Corrugated sheets have one edge turned up, one
~urned down .
Comes in 27 1/2" wide and lengths .5 ft . up to 12ft. Siding sheets are made with both
edges turned in the same direction.
il
Corrugated roofing sheets are also utilized as decking for flat roofs with light loads. In
such
the corrugated deck is used as a base on which to"pour a concrete slab oras a
base for a built-up roof.
cases
Formed-steel decking is produced in a variety of shapes and styles using various thicknesses of metal. from 12 to 22 gauge and sections are made in spans of from 4 to 36
feet.
Two basic styles are open-faced decking and cellular decking which allow easy distribution of electric systems and outlets.
J! 1
OPEN -!=AGED
CELLULAR
11 . Steel studs -lightweight, reqUirtng minimum storage space and does not warp or
shrink. Fasteners do not pop, and joints stay c~osea. Much faster to install than woodstud installation. Available in 1 5/8, 2 1/2 and l' 5/8 inches .
Plumbing stacks and electrical components fit easily into a steel-framewall.
12. Pans and domes - manufactured for use in forming one-way and two-way ribbed concrete floor systems.
60
..
..
MOULDS
DOOR RAIL
tu81NG
One of the advantages of the extr.usion fabricating process is that components for certain parts of a building may be designed to interlock.
61
Sheet aluminum, plain sheets are used for flashing, roofing, roof drains, chimney caps,
air ducts, louver blades, etc .
To improve its appearance and to increase its resistance to weather and corrosion, A
treatment called Anodizing is done. This is a combined electrical and chemical process,
which hardens anci increases the thickness of the natural oxide coating on aluminum and to
provide a ha rd, noncorrosive, electrolytic, oxide film on the surface of aluminum or other
met<Us, by electrolytic action.
Such anodized sheets are used for shingles siding, curtain wall panels, and acoustic
ceilings.
Aluminum Foil - used as a vapor barrier on w alls and ceilings and as reflective insulatiofl.
Copper ...:.. a lustrous reddish metal , highly ductile and maUeable; has high tensile strength, is
an excellent electrical and thermal conductor, is availabfe in a wide variety of shapes; widely
used for downspouts, electrical conductors, flashings, gutterS, roofing, etc.
Copper alloys are brasses, and bronzes.,which contain primarily zinc and tin, respectively, and the alloys containing nickel.
Brasses are used in architectural and hardware applications. Bronze are used rn the production of springs:
Lead -a soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting.point and a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over 'uneven surfaces.
Used fCir roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.
Tin -a lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively unaffected by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet metal.
62
CHAPTER
GLASS
A hard brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by
melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer; while molten, may be blown, drawn, rolled,
pressed or cast to a variety of shapes.
Giass has no definite melting point . When it is heated, it first softens so that it can be bent.
Further heating brings it to the point when it becomes thick, syrupy liquid, a state in which it
can be worked. Fif.!ally at still higher temperatures it becomes a thin, watery liquid .
MANUFACTURING
1. SHEET GLASS (ordinary window glass)
The raw materials, sand, soda and limestone, are first ground to a fine state and mixed in
the proper proportions. This mixture, known as frit, is tied into the filling end of a furnace
and melted. Sometimes, cullet (broken glass) is also fed in to the furnace.
To form the glass into a sheet, it first passes from the furnace tank into a drawing kiln,
from here it is drawn up in the form cif a sheet into a series of rollers. These sheets of flat
drawn glass are cooled slowly in a cooling chamber known as annealing lehr. This type of
glass is used where vision is required but where cost is an important factor. The surface is
good but never free from distortion as the two surfaces of the sheet are not perfectly parallel.
2. PLATE GLASS
A high quality glass sheet of the same chemica! composition as sheet glass. Plate glass
can be produced in thicknesses of from 1/ 8 to 1 1/ 4 in~ alth~gh the special thick glasses
ate usually cast rather than made by the continuous flow pro~ess. This is special because
both surfaces of the 100 in. wide ribbon of glass is simultaneously grinded by a twin
grinder unit, then when cut is polished w ith a jeweler's rouge to give undist.orted, clear
vision and reflection.
3. FLOAT GLASS
A f lat glass produced by a new process. It combines the fire-finish of sheet with the perfect flatness of plate frit, the usual combination of raw materials is melted in an oil or gasfired furnace. The melted glass leaves the furnace and passes to a float bath where it is
supported on molten tin. Gravity keeps the liquid tin very flat, and heat, applied from
above melts out any irregularities in the glass, which is free to conform to the perfectly
flat til). As the ribbon of glass passes through the float bath, the heat is reduced until the
glass is sufficiently hard to be fed on to the rollers of the lehr w ithout marking the
undersurface. After leaving tl)e lehr, the glass is cut into long lengths. This process is
suitable for thicknesses of 1/8, 3/16, and 1/ 4 in.
TYPES OF GLASS
1. REFLECTIVE GLASS
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It is the product of a glass-coating process
which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuurri 'chamber. The glass is coated with
micro-thin layers o f metallic films which provide the performance characteristics of the
glass. It reduces solar heat gain by reflecting the sun's energy, resulting in savings in initial and operating costs of air conditioning. The reduced light transmission also diminishes interior glare and brightness . .
64
Manufactured in two types, silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of three
nominal light transmittances of 8, 14, or 20 percent. A chrome coating provides silvery
outdoor reflections and creates a cool effect during the ~aytime, while being neutrally
transparent from the inside. At night. the glass "reverse" itself by being transparent from
the outside and semireflective from the inside.
2. ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS
Similar to the process of making plate glass. Glass of this type is used where clear vision
s not reqUired, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for halls and staircases, sky
lights, and partitions in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and because of its low reflecting
and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays striking it.
WALIN6 WAL.IfiG RS
LUNINGNING R4
AURORA R1
OAHUA RZ.
5AMPAGUITA ~
4. WIRED GLASS
Simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
The' wire greatly inqreases the resistance to shattering through impact wired glass as
made in thicknesses of 7/32, 1/4 and 3/8 in. Stock widths 47 to 49 in. and lengths up to
178 in. are produced.
65
66
...... '
9. INSULATING GLASS
This consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined
around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
There are three methods of sealing and all these sealed units provide thermal insulation
and greatly restrict condensation . They reduce external noise but stilt permit the entry of
natural light.
- Fused Gitis
--lead
3. Picture glass -used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector slides
and instrument dials. Thickness vary from .043 to 0.053 in., O.o58 to 0.068 in. and 0.07 to
0.08 in.
JALOUSIE
67
...
GLASS PRODUCTS
I. GLASS BLOCKS
Compa_rable in many ways to unit masonry bi.Jt have the
added feature of transmitting light. They are made into
separate halves, which are heat-sealed together to
form a hollow unit with reasonably high thermal efficiency
and sound insulation. The edge surfaces of the block are
coated with a gritty mortar bond.
two
Two types:
1. Functional blocks -direct or diffuse the daylight which passes through them to improve the illumination of the building interior.
68
...
MILWAUKEE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING) INC .
.
NSI! 105
N~ 303
Net 501
Two
ty~ .
69
Whlt~ :arLhrtAt:furJjf
>IU : 11Vi'x 11Y2.'' .
mtrmr
OR WOOD
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6
7
8
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10
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12
14"7/8 10
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21 7/811
2&11a
28- 718.
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357/8"
31318"
42-ue
TWO LEVERS
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13
14
15
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16
17
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23
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24
25
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26
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28
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ue
CHAPTER
..
o -~~@J~~~(~ ~rm~
PLASTICS
A large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common sub
stances such as coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton; wood and water. From these, relatively
simple chemicals known as monomers, which are capable or reacting with Qne another are
produced . These are then builtup into chainlike molecules of high molecular weight called
polymers.
These polymers has low extensibility, can be molded, extruded cut, or worked into a
great variety of objects, rigid or non rigid, relatively light, whi~h are formed by condensatiQO
polymerization and py vinyl polymerization.
Plastic can be hard-soft, clear or opague., light or heavy, some are heat resistant and
some softened by hot water.
Two general classifications
1. Thermoplastics...: become soft when heated and hard when cooled. regardless of
the number of times .the process is repeated. Included in the thermoplastics are
acrylics cellulosis~ polyethylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polysterene, polyallomers
polycarbonates, polyimide, polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons,
methyl pertenes,Jonomer;fluoroplastics,acetal and acryonitrilebutaqieniene sly_rene
lABS).
2. Thermosetting Plastics -set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are
applied to them during the forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics,
aminos (urea and melamine) epoxies, polyesters, polyurethane, alkyd silicones and
diallyl phthalate (OAP).
PRODUCTION
Plastic.products are formed by a number of methods which include:
a. Injection Molding Process - measured amount of powder or granules is heated
and when flowing forced through. the nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity,
Where it cools of solidities. (gears, knobs, wastebaskets)
b. Blow-Molding Process-an extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured
between the two halves. of a hollow mold. As the mold closes, air is blown into the
tube and expand it t o tit the inside surface of the mold. (water cans and bottles}
c. Rotational Molding -Used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy
walls, a premeasured amount of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom
half of a cold mold which is then closed. The mold is rotated horizontally and vertically to distribute the material evenly over the inner mold surfaces, passed through
an over to heat and cure the plastic cooled, and finally opened to eject the product.
(Typical products are tanks and heater ducts).
72
I. Casting -a simple proc~ss in which liquid plastics, with their appropriate curing
agents, are poured into molds and set, with or without heat. (typical casting products are pipes, rods, sheets).
m. Calendaring Process -plastic is fed to revolving rollers which turn out a thin sheet
or film the thickness of the product is dete~mined by the roller spacing, and-the surface of the sheet may be smooth or matted, depending on the roller surface.
In a somewhat similar process paper, metal, fabric, ceramics or other plastics
are passed between roller which apply a plastic coating to one or both surface.
USES IN CONSTRUCtfON
Some plastic products are used as structural or semi-structural components, some as
auxiliarv materials and some as one of the components of a composite material.
a. Structural-a common plastic product used for this purpose is a glass. fiber reinf?rced corrugated sheet, made from acrylic, polyvinyl chloride, or p01yester. These
plastics are not only transparent but also highly resistant to discoloration. They have
good resistance to weather, breakage and chemicals. Good for roliing .material
made in a variety of colors, sheets are normally 18 or 24 in. wide and up to 14ft.
long.
73
The 5arrie plastic materials are used to produce flat sheets, with or without
glass fiber reinforcing. In flat form the sheets may be used to replace glass in wind~
ows or may be molded by the thermoform process into any roof shapes.
Plastic materials are widely used in the manufacture of sandwich panels used in
curtain-wall construction. In some cases only the sandwich core is a plastic material
and in some cases even the face is plastic. Other. sandwich panels are made by
bonding plastic sheets to an aluminum grid core:
One of the important reasons for using plastic in place of glass is the great difference in weight. Normally glass weighs about seven times as much per lineal foot
as the plastic substitutes.
Reinforced acrylic is used to make the dome pans employed in forming a twoway rib, or waffle-type, concrete slab.
Rigid slabs of foamed plastic are finding increasing use structural purposes
slabs of expanded polystyrene are used to form the roof deck for a hyperbolic paraboloid roof. Because of their flexibility the slabs can readily be fitted to the contours
of the roof. Later the deck will be covered by concrete.
One of the most important uses made of pla~tics is in the manufacture of insulation an standard size is 24 x 96 in., thicknesses .of 1, 2, 3 and 4 in.
On the site, foa{Tled insulation maybe produced by foaming-in -place, using polyurethane or epoxy two-par:t resins. The process consists of. injecting controlled
amounts of resin liquid, a foaming catalyst, and a curing agent into the enclosed
space to be insulated. The reaction forms a foam ..which expands and sets, filling a
certain portion of the space.
Polysterene is one material ideally suited for structural components. 1t has rigidity, lightness, good impact.resistance and structural strength. It has the ability to
be molded in any shape. It is resistant to shuttering, is weather and corrosion-resistant and is dimensionally stable.
Nonstructural m..lterials used in construction using plastics are wall and floor
coverings, vapor and moisture barriers flashing material, water stops expansion
joint material, pipe and conduit; hardware products.
74
Plastics are also used for rigid and resilient floor coverings Vinyl and vinyl-as
bestos tile are resilient type floor coverings in common use.
Plastics are used in the manufacture of plastic wall tiles, usually made from
molded styrene.
Rigid panels or sheets in color patterns are made from syrene, acrylics, and
vinyl plastic. Hardboard plasteboard and paperboard are plastic-coated or covered
with a thin film of vinyl containing a printed pattern.
Steel and aluminum -backed vinyl sheets are produced which can be formed
and shaped without damaging the vinyl covering.
Plastic lamlnatesi are. so called. because they consists of three or more layers
of material bonded or laminated together with plastic adhesive under high pressure.
The base is made up of multiple layers of strong kraft paper, impregnated with
phenolic, amino, or epoxy liquid resin. This is covered with a printed pattern sheet
saturated with melamine resin. A picture top sheet is also saturated with melamine
or pherolic resin, and in some cases a sheet of aluminum toil is inserted between the
base and the .decorative center layer to dissipate heat and prevent marring the surface with burns.
These layers are used as cabinet and tabletop. Standard thickness
are 1/32
1/16, 1/10, and 1/Sin. and widths are 24, 30, 36, 48and 60 in: Length range from
ft. to 12ft. A great variety of pattern and colors are available.
..--'?'""-'""/~
wrfh
rA~tn.
S'
~3turat~J
Films used as moisture and vapor barriers are commonly made from polythylene, and polyvinyl chloride in thicknesses of 2, 4 and 6 mils.
Water stops (strips placed across construction joints in concrete walls to prevent water passage and strips to be used to form control joints in concrete block
walls are made from polyvinyl chloride.
Several types of plastic are used to produce rigid and flexible pipes due to its resistance to rust and corrosion, ease and economy of installation and long lengths
available.
75
CHAPTER
1. GLUES
a. Animal Glue -Available in either solid or liquid form . Solid glue is.melted and applied
hot. It is slow setting _,nd allows time for adjustment to the glue joint. Animal glue has excellent bonding properties with wood, leather, paper or cloth developing up to 12,000 psi
in. shear. h has moderate resistance to heat and good resistance to cold but poor resistance to water. It cures by air drying at room temperature.
b. Blood 4Aiuminum Glue-a special animal glue made for use particularly with leather
and paper. It has only very moderate bonding/power with wood. It is usually sold as a dry
powder which is mixed with water. It has fair resistance to both heat and cold but poor
resistance to w ater, will dry from 150 to 200F.
c. Casein Glue - madefrom protein materials, is a dry powder to be mixed with water. It
has good bonding powder for wood-to:wood or paper4to-wo0d applications and will
develop the full strength of the wood in most ~ituations . Casein glue has good dry heat
resistance and moderate resistance to cold. It has moderate resistance to 'J''..ter but does
not perform well when subjected to high humidity or wetting.and drying cycles. It is subject to attack from molds, fun.gi, and other wood organisms, will dry to as low as 359f
with moderate pressure.
d. Starch and Dextrin glues-available in both dry and liquid state, the dry glue being
mixed with water. They have good bond with paper or leather and fair bond with wood,
but strength does not compare with those of animal or casein glues. They have fair resistance to heat and cold but poor resistance to water. They dry at room temperature.
e. Asphalt Cements - are thermoplastic' materials made from asphalt emulsions or
asphalt cutbacks. They have a good bond to paper and concrete and are used mainly for
roofing applications and for laminating layers of wood fiberboard. Theyhave relatively
poor resistance to heat but good resistance to cold and good water resistance.
f. CelluJose Cements -are thermoplastic in nature and have good bond to wood, paper,
leather or glass, developing up to (400 psi in shear with wood. They have moderate resistance to both heat and cold and good resistance to water. A common solvent is ethyl
acetate. Cellulose cement cures by air drying and setting.
g. Chlorinated-rubber adhesive-is usually a liquid; it has good bond for paper and fair
bond with wood, metal or glass. Strength does not compare with animal or casein glues.
It has moderate resistance to heat, cold, and ~ater but poor resistance to creep. It cures
by drying at room temperature. The usual solvent is ketone.
h. Natural-rubber adhesives -are usually latex emulsions or dissolved crepe rubber. They
have a good bond with rubber or leather and fair bond with .wood; ceramics, or glas$,
_devel<;lp_!nQ strengths of _about ~ ~si -~n__~en~~~wi_!h ~ood. They haw fair resistance to
heat and cold, good resistance to water, but poor resistanee to creep.
tempera-ture is su!f_!cient fo~drying.
Room
78
I. Phenolic Resin Glues-are made )n both dry and liquid form. They are thermosetting
glues with excellent bond to wood and paper. Shear strengths up to 2,800 psi are developed. They have excellent resistance to heat, cold, creep, and water. Some set at room
temperature, while others require a hot press. These hot-press glues are commonly used
in the manufacture of plywoods.
m. Melamine Resins -thermosetting glues manufactured as a powder with a separate
catalyst . They have excellent bond with wood or paper resistance to heat, cold, creep,
and water are all excellent. Melam_ine resins are cured under hot press at 300F. Melamine-formaldehyde resin glues are manufactured as a powder mixed with-water and may
be either hot setting or intermediate-temperaturesetting types.
n. Resorcinol resins-are usually made as a liquid with a separate catalyst. They have
. good bond with wood or paper, developing shear strengths up to 1,950 psi with wood.
They have very good resistance to heat, cold and creep and are generally used where a
water proof joint is required. Some cure at room temperatures, while others require_ mo;
derate heat, up to 200f.
o. Epoxy resins -are thermosetting in nature , manufactured in liquid form with a separate
catalyst. The amount of catalyst added determines the type of curing required. They
have excellent bond with wood, metal, glass and masonry and are widely used in tbe
manufacture of laminated curtain-wall panels of various kinds. They are also used in
making repairs to broken concrete. They have excellent resistance to both heat and cold,
while creep resistance and water resistance vary widely, depending upon how the glue is
compounded. Adding a regular catalyst, curing is by hot press, up to 3900f while adding
a strong catalyst results in glue which will cure at room temperature.
p. Polyvinyl-resin adhesives-in the form of an emulsion. They have good bond with
wood or paper or vinyl plastics and reasonably good bond with metal. Shear strengths
up to 1,000 psi are developed with wood. Resistance to cold is good, but heat, s;reep,
and water resistance are only fair. These glues cure at roomtemperature.
q. Sodium silicate adhesives-are liquids which have excellent bond with paper or-glass
and reasonably good bond with wood or metal. Resistance to heat, cold and creep are ..
good, but water resistance is poor. Some cure at room temperature. while other require
moderate heat, in the 200F range.
2. SEALERS
Sealirtg compounds are products which are used to seal the surface of various materials
against the penetration of water or other liquidS or in some cases to prevent the escape of
water through the surface. To do this they must have some adhesive qualities and the ability
to fiU the surface pores_and form a continuous skin on the surface to wtlich they are applied.
79
In many applications, the adhesion should be permanent, while in others it need only to be
temporary.
Types of Sealers
a. liquid asphalt - either in cutback form or as an asphalt emulsion. Uses are, to coat the
outer surface of concrete below ground level to prevent the penetration of water to the
interior through pores in the concrete.
Another similar use is to seal the inside surface of wooden or concrete water tanks.
Another
use is as a sealer or primer over a concrete slab before asphaltic tile adhe-
sive is appfled. Here, the sealer prevents liquids from being withdrqwn from the flooring
or aphesive, allowing it to become dry and hard.
In order to be effective as a wat~rproofing membrane, sealers must be elastomeric
in character. That is, they must be resilent enough to be able to expand over small cracks
in the base surface 'without losing, their effectiveness and be able to bridge joints between members without rupture, in. case of movement at the joint.
b. Polysulflde polymers -this has excellent adhesive qualities, are highly flexible, and
maybe applied either by ha_nd or by spray. They are being used in exterior wails of foundations, between two-course concrete slab floors, on roof decks, as swimming;lool
waterproofing and under roof flashing,
The hand-mix sealer has a work life of approximately A hours and curing time of 24 hours
at 75F.
The machine-mixed variety will have a work life of about 5 minutes and curing time of
approximately 45 -minutes.
One gallon of prepared sealer will cover approximately 25 sq. ft. or about 3 to 5 sq. m.,
with a membrane of 60 mils thickness, which wiU expand and contract the base without
cracking.
c. Solution of sodium silicate-used to seal the inside surface of concrete li!:luid containers. The sodium silicate forms a gel-like film on the surface to prevent water pemitra-
tion.
d. W.ax compounds-made in the form of emulsions to be sprayed over the surface pf.
newly placed concrete. The wax oxidizes to form a continuous film prevents the evap<iration of water from concrete in this case the adhesion is only temporary. As the ~ax contin~ to oxidize it becomes hard and brittle and flakes or is worn off the concrete by
traffic.
Other waxes are used to make sealers for concrete and terrazzo floors which prevent the
penetration of oil and grease into the floor surface.
e. liquid silicones-are used as sealers over concrete, brick and tile masonry to prevent
the penetration of water into the surface.
80
The absorption of water by masonry walls often ieads to staining and efflorescence. The
silicone sealers are particularly valuable for such applications because they are colorless
and do not affect the aPJ)eai'Snce of the waU.
f. Oits and turpentines -sealers used to seal wood surfaces before the application of
paint or varnish. They penetrate into and are absolbed by the wood fibers so th~t the
vehicle in paints and varnish will not be similarly absorbed. Similar sealers are used to
seal wood which will not be painted against moisture penetration.
g. Synthetic plastic products-sealers for wood which form a film over the surface and
allow better bonding of synthetic lacquers to wood ..
h. Thin solutions of animal and casein glues -are used to coat the surface of plaster
and gypsu.m board under paint. These products are commonly known as wall sizing.
i. Epoxy-resin formulation-used as sealers over concrete, wood, or. old terrazzo surfaces before epoxy-resin terrazzo is applied. The thin liquid adheres to and seals the okt
surf~e and provides good bond tCx- the new application. Similar sealers are used under
concrete surface repairs.
temperat~:~re.
81
..' ,;,--~::.:~:s:::.~~t.,-.~~--j_'>.:;
c. it must be able to form a tough, elastic skin OYer the surface, while the interior of the
ITI8SS
remains flexible.
d. it must be able to stretch or elongate with changes that may occur in the width of the._
joint.
e. it must have good movement capability that is, it must have movement in either exten
sion or compression from that mean .
f. it must be able to recover well after having been extended or compressed.
b. Elaatomastics ...,..includes butyl caulks having a solvent base, acrylic caulks with solvent
or emulsion base, and acrylic caulks which are 100% Solids and one part polymer captan. This has a recovery of 10 to 49 percent.
c.
Elastomen~ - include one and two part polysulfides containing 100 percent solids one
part silicone with 100 percent solids. one and two part urethanes with 100 percent solids,
vinyl chloride polymers, andlbutadiene- styrene coi:)olyme..S ~
.
1. drying oil-a vegetable. oil such as soya-bean or linseed oil to provide the cohesion
and absorbs oxygen from air to produce a dry film.
salt.
4. Solvflllts-used to adjust workability.
5. Mineral stabilizer - often an asbestos fiber, which helps the caulking to maintain
its position or Shape prior to set.
6. R//er- usuafly a very low finely powdered limest one which gives the caulking
body, and reduces shrinkage.
The caulking materials described above are oxidizing types and are used in exposed areas
where painting aVer their surface may be desirable.
82
b. A~p-~lt and polybutene caulking compounds - are mastic materials. They are non~xidizing and set through tfle evaporation of the solvent. Both may have tmers and stabilize~ combined with them and give good results wherea skin is not required. Uke under
flashmgs, between lapped joints, and in hidden joints between wood and masonry.
c.
~olysulfide eiastomers-two types one is a two-component type of caulking, consistng of a base compound and an accelerator. It cures by polymerization . The rate of curing b~ing increased with increasing temperature and humiditY. It is normally applied by-a
caulk109 gun .
Backup Materials
Are important part of a good w atertight joint.
The purpose of such a material is to control the depth. of joint, to prevent moisture frQm at
tacking the bond between caulking and the sides of the joint, and to serve as a bond breaker,
so that the material can elongate.
Backup materials are sponge rubber, nontarred oakum, fiberglass insulation, polyurethane foam, closed-cell polyethylene foam; neoprene or butyltubes and cords, fiberboard,
and corkboard strips. Do not use any oil, t8r or asphalt impregnated materials, moistureabsorbing materials and polystyrene foams.
83
CHAPTE~
.~ ~ :
INSULATING MATERIALS
THERMAL INSULATION
ll cold weather, we are interested in transferring heat from
furnaces, radiators, heating panels, into various rooms of our buildings. At the same time we are interested in preventing that heat
from being transferred from the interior of the building to the outside.
During the summer. it is important that we prevent the transfer of hot outside temperatures to the working and living space
within our buildings.
All of these are done by .the Judicious use of materials which
best prevent the transfer of heat, and this we call Thermal insulation.
c. Convection-When air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate during the cir~
culation, it comes in contact with cooler surface, some of its heat is given up to
them. It is therefore important to try to prevent air currents (Convection Currents)
from being set up in the walls and ceilings of our buildings. This can be don~ by
keeping the layer of air relatively thin-not over lin. -and by dividing the space into
small enclosed compartments.
and
'
86
. l .
~ -~ '- . ~ . . .
Flbmus Loose Fi/t ...:.is used to insulate walls of buildings that have been built without insulation. In such
cases holes are drilled in the wall between each pair of
studs, a hose inserted .and the insulation blown in until
the space in filled.
100
2. Blanket Insulation - is made from some fibrous material such as mineral wool. woOd
fiber, cotton fiber, or animal hair, manufactured in the form of a mat, 16, 20 or 24 in.
width, in 8ft. lengths or put up in rolls of from 40 to 100 linear feet, with controlled thick\
nesses of 1, 1/2, 2, 3 and 4 in.
Some are made with no covering at all, some with a paper back on one side only,
some with vinyl cardboard or wire mesh one side, while others are completely enclosed in
ar:~ envelope.
Those with backing or envelopes are usually provided with a stapling flange so that
they can be stapled to the sides or edges of studs and Joists.
Blankets are used where large areas m.ust be insulated. These include such places as
sidewalls in new construction, over head in floored attics between joists in unfloored attics, in crawl spaces and over suspended ceilings.
~TAPLEO
TO
OF 5TUOf>
TABS STAPLED TO
S lOE CX: ~TU~
87
l. _Batts -similar to blankets "but they are restricted to 48 in. long or less they are always
~;overed with paper, and made especially for installation between stud spacings. Batts
usually have paper tabs along the edges for easier attachment to the frame.
4. Structural Insulation Boarit -made from organic fiber-wood, cane, straw or cork. The
wood and cane .raw material is first pulped, after which it is treated with waterproofing
chemicals. The fibers are then formed into sheets of various thicknesses in a continuing
process and cut into standard lengths. Some boards are impregnated with asphalt during
the manufacturing process, while others are given a coat of asphalt ~fter they are made.
Strawboard -is made from carefully selected straw, fused under heat and pressure
into a panel 2 in. thick and 4ft. wide. Boards are completely sealed in paper covers of
various types to provide the proper surface for painting, papering, plastering, .stucco or
roofing.
Corkboard-is made from granulated cork mixed with resin and pressed into
sheets of several thicknesses. depending on the use to which they will be put. A common
thickness is 3 in. the board being used for roof insulation. (see ceiling acoustical board)
Structural Insulation Board - is used in exterior wall sheathing roof decking, roof
insulation under built-up roofing, shingle backer. interior finish board and insulating form
board .
Sizes
Exterior Shflllthing - 1/2 in. thick, square edged sheets, 4 ft. wide and from 6 to 12ft.
long, impregnated with asphalt.
Shingle Backer -made 5/1 6 or 3/ 8 in. thick in strips 11 3/ 4, 13 1/ 2. 15, 15 1/2 in wide
and 48 in. long.
Roof Insulation- made from 1/ 2 to 3 in. thick in single or multiple layers and in several
dimensions.
Interior WallBoard - made 5/16, 3/ 8 and 1/2 in . thick in sheets of 4 x 8 and 4 x 10ft.
5. Block or Rigid Slab Insulation - This type of insulation is so called because the units
are relatively stiff and inelastic. In most cases inorganic materials are used in their manu
factures. This include mineral wool with binder, fratned plastic, cellular, glass, foamed
concrete, cellular hard rubber, shredded wood and cement. The basic material is a non
conductor and that the finished product contains millions of isolated air cells. which
makes these materials high in insulative value.
4
Mineral wool from perlite or vermiculite, when mixed with a b inder and processed or
fixed to a rigid back, sheets are produced which are -suitable for roof-deck insulation.
Foamed Plastic Insulation- is made from expanded polystyrene' and expanded
polyurethane formed into slabs of various dimensions and thicknesses_ (one popular
brand is styropor)
88
Ce/lulllr Giau Jnsullltion- is 11\ade frOm expanded molten glass cast into block
fonnand cut various s.izes and shapes, thicknesses.of 2, 2 1/2 and 3 and 4 in. are available
in 12 x 18 in. blocks, a 1112 in thickness is produced in 24 x 48 in. slabs. Method of appli-.
cation on flat surface is in bot asphalt or asphalt emulsion. For vertical surface, mastic is
Used .
Foamed Concrete as desc:ribed in chapter is an importai1t insulating material because
of its closed..cell construction. Foamed concrete precast roQf slabs are used for insulative
as well as structural purposes and can have a built-up roof applied without further roof insulation.
Cellular hard rubber is a synthetic material containing cells filled with nitrogen, It is
formed into siabs of varying sizes and thicknesses.
Shredded wood or wood Fiber by itself is a form of blanket insulation but when cement slurry or special cements are added, it sets; up into a rigid block with similar insulating qualities.
Rigid Slllb lnsul11tion -are paqicularly useful for such aP-plications as roof-deck insulation, perimeter insulation, pine i\)sulation, cold storage work, and cavity wall insulation . .It can-also insufate masonry ~ails without furring . .
buktpma01ry
t-------r-
ng1J n$Ulatltlf1
. PERIMETER INSULATICN
Rigid insul11tion -which are impervous to moisture penetration resulting from continuous contact with the earth and moisture are particula~ly useful as perimeter insulation.
6. Reflective Insulation-made from such materials as aluminum or copperJoil or sheet
metal, with bright 'surfaces that reflect heat rather than absorbing it.
5I
..
LE'IUN& J<>
~!\
ltL\.JMINUM -fOil.. .
Bf..A'\1~
89
Rsflectiv's l~sulstion -can be used in stud!_ rafter and joist spa1:es, to insulate
walls, roofs, ceilings and _
floors.and for cold-storage ~ork
Sheet Foil-is cor.1monly made 36 in. wide and on stud walls should be installed vertically for maximum benefit. A 36 in. width will span two 16 in. stud spaces and drape back
~tween each pair of studs to form an air space between it and the inside finish.
,----- rt$UIJtl011
~l.dmq
batt
GM.afh1119
- - r~f~c.t1v..e tn5UI3t"JOI1
7. Foamed-In-Place Insulation-This is polyurethane product made by combining a poly
isocyan.ate and a ployester resin.
This type of insulation can be applied either by pouring or by spraying. The basic ingredients for both are drawn from their containers, measured, and mixed by machine.
Asbestos- Fiber insulation is usually applied over a base coat of some adhesive,
often a latex-type water emulsion. The primer should be applied to only as much of the
surface as can be sprayed with fiber while the adhesive is still tacky. Application direct j.O
metal lath does not require the priming adhesive.
. This type of insulation also seals cracks a'n d crevices to prevent dust from shifting
through and eliminates joint and lap problems common to corrugated bliliding materials.
It also tends to protect' metal fro":' corrosive action :
Vermiculite and Perlite aggregate can be sprayed over a .base of gypsum lath, base
coat plaster, masonry surface or rt:~etal lath.
90
9. Corrugated Insulation-This is usually made from paper formed into shapes that produce enclosed air pockets. One type is produced by shaping heav paper into a series of
small regular semicircular corrugations and covering a both sides with a sheet of flat
paper to give strength and produce the air pockets. This can be done using either single
or multiple layers of corrugated paper.
<>IN6LE
~ORRUGAT!OI\I
MULTIPLE CLlRRUGATION
This type of insulation is produced either in sheets or rolls, depending on the thickness of the mat, and is applied in strips fitting between studs or in large sheets cemented
to a flat surface.
A more rigid type of corrugated insulation is made by forming a honey comb-shaped
mat with paper and covering both sides with flat paper sheet. The whole thing is given its
rigidity by spraying with a thin coating of portland cement slurry or other type; of stiffener.
The resulting paper mat, from 1 to 4 in. thick is quite strong and may be1tised tor nonbearing partitions. without further surport, plastered on-both sides.
91
CHAPTER . .
PREVENTIONS
1. WATERPROOFING - a method of protecting surfaces against the destructive effects
of water .
2. DAMP-PROOFING -protection from the outside is provided by water repellent materials which tum water aside and force it to return to the earth. The dampness that sometimes occurs inside the building can be caused by penetration of moisture from the outside or by condensation of water vapor generated on the inside.
3. CLEAR PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR MASONRY, CONCRETE
This is a clear, invisible silicOne water repellent specially formulated for application on
masonry and bricks (standard silicone repellant) and for limestone and concrete that
seeps much rainwater (special formula~ed silicone repellant). The silicone liquid is ap-
plied by brush or low pressure spray and does not affect ;,the color or naturalness of the
material.
When an old house having old paint is in need of repainting, paint remover is appliea to
the surface which softens and lifts the paint.
For cleaning of buildings from stains, rUSt, algae or even cement build up from forms or
equ~t, etc. a chemical .stripper or desealer Is used.
DISCUSSIONS:
1. WATERPROOFING
94
@ WATER TANKS
(';;\CONCRE"lliR<:Jo~:
\8' . GUTTERS
.f-
Three ~ of waterproofint:
1. INTEGRAl TYPE~medium in powder form is added and mixed with the aggregates of
concrete. In this case, one pack usually .908 kilos is added to one bag kiios cement..
Some of the -known brands are sahara and sakura.
-
of
of
I'''
2. MEMBRANE TYPE-recommended for use where direct rain, or standing. water are
eminent, as seen in the illustrations, there are about 14 uses. The materials used depending on the manufacturer is .either asphalt paper laid with hot asphalt, impregnated asbestos felt, sometimes thick polyethylene sheeU is also used. Other materials are performed
setf sealing asphalt.
3. FLUID APPLIED-a fluid applied eSastomeric coating based on heavy solids elastomer
compound formulated to waterproof and preserve the substrate, like concrete, wood,
bricks and steel. The waterproofing is monolothic, seamless, flexibte and etastic over a
wide temperature range, withstands extreme thermal movement, settling and cracking. It
resists puncture and tearing abrasive overlayments.
96
Comparison:
ASBESTOS
1. Asbestos Fefts -composed primarily of asbestOS fiber, a non-rotting, non-wicking inorganic mineral fiber.
ORGANIC
....: .
~SE
: ~c<W<RFre Q~ ~
. -: ! . : -~ :
~ ~.r
:'! ~. ..~:
. :... ':. ..
A.;;Be>TOS PRIMeR.
..ve
.shall contain no projections or holes, and shall prov!de a solid base for the membrane
waterproofing. Where horizontal meets vertical wall, : a cant shall be prOvided.
MATERIALS:
1. Concrete Primer
2. 15-lb Asbestos Felt
3. Asbestile Cement.
APPLICATION:
1. Coat the entire surface with concrete primer Up to aU surrounding vertical surfaces.
2. Over this primed,' surface apply three (3) layen of JM 15-lb. asbestos felt, cemented
to each layer with asbestile cement in the following manner:
Start applying one (1) 12;. width, then over that, one (1) 24"' wide, then over both, a
fulf 36 wide. Following felts are to be applied full width, over lapping the preceding
felt by 24-2/3"'. .
5. No stibstitution of materials shall be made unless .authorized in writing by the architect (or engineer) prior to starting the work of waterproofing.
98
MATERIALS:
1. Coat the entire deck with N&H Concrete Primer up to 6" of all surrounding vertical
surfaces.
2. On slopes up to 1,. apply felts perpendicular to the ~ope starting at the low point of
. each slope.. On slopes over 1" apply felts parallel to the slope, nailing into nailing
strips at the top of each run of felt on not over 9" centers. If run of fett exceeds 20',
an additional nailing strip and line of nails shaU be used at 20' in~rvals.
3. Starting at the low edge (on slopes up to 1") apply one 18'" wide, then over that~ one
full 36'" wide JM Twin 20 Asbestos Felt. Following felts are to be applied full width
overlapping' the. preceding felt by 19"' in such manner that at least 2 plies of felt cover
the deck or insulation at any point. Broom each felt so that it shall be firmly and uniformly set without voids into hot Roofing Asphalt applied just before the felt at a minimum rate of23 lbs. per square uniformly aver the entire surface .
4. Flood the surface with Roofing Asphalt at a minimum rate of 60 lbs. per square and
while it is still hot embed therein acceptable gravel at the rate of approximately 409
lbs. per square or an acceptable slag at a rate approximately 300 lbs. per square.
FLASHING:
Where the deck meets vertical surfaces, apply a five-course Asbestile Flashing to consist of
two layers of JM No. 15 Asbestos Finishing Felt and three layers of N&H Asbestile Cement,
extending 6" high on vertical surfaces and 4" on the roof.
99
:.;,
'
..
.:
... .....
~:'
.. _:.~ ..-::-_--;.,~-::...~~.~ .
APPLICATION:
Roofing shall be applied by a roofing contractor approved ~Y the manufacturer, as fol_lows:
1. Coat the entire deck with Concrete Primer up to 6'" of all surrounding vertical surfaces. (If deck is of precast units, omit the primer 4"' each side of all joints).
2. Apply one layer of JM No. 50 Asbestos finishing Felt, Perforated on Roofing Asphalt, lapping each felt 2"' over the preceding one.
3. Apply. two layers of JM No. 15 Asbestos Finishing Felt, Perforated on Roofing Asphalt, laid in shingle .fashion, lapping each feJt 19" over the preceding one.
MATERIALS:
1. Cost the entire surface with concrete primer and allow to dry.
2 .. Lay two (2) plies of JM 15-lb. Asbestos Felt over the primed surface, lapping each
sheet 13" over the preceding one on asphalt.
3. Over these fefts, lay three (3) additional pliesof JM 15-lb. Asbestos Felt on asphalt .in
the following manner: .
~~:~~-
:. . .~
..:: ..
Starting at the low edge, apply one 12'" wide, then over the one a 24N wide, then
over both a full36" wide. Following felts are to be applied full width overlapping the
preceding felt by 24-3/3".
SURFACING:
.. : , ){;;. ~/C
:
- . . .
Finish the enti~ surface with 'roofing asphalt, and while not, sprinkle clean-pea gravel. The
pa'rticl~.
\ \~'i:~;-.. -:.:~.-;y.,.v~/J
SUBSTITUTION OF MATERIALS:
No substitution of materials shall be made unless authorized in writing by the Architect (or .
Engineer) prior to starting the waterproofing.
cemvoseol
(11(:lS1ic
on c.onnetions
mvocoie binder
cemvoproym
.-5 G.!!lt
,nstallation Procedure
1. Surface PTfiPIJretion
a. The horizontal surface should be graded to drain water freely to gutters &
downspouts and must be smoothed and fully cured.
b. Inside colders should have a 5 em cant.
c. Provide reglets on vertical surface 20 em above of + em deep & 4 em wide.
'
2. Priming
Mr:THOO OF
LAYJNG
3.
Membrt~ne
AppliC8tion
a. Peel off the plastic covering of the sticky side and unroll slowly into place.
Firm1y press the sheet to the surface and force out any entrapped air.
b. Install subsequent sheets with 5 em minimum overlaps on all joints. Bond all.
overlaps ~,Jsing cemvacote binder.
101
c. Corners and construction joint~ should be double covered with a strip of cemvathene. Membrane of about '30 em. wide.
an1V~~~ 111a~t1L
r.eady made
t..~tttvaLot.e ~nt~.
L_ lllJjJ .
ILJ
~v.ac.o ~
4.
bJnMr
Protectice Coating
Grades or Thicknesses
Description
Grade
Uses
Cemvathene 2
Cemvathene 3
Cemvathene 3A
Cemvathene 5
:!t?t:Z .'
zmm
Damproofing
Cemvathene 5A
ha--.1 msnbr.a11e(1.s
.umv.uote mm)
1. ~ mm ~t:k
102
- 12 to 20 mils
- 20 to 30 mils
30 to 40 mils
40 to 70 mils
one mil
= l,Ooo
Qf an inch
1. P,rime the surface with a 60/50 mixture of weatherkote type 3 and water using
112 gals. of type 3 per 100 sq. ft. Allow this to dry.
2. Apply a heavy brush cQJ~t of weatherkote type 3 at the rate of 1 1/2 gals. per
100 sq. ft. and allow this to dry.
3. Apply another heavy brush coat of weatherkote type 3 at the rate of 1 1/ 2 gals.
per 100 sq. ft.
4. While the above is stm wet embed into it the open woven Weatherkote glass
fiber reinforcement.. Allow this to dry.
5. Apply a heavy brush coat of weatoerkote type 3 at the rate of 1 1/2 gals. per 100
sq. ft. and allow this ~o dry.
6. Apply another heavy brush C04Jt of weatherkote type 3 at the rate of 1 1/ 2
gals/100 sq. ft.
7. While the above is still wet, embed the second layer of the weatherkote glass
fiber reinforcement and allow to dry.
8. Apply another heavy brush coat of weatherkote type 3 at the rate of 1 1/2
gals/100 sq. ft. Allow this to dry.
103
,.
104
General
drainag~
purposes in accor-
1:60
1:80
Dt!corative or Ught: Reflective finish- For a decorative and light reflecting finish,
allow 2 full weeks to elapse after the Bitumen Emulsion is dry, before applying Weatherkote Aluminum or alternative.
Drying Time: A Shell Weatherkote Bitumen coating can be considered sufficiently dry to proceed with the next coat when on rubbing vigorously with a wet finger no
brown stain is produced on the finger. Shell Weatherkote Bitumen coatings normally
reach this stage in 6 to 12 hours depending on atmospheric conditions. Shell Wea
therkote Bitumen coatings must not be applied if rain Is imminent before the coating
,-!
has dried.
Spraying: If spraying is preferred, Shell Weatherkote Type 3 and 5 can be sprayed
by suitable equipment at no more than 2 1/2 gallons per 100 sq. ft. per coat. The pattern of any embedded fiber glass membrane must not be visible when the final spray
has dried.
Expansion Joints: Expansion joints must be so designed as tobe waterproofed, irrespective of the main waterproofing system.
1. Finish the concrete to a smooth surface, free from dirt, dust, etc. To a dry sur
face~pply Shell Weatherkote primer-consisting Typej mixed with equal volume
of water. Allow it to dry.
2. Apply a heavy brush coat of Shell Weatherkote Type 3 and immediately embed an
open mesh fiber glass membrane. The apPlication of the membrane should extend beyond the joints about 2 inches on bo1h sides.
Flashings:
Skirting: Where skirtings occur the Shelt Weatherkote treatment should be taken
some 9" up the wall. Where there is existing metal flashing, the Shell Weatherkote
should be carried up under the flashing sufficient distance to give an adequate lap.
A Preparatory Work
1. Any roughness of the concrete should be removed from the areas to be waterproofed.
2. The concrete surface should be brushed clean and any cracks or holes in it made good
.
B. Main Waterproofing
1. Apply a brush of 50/50 mix Weatnerkote Type 3/Warer. Allow to dry (Type 3.
- 1/2 gal. per 100 sq. ft.)
105
..
.... . . -.. .
2. Apply a heavy brush coat of neat Weatherkote Type 3 over the primed area
and immediately embed an open-mesh fiberglass membrane. Allow to dry.
(Type 3 - 1 1/2 gal. per 100 sq. ft .
Fiberglass membrane -110 sq. ft . 10% for overlaps.
3. Apply a Heavy brush coat of Weatherkote Type 3. Allow to dry. (Type 3 - 1
1/ 2 gal. per 100 sq . ft.).
4. After the application of the two coats of Weatherkote Type 3. apply a brush
coat of Weatherkote Type 7 appUed preferable in three coats (6 gals. per 100
sq. ft.).
5. For an Abraison-resistant finish, apply Weatherkote/sand mastic. The mastic
flooring consist of 1 volume Weatherkote Type 3 and 4 Volumes sand .
6. For heat reflecting and decorative finish, apply Weatherkote Bituminous Aluminum Paint (1 /2 gal. per 100 sq. ft.}.
- 9 gallons
- 6gallons
- . 112 gallons
- 3 cu. ft.
- 110 sq. ft.
.
106
WEATl-IERKOT 1'YPE 1
FIBERGLASS MESH
"--------'---f-.f-~
SPECIFICATIONS:
D. CONCRETE TANK WATERPROOFING
Introduction:
This specification applies to the waterproofing of reinforced concrete water tank
built underground. For overhead installations, the interior waterproofing specified
herein requires further reinforcement with one extra layer of fiberglass mesh and
another coat of Weatherkote Type 3 cement slurry, before applying the last 2 coats
of Type 5 or Trowel coat of Type 7.
General
A. Preparatory Wort<.
1. Provide sand-cement fillets, about 3'" wide at all internal angles, i.e., wall to
floor, wall to wall and base slab to exterior wall .
2. Remove any projecting nibs of concrete on the surface, and holes and depressions made good using cement mortar.- The surfaces to be treated present a
smooth wood float finish.
3. Make sure, all surfaces must be free of dirt and dust before treatment !>tarts.
107
B. Treatment of Fillets
1. Prime strips approximately 11" wide, centraliy along the fillets, brushing on to
the surface a mixture of equal volumes of Weatherkote . Type 3 ancfclean
water. Allow to dry.
2. Over the primed areas, apply a heavy brush coat of Weatherkote Type 3 cement slurry~
3. Immediately _after. the above application, embed 11" wide strip of closely
woven fiberglass. Ensure that the fabric is pushed well home into the comers so
that it is in complete contact with the surface and wrinkles contact with the
surface and wrinkles eliminated. Allow at least 3" overlap at all ends.
* Mix 1 volume of portland cement to 1-volume water, then add this slowly to 10
volume of Weatherkote Emulsion stirring in thoroughly to achieve uniform dispersion. The mix must be used within an hour.
l. Apply Weatherkote Emulsion primer on all untreated surfaces and allow to dry . .
2. Brush on a heavy coat of Weatherkote Type 3-cement slurry including previously
treated strips.
3. Immediately, lay fiberglass reinforcing mesh on the. still wet coating, observing at
least 3" over.lap on all edges. Avoid wrinkles.
4. Lay another heavy brush coat of Weatherkote type 3-cement slurry and let dry.
5. Trowel to about 1/8" thick, Weatherkote Type 7-cement slurry for a tank depth of
10", and another trowel coat for every 10" additional depth~ ..
Fill the tank with water after 14 days under good ventillation conditions. Before this,
clean tank interi.or, hosing down the surfa<:e with water, then draining it off.
Where topping is reQuired, proceed as'follows:
a. Over the still wet last coating, sprinkle liberal amount of cl~n. sharp and fine
sand . Allow the waterproofing to cure for about a week so that the wet thickness is substantially reduced to its dried thickness before laying the concrete .
topping.
108
b. Install wire mesh or welded wire anchored to the waterproofed tank walls with
the use of concrete nails and Gl wire ties.
c. Seal the nail hole with W eatherkote Type 3.
d. Install 1 1/2" cement mortar plaster at the tank walls. and floor.
e. Apply the desired finish after sufficient curing .
** Depending on the :.everity of expected damage, such protection varies from sand
cement topping. Weatherkote-sand-cement mastic, brick
etc.
wor~,
cement blocks.
* It is recommended that the tank floor be treated last to avoid possible damage to it
while waterproofing the side
~ails.
**** Weatherkote Type 7-cement slurry is prepared in the same manner as Type 3 and
Type 5 cement slurry except that the cement water ratio is 1:2.
WIATHf:RKOTE TYPE 7
."f.~J<fl-'-------------1~~~---------"-1--.f---
Waterprooimg
Interior
109
1"'tP 1 - -- - _ _ _ ,
WEATHERI<OTE TYPE 3 - -- -- - .
FIBEROL.ASS M~>li---------.
WEATHERKOTE TYPE 3 50/SOWEATHEflKOTE TYP3/WATEA -
- -- - - - ,
-
----,
Waterproofmg
Exterior
'7""7J:f.MCL...---
7":AJ1~~---
WEATHERt<OTE TYPE 3
Ftl!ltRGLASS MESH
tl!r"'.~~----WJ'Tl-IIERKOTE TYf'E 3
SPECIFICATIONS:
CONCRETE TANK WATERPROOFING
WATER CONTAINMENT
A relatively new material which is used to contain water or as a reservoir.
Some known products from Chevron S.F. U.S.A.
o~ Chevron Industrial membrane is a pourable, polymerizable black liquid
which, when properly mixed with activator CIM , becomes an elastomer which fully cures
in 24 hours. It forms a tough durable, resilient, impermeable barrier to water and most
queous reagents. It may be sprayed or squeegee applied and retains excellent physical
characteristics through hot or cold enl{ironments.
1. CIM-(Iiquid)
110
OVICOI-11''~~
AGI':WT
( WH<"A E ~E'GUIRD)
Ml)(: ONE
NINE VOLUMES
a=
ffifMIX OM
SPR~YED
.. _.... . .... -
.,
saut6EI!-t; ....
..
- .. .
-- .. .
2. Water Saver-(ready made! membrane LININGS- The brand is called Hypalon (Chlorosulfunated polyethylene).
"
Provides excellent resistance to weathering and chemical attack. Hypalon is available ont
ly as a reinforced membrane and does not require a protective cover for most applications. Hypalon is approved for potable (drinking) water containment.
111
Another brand is PVC - (polyvinyl Chloride) membrane offers good chemical resistanCe,
sealabllity and serviceability is unexposed applicationt, good as a liner for recre.tional
lakes, canals, sewage lagoons, etc. It is recommended that an earthen cover be provided
for PVC to maximize its service life as a fluid barrier.
True knes5.b$
mils (, o~ mch)
nul
~~ "/'~tW of an
u1c.h
~JZ.A:
1'
l'tt.6S
x %.a ~t.as
WATERPLUG -this is in dry-powder form and mixes easily with water to becOme a
heavy-duty patching material and is available in 1 pint cans (1 1/2 lbs.) 1 quart cans (2 1/2 .
lbs.) 1 gallon cans (10 lbs.) and 5 gal. drums (50 lbs.) or 567 gm., 1.13 kg., 4.5 kg. and 22.7
kg. containers.
This is used to seal cracks and holes in your basement walls. Whether water is pouring in
under pressure or seeping in as slow leak, waterplug stops it. Fast! Running water is stopped
in 3 to 5 minutes. It is non-shrink -expands as it sets and won't pull away from the edges of
the patch area. It even sets up under water.
112
The concrete or masonry which comprises your basement is porous, permitting dampness
to enter and turn the space into a dank, unattractive void.
Thoroseal ends all that by going deep to fill and seal the pores and minor surface; imperfec-.
tions, becoming as it hardens, a totally waterproof skin; positively prohibiting moisture
penetration.
Thorosea! is not a paint. Although it comes in attractive colors, and is itself a natural painting
surface. Thoroseal is cementitious. That means it chemically combines with the concrete or
masonry surface it's applied to, to become an actual part of the wall.
~nd thoroseal is a perfect decorator surface. Normally applied by brush, it can easily be mix-
ed to troweling consistancy to achieve the popular modern textures. What all this adds up to
is no more soggy insulation. No more warped paneling. And no more flaking, peeling paint.
..
.. ... -...... ..
,....!\-,~ ~
~ :,;
.: / ! ,'
These are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and normally are
produced in sheets or thin layers:
Vapor barriers should be installed on the warm side of the insulation. They should be continuous surfaces of asphalt or wax coated paper, aluminum, or other metal foil sheets or polyethylene film. They can be attached to the insulation as part of the manufactured product or
installed separately in or on the warm side of the wall, floor, or ceiling. They must be continuous and allow no openings through which vapor may pass.
Although asphalt paper is a goOd moisture barrier, it .is not a vapor barrier, and should be
used on the outside of a building for that purpose.
NO VApC>R BARRIER
WITH
VAPO~ BARRIER
114
This film is useful not only as vapor barrier for wal~, cemngs, and floors but also as a barrier to prevent the passage of moisture from the earth upward through a concrete stab
lain on the ground.
Polyethylene film can be applied vertically in 36 in. wide strips to studding on 16 in.
centers with a full overla~ on alternate studs. Films are stapled to studs. "'verlaps and ex
tensions to floors and walfings shall be 6 in .
L.CNGRETE GLA8
Pa..'fETIfT"LENE
EVA~
.2"So\ND C.USHION
tour or
$IX
moJsture ~rr1er
GINGLE SHEET
SA)ojDWtCH
WitH A~HALT
CEMENT
3. Kraft paper coated with asphalt or wax. Sometimes two layers of paper are cemented
with a continuous layer of asphalt.
Another materials used for damp-proofing of concrete walls is "WEATHERKOTE" Bituminous Emulsion, by SHELL.
115
These are high-grade between emulsions, which, after drying, provide pliable, fir,mly
adhered waterproof coatings over dry or de,np surfaces such as concrete, brickwork, masonry, wood, steel, etc. they are always applied cold.
All surfaces should be brushed to remove aU dust, loose particles, etc. Wash off with
water, if necessary. If cracks or unusually rough areas are present, these should be properly chipped out and brushed clean of loose'-particles and dirt. Prime such areas with
equal volume of Weatherkote type 3 and water by using a piece of sponge or similar material. Fill.these areas slightly proud of the general surface using 1:4 mastic or a Weatherkate/cement slurry of 1:1 :12 mixture. (One volume cement, one volume water, 12
volumes weatherkote type 3)
To Damp-proof tor to Waferproof)
a.
A clear, invisible silicone water repellent, specially formulated for application on aged
limestone and horizontal concrete. Furnished in liquid form application by.brush or low
pressure spray.
APPLY BY BRUSH OR
BY SPRAY
u
For invisible protection of most limestones (slight darkening might occur on some limestone containing slate or iron teSt panels are suggested} horizontal concrete surfaces,
highways, bridge abutments, bridge decks, driveways and sidewalks. Do not use Thoro-
clear Special on brick or freshly quar:ried stone
Thoroclear mJ.
'wse.
116
Applle~~tion6
AdVImfllges
Umit11tion
P11ck11ging
.t
Cover11ges
100-400 square
per gallon (2.4-9.7m211)
varies with porosity of surface.
b .. THOROCLEAR
117
. 0
0
~.,
,..
Application is made after excavation and placing of footings, after grading and leveling, after
construction and after earth filling.
2
..~--~----~------
...
fw4ui$ll4f
1 pJ)RT
1 I=RT
.
.;
~'T10N
..
proofing~
This is a wood preservative, which when thoroughly applied protects lumber for years. It is
recommended for protection of wood against powder post beetles (BUKSOK) powder post
termites (UNO$), decay causing fungi such as sap stain and dryrot. One brand name by shell
is ALOAITE. This is applied undiluted with a paint brush (2 or 3 coatings) or a sprayer. A liter
of this preservative can treat a minimum of 10 $Q. m. of lumber per coating. This come in
two grades, clear and broWn, another brandname is XYLADECOR by Boysen. This is light
and weather resistant which protects the wood while beautifying it. Xyladecor is highly recommended for exterior use and is available in eleven colors. Other known brands are cuprinol of Dutch Boy. Solignum and many others. Cuprinol also contains water repellent additives to protect wood against weather and comes in 5 colors such as teak, nut tree, pine,
chestnut and rosewood.
i
1
'
1.19
wooef
b. Colourt...-a cl8ar wood preservative fluid for the Pf8I8I'Y8tive tr8!8tment of al new and
existent external and intemal timbefs .which witt afterwai-ds be protected wtth a double
surface coating.
120
6. FIREPROOFING
a. To prevent the fire from spreading at once, lumber, plywood, wood doors, etc. are
painted with a liquid that penetrates into the wood. When there is fire, it reacts by dispersing the flame, preventing progressive burning. One brand name is RESIST-A-FlAME.
This liquid, when applied, retains tbe natural beauty, gives ad~ strength and more marketable value as it protects materials against fire, weather, decay, insects and warping
painting can be applied over this liquid. One gallon of this liquid can cover from 200 to 300
Sq. ft.
c.
Provision of the Fire Code or Fire Safety Construction, Protective and Warning System.
1. Fire protectton features. such as sprinkler systems hose boxes, hose reels or standpipe systems and other fire fighting equipment.
..
121
t
.
.
C::aiLI~~
~Q-=----Y~--~-v-------1
-
8E1-0W
lo()ftf.?)J
PENDANT
PP~
f>\fE$
?>
1\80 V'c
papa \.-.
1\Rf:
a__..,
f I p1 tJ Go
WHElJ
expos~
corJCEALeO ON CEIUNG
Dry Stllndpipe System -a type of standpipe system in which the pipes are normally not filled with water. Water is introduced into the system through fi~e service
connections when needed.
SIAMESE. TWIN
CCNNECfl~
fbr
f~trud~~
tla'l
3. Fire walls to separate adjoining buildings, or warehouses and storage areas from
other occupancies in the same building.
4.. Provisions for confining the fire at its source such as fire resistive floors and walls extending up to the next floor slab or roof, curtain boards and other fire containing or
stopping components.
5. Termination of all exits in an areas affording safe passage to a public way or safe dispersal area;
6. Stairways, vertical shafts, horizontal exists and other means of egress sealed from
smoke and heat.
7. A fire exit plan for each floor of the building showing th~outes from each room to
appropriate exits, displayed prominently on the door of each room.
8. Self closing fire resistive doors leading to corridors.
9. Fire dampers in centralized airconditioning ducts.
10. Roof vents for
u~
by fire fighters.
11. Properly_marked and lighted exits with provision for emergency lights to adequately
~luminate exit ways in case of power failure.
7. RATPROOFING
There are so many chemicals, powders, medicines rat food poison, that are being sold to kill
rats but these are temporary as rats proliferate in all nooks and spaces, gnaws almost-anything and moat of an which is very disturbing, they make holes on th& corners of floors and
baseboa~ds .
One way of discouraging rats and preventing them from gnawin g the wood is to put a galvanized sheet on the corners of a room. Science had proven that r.ats almost always start to
chew or gnaw only at the corners of a room and not on the midd!e . (The natives of Bontoc
had used this theory although they used thick wood t o protect their floor placed on the four
(4) postS of their~ouse as a protection from other small animals).
,_.t:---
HOW.THe ~Toe~
DO IT
8. RUSTPROOFING
A. GALVANIZED Iron prote-ction System
One brand name is WEATHERKOTE Type 5 by shell which is an emulsion to be applied
t~ G. I. sheets installed 6 months and more.
PREPARATION
1. The surface to be treated: shall be clean, firm and free from grease or oil. Rust, flack
ing paint, etc. shall be removed by wire brushing .
2. Treat any weak areas asf~lows:
a. Thin or weak areas, laps and nail holes shall be primed to approximately 4.. (0.10 m .l
each side of the weak area with Weatherkote block, diluted if necessary with mineral
t~.trpentine. Allow to dry for a minimum of 24 hours under average outside conditions.
b. An undiklted brush coat of Wll81herkote Type 5 Bitumen ErnWsion shaD be appledover the primed area.
c. While the above coat is wet, an openly woven fiber gla~ membrane such 8S' Wea~
therKote Fiber Glass Membrane 3401 shall be embedded into and covered by thewet
film of Type 5 Emulsion, ensuring that the membrane is less
width than the film
Emulsion. Allow to dry.
in
3. After the surlace has been cleaned ohust by wire brushing, it shall be primed w ith a
brush or spray coat of Weathercote Black, diluted if necessary with Mineral Turpentine. Allow to dry for a minimum of 24 hours under average out side conditions.
4. One heavy brush or spray coat of undiluted weatherkote type 5 Bitumen Emulsion
shall be applied to the whole area at the rate of 1 to 1 1/2 gallons per 100 sq. ft. Allow
to dry.
123
5. Apply one brush or spray coat of weatherkote Aluminum at the rate of 1/3 91allons per
100 sq. ft. Other colours, green, red, and blue are available, with a spread of 25-30,
square meters per gallon.
When a colored finish is applied, sand blinding of the last coat of Weatherkote Bitumen
Emulsion (4) while still wet, is advisable. Brush off excess sand When dry and apply the
colored finish. Allow a period of two (2) weeks after drying of the Bitumen Emulsion be.fore applying Weatherkote Coloured finish.
ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED PER 10 SQ. METERS OF
AREA.
Weatherkote Black
Weatherkote Type 5
Weatherkote Aluminum
Weatherkote Colours
1/3 gallon
1_to 11/2 gal.
1/3 gal.
25-30 sq. m. per gal.
*A
*Microscopic pure zinc particles give intimate bond to iron or-steel. Self-forming oxide
prevents rust and corrosion by galvanic action.
* Dries to a flexible,
124
--~-
Note: Oil based Primers are not suitable for this application.
2. Apply at least two heavy brush or spray coats of shell Weatheri(ote Type 3 Bitumen
Emulsion, each coat being .laid on the rate of 1 1/2 gallons per 100 sq. ft. Each coat
shall be allowed to dry (no brown stain when rubbed with a wetted finger). Brush
coats should be applied at right angles to each other to minimize the effects of brush
marks.
CURING: The above pr.otective coating shall be completely Clry and cured before 1he
tank is filled with water. This may take a week or more, depending on dry~
ing conditions and some form of artificial drying may be required in order
to accelerate the drying process.
Estimated Quantities of Materials Required:
1 gallon of Weatherkote Black per 30()...1100 sq. ft.
3 gallons of Shell Wea1herkote Type 3 per 100 sq. ft.
125
APPLICAt'ION
1. Always ensure that the surface of the base is clean, dry, sound and free from oil,
grease, flaking paint, etc.
2. Stir the material thoroughly before use.
3. Apply the material thinly by means of a steel float with as 1ittte trowelling as ~ble. A .
one-coat application of 1 mm (approx. 1/32") thickness is normally sufficient. (for exposed steelwork, 2 coats is nonnal).
Covemge:
B. WEARSCREED
Wearscreed is a three-component flooring unit containing exact quantities of epoxy
resin base and hardener with specially selected aggmgates. A coloring pigment may be
used when a coloured finish is required. Priming must be carried out with Wearsereed
Primer a two-component unit containing measured quantities of epoxy resin base and
hardener, ready for mixing. Application is done by stiff bristle brush for the Primer and
steel trowel for screed mix.
The POT life for primer is approximately 1 hour and for screed mix by approximately 46
minutes curing time: after laying, a minimum of 24 hours should elapee before light traffic. is allowed. Heavy traffic only allowed after 72 hours the coverage: Primer-approximately 8 sq. m . per unit, Screed mix: approximately 1.7 sq. m. per unit at .6 mm thick-
ness.
126
a. Baae Preparation
1. Observe proper slope, ex: 1 inch for every 12 feet from end to end.
2. Priming: Mix thoroughly Weatherkote type 3 with equal amount of clean water,
using a suitable stirrer. Apply the primer with a stiff brush in a scrubbing action to
achieve good penetration and bonding with the surface dust. Allow the primer to
dry.
3. Bonding: :ro achieve positive bonding of the mastic on to the base, apply undiluted Weatherkote type 3 over the dry priming coat, using a soft broom or brush
just prior to laying of. the mastic. Don't lay over dry bonding coat, care must be
taken to keep the area free of all foreign matters.
4. Mixing:
Add water to obtain proper consistency. 'tt is essential that the quantity of water
be established at the first and second mix . On subsequent mixes retain 10% of the
water required to adjust mixing consistency. Mixing must continue until uniform
color and homogenous mixture is attained.
5. /..Bylng: It is suggested that the mastic mix be laid in alternate bays of 2 m wide
using 12 mm screed bars. However, it has been found out that with the aid of
gauge No. 18 G:l. wire as levelling guide, the mix is poured and spread in bays' Qf
. about .SO.em. Atong the length of the court. No screed bars are used, hence no ir. regular edge. In a way this helps in minimizing directional cracks. This .could be
done as follows:
a. Over the still wet bonding coat spread themix borrowed from the mixer.
b. Level the mastic with a wooden float at the same time
comp~ cting
it.
c. After the initial set, that is from 40 to 90 minutes, after laying, finish the surface
with a steel trowel.
6. Rolling: The second stage of compaction is with the use of a 200 kg. roller,
done as soon as the surface can take the weight without pick-up .. This is done
along the whole length of the court, then across, observing an overlap of 3 .. to 4"
in each stroke. If rolling is delayed, a much heavier one is required. If the next bay
is laid to form a joint with an existing dried edge, apply a bonding coat where the
new mix lap with the old bay.
7.
P.lnting: Pri""t the rolled and cured surface with acrylic latex paint and allow to
dry. Paint the primed surface uaing two undiluted coats of filled acrylic latex observing proper color combination8.
'
D. ACRYLIC FLOOR FINISH -a brand name by CHESTERTON is a clear, high-glass, non
flammable copolymer, Chesterton Acrylic floor finish can be used as received for as
phatt, vinyl, linoleum rubber or terrazo floors. It is specially formulated for high traffic
areas such as public buildings, offices, schools, industrial plants, institutions, hospitals
and shop floors.
Chesterton Acrylic Floor finish is an effective, tetSgh, water base surface floor finish that
needs to buffing after it is applied. Acrytic floor finish is an acrylic base, self-polishing,
non-scuff, floor finish that provides a bright, durable, protective coating on all typeS of
floors. Formulat~ using an acrylic copolymer emulsion of optimum particle size to assure a dean, smooth, glossy film: .
Chesterton Acrylic Floor Finish will resist repeatesJ mopping-, scrubbing, water 8pills and
detergents, yet can be easily removed with Chesterton Ammoniated stripper and cleaner
when desired. When it is uneconomical to buff and where heavy traffic areas are subjected to frequent scrubbings, Chesterton ac.rylic floor finish, a metallic crosslinked acrylic copolymer is recommended.
E. CHESTERTON URETHANE ENAMELS -a brand name used for protective coating for
floors, walls, machinery & equipment. It is super-tough, abrasion and chemical resistent,
high-g1088 and aetf-curlng. Chesterton urethane Erlamets comes from a family of synthetic
reeana used ae protective coatings. The sing~. aelf-curing, oil modified, polyu~
rathane floor enamels are recognized for their superior toughnela, wearabilty and good
cheriicaltllilnance: Th8'v yield . . . th8t touqh, ltard end flaxi)le. They pan8ball8 andseal porous surfa~. yet retain a surfac' that gives a tough, resistant, high gloss or nevv
or old floOrl. It is excellent abrasiOn resistBnce to withstand heavy traffic in work area&.
Chemical resistance permits use' in loartions subject to spills, drips and leaks.
are
Coverage is 400 sq. ft./gal. or 37.2 aq. m/1. and comes in variety of colors like black,
clear, tile red, white, medium gray, light ,gray, medium brown, yeiiQW,. forest green, raw
lienna.
paint brush.
A. CHESTERTON PAINT STRIPPER- is a brand name which is a heavy duty gel that
softens and lifts paint from wood, metal, plaster, concrete, etc. It atso removes varnishes, lacquers and industrial finishes .
All brand names in the.paint industry has also their own paint remover brands.
B. CHESTERTON DESCALER and CHEMICAL CLEANER
Another brand name which etches concrete prior to painting. It cleans stains, rust, algae
fron1 concrete buildings, walks, etc. It removes cement build-up from forms, trucks,
equipment, tools, etc. It removes hard water build-up, lime scale, corrosion from boiler
tubes. Concentrated formula may be diluted w ith water.
Chesterton Descaler and Chemical cleaner with. Metal Acid inhibitor is a strong, mutti:use, liquid a<:id , formulated with a compatible inhibitor for a wide range of applications.
In use, its dissolving action on rust and scale is fast and thorough . Its acid formulation
dissolves lime scale and rust right down to the base metal or concrete with the sel~ive
inhibitor protecting metal surfaces.
trQi, protection and Management of Buildings. Some of the protective and controling items
are Architectural Hardware, Electric locks, alarmed Exit Devices, Gentral lighting control,
Central Proprietary Management System, Access Control Systems and Others.
129
CHAPTER .
.
MATERIALS:
1. PAINT -a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments,
adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which
when applied on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection,
decoration , Sl'nitation, identification and other funct ional properties.
Drying:
Paint dries by evaporation, oxidation , condensation, polymerization , or any combination
hereof.
a. Oil Paint -
1. Body - That solid, finely ground materi81 which gives a paint the power to hide, as
well as color a surface. In white paints the body is also the pigment. The products
most widely used for paint body are white lead, zinc oxide, Lithopone, and Tita
nium white .
2. Vehicle - a nonvolatile f luid in which the solid body material is suspended. The
vehicle should consist of !rom 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the remainder thinner
and drier. The drying oils include linseed oil, soya-bean oil, fish oil, dehydrated
castor oil, tung oil, perilla oil, and oiticica oil.
3. Pigment-materials which give the paint its color. In the case of white paint, the
body is the pigment. Color pigments are classified into two basic groups.
a. natural group - obtained from animal, vegetable and mineral.sources, such as
iron oxides, chrome oxide, cobalt oxide, siennas, ochres, umbers and also carbon black.
b. synthetic pigment group ...,.-phtalo-cyanines (coaltar derivatives) similar to those
used to make dyes.
5. Driers - organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead manganese,
and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.
Oil paint therefore signifies a paint in which the vehicles is a drying oil. Linseed oil is
most generally used due to its great ability to absorb oxygen and change to a solid
state. This oil vehicle is modified by the use of thinners and driers, for which the best
thinner is Turpentine .
132
'
b. Alkyd Paints-so called because of the syr:tthetic resin-alkyd resin, used in the
paint formulation. Alkyd resin is obtained by the combining of an alcohol and an acid .
Alkyd paint~ are produced by combining a drying oil, such as Linseed oil .or dehydrated castor oil with glycerine (the alcohol) and phtalic anhydride (the acid).
Styrenated oils are also used to produce paints that possess fast drying and excellent adhesion characteristics.
Alkyd paints have mild alkali resistance but excellent water resistance because of
its excellent weathering ability, alkyd paint is particularly useful for porch and deck
enamel and paints for other such exposed conditions.
With modifications, it is used in making white baking enamel, such as is used on
stoves, refrigerators, etc. Linseed alkyds give fast drying times and tougher films.
Alkyd resin may also be mixed with latex paints . They usually produce greater permanence and better adhesion properties.
c. Resin- Emulsion Paints (latex) - paints iA which the vehicle is a synthetic resin
emulsion, usually made from one of four basic resin types:
133
A variety of these paints are available, with a vinyl, alkyd, polyurethane, epoxy or
solvent base. Both opaque and transparent products are manufactured in flat, semigloss, gloss, or satin finishes.
They may be applied by brush, roller or.spray over a variety of surfaces such as
wood, paper, acousticaltile , concrete, stucco, plaster, conventional paint, enamel or
varnish .
Drying time to a dust free condition will vary from 30 minutes to 20 hours, coverage will vary from 150 to 500 sq. ft. per gal, depending on the particular type of paint
used and the kind of surface to which it is applied.
g. Polyester-Epoxy Coatings - a heavy-bodied paint used on concrete and masonry walls and has a higher percentage of solids than normal. The coating system consists of high - solids vinyl filler material to be applied directly over a concrete block or
other masonry surfaces, and high-solids , pigmented polyester epoxy topcoat.
The filler material may be applied by brush, roller or spray at a thicknes~ which
will give approximately 16 mils of dry film. The top coating, available in either semigloss or gloss finish in approximately 90 different colors, will add another 6 mils of dry
film to the coating.
This coating system creates a tough, long-lasting finish which is highly resistant
to water grease and many chemicals and which can be cleaned with harsh caustics.
This is suited to areas of heavy traff:ic such as schoolrooms corridors, kitchens, cafeterias, laboratories.
'
A similar top-coating material is available for a clear finish, in either gloss or semigloss. It is to be used over previously painted surfaces or to preserve the natural appearance of wood, brick or stone.
Both filler and top coating requir~ overnight drying time before applying a second
coat and approximately two weeks for complete cure.
I
2. VARNISHES
Varnishes constitute a group of more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to
provide a protective surface coating, at the sametime they allow the original surface to
show but add a lustrous and glossy finish to it.
All varnishes have basically the same components as paints, body, vehicle, thinner, and
drier. However, varnishes may be divided into three groups.
a. NaturaiResin Varnishes
Made from natural resins, or exudations from living trees, while others are fossil
resins. Some of these must be heat-treated to produce an oil-soluble gum, white
others are naturally soluble
oil.
in
Resin, a by-product from the distillation of iurpentine, is also used to make varnish. Varnishes made from a combination of oil and natural resin are known as oleoresinuous varnishes .
The best thinner for varnishes is turpentine, a distillate of gum from a group of
pine trees. It evaporates slowly and gives varnish brushing and flowing qualities that
no other solvent can give. It also aids oxidation of the drying oil by absorbing oxygen
from the air and passing it to the oil.
Marine and Spar varnish are classified as long-oil since it contains from 40 to 100
gal. of oil per 100 lb. of resin. The result Is a varnish which will produce as tougher,
more durable and elastic film.' but which takes longer to dry and produces only moderate gloss.
Floor Varnishes are classifiP.d as medium-oil varnislles. It contains 12 to 40 gat of
oil per too lb. of resin. They dry faster and have a harder film than long oil varnishes
but are not as impervious to water-.
134
c. Synthetic-Resin Varnishes
These are varnishes produced by the plastics industry, including phenolics, nitrocellulose, amino resins, alkyd resins, vinyl resins, polyethylene, polysterene, silicone,
acrylic resins, and epoxy resins.
Some of these are thermoplastic, and some are thermosetting. Many varnishes
made with plastic resins reach their greatest potential only when baked.
3. ENAMELS - when pigment is added to a varnish, the result is an enamel. Any of the varnish types can be used, and the durability of the enamel depends to a large extent on the
quality of the pigment. Since varnishes do not contain the opaque body material which
paints do, enamels do not have high covering power for best results, they require an opaque undercoat.
Baking enamels, made with synthetic resins are used on most household appliances,
curtain -wall panels of various kinds, aluminum shinSies and sidings, and various interior
and exterior trim materials.
4. SHELLAC - shellac is the only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal
origin. The resin is an exudationof the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited
on the branches of trees.
The resin accumulations are collected, crushed and dissolved in alcohol to produce
orange shellac, so called because of its color. By bleaching the resin, pure white shellac is
produced .
Various grades of shellac are made by varying the amount of resin dissolved in a gallon of solvent. These grades are known as cuts; a 4 lb. cut means that the shellac contains 4 lb. of lac resin per gallon of alcohol.
The alcohol used is usually special denatured alcohol or proprietary denatured alco-
hQl. Shellac dries quickly, is easy to apply, and produces a tough, elastic film on wood,
metal glass, cork, and leather. However, it should not be used on work exposed to outside conditions especially under strong sunlight since it will discolor and to water containing alkali since it causes the shellac to soften and whiten.
Shellac finds considerable use as a seal coat over stains and fillers and is sometimes
used as a complete finishk1g material by itself. This is known as french polish, using a linseed oil-soaked applicating cloth, co"nsists of many layers of shellac applied one over the
other.
5. LACQUERS -a new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish
for clear finishes. Most modern lacquer is based on nitrocellulose used in combination
with natural or synthetic resins and plasticizers. There ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate, leaving a film to form the protective coating.
Thinners are mixed with lacquer just prior to application to reduce the consistency
for spraying, to control the rate of drying, and to reduce the cost of lacquer. They include
a group of alcohols ethyl, butyl, amyl and isopropyl.
When another class of materials, "pigments" are added to clear lacquer, the result is
lacquer enamel, available in a w ide range of colors.
135
'1. clear gloss lacquer-a clear lacquer that dries to a glossy finish in one to four hours. It
1may be rubbed and polished with oil.,
2. clear flat lacquer-dries without gloss. 9ften used to produce satin effects.
3. Tinting lacquer-a concentrated colored lacquer mixed with clear lacquer to produce
lacquer enamel.
6. Shading Lacquer - a slightly colored lacquer used to produce wood color tone effects
on furniture.
6. STAINS-materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to impart
color without concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a protective coating.
They may be used to accentuate the color contrast of a wood grain, to even up color
differences or to imitate expensive wood colors on surfaces which lack desirable color or
grain.
There are a number of types of wood stain available, based on the kind of solvent
used to dissolve the coloring mattera. Water-soluble stains -synthetic dyes, many of which are coal tar derivatives manufactured in powder form and in various strengths. They are dissolved in hot water at a
specified rate in ounces per gallon, depending on the depth of color required.
Water stain is easy to apply by brush , sponge, dipping or spray. It is nonfading
and nonbleeding, and it gives deep, even penetration. However, it has a tendency to
raise the grain of wood. thus roughening the surface and necessitating careJul sanding. Water stain will air dry in about 12 hours.
b . Spirit Stains-made from dyes which are soluble in alcohol and are manufactured
both in powder form and in ready mixed liquid form .
This type of stain produces the brightest and strongest colors but is most sus
ceptible to fading. It also tends to bleed and to raise the grain of the wood. Because
they dry rapidly spirit stains are usually applied by spray; because of their high penetration quality. they are often used for iefinishing, repair work, and for staining sap
streaks. Drying time is usually from 15 minutes to 2 hours.
c. Penetrating OU Stains -made by dissolving oil-soluble dyes in coal tar solvents such
as tolnol, benzol, or xylol and further thinning the vehicle with common petroleum solvents. Oil stains are usually produced as a ready mixed liquid.
Stain is easy to apply by the sponge, spray or dip method, but the surface must
be wiped after application to remove excess stain. Oil stains have a tendency to bleed
into finish coats and are not as light-fast as water stains but have no tendency to raise
the grain. Drying time varies from 1 to 24 hours.
d. Non Grain-Raising Stains-this type of stain is made using light-fast dyes which are
soluble in such substances as glycols, alcohols, and ketones. They are designed to
produce all the advantages of the stains previously mentioned with none of their dis-
136
advantages. They hav~ moderate penetration, do not raise the grain of wood, and dry
in from 15 minutes to 3 hours. They do not run or bleed and; because of their fastdrying properties, are usually applied by spraying.
e. Pigment Wiping Stains-this type are made from translucent mineral pigments
ground into a drying oil. They are applied by brushing or swabbing the surface with a
cotton cloth and are allowed to set for various lengths of time after application.
They have good light resistance, no tendency to raise the grain, and color uniHowever, they lack the staining capacity of many other stains, and, because
they are not as transparent as some others, tend to obscure the fine grain of wood.
formity.
7. FILLERS-finet'S are finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly
those with open grain, to fill the pores and provide a perfectly smooth, uniform surface
for varnish or lacquer. Filler is also used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.
Two general types of Fiii~![S:
..
8. SEALERS - the primary purpose of a sealer is to seal the surface of the wood and pre-
vent the absorption of succeeding finish coats. It may be 3pplied to bare wood that has
been sanded smooth or applied over the stain or filler:
A sealer also tends to seal in the filler, blend the stain, stiffen any raised wood grain
and thus make sanding easier, and form a bond between the wood and the finishing
coats.
Shellac is a widely used sealer. Thinned out to a 2 to 41b. cut, depending on whether
varnish or lacquer is to be used.
Varnish sealer is available for use under varnish or lacquer. It is similar to varnish cut
back until the material contains 30 to 35 percent solids . This type of sealer air-dries in
about 8 hours or may be force-dried in 1 to 2 hours at 150 F. The surface must be sanded
after the sealer is completely dry.
Lacquer sealer is the type of sealer most commonly used under lacquer finishes. It
consists of the same type of resins from which lacquer is made, with plasticizers and solvent and, in addition, solid content in the form of zinc and calcium stearates.
These are called sanding agents and increase the ease with which the sealer surface
may be sanded when dry (Sanding Sealer!:
9. SILICONE WATER REPELLANT
To be used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out
as a protection trorn absoiJ)tion of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi to
destroy the surface.
finishes
137
PRODUCT NAMES
INTERIOR & EXTERIOR FINISHES
All of the finishing paints have different product nam~s for each brand of paint an example is
as follows:
Nalcrete flat paint is Dutch Boy
Tropicote flat paint is Sinclair
Product to use as per Location of Surface
1. For interior and exterior concrete surfaces
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
concrete sealer
stucco and concrete primer
interior flat paint
exterior gloss paint
quick dry enamel
portland cement paint-oleoresinuos base paint.
gloss or semi-gloss AQUA paint-thin with water
Note: before painting newly plastered concrete surface apply a mietralizer an alki free
concentrate (using 1/2 liter per Bottle to 10 liters of water of any brand) used to
wash unfinished interior or exterior stucco, concrete masonry, or plaster surfaces
before painting where free alkali may be present, or where moisture conditions
may cause efflorescence
2. For exterior wood.surfaces
a. Exterior Gloss House paint
b. enamelized house paint
c. latex house paint
Note: before painting exterior wood surface, apply e~terior wood primer which is fungicidal of any brand. (non-fungicide is also accepted)
3. For exterior galvanized iron roof. Tiles of asbestos
a. portland cement paint
b. tatex roofing paint
c. acrylic roof paint
Note: before applying paint. Apply red oxideprimer or red lead primer-(a high quality
rust inhibitive primer formulated to prepare iron and steel surfaces for subsequent
coats).
Note:
before applying paint, sand paper and apoly interior primer ana sealer-an alkydbased sealer for interior wood panels, cabinets. Thinner is added.
138
a. wood pasta seeler-designed to fill and seal open grain interior wood used for
paneling, ftoor, furniture it will produce an even level finish. Use thinner or oilwood
stain.
b. oilwood stains - for staining open-grained or close grained wood filler.
c. lacquer sanding sealer-a clear sealer f or wood to be finished w ith lacquer. It has
excellent holdout properties requires pess sanding.
d. clear gloss lacquer -top quality high gloss clear lacquer for cabinet fixtures, doors,
paneling and furniture. Use lacquer thinner.
e.
clear dead flat lacquer-flat finish for wood cabinets, doors and. paneling and other
surfaces requiring a flat finish thin with lacquer thinner.
i. lacquer glazing & spot putty-is a heavy-bodied putty and glaze for filling dents
and imperfections on metal or wood surface use lacquer thinner.
Gladng putty-:-a high quality alkyd resin fitler for repairing dents, holes and cracks oo
metal or wood surfaces. Use thinner and tinting colors:
EXTERIOR WORK
MATERIAL TO BE PAINTED:
SPECIFICATIONS:
MATERIAL BRAND
Sinclair's 18 Epoprime
Sinclair's 475 Stuc-o-life
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
139
'
First coat
Finish coat
Sinclair's 18 Epoprime
Sinclair's 5000 Aqua
Gloss
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
. First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
II
:11
II
II
II
II
II
ll
II
II
I[
140
Finish coat
Sherwin William's
No. 561 S-W Exterior
house paint
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
\1
H'
II
II
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
Sherwin William's
No. 450 S-W
undercoat
Sherwin William's
SWP Gloss house
paint
Boysen's #302 white
exterior wood primer
Boysen's Exterior house
paint
Davies #1320 Exterior wood primer
Davies 1200 Exterior gloss house paint
141
Two coats
Two coats
Sherwin William's
LIN-X Clear Gloss
Varnish
Two coats
TV'!O
coats
Two coats
~
One coat
Fuller's Non-grains
Raising Wood stains
or (Oil woodstain)
penetrating
One coat
Dutch Boy's
One coat
Sherwin William's
penetrating oil stains
One coat
One coat
One coat
142
First coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment.
First coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Finish coat
Sinclair's 12 GALVAwash
Sinclair's 26 Zinc
Chromate Primer
Sinclair's Portland
Cement Paint
Fuller's Turco prepaint ,
or Redipaint
Fuller's Red lead primer
R-4171 or 83-Y-1F Red
oxide primer
Fuller's #2200 series allweather
#1400 series Galvanox
#3001 series roof Decor
Dutch Boy's tex thin
Dutch Boy's #041 zinc
Chromate Primer
Outch Boy's Portland
Cement (3 coats)
Sherwin William's
Galvanized Iron
Primer, B50 Ax1
Ner roofl
Sherwin William's
Galvanized Iron
Primer, B50 Ax2 or
S-W Kromic Metal
primer or S-W Red
Lead Primer No. 1-A-.
Sherwin William's
S-W exterior house
paint
Boysen's
Boysen's 1009 Acrylic
Roof Paint
Boysen's 100% Acrylic
Roof Paint
Pretreatment
First coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Finish coat
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Wash Primer
#940 Zinc chromate primer
Portland cement or
Acrylic roof paint
143
First coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First eoat
Second coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Second coat
144
SinClair' 12 GALVAWash
Sinclair's 26 Zinc
Chromate primer
Sinclair's 248 Sash and
Trim primer
Sinclair's Sinco lux
Quick Dry Enamel
Fuller's Turco red
paint or WO #1 or 7861
acid component
Fuller's Red oxide
primer 83-Y-1F
Fuller's 2900 or 620
Exterior Gloss house
paint or Galvanox or
roof decor Acrylic Latex
Boysen's
Boysen's 100% Acrylic
Roof Paint
Boysen's 100% Acrylic
Roof Paint
Boysen's 100% Acrytic
Roof Paint
Sherwin William's
Sherwin WiHiam's
S-W Galvanized Iron
Primer or S-W grip
primer
Sherwin William's
S-W metal tastic
S-W-P house paint or
sitver brite aluminum
paint 115
Sherwin William's
Same on 2nd coat
Dutch Boy's #61-006
metal treatment
solution mixed with
equal proportion of
tap water.
Dutch Boy's 1040-Zin
Chromate Primer
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's exterior
house paint or
nalcrete
Davies Wash primer
Davies #940 Zinc chromate primer
Davies Exterior house paint or
Davies Roofshield
Finish coat
Pretreatment
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
Loxon's Exterior
Masonry Acrylic
Latex Paint, K12 W x7
First coat
Finish coat
Boysen' s permacoat or
Monokote
First coat
Finish coat
sealer
SPECIFICATION:
MATERIAL BRAND
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
145
First coat
Apply
Turco WO #1
Finish coat
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
coat
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
146
Sherwin William's
Kromik metal primer
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's Keon
Lustral Enamel
First coat
Finish coat
2. ALL NON-PAINTED
Concrete, Synthetic Finishes,
rubble, brick and washout
INTERIOR WORK
1. WOODWORK, Plywood, Wall
and Ceiling
Two coats
Two coats
Two coats
Two coats
Sherwin William's
Weather Clad
Penetrator
Two coats
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
(Use Fulatile. or
Flatwall
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
Boysen's Flat'Wall
Enamel
First coat
Finish coat
sealer
147
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
sealer
Finish coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
148
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
First coat
sealer
Second coat
No. 25
Finish coat
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
Dutch Boy'!;
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
First coat
Finish coat
One coat
One coat
(1/4 liter
One coat
One coat
of water per
41iter can
of paint)
One coat
Boysen's
One coat
One coat
149
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coat
Fuller's
Fuller's
Boysen's lacquers
primer surface
Boysen's gloss lacquer
enamel
First coat
Finish coat
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Rnish coat
150
Sinclair's CL-101
Sanding Sealer
Either one of the
following:
Sinclair's CL-150 High
Gloss Lacquer
Sinclair's CL-151 water
white High Gloss
Lacquer
Sinclair's CL-156 Flat
Lacquer
Sinclair's CL-157 Water
white Dead Flaat
Lacquer
Davies
Davies
or Davies
or Davies
#701 Hi-solids
#702 Hi-solids clear gloss lacquer
#703 Hi-solid dead flat lacquer
#704 Water white gloos lacquer
n7 Finishing
Sinclair's
oil
Fuller's
Sherwin William's
penetrating oil clear,
V82 V X 50
Boysen's
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
Fuller's
Fuller's
Fuller's
Fuller's
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
First coat
Sherwin
Sherwin
Sherwin
Sherwin
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with two or
more coats
First coat
Second coat
William's
William's
William's
William's
Enamel
151
Third coat
Finish w ith two or
more coats
Rrst coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
Pro-lux primer
Pro-lux glazing putty_
Pro-lux primer
Quick-drying enamel
Rrst coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
Fu~er's
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
Sherwin
Sherwin
Sherwin
Sherwin
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
Dutch
Dutch
Dutch
Dutch
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two- or
more coats
Boysen;s
Boysen's
Boysen's
Boysen's
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
. more coats
152
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
William's
William's
William's
William's
Boy's
Boy's
Boy's
Boy's
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
First coat
Second coat
Third coat
Finish with Two or
more coats
INTERIOR WORK
MATERIAL TO BE PAINTED:
1. Cement Plaster Sprayed
Cement and Concrete
SPECIFICATIONS:
MATERIAL BRAND
BASED FINISH
First coat
Finish
coat
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coats
First coat
Finish coats
desired shade.
First coat
Finish coats
153
First coat
Finish coats
Fuller's
Fuller's
First coat
Finish coats
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
First coat
Finish coats
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
First coat
Finish coats
Boysen's
Boysen's
First coat
Finish coats
First coat
Finish coats
For SEMI-GLOSS
WATER BASED
FINISH:
First coat
Finish coats
First coat
Finish coat
First coat
Finish coats
First coat
Finish coats
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
First coat
Finish coats
First coat
154
First coat
Second coat
Fuller's
Fuller's
Finish coat
Fuller's
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
First coat
Second coat
Finish coat
Boysen's
First coat
Second coat
Boysen's
Boysen's
Davies 11350 Acrylic concrete sealer
Davies Classitex 155-02 semi-gloss
Davies 156-m Gloss
First coat
Finish coat
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
First coat
Finish coat
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
First coat
Finish coat
Boysen's
First coat
Finish coat
Boysen's
155
For SEMI-GLOSS OR
FLAT WATER BASED
FINISH
First coat
Semi-gloss
Finish coat
or Flat
Finish coat
First coat
Semi-gloss
or Flat
Finish coat
Finish coat
Semi-gloss
or flat
First coat
Finish coats
Finish coats
Sherwin William's
Sherwin William's
Sherwin Wiiliam's S-W.
Flat tone alkyd Flat
Enamel
Semi-gloss
of Flat
FirSt coat
Finish coats
Finish coats
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's
Dutch Boy's #55 BOO
Flat Nalcrete
First coat
Semi-gloss
or Flat
Finish coats
Finish coats
Semi-gloss
of Flat
First coat
Finish coats
Finish coats
Semi-gloss
of Flat
First coat
Finish ci>ats
Finish coats
OTHERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
156
medium chrome yellow, dark chrome yellow, m~ium chrl;)me green, dark chrome,..,enetian red, Burnt umber, Raw umber, Raw Sienna, Bumt S~nna .
15. Bleach Finish - use woodbleach No. 1 and woodbleach No, 2.
16. Sanding Sealer-a lacquer sanding sealer composed of nitrocellulose and hard gum
resin. Airdry to recoat or to sand in one hour. Any lacquer may be used over this sealer.
F:or " Interior use only"
Application of paint
a. surfacepreparation
b. primer
c. First topcoat
d. Second topcoat
Electrostatic Spray
Electrostatic Air1ess Spray
Utho Coating roller
Plywood coating roller
Flow coating roller
Powder Dip Coating
Electrodepositlon
Brands of Painte
1. Davies
2. Fuller
3. Dutch Boy
4. Sinclair
Boysen
Sherwin Williams
Finch
Others
5.
6.
7.
8.
PAINTS
Paints - include the many fluid materials used as thin coating on wood, metals, cement
plasters, brickwork and stucco per protect fire or decorative purposes. These materials
are classified into true paint and varnish, the distinction being that the true paint is a
mixture of a pigment with a vehicle where as varnish contains no pigment. The vehicle
is the fluid portion which is oil and water. It is used for iron sheet and metal to protect
them from corrosion and for wood to guard it from decay and warping.
011 paint -this signifies a paint in which the vehicles is a drying oil. Linseed oil is most
generally used because of its great ability to absorbed oxygen and charge to solid state.
This oil vehicle is modified by the use of thinners and driers, the best thinner is turpentine.
Water paint ...:..signifies a paint in which the vehicles is water paint includes white wash and
calcium. Water paint is made by the slaking quicklime in water, then straining to remove
the lumps and adding water. They are used in a powdered forrr t) mix with water.
Varnish '( Surface)-varnish is a solution of resin in drying oil or in a Y\.. .rtile solvent such as
alcohol in turpentine it contains no pigment and hardens a smoother, hard and gloss
coat by. oxidation of the oil or the evaporation of alcohol.
157
CHAPTER
'
HARDWARE
HARDWARE -metal products used in construction, such as bolts, hinges, locks, tools,
etc. They are classified as:
a. finishing hardware-Hardware, such as hinges locks, catches, etc. that has a finished
appearance as well as function, esp. that used with dooi'S, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part of the decorative treatment of a room or building.
b. Rough hardware -in building construction, hardware meant to be conceafed, such as
bolts, nails, screws, spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
1. Sargent
2. Stanley
3. Vale
4. Corbin
5. Schlage
6. Kwikset
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Rabbit
Universal
Eagle
Master
Alpha
Yeti
a) TYPES
160
~-
'
b. Panel door - a door having stiles. rails and sometimes muntins, which form one or more
frames around recessed thinner panels.
.-~-~
Jod< r.21tl
Kinds of Doors
1. Swinging Door
open to
\~t
2. Overhead swing-up garage door - a rigid overhead door which opens as an entire
unit.
. ~
161
3. Overhead roll-up garage door-a door which, when open, a8sumes a horizontal
position above the door opening, made of several leaves.
5. Accordion Door - a hinged door consisting of a system of panels which are hung from
an overhead track. When the door is open, the faces of the panels close flat against
each other. When the door is closed, the edges of adjacent panels butt against (or interlock) each other to form a solid barrier.
M*'Mf
-~
,.,:~
':J
.,
i:"
\}
ry
;I
!,'$
>C
:!
whgn do~
162
'II'J
~$!ey!~~
6. Bi-Folding door-one of two or more doors which are hinged together so that they
can open and fold in a confined space.
:DU,.~ ~~-A
wtwJ-1
~
..
op~r!A.d
""
7. Revolving Door -an exterior door consi.sting of four leaves (at 90 to each other)
which pivot about a common vertical axis within a cylindrically shaped vestibule, prevents the direct passage of air through the vestibule, thereby eliminating drafts from
outside.
8. Sliding Door -a door mounted on track which slides in a horizontal direction usually
parallel to one wall .
t--
--t
9. By-Passing sliding door~ sliding door which slides to cover a fixed door of the same
width or another sliding door .
163
10. Sliding Pocket Door - a door which slides inside a hollow of the wall.
11. Dutch Door -a hinged door which is divided into two. The upper part can be opened
while the lower portion is closed.
A. To Hung a Door
HINGE -a movable joint used to attach support and tum a door about a pivot, consists of
two plates joined together by a pin which support.the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to swing open or closed.
1. Butt Hinge-consist of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin . in large
hinge, the pin is removable, in small,hin~. it is fixed .
...
.
..
.. .
,-\
,~ ': : e
164
:r- 8 , ..
...
'
J' .
e ,
dYie
of 'th2 0'ht1dnc.a/ly
f'lrl po$7e~
'"
Ll
zz~zzzz,
165
2 . Spring Hinges - a hinge containin~ one or more springs, when a door is opened, the
hinge returns it to. the open position automaticaUy, may act in one direction only, or in
both directions.
b. Double action
ExceUent for u5e in restaurants, hospitals, kitchens, the door opens by just pushing it
with the shoulder or feet.
166
b. Single IH:tlon
C'i,'
-r:::::?
_,:.e
..
.,
e
e
:9
3. Pivot Hin. . - the axle or pin about which a window or door rotates.
VtHtk:tll Spring Pivot Hingtt -a spring hinge for a door which is mortised into the heel
of the doOr. the door is fastened to the floor and door head with pivots.
top prvot
167
ROUGH HARDWARES
I. NAILS
C. W -common wire nail with head and for strength
-box nail also used for strength
[!
:>
..----------
COl========;>>
~=======::::=->
or concrete nails
These are nails which can be driven 3/ 4 deep to concrete mortar, or brick.
NOTE: Choose a nail three times longer than the top thickness being fastened . For example, use a 1 1/2 nail when nailing 1/2 plywood to a 2 x 4 stud.
Other common Hammer- driven fasteners
br.aJ~
====-
O:D
168
.
I
,..
'T
~
II. SCREWS
HEAD TYPES
CruNTER GlMK
FLUSH
PHILIPPG f-IEAD
Sl-fEET-ME'tZ'L
~W
- 169
lagScrew
WASHERS
.i%14' tl4M
Flat
Counter Sunk
Tr
~lush
BOLTS
Bolts have threaded shafts that receive nuts. To use them, a hole is drilled, pushing the bolt
through and adding a nut.
a wrench.
NUTS
170
Hex nut
Square nut
Wing nut
acomnut
Hunger bolt8 - for hanging fixtures from walls.
L
2" to 6" diam. 1/ 4, 5/16", 3/ 8"
W/ll!ll/J..,. .
UDStn
JOINERY BRACKETS
To form strong joints
T~
Pl.A"'fE
171
. : ...
L-BRACKET
.17.2
'
SURFACE BOLT
~'
DOOR BOLT (BARREL BOLT)
~ C :::=..===:::l
..
173
A variation of this is a mueical chatn -door fastener when door is opened the button ac
nvat~ the battery operated button holder.
VIEW FROM
~~~
174
LATCH
for ~IA1ng
.doer
RABBETED LOCK
:a lade: or J~d1 t1 Wh1d11h2
faa ~~ fJuQ1 wrfl11t1~ r.abbet
on ;a r:abl).etAJ .&:A?r jamb
OEAO BOLT
;nner Kndl
--- -=flhRa1
'---k:aJ ~It
Button- a small rejecting member used to
fast<.:1l the frame of a door or window.
175
fixed on door.
hpw-1kl
'
Cylinder Lock- a bored lock which has a
cylindrical case into which a separate latch
case fits.
OfLINOEQ LOGK
176
Scrt~H~n
paJiod<
.H uplock-a kind of hasp that has a bt,Jift-in locking device which can be opened only with a
key.
177
~- Concealed Type
178
'
~.
jamb -
J (' i111 I~
r j ~
('\ I I i
}i
,.i ll If :: '
': '
.door f
1.
~~
''
i
i
II
i!
I
l
! \\
\ I!/)\
j
1 iJ I .1
' I li
'
I. ! I:
1iii
I 1/il
'l I
t I
r-. '
i .
I'
II
179
rdiAr
180
. . _.-- .------11-.
il
two
p2MI~ t~tht?.r
HlNGES
a. Butt Hinges
loo.7A
p11
LOmmon butt
---.
' .......... __ ,~ /
'-.._
I
I
-.
b. Offset Hinges-used for hanging lipped or overlapping doors, available in semiconcealed and surface-mounted styles.
'\
.... ,.
__
..,..,. /
.I
c. Pivot Hinges -made for both flush and overlapping doors, come in three main
types:
1. side-frame pivot hinges that attach
2. side - frame pivot hinges that attach intermediately along a door's side edge.
3. Top and bottom-mounted "knife" hin_ges that are quite difficult to attach.
(This is recommended for use where !he cabinet door is touching the side wall).
Sometimes called the washington hinge.
-- - --)
__"_[
'
182
.......
__ ,
/
_,1
-.----
, ____ , ,
--.:.---
II\
""
I
' , ........... _,..,.. , I
'.,
----.--'
\'\
..............
--
~"
d. Invisible Hinges -don't show from the fr.ont and is expensive. They can be used
for both flush and overlapping door.
'
r~,.,
--L\
-- ----
""",......
_"'1f" __
'
__ /
/
...... ...,.
..,./
',
I
~--.,.
//
183
e. Flush Counter Hinge - for a drop down door that can be lowered to serve as work
surfaces (level with the cabinet's bottom) require hinges that lay flush in the surface,
mortise them into both surfaces, they don't show when the door is closed. A droPdown door also requires a chain or stay supp~-rt to hold the door's weight when it's
open.
,.,--........ "'
__J=~* ______
/
-- - -~fl..__
'
>
184
a door catch flat that uses a magnet to hold the door in a closed posi-
3. Bullet Catch -a fastener which holds a door in place by means of a projecting spring
arctuated steel hall which is depressed when the door is closed.
KNOB
FLUSH RING .
ffiowi3
eott-:_.~ l<tlO D
FIU~h KriOD
u~ fa- !1h.d1i19
.dtx>r~ P.I}SI1B.d
111to Jni!PJ
hol~
~ trk?rlt~M
PULLS
port a weight.
net or shelf.
186
187
co,bination Hook and Eye -Used for putting in place, a door or a window.
ROLLER GTOP
/ -fla""J rubber
I
'--Door Stopper-to prevent the door ~ith its lockset from harming the wall or tiles ;
188
CHAPTER
PLUMBING MATERIALS
CAST IRON PIPES .AND FITTINGS
..
.,,.
,----zt-fl
'
.,
. ,..----"""---t.:
~INGLe
AND DOUQLE
COMBINATION Ye SEND
~N6LE
AND OOU9L..E
190
451>
f''xz~y
. (.10 X lJ!5)
11
TAPP~
1?
"1"1::5
4''x '1."
C.RO.G~
ICE
(-'ANfTAR'()
4"X4''
"tAPPE=D
,, ,,1EE
2. X 2.
CR~Tee
(~NJIAIZY)
~~~TSE
(TAPPED)
4'~2"
.11,: X z''
~NITARY
TEE
~
CRO~~
TEE
(TAPPED)
z'x2"
LEA() FeRRULE
"f!' x~ ,.
191
GT"RAINER
( NICKLE PLATED )
(BRAS<;)
( &TE::.e L)
LEAD
'' P'' TRAP
BRAss~
P ,.
I RAP
YENT~P
DRUM 'TRAP
RUNNING ll<AP
C'i<ON t"OOI
FtTTINGE;
192
RUNNING !RAP
DOUBLE VENT .
'5'' TRAP
WITH VENT
[II
STANCl'\RD PIPE
~~J
-
DOUBLE HUB
Ill
~ub
4.SOM
]
SINGLE HUB
[
H UBLEGS PlPE
193
"'
.l
~I=====~
f
DOUBLE HUB
REDUCER~
INCI<SA~ER
P-ll<AP W/CRWJTHOUT
VENT<; AND CLEAN OUT<;
REOUCING Q.IORT T
194
RE:DUC.ING
+S 0 Y
REDUCING LONG Y
8.7.5 for$b~
( 06f1~) IS<30
OOOBLE ~
gNGLE eRANQ1
e15 tJ 1:E=
e1.5 TSE ~ 2''
1
REDUCER ~~z,+"xz"
~%"
.
4 ,..
-:7
1
TAPP~D11 TEE
!'X 1
1111
;-q..
z''x 1 ~
P TRAP W/ pu.JG
CI...E;AN OUT
TY~5 Q=' FITTINGs; IN t11n1
)
~ J . 75 ( -5'
so ( ...
110
(+'')
'
COLOR COOING
?'tw~ wat.llr - bl u~ .
~0w. ~.llf -c::r-2k1ge or Jlfitt q;-3j
ll1dt.Jc;tnal G~mt- gray
car1 muntc.atoo c.able
~wagB ~th11
- '#JloN
or~t1qll)
~m.
195
A<58ESTO~.
PIPE AND
FITTING~
TEE
SANITARY CAOS$ TEE
CROSS TEE
75fJ ELBOW
~,4NITARY
WYE
.
8:J ELBOW
RUNNING P-TRAP
~ITARYTEE
196
:30E'L90W
..
~LANT
CUT L-
RUNNING
TEE BRANCH
CUT CURVE
"'TRAP
OFFsPET
'
TEE BRANCH .
197
GAlE
198 .
VALVE.~
TEE
REOUClN6
SOCKET
:'
0
COUPLING
REOUG~G
UN\ON
TeE
BU~HlN6
REOUClNG ELBOW
PUJ6
CAP
199
ll_~l
llll
RETURN SI=ND
200 .
FLOOR FLANGE
SXTENgON PIECE
ADAPTER
POLYTHYLENE
FITTINGS
I=)
90El...BOrV
COUPLIN6
ADAPT ER
~TRAIGMT
COUPLING
90 E .LBOW
201
FLARED OR a:>MPRESSia-J
FL.ARE.D FITTING
FLARED ~ C!M'~~ION TEE
TO THReADED FITTING
SLIP k
202
NUT FE~ULE
WATER CLOSET
VIC.TORIA FREE
PF ZJXJ0 WATERCLQ6ET
GYLVANA
~NAPF2~
WA.TER CLOQ;i
PF2~
hbt~J r~
for JrNBr~
mattf~
ar.et~~~
~r~ur~
.203
CARMeLA
~ttl~
fm-
L.tWJm~rLt ZJI,
-tm~t~
Jn;h tu-h~Jj
Ltffimon !o!:by
f?Jr :
~ 411.1~-.t:lraJniYig
nm.
OJ AMANTE ~ PF 3'130
;a
oowr ihat.pwvltks a
mart; of ~na'
prat"hc.al
t;amt.atJon.
~m..BndAi
fa-:
- rural ar;ea
low Cb;f-. ~~
- publ~ todm
205
LAVATORIES
U1~Lh~\
for q~ rwm~ #:.
low ~At tc1~t
206
LAVATORIE~
DIANA LAVATORY
PF -100~ - waJI-h.Jn~
Javztvry WJth rs- OJJr
flow aid at7t"1H ~ap~
aJN'TESSA PF 5105 -
nm a1A ~JTAY
fl;Jr~ todot
flu;l1~ng
lttby to.Jet~
207
_URJNAL
ADMIRAL P F ~~10
w.all ~ hl11g wa4lrut
unrtal
wrf11 ext~J 9MJ/Js auf
Jnt.fgral flu91 ~pr,g~r
~~~~~~
r,et.ommPnJE.d for :
. mBn $
to1J~t
-?u,t.abJ.e for_hots
COMMODORE. PF G6CXJ
wallhung wa~out urrna/ vv1th
. flu<;rung nrn ahd 111tB;T.al tr.ap.
5Utt.abl~
208
60APANO SPONGE
HOLDER
PAPE~
SOAP HbLOER
HOLDER
5HOWER HEAD
TONEL RAIL
209
CHAPTER
- ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
TYPES OF C.ONVENIENCE OU1LET~
TRIPLEX
e@e.
DUPLE><
.f-RJLE -3WlRE
(~INGLE)
1'YPE5 OF SWITCHES
FL.U<;H MOUNTE.O
OD
8
~-GANG
GANG
Z GANG
~[JOOD~
4-GANG
SWtrQ-1 W/ Pl LOT
LIGHT
@
0
pusH 8UTT0tJ
212
PUSH SWITQ-f
ll.JM8L$R c:;WITCH
JUNCTION BOXES
XTAGON BOX
l:.EILING OUTLET
90X c.JRCULAR
RECT~GULAR
.~
BUGHING
CSGUAJC?E
J:'ORCELAIN TUBE
KNOB IN~ULA~
c;R?OL INSULATOI<
213
..
. ~ ! .
: ' .
GElLING OUTLET
'
LAMP
or;oGKET~
~4RFACE
1'1'l:?E:.
<:;OGKEI
RU88ER WATSRPI<OOF
<;OGK.Er.;. FOR CUTI;IDE
u~t=
FU~E SYl'/IEk'L
214
C IRCULAR LOON\
ELECTI<ICAL TAPE.
aif
r; ==ijJ
~~
~
TYPE<; C)F CONDUIT FITTING<;
215
c;
C.LIP
"TYPE
Wl~e
FLEX18LE
~C.EWAY' OR
MOULDING
GTEEL CCNOOT
~E~EL
RACf:WAY
CONDUCT~
~DUCTOJ2
u:AD
~r=ATH CAB~
~WITCH
21 6
BOX
PS
c.
MINIATURE
LAMPS
217.
INPIRECI'"
LIGHi
DIRECT
LIGHt
.}
GEN. DIFFUQ:
JNDIFZEC.T
Dli<ELT
~f::MJ-INDIK'ECT
60 WATT<;
THREE:.- tOO
. 100 WATT~
~OWA~
WATT<;
-iOOW16 .
THREE 40 WATI~
THREE 40 WATT~
218
100WAIT~
FIV~
Z.OWTG.
THR~EtOO
WATT~
~OWATTS.
TWO 40 WAIT
100W1.; .
f\.~~t'n'
, ..
FOUR 30WATT
40 WATTs.
fi..UORESO:NT
100WATT~
THREE
TW040WATI~
40
~OWAT12;
WATT~
75-W WAI"t?;
~CJWAT'T~
LAMP
STYLS~
UGED IN
VARIOU~ ~OOMG
219
c HAPTER..
FLOORING MATERIALS
FLOORING MATERIALS
The final wearing surface which is applied over the subfloor.
Factors in Choosing Materials
a. Type of building involved - residential, industrial or commercial.
b. Type of usage to which the floor will be subjected - Light foottraffic, heavy foot
traffic wheeled traffic .
c. Special requirements-sound absorption qualities, resilience, color, smoothness
resistance to chemicals, resistance to abrasion, or ease of maintenance.
d. Cost- includes both labor and material.
.=
- 1_
___,
r~i l~t
rn$1h~na-
~ ~lfl/2111
1. WOOD FLOORING -made both in softwood and hardwood.
SOFTWOOD (PINE)
a. Strip Flooring -standard strip is used for residences, offices and schools, heavy
strip is for industrial uses, bowling alleys and dance floors.
th.a LRrltBr
STANDARD ~RIP
grcov60 for
~hip L~p
HEAVY
222
~!RIP
~plinB.;
a channeled or grooved bottom surface. The purpose of the single or double channel or
groove is to equalize moisture absorption and reduce cupping, thickness is from 3/8 up to
1 11/16 in. width is from 1 1/2, 1 3/4, 2, 2 1/4, 2 1/2, 2 3/4, 3 1/4 in.
::- I
Strip flooring is also available in what is known as colonial plank, strips of various
widths with round inserts of some contrasting wood. Usual thickness is 25/32 in. Widths
trom 3 to 8 in. Edges are tongue-and-grooved and the ends are grooved with splines supplied.
[
b. Parquet Flooring-(Wood Tile) Consist of blocks or fillets of hardwood of various
sizes which can be laid in any number. of patterns such as herringbone basket
weave, and squares, common thicknessis 25/32 in. and dimensions are 2 1/4 X
1 3/4 in 9, 11 1/4, 13 1/2, 15 3/4 and 18 in.; or 18 x 18 or 12 in. x 12 in. Small fillets of
about 3/8" thick by 9/10" width by 41i41ength are assembled into blocks usually
18"' with 16 squares of 3, 4, 5 or 6 fillets each, with a gummed paper backing which
ill later removed upon installation. Parquet glue used for this flooring are the brands
of stickwell.
1e:'
GLOVER OESlGN
J
..
18''---
RANDOM
OftSIGN
223
STAR DIAMOND
c. Block Flooring-Floor blocks are individual pieces of wood with edge-grain face
made in a number of sizes a common one is 2 x 2 x 31/2'in. and laid down in mastic .
gran blot.k
m25""tlL
2. CONCRETE FLOORING
Concrete floors are done in the best of workmanship and materials since they are subjected to every kind of wear and abuse, such as impact, abrasion, attack by salts and aggressive liquids. It is the aggregate which lies at the surface of the floor that absorbs
abrasion and impact, and must withstand the wear and the tear of traffic.
a. Floors may be poured as single monolithic slabs or they may be composed of a base
slab covered by a topping. The base slab must be well roughened surface to provide
a good bonding surface for the topping mix.
c. Metallic-aggregate topping can be finished to produce a non-skid surface, Finishing with a wooden or cork float produces a surface as shown in the illustration.
Nonskid surfaces can also be produced by using abrasive~t>(pe aggregate such as
aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in the floor topping. This is also done in stair
treads.
non ~kiJ
d. Colored concrete floor'S are produced by adding some type of inorganic coloring
agent to the topping mix or by shaking it over the surface and floating it into the
top. One type of coloring agent consist of mineral oxides in powder form. The mix is
10 lb. or less per bag cement.
US.EO
DRIVEWAYS
225
Another coloring agent consist of a fine grade of silica aggregate synthetic inorganic pigment, and a water reducing agent thoroughly mixed together. This is applied as a shake over the freshly finished floor top at the rate of 1/ 2 lb. ~ square
foot and floated into the surface. Final troweling produces as smooth surface
Metallic aggregates are produced which have a coloring agent added . It is a
synthetic, inorganic metallic oxide, and produces a nonsparking floor.
e. Concrete is also used to make Floor tile (Cement Tile) by forcing the concrete into
molds by hydraulic pressure and by allowing it to set and cure. Sometimes tile are
made in two layers, the upper one being made of mortar with white cement and
marble chips as aggregate. The upper layer can also be made of colored mortar .
After curing, the tiles are surface-ground to produce a smooth f inish.
p211t1 color
~~~
-1''i11Jtk Py
8"X8''
or
1Z1 X1Z''
3. CLAYTILE FLOORING
Clay tile are made by a process similar to manufacturing trick. Tiles are made into either:
a. Glazed Tile-a Tile composed of ceramic materials fused into the body of the Tile.
The body may be nonvitreous, semivitreous or impervious, and either white or colored.
tVITREOUS)-descriptive of that degree of vitrification evidenced by low water ab
sorption; generally signifies less than 0.3 percent absorption except for floor and wall
tiles for which it signifies less than 3.0 percent absorption ..
b. Unglazed Tile -a hard, dense ceramic Tile for floor or walls~ of homogenous composition throughout, deriving its color and texture, from the materials of which the
body is made and from the ~ethod of manufacture.
226
Example is the Vigan brick Tile 1" x 12" x 12" or 16" x 16" _
1"
VITRIFIED TILES
Manufactured by Pioneer Ceramics, Inc.
Advantages:
Class A
- These are tiles specially selected from the regular production run for their
superior quality. (no imperfections beyond 1/64"1
Mil/run
- These are tiles from the regular production run. (imperfections between
1/32"1
Sizes:
Tile No.
001
00
0
1
Basic size
41/4" X 41/4"
4 1/4" X 4 1/4"
4 1/4"' X 41/4"
4 1/ 4" X 4 1/ 4"
4 1/ 4" X 41 / 4"
Actual dimension
Greater by 1/16"
Greater by 1/~"
exact size
Smaller by 1/32"
Smaller by 1 / 16"
Products:
b. Octagonal 10"
0
227
c. Diamond 8'"
d . .6 X 12''
t
e. 6" x 6"
f. 8"
12"
a x 8"
g.
h. 4,.x8"'x3/8"
101.6 mm
x 203.3 mm x 9.53 mm
i. 4 1/ 4" X 4 1/4"
d . Roman
e. Morena
228
BRICKS
Floor bricks size 5 em x 10 em x 21.3 em
i""""=
F=';
229
..
~rrin~
QtB$
be.d&ng
~mnglxn~,
a1 5~tt.h.Br
tnldular
tAus
DriLk~
11ntlll
D~
1
...._
--
230
r~:zting uri1t
pme-n
beLiding fJLA.s
.;:::::
~
I-
~
~
p..
If
turning
w. itJ
LOrtU?I;
>tr~tz.rw-
f.ate>
1~
~
II
Ll
II
II
II
PRODUCTS OF MARIWASA
. a. Ma tt Floor Tiles
4 1/ 4 x 4 1/4 (108 mm x 108 mm)
White and colored
Millrun-more expensive .
ECO-cheaper
231
1. White
splashing (white) millrun
Non,,Skid (white) millrun
Earthone (white} millrun
2. Colored
splashing Brown
carpet
Nuvolato
a -Series
Earthtone
Non-Skid regular colors
splashing blue
3. Seliniums
red
red-orange
4. ASPHALT FLOORING
Two types of flooring using asphalt as basic ingredients are:
232
5. TERRAZZO FLOORING
Marble aggregate concrete that is cast in place or precast and ground smooth, used as a de
corative flooring.
A base slab is poured first, reinforced with wire mesh to reduce shrinkage and settle~
ment.of cracks. Next, a layer of cement and sand, mixed very dry, is spread over the base,
worked Flat, and compacted. This forms a cushion on which the terrazzo t~pping is placed.
A grid-work, consisting of thin strips of brass, bronze aluminum or plastic, is laid on the
sand-cement cushion, bedded in and leveled. Standing approximately 1 in. above the
cushion.
The topping mix, consisting of cement, sand and marble chips or an abrassive material
as coarse aggregate is made up. It is mixed dry as is practical for placing. This topping is
spread over the floor and compacted until it is level with the top of the grid strips. After the
topping has cured sufficiently, the surface is ground and polished by machine.
Terrazzo has a tendency to be slippery, so on ramps, elevator entrances, where nonslip
surface is required, abrasive aggregates such as aluminum oxide should be used. By the use
of white cement, colored pigments and carefully chosen marble chips of one or more colors,
a great variety of effects can be produced.
br.a>> 5'trip
lerrAZZO tcp
ma-t.Jr I.JI'I&t~
TERRAZZO SURFACE
SECTION
233
(Granolithic Concnite)-Suitable for use as a wearing surface finish to floors. Made of cement mix with specially selected aggregate (granite chips) of suitable hardness, surface tex-
ture and particul~r shape.
6. PLASTIC FLOORING
Used in several types of flooring, including plastic Terrazzo plastic topping, vinyl-plastic
tiles, vinyl asbestos t iles, and vinyl-cushioned Flooring.
a. Plastic Terrazzo-an epoxy resin is used instead of portland cement paste as a
binder for marble chips a mixture of a liquid epoxyreSin, inert filler pigment, and color
pigment is used as the resin component. Formulation consist of 100 lb. of epoxy
resin, 50 lb. of fine calcium silicate, 2 114 lb. of titanium dioxide; and 314 lb. of
mineral pigment to this is added 10 lb. of a hardening and curing agent, an aliphatic
polymine. In this a'fnount of binder, 450 lb. of small marble chips can be used .
This plastic mixture is spread over the floor about 114 in. thick which weighs
about 3 lb. per sq. ft. 1I 4 in. thick. After hardening (one to two days after application) the topping can be ground smooth and polished . This type of topping can be
applied over wood, concrete or old Terrazzo base. Mixes should be limited to about
100 lb. total because the .plastic has a limited pot life, about 1 to 1 1I 2 hours at 75F.
Metal grid Strips can be secured to the subfloor with an epoxy. resin adhesive.
b. Epoxy resin , are used to produce floor toppings in a variety of colors. The liquid
resin, color pigment, and curing agent are mixed and spread over the surface in
thicknesses of 1/4 to 1/2 in. The material may be troweled smooth or left with a
dimpled finish.
c. Vinyl Tile - is made of a layer of vinyl plastic bonded to a flexible backing. Tiles are 6
x 9 in. and 9 x 9 in. thickness of 3/32, 118 and 81100 in. feature strips 1 x 36 in. and
rolls 54, 46, and V in. wide are also made vinyl Tiles are laid in vinyl cement for con
crete floors on grade, a special waterproof cement is used. Vinyl is highly resistant to
. fats, oils, most acids alkalies, and petroleum derivatives a wide range of colors and
designs available (This is resilient ..,
~..5 )
--== ---
d. Vinyl asbestos 1Tiles are made a composition of thermoplastic vinyl r~in and.plasticizer asbestos fibers, pigments and filler. These are mixed hot and form of into
sheets 1/16 or 1118 in. thick under pressure. Tiles 9 x 9in . and feature strips 1 or 2x
18 in. are cut from these sheets. The same general large of colors is found as in asphalt and vinyl t~e. This tile is lain in an asphaltic base cement, and is highly resistant
to grease, acids and alkalies. (This Tile is nonresilient it breaks but is very durable
when finally laid ~~"'......-> )
This flooring is produced in rolls 54 and 72 in. wide and is laid in a special cement made of the purpose. Adjoining edges are joined with a special cement string
solvents should be used for cleaning and vamish~. shellacs or lacquers should not
be apptied to the surface.
234
f. Vintl inlaid wear-layer constructions (exclusive armstrong brand process called coraon}.
The rolls are done in such a way that vinyl chips or cubes are inlaid, embedded
and bonded together by clear vinyl mortar. In this process, the coior and design of
the wear layer go through the backing. A moisture-resistant hydrocord backing
allows installation on any grade level.
Thesefloorsare made up in rolls six feet wide and up to ninety feet long, wh.ch
greatly reduces-the amount of Seams. Vinyl corlon floors ~an be installed by either the
P&rimiflor or perimiflor plus installation process which uses a special adhesive that
chemicaliy welds the seams to provide a continuous monolithic surface. A small bead
of adheSive is forced into and up through the seam, providing a strong, tight bond.
The seams virtually disappear and are sealed against the penetration of moisture and
dirt. This is accomplished without the use of special tools or heat thus reduCing ir.stallation time am~ cost. This eorlon vinyl sheet flooring is styled for high traffic areas
such as h0$pitals. Schools, commercial and shopping center interiors, lobbies, etc ..
7. MAGNESITE FLOORING
Made from calcined magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride. These materials are
mixed into a plastic state and applied to the floor in two separate coats, totaling 1/2 to 3/4
in. thick. A considerable quantity of ~oarse, fibrous filler is mixed with the first coat to give it
strength and flexibility. The second coat has no ftber, but color pigment is mixed with it to
produce any color or colors required.
Magnesite flooring is applied over either a wood or concrete base. Sometimes metal
lath is laid over a wood base to produce a better bond. Marble chips may be added to the
freshly poured surface and rolled in to produce magnesite terrazzo such flooring is quiet, resilient, non-slip and fireproof but not completely water resistant.
8. RUBBER FLOORING
These come in the form of tiles. Synthetic rubber is used since it has less tendency to
oxidize than natural rubber. Pigments and plasticizers are mixed with the liquid rubber and
the mixture is rolled into sheets under pressure and cut into 6, 9 and 12 in. squares and 18 x
36 in. rectangles, in thicknesses of 3/32, 1/8 and 3/16 in.
235
Rubber tile is suitable for floors above grade and is latd in a rubber-base cement: It is
very pliable and provides good resilience and relatively good sound absorption.
9. CORK FLOORING
Cork- isused as a basic ingredient in two types of flooring.
a. linoleum -linseed oil is used as the binder in the manufacture of linoleum. It is oxidized by air treatment until it becomes a tough plastic substance somewhat like rub
ber. Powdered cork, resin gum, wood flour, and color pigments are then mixed
with it and the resulting mixture is spread over a burlap backing and rolled into
sheets.
three grades are
grade A
- 3/ 32 in.
grade AA - 1/8 in.
grade AAA - 1/4 in.
It is produced in rolls 6 ft. and as 9 x 9 in. linoleum tiles.
Two types of roll linoleum are made:
Plain -one single color
Inlaid-made ~p . of several colors which extend through the burlap
backing~
linoleum can be laid on any wood Floors above grade and can be laid over sus
pended concrete Floors, providing they are dry.
Two types of linoleum cement abused.
a. Plsin - for ordinary installation.
b. Waterproof-for kitchens and bathrooms.
linoleum and linoleum tile should be laid over a thick feet paper base, which can be
bonded to the subfloor with the same c~ment.
~ ..
b. Cork Tile -Made by mixing cork shavings with resin and compressing the plastic
mixture into molds. Tiles are baked to set the resin. Two thicknesses of tile are
produced, 3/16 and S/ 16 in. sizes include 6, 9 and 12 in. squares and,6 x 12 in. and
12 x 24 in. rectangles.
They are laid on Floors above grade in a special adhesive and rolled down with a
heavy roller. The surface l?f sanded and given a coat of filler and finally waxed.
Cork Tile are warm quiet and resilient but as durable as other materials. They
resist water but not oils and grease.
Resilient Floorings- The group of flooring materials which includes asphalt, vinyt,
yinyl-asbestos, cork, rubber and linoleum (resilience_: The capacity of a material to
recover its original size and shape after deformation)
236
11. MARBLE
This is a expensive flooring from Marble Stone Cut into one inch thick and sizes of .40 x
.40, .30 x .60, .20 x .40 and other extra special sizes. Laid on the floor with white cement and
when already set, a grinding machine is worked on the surface to smoothen .the face after
waxing is applied.
237
CHAPTER
'
a-3 Plywood- See building board chapter for different types. One way of attachment
to studdings is by leaving a f /4" inch space using edge of plywood or a 4 c.w. nail
to separate edges to give an effect of planking.
PLAN
. ELE.VATlO~
B. Those used as trim materials around door and window openings, as baseboard, and as
~
DOORJAMB
MULLION CASING
(:
L)
HANDRAIL
t?
..
CASING
NQS;IN6
'/.
..
:-j
:
COVE.
(J
.
ROJND
w
c.ROWN
QUAQ"ft;R Ra.JNO
BASEBOARD
STIPPLED
Square-edged gypsum board covered with a vinyl plastic fabric is also produced as an interior. finish, joints are usually covered with an aluminum,
plastic,
wood batten.
or
~D FIHlSH
241
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242
4"
flr.epla~
SO\...lO BRIC.K
wall
., ,.
2'
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WALL PATTERNS:
~~~~~
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PROJECTING BRICKS,
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GAPOEN WAI...L
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1
ENGLIGH BQND
243
GLAlED TILE -Ceramic tile having a fused impervious glazed surface finish (white or colored or with designs! composed of ceramic materials fused into the body of the tile; the
body may be nonvitreous, semivitreous, or impervious.
Comes in sizes of
4 1/4"' X 4 1/4"'
2 1/2" X 6 1/2"'
6" X 6"
8 1/2'" X S 1/2'"
Ceramic wall die in various sizes and shape~ are usually 3/8 in. thick is used in kitchens,
bathrooms, washrooms, laboratories, for a feature wall, or as a dado or wainscot with ano- ther material covering the upper part' of the wall.
Ceramic mosaic -small pieces of plain or cotored tile mounted on a paper of cloth netbacking-is used for similar purposes.
~0
( 1'1115
244
B
Jl
t.at1
D
I
bA
GLAZED TILE
ACCE~SORI_,_ _~
, _,;:- -iCC.
.. _,..
'.
CAPPING
245
tl
r'cc. -
lt1tS"lor ~rnsGaPf'lt19
..
EBB- ext~nor
b.Q2d
ETB - EXtMor
lm'tom
top bJ!U
4. STONE FINISHES
This can be produced by using solid stone walls and exposing the interior as well as the exterior surface.
The other method is to cover the interior surface with thin stone slabs, from 1 to 2 in. thick.
The stone is applied over a backup wall of concrete, concrete block, brick, tile or hollow
blocks and is held in place with some type of stone anchor.
I[
l ]
[[
II
D
10
ETI
DP
I
ID
RANDOM FINIGH
5. CONCRETE FINISHES
a. Plain concrete walls may be used by giving them specral treatment to make them as
smooth as possible. This is done by rubbing down with abrasive stone or with an equipment called a sander, and filling the holes and pores with cement grout.
246
b. Precast concrete sandwich panel-One face is finished for interior exposure. The
face may be textured, patterned, or colored, or it may c~si~t of exposed aggregate
. ROPE Fl~\S\1
247
6. BUILDING BOARDS
a. Plywood
1/4H x 4' x 8' ordinary
narra veneer
bookmatched
ribbon grained
Insulating fiberboard
Chipboard
Particle bbard
Gypsum board
Straw board
Asbestos-cement board
i. Corkboard
j. Paperboard
Wood slats or wood grilles - This comes in a form of panel screen and used as a wall paneling , ceiling, ventilation, movable room divider, etc. available in a fine selection of kiln
dried philippine woods in standard and special design perforated panels. Widths are 2, 3 and
4 feet, height is 8 and 10 feet, thickness 1/2", 3/4... and 1 1/2 in .
.J011.e by router
248
7. \NALL PAPER
This is produced in a wide range of wood grain, fabric, stone, brick and mural patterns. Wall
papers are produced in single and double rolls 20 to 36 in. wide containing 36 sq. ft. per
single roll. Selvage edges 3/ 4 to 1 in. wide are removed from each end of a roll before hanging. To install with a perfect fit, an overlap of 1 in. or more is done and a vertical straight
edge rs used to cut with a sharp blade.
8. WALL COVERING
The material comes in rolls of 1.00 m wide of either.
a. Wall paper or
b . Wall vinyl (washable)
It also comes in plain, colors, prints wood grain .
mural patterns, or with texture, and about a thousand different designs and colors, or even photograph and view effects.
Method of laying:
Mix wall covering paste (suggested brand is muty. lan) with water and when it is sticky, use a brush
and spread on the back of the wall covering evenly
then make or loose fold with about 1 inch excess
on the ceiling, apply pressure on the meeting corner of the wall and ceiling with a squeegee and let
the wall cover fall freely.
249
--.
BRUSH
WAl..L PAPER ( 04
...,,
)
WALL VINYL
W CUI~nnq
,,
1 ex.L./!SS
~=~~~lf~r~
250
NOT THIG
9. GLASS
Glass is used for finishing inside rooms. For light-diffusing or light directing, glass blocks are
used. For interior partitions, room dividers and screens, structural glass is used. Plate glass
mirrors and architectural glass with designs are used for interior decoration and to produce
special effects. Architectural glass comes in thickness of 1/16" or 3/32" and usually 111/2"
x 11 1/2" in. or 24" x 36" and in two types, clear glass mirror plain or black tinted. Glass tile
or panels are available also as a type of wall finish.
'--.....lo--.J
The architectural glass is attached to a backup plywood walling with a rugby glue to form a
pattern. This can also be used for ceilings. (The back portion of architectural glass has a
ctothlike material for the glue to attach quickly).
251.
PATT~RN
10. STEEL
Stael waH tile are made from thin-gauge sheet steel to. give them rigidity and coated with
porcelain enamel in a full range of colors.
~====J
~eC.TION
Common sizes are 41/4 and 6 in. squares and 3 x 6 in. w ith cap, base, outside and inside
corners, feature strips, and others. Special tile adheswes are used to secure tile to smooth
surfaces.
Stainless steel wall tile are produced in 4 1/4, 5, 6,. and 10 in . squares and in 3 x 6 in. rectangles in a polished satin fini.sh. Corners, caps, etc. are available to corresponding to field
sizes.
Galvanized sheet metal casing trim is frequently used in plac of wood casing around door
and window openings.
jamb
252
12. PLASTICS
Plastic wall tile in 4 1/4 and 8 1/2 in. squares are maqe from polystyrene and urea formal
dehyde re51ns in a range of colors. Theyare applied with special adhesives, and joints are
pointed with special grout after the tile are in place.
Plastic laminate wall panels in wood grain, stone and mottled finish or patterns, as well as
solid colors, are applied with contact adhesives or as a facing over plywood sheets.
Special mouldings are used as panel dividers, edgings and corner trim.
COVE
DIVl~ION
QIJTGIDE CDRNER
Plastic wall fabrics and films of vinyl are used in much the same way as wall paper.
Molded sheets of plastic reinforced with fiber glass which simulate brick and stone may be
used for either interior of exterior.
Molded plastic acoustical tile, backed by fiber-glass wool, along with opaque plastic ceiling
tile for use with suspended ceiling systems.
253
13. PAINTS
Are used to cover unsightly surfaces, to provide decoration and to prevent absorption of
moisture into the waU, to act as vapor barrier, and to provide a washable surface.
Three grades of paint are produced.
a. Paints that flow out under a brush or roller to produce a flat smooth surface.
b. Paints that are stiff enough that when applied by rollers, the surface produced is
rough or stippled. This is called "Textured" paint.
Types of walls
1. One made of a framework of studs and plates and having the upper-floor frame, the..
ceiling frame, and the roof frame attached to it.
CAIt1!1 fram~
.ext~rtor~
~tud~
i.:..:.-:.-:...-:,..-..--~
.
.--+-+-- ~r
_L_-_.........~-t
w.all
ffa?r
.fran~
I f ' - - - - ma~nry
wall
255
.
...
...
..... .
FRt=.J\ICH
ANA'(
256
TJ:Wn'~L
FINI~li
BROOM
FlNI~H
S.PAiTE~
..
c:
..
"
c:
c:
ir
"i
WIR~ ME~H
( HYP.IB)
6ASE OR SCRATCH
C::.OAT
rlNAL CCAT
257
2. Brick veneer- Brick veneering over a iight wood frame is done either by using regular
brick taid up to produce as 4 in. thickness of veneer, or by :using thin slabs of brick rna
nufactured for the purpoSe.
A regular 4 in. thickness brick is laid in two methods. One is to lay up the brick over the
sheathing, using metal ties nailed to the sheathing to hold the brick in place. The other
is to cover the studs with paper-backed wire mesh apply a 1 in. thick layer of mortar and
set the brick with their backs in the mortar.
4-' hriGk
,,. ar f.p.!~
c;}JQ;;ft11f179
...
..
..
.- 1''
.
..
IMtaf
tt~
~tu.d~
pl.a~t.41
mt.ar
p.apAr l?.ul<
W1~~}1
~tu&G
plaG+Ar
When thin veneer slabs are used, they are set in a mortar base which is applied over a
stucco wire backing.
mortar
4. Natural stone veneer-Thin slabs of some natural stones such as sandstone, lime
stone, riverstone, adobe, gray and black kermon stone, slate etc. with either regular or
irregular dimensions are laid up in a mortar bed in the same way as artificial stone or
brick.
25~
s:t...AIE
LIMe GT~NE
STONE
ADOBE
.C
'---- 111bi~r
FLAT
jatl1t
~i
af:7~~-~f*laH1C ~~IV2
259
6. Wood Siding-!he common wood specie usect. for sidings are Tanguile, or pinewood.
This is manufactured either in T and G, S-CUT or V~CUT, RIZAL CUT.
This types are either sun dried or kiln dried.
S.~es -1" x_. 4" , 1"x6~' 1"x8", 1"x12"
I ~ G
VCUT
~-LUT
t1r
~HANNEL
RUGTIC.
7. Boards and battens -When boards of various kinds, apitong, Tanguile, pine, rough- .
sawed or planed are applied to a wall vertically with narrow strips of the same material
nailed ovef the vertical joints.
I
PLAN
~LE.VATION
a.
Aluminum siding - Some types consist of a single thickness of metal formed into the
re.quired shape.
\
C..URVr::;.D FACE:
Otilef's have a rigid insulation backing. In addition, a baked on vinyl enamel is u_sed to
produce siding ~th a permanently colored surface in a wide range of colors. The thickness is from 0.02 to 0.025 in. th'ick. Siding is from 9 to 12 in. wide is sections, 12 feet
long, while vertical panels are made J2 and 16 in. wide and 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, ft. long.
260
9. Metat -made of pre-painted, baked-on zinc coated galvanized. iron used in curtainwall panels. Steel, stainless steel, ah.Jminum, galvanized iron, copper and brass are
.. metals commonly used . Colors are silver, champagne bronze, coppertone, brass. Gauge
range from 0.19" to .040". Gauge no. 3.1 to gauge no. 24.
'
t:lte SPANDR I: L
lt .o'
em
fd:\Qnala~~
,...
wtd may~
111~:173d ~r2
h<1rizartal s-tw
V4!?rtttal ~tuJ
~~t-+-C::: . H . t3
I
PLAIN GPANDRcL
-~~----------"2
~~G-V
SPANDREL
10. Plywood exterior finish- Marine plywood or waterproofed plywood are used either in
its full size of 4 Y.8 ft . (1.20 x 2.40 m .) with the long edges vertical and the joints covered
with batten. or it can be cut in strips and applied horizontally.
I
'
_I
11. Insulating fiberboard siding - This material is made fro.rn 1/ 2 in. wQ.Od fiberboard with
one face covered with a heavy coating of asphalt. Finely crushed slate is embedded in
the asphalt in patterns imitating brick, stone and wood grain. The board is produced)n
strips 8 to 16 in. wide and 24 to 96 in, long, with shiplap edges.
261
12. Wood shakes and shingles-Jhere are two ways in applying shingles or shakes to
sidewalls
is by single course' and the other one is double course.
one
The maximum recommended exposure for 16 in. shingles on sidewalls is 7 1/2'". for an
18 in. shingle. It is 81/2" in. and for a 24 in. shingle it is 111/2 in. for a shake up to 32 in.
it is 15 in.
262
13. Hardboard iding-Tempered hardboard cut 12 and 16 in. stdps 4, 8, and 12ft. tong is
used as siding. Three methods of application are used. One consists of applying the
strips in the same way that bevel siding is applied. Another method Is by using a rab. beted wood strip at the bottom of each course to .accentuate the shadow Jine. fn the
third method, preformed metal a strips hold the siding in place and give a deep shadow
line. These metal strips have .holes drilled in their bottom surface to provide ventilation
behind the board.
~~:3-thtng
hllrJ ~3rJ
~-~~~rtJQ,.artf
$ol.diH9
~'11---~lrtg
't'JOQ1 ~trip
on
4~'
..
Glbeetoe-Consists of a core of sheet steel which is first dipped in a bath of moltenzinc. Immediately a layer of asbestos felt is applied under great pressure and is bonded
to the zinc coat. The felt is then impregnated with asphalt, ctnd finally a tough, water
proof colored coating is applied to both sides. Galbestos sheets are available in widths of
3Cr and 33 in. in lengths up to 12 ft.
263
16. Brick-The wall can be made of face brick over a backup wall of common brick, clay
tile or concrete block.
bukup w/l
17. Tile, ceramic venettr and terra-cotta-Structural tile .and facing tiles are used in various ways in the construction of curtain walls. Structural tile is used as a backup wall for
face brick, facing tile, stone ceramic veneer or ar(;hitectural terra cotta.
Eight-inch through-wall glazed or textured structural tile can be used alone.
.6
,,
THROUGH-WALL TIL~
264
( W 1Y~ f.6lr.atn!L
VBM.ei!r
3J4' ~rtar
!bat
1z! ~crJtdt co2t
- - ~/e" h1gh nbbe.d m~tal
1
b. Anchor type -- ceramic veneer is fastened to the backup wall by some type of metal
anchor and supported at intervals by steel angles. Thicknesses vary from 1 1/2 to 3
in. and units are produced in maximum width of 24 in. and maximum length of 36 in.
265.
no
18. Stone (marbla)-Stone facing can be used either over a backupwaU of masonry or
supported by a subframe of aluminum or steel.
..
. ..
. . v:
:
;,
.-
.. 0
....
19. Preca1t concrete slabs-Made up as curtain wall ~nels , using both standard and
lightweight concrete. Blocks may have a smooth, plain concrete surface, plain concrete
with textured surface, or an exposed aggregate surface. A layer of colored aggregates
and white cement is sometimes used on the surface of the panel to produce a terrazzolike finish . .Slabs may also be faced with ceramic veneer.
266
20. Washout finishes-Concrete walls may be finished With either pebble washout, glass
washout, or even shell and granite washout.
The mixture of mortar and pebbles either no. 5, no. 10, or no. 15 is mixed in not too wet
mixture, applied to the brown coat and when the mixture is troweled and not yet dry, a
spray of water is applied to remove the excess cement and expose the stones. The same
procedure is done with glass washout, however white or green or blue colored cement is
used.
-,:: .:.
.::'.Ot1tmi"~
wall
21. Synthetic adobe, brick -The final coat is cement plaster mixed with grounded adobe
stones, grounded brick waste, sometimes mixed with\pebbles and sea shellsfor~effect.
.This is. then plastered to the wall from 3/4" to 1 1/4" thickness. When it has hardened, a
regular vertical chipping with an axe is done to expose the aggregate. Colored cement is
sometimes added for effect.
22. Sandblasting-The final finish is done by mixing plaster with colored cement or just
plain cement. This is placed in a sandblasting contraption which can be made at the site.
When the handle is turned, the plaster mix is blasted and forced to adhere to the con
crete backup wall.
w()()J
267
23. Bush-hammered finish-A plastered wall which is hammered from a specially designed hammer.
Bush hammer-A hammer having a serrated face
containing many pyramid-shaped points, used to
dress a conCJete or stone surface; (manual or power
driven).
Finishes:
Bush-hammered concrete - Concrete having an
exposed aggregate finish; usually obtained with a
power-operated bushhammer which rE'moves (by
percussive cutting) the sand-cement matrix . about
the aggregate particles to a depth ranging from 1I 16
to 1/ 4 inch. (1.59 to 6.35 mm.)
Bush-hammer finish-A stone or concrete surface
dressed with a bush-hammer; used decoratively or to
provide a roughened traction surface for treads,
floors, and a pavements.
24. Glass -Glass is used in curtain wall construction in sheet, block and tile form. Glass
blocks are 4 in. thick and comes il') sizes of 6 x 6 in., 8 x 8 in. , 12 x 12 in., and 4 x 12 in.
They are laid in mortar in stack bond. The entire panel must rest on a resilient pad of
some kind so that blocks do not come in contact with the structural frame.
-....;.,~~11 --a:J~t~
.d1211n~l
a>lum11
jamb
~ f1herbo2Jrzl pad
~~;-L ql,a~ biod:..
c~l
'---C~ulkll1_9
25. Plastic - Plastic panels are produced in flat and corrugated sheets. and in sandwich
panels. Many of the sheet type panels are made from fiber-glass-reinforced polyester
plastic. They may be clear, translucent, or colored. Used in factory buildings.
268
26. Logs-Comes from medium si~ed trunks of trees which is either half log or slabs or full
trunk.
W~DTIWWEL.
~ FINI5H
W&Hi GTE!:L-ll?OW!:Ll.ED)
269
~INULA1l:!D
PNEwx:t> FJ".hGH
a'
: .. 0
.
270
. .
..
,.
While residential buildings have ceilings generally fastened directly to the floor joists or to a
ceiling joists.
Suspended ceilings c.onsist of a grid of metal track suspended from the structural ceiling
with wires or cables, the grid openings of which are filled with ceiling panels, light fixture's or
other utilities.
272
The space created by lowering the ceiling in this manner is very useful, and is usually neces- .
sary for concealir:lg utility services. Residential construction utilizes attics and crawling
spaces for this purpose. The ceiling panels may be flat or shaped, and available in a wide
range of textures and patterns. Typical panels are 1/ 2 to 1 inch thick and (6() x 601 2 x 2 feet
or 2' x 4' feet !0.60 x 1.20) panels for residential ceilings are usually fi::Jt, and are applied to
plaster, drywall, or wood furring strips.
It is to be remembered tl')at the materials to be used for eaves or outside ceilings must be of
waterproofed plywood, tempered hardboard (Lawanit) flat asbestos sheet, kiln dried wood.
Sometimes the cardboard material egg container is used for decorative ceiling and acoust
ical material.
.. Other material used in suspended ceilings are light diffusers of solid plastic, flat or moulded,
open grid or honeycombed design, or of metal AC louver and stainless steel for ceiling of
banqt.:et halls, lobbies, department stores and screens for shops and restaurants.
One of the most important materials used for c.eiHng panels is:
1. Mineral fiber -a generic term adopted to cover several mineral based materials
used for similar purposes, including asbestos, perlite, vermiculite, and other less
common materials. For ceiling panels, mineral fiber with the addition of a binder may
be molded, pressed, or compacted to whatever density is desired, from a soft absorbent panel to a hard rock-like surface. One of the more common panels, once called
asbestos-cement board, utilizes portland cement as a binder. T',e face of mineral
fiber panels may be left natural, painted, or covered with a variety of materials from
plastic to aluminum. Mineral fiber products are .noncombustible, and thus enjoy a
very good fire rating.
2. Fiberglass - another popuiar material for ceiling panels. Most fiberglass are flat, and
the face side is typically covered with vinyl -paper, or aluminum . These may be obtained with a variety of textures and surfaces.
3 .. Metal wall and ceiling panels are generally perforated for acoustical performance,
and are often backed with fiberglass batts to improve both insulation and acoustic
qualities. Metal panel may be narrow planklike pieces about four inches wide.
Stainless Steei - (Tajima AC louver and S.S. Bishop II). A ready made metal louver with a
wide range of uses, it is light, durable, high precision and non-flammable. For banquet
halls., hotels, lobby ceilings, department stores, grilles and screens for restaurants and
shops.
273
,,
\\ II. t.l.
'\\. "
11. \\
"'
II
/L
/1 N N
H 1/
Jl II fL /./H
IL
,,f f
ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS
When sound waves strike a surface such as walls or ceilings, they are reflected and the reflected sound, as well as the original. is heard by a listener, resulting .in an increase in sound
intensity. While a sound source is operating, a room become.s filled with reflected sound
waves and when the source is stopped, then r'flected waves continue to travel back and
forth between room surfaces. As a listener picks up these reflected waves, he hears them as
the original sound being prolonged and finalty becoming inaudible as the reflected waves
gradually lose their energy by absorption. This prolongation of sound is called reverberation.
Control of increased intensity and of excessive reverberation are two of the major problema
of sound engineering. Along with them are the problems of control of unwanted sound an.d
of transmission of sound from room to room through walls, floors and ceilings.
A large part of acoustical correction deals with the improvement of hearing conditions and
the reduction of unwanted noise in rooms by reducing the energy of refleeted sound. This is
done mainly by the use of acoustical materials. Materials which have asubstantially greater
ability to absorb sound than such conventional ones as wood, gins, hard plaster, or con
crete.
Tlie percentage of the energy absorbed by a material when a sound wave is reflected from, it
is called the sound absorption coefficient, or acous1ical absorptivity. This absorption coeffi
cient depends on the nature of the material, the frequency of the sound, and the angle at
which the snUnd wave strikes the material. When comparing materials to be used for the im-
provement of hearing conditions, it is common practice to use the coefficient at ~he frequency of 512 cycles. In comparing materials for noise-quieting applications, the noise reduction
coefficient (N .R.C.I which is the average coefficient for the four frequencies of 256, 512,
1,024 and 2,048 cycles is generally used.
Most acoustical materials can be classified in groups:
4
1. ACOUSTICAL TILES
These are made from wood. cane, or asbestos fibers, matted and bonded into sheets of
various thicknesses, ranging from 3/ 16 to 1 1/ 4 in: The shee~ are cut into tiles of several
Size,' ;ncluding 12 x 12 in., 12 x 24 in., 16 x 16 in., 16 x 32 in., Z4 x 2_, in., 24 x 28 in. Edges
nay be square cut, beve4ed or tongue
grooved. ..
.
.
and
274
. These tiles are intended primarily for ceiling applications, they can be applied to solid sur
faces with adhesives, nailed to furring strips attached to a ceiling frame or the underside
of a solid deck, or installed in a suspended ceiling frame..
GL.UEO aR
~JLE:D
SU$PENDED
A great variety of designs, colors and patterns are available. The acoustic openings in the
surface of the tile in themselves provide many different designs. The openings may be
holes drilled in uniform or random patterns or a combination of large drilled holes and tiny
punched ones.
..
.. .
:
C)
o . _o
#
:.
..
..
"
..
C>
-. C!
o ..
" .
...
It
o.
..
... . .
.. 0 ..
".
R1NOCN DRILLED
REGULAR t:J:liLLEO
The openings may be slots, striations, or fissures, or the surface of the tile may be sculp
tured in various patterns, with a factory painted surface so that it does not require paint
ing after installation .
,.. : _..., .
. r
... ": . \ ..
. .. \ ..
'
....
~
'
'
.i
\ ... "\ . . . .. .
. . .. f ..
\. ..~- . ''-'.
. \
.
. . . ~ . . . ..t ' ..
-~. ..;... ..........
' ... .
'.
STRIATeD PA1~
The noise reduction coefficient of tiles of this type is about 0. 70 with some variations, depending on the particular material, the thickness of the tile, and the kind of pattern used.
Asbestos-fiber tiles 12 x 12 x 3/4 in. weigh approximately 1 1/41b.; wood or cane fiber
tiles are slightly lighter.
275'
2. ASS.EMBLED UNITS
as
p.2rf~tAJ h~ti~2A
HbBrgla's 1n~ula'tJOt1
276
..
277
.: . ... .
: .
......
4 CORK
a . Acoustical board -a popular material is the corkboard . This is agglomerated cork
from select t~ d cork granules, toasted and mixed with special binders to form into a
mass. The mass is compressed inside moulds and finally baked under controlled temperature. Its characteristics are:
a. efficient insulation
a. decoratiVe
b. sound absorbing
c. heat insulating
d . comes in a variety of patterns and colored de
signs,
e. durable and economical, requiring practically
no maintenance.
SIZES:
available in sheets
' 78
' .
CEILINGS:
279
CHAPTE~t
ROOF STYLES
a. Common Tyjt8&
SHEO
WINGI=-0 GABLE
GABL~
FLAi
OUTC.H HIP
HIP
MAN~ARO
EUTTERFLY
282
~BLE
.WITH DORMeR
C.LER E~TORY
PLEATED
A- FRAME
c.YUNDR1CAL PARABOLDIO
VAULTED
HYPER80UC
PARABOLOID
coNOID
DOME
PYRAMID
283
: PtTCH a_lll
a PITCH
4/5PITCH
- s
58.
,..
SLOPE
a/c _ ~ 0
5!.
~t
45.
=l&A
12R~NT05RISE
= 22 .,5
l2 RU" TO 8 Rl SE = 26 .s-
. !9.
33..7.
2e.sr22
Ia:!*
14*
gos
-orr
~
24 P,.\RTS RUN
16 ''-
-!
..
284
ROOFING MATERIALS
There are three components of a roof.
1r
1: Frame or skeleton
2. Rigid inner layer or skin which is fastened to the frame.,and supports the outer layer or
(only used for roofing materials that requires the roof to be waterproofed).
3. Exposed outer layer (roofing rnatenaO.
~~ath111g
W.P. ~~t
rooftdA
@)G./. R~
(no Sh~)
When the roof is flat , the material used to form the inner layer is called a Decking .
When the roof is sloped, the inner skin material is called the roof sheathing.
azmvz nu;;&,npnununnz ~
Materials for roof deckings or sheathings may be boards, plywood, concret e, steel , gypsum,
rigid insulation boards, strawboards, or tile.
The exposed outer, waterproof layer of the roof is known as the rQofing.
Materials for roofing include shingles of all kinds, wooden shakes, clay roofing tile, cement
roofing tile, slate, sheet metal, asbestos cement sheet roofing, asphalt roofing, glass and
plastics.
.-
1. SHINGLES (a roofing unit of wood, asphaltic material, slate, tile, concrete, asbestos cement or other material cut to stock lengths, widths and thickness; used as an exterior co
vering or sloping roofs and side walls; applied in an overlapping fashion .
285
in
Carefully chosen logs are first sawed into 16, 18, or 24 in. lengths. EvefY'effort is made
to produce blocks which have and edge-grain faceupright, machines then saw these .
blocks into shingles, graded. a_nd packed into bundles containing enough shin~les to
cover 25 sq. ft. Shingles are packed green and .may be shipped green or stacked and
air dried or kiln dried.
No shingles is allowed to be wider than 14 in. or less than 3 in. standard lengths are 24,
,
18 and 16 in.
The amount that a roof shingles should be exposed to the weather depends on the
pitch of the roof and the length of shingle used. The maximum exposure on 1/ 8 and
1/6 pitches should be 3 3/4 in . For 16 in . shingles, 4 1/ 4 in . For 18 in . shingles and 5
3/ 4 in. for 24in. shingles. For roofs with a pitch steeper than 1/6, the maximum exposure for 16 in-shingles should be 5 in., for 18 in. shingles 5 1/2 in, and for 24 -in .
shingles 7 1/2 in.
286
1~" -~ure'
1&"' -AX~~
2.411-~.B
b. Wood shskes -Shakes are used for the same purpose as shingles but are split rather
than sawed from the blocks. This produces a much rougher face than in the case with
shingles. .
-
~~Wt1Jt~}y
~tt
-two
pt.~.
2. Taper split- Produced by hand-spliting. A shingle like ta!"ler is achieved by reversing the
block end-for-end with each split.
287
c. Asplullt shingles - Made frrJITI heavy rag felt, saturated with asphalt and coated w ith high-rnelting point flexible asphalt. Ceramiccoated mineral granules are pr~ into the asphalt coating on the
exposed face to provide . a fire-resistant surface . . A number of
weights and styles of shingles are made, each in a variety of co
.lors. The weights refer to the weight of the quantity of shingles re
quired to cover 100 sq. ft. usually referred to as a square of
shingles. This weight varies from 1351b. for light shingles to 325
lb. for .very heavy ones. Weights are varied by altering the thickness of the felt used,
the amount of asphalt absorbed by the felt, the thickness of asphalt coating and the
amount of mineral used on the surface.
Roof slopes should be at least 4 in., 12 shingles. Broad-headed roofing nails or staples
are used to fasten them down, and corners if exposed tabs should
cemented down
with asphalt roofing gum to prevent damage by wind.
be
SHINGLES STYLES:
n }
TWIN TAB ~/\ 1.2
!10-2'-S /bG .
3- lAB HEXAGON
~"X 11 Y3" 1'-5 lb.
g_;.TAB HeXAGON
3~/ X 11 ~~~ 1'511:>.
.INTE"RL-OCKING
f10 lb.
[ n n 1
~HX18,.
Asphalt roof shingles are also manufactured with fiber glass self-sealing thermoplastic
agent which when activated by the sun, actoaJly ft.ISeS the shingles_together to form a
" one piece root" no costly cementing operations a~re required. This shingle is firepro9f
since the mat base is fiberglass and coated with high grade waterproof asphalt. This
prevent rotting, curling and oxidation. This shingle also has a ceramic granule surfacing and available in seven different colors.
I
lit'\A
r~------~9~--------1
rnai'k ---
-----------------
1(
d. Asbestos cement shingles-Made from a combination of asbestos fibers in portland cement paste. To this mix is added quantities of small colored ceramic granules
to produce permanent colors. The material is rolled into sheets 5/ 32 in thiclc, often
with a wood-grain textured surface. Sheets are cut into shingles of various sizes and
shapes with nail holes predrilled. Because this type of shingle is hard and brittle, heavy
felt underlay is required and soft nails of copper or aiuminum should be used. Cutting
is done with special shear.
3o"x 14"
289
2. ROOFING TILE
a. Terracotta - Because of jts weight, being a terra-cotta product, wood sheathing and
strong well-braced roof frames are necessary. All of the styles of terra cotta tiles
should be laid over an asphalt felt base and are fastened with copper nails. Elastic cement is use.d to caulk joints that are otherwise not watertight. Sometime corrugated
galvanized sheets are used for sheathing.
STYLES
-1''lt't'' honztJttt.al
.___
b.attM
_ _.I.;)'/. 91Mt
" ; - - - - - - rN.rt
fl. 7JI 6. L rir.Jp tor
'-------rr
~ISH
290
~VAry
lNOUlA
1.00 111 .
r-::roof tde
./"-- -r.aft~r
;;-c.__ __
purhn
~OOF
TILE ON
C~R.6.J.
SHEATHING
,------ - rbaf
t1l~
'\....-...,,.c;__ _
-~=F--:~-~:..............---:---
tX
~....._-----.-- r.aft~r
~2''horlia1tal batt~r
ill~
~x ~/'
pur!IJ1S
- - - - - z"xs' raftAr
b. Concrete roofing tile-Similar to English tile but have a lug across th8 underside
about 3 in. from one end. They are laid without nails and rely on their weight to hold
them in place. The first course is suppor~ed by horizontal furring strip. Each succeeding tile is supported by the one below.
IDW~~ ttiR
~~L_. .
hoiJIHg sinp
292
111X2"
This type of roofing does not need any sheathing anymore and is laid direct on purlins,
if the slope is 25 or more or less than 25, sheathing is needed~
The first purlin near the Facia is one 1" bigger than all succeeding purlins. The succeeding tile is supported by the weight of the one above.
1"EGULA
1' ytx13''
lug
~low +~ ~t slidJng
(.;C....----~ t.''x4''
ftr>t pur:hrl
3. SHEET METAL PROOFING -Materials includl!, steel, stainless steel, copper, lead,
zinc, aluminum and galbestos. Joints are necessary between sheets to produce a waterproof skin.
FLAT SEAM
Rl885.0 OR
BATTEN
s;TANDING
293.
a. Steel -Steel strip is coated with zinc, tin, lead, or combinations of two of these to prodace steel roofing.
a-1 Gslwmized steel-Steel coated with zinc. Produced
in corrugated sheet or in plain sheets.
g.yuges -(thickness) the lower the number, 'the
thicker it is.
gauge no. 16 and no. 18-for water tanks '
GA
GA
GA
GA
no.
no.
no.
no.
ACCESSoRIES
DOWNSPCUT
2..'X3'~ ZJ<4''
a~2
294
DESIGN SECTIONS
Courtesy of metal forming corp. brand (Goloroof).
RIB GOOR.
(alurnmum )
!---J
r-------~-- .eff.echve
fB-na~
b
11
w!&th ;(7~
-- --~ovJan
- - - -- - - - - t
- - - r:..w.
ow. 14~"
v- BEAM
295
~-"
SOLO U-BEAM
..._,I
CORA
(?." c.orr)
.
( .30 %~'') II
r=Y/. Z7. 75
Lcr.J11?fY corru!jdtRA
~J
,(11 torrugati01 ~ )
( :s2"w)
( e.w. zs")
o.e~(gn s;
frz:m
~ LOOP
1'RI""WA\fe
296
bra1d- (Kok:P;pa-1)
br2lr0 ( LOiorbonJ)
frvm
.....-------~
TRIMDI!K HI -1'eN
CUiitt'OM ORB
f\__~A.______,{\..___f\
f\~_[\__....JA____f\
~MI
41~
aUAD -RIS
AV2!12bli2 n ~ta1&rJ ( 666 rnrn t:=.r)
211J RtV~IJi;? ( 710 mm E W) con-uqai"la-1
Bright plate- Steel coated with thi
a-4 Temeplate-When coated with a mixture of 75 percent lead and 25 percent tin.
a-3
Gauges and coating weights -0.29, 0. 73 and 1.47 oz. of tih-lead coating per sq.
ft.
b. Stainless steel-When chromium is added during the process of manufacturing
steel, this stainless steel has great resistance to corrosion, and is usually specified for
exterior use. Chromium content is 14 to 20 percent and because of"its high strength,
stainless steel for roofing is produced in relatively thin sheets, and because of its hardness, all fabrication must be done in the shop. It is also expensive, so its use as roofing
is limited usuallY to special conditions.
e.
Lead - is a very pliable and useful roofing material, it can be drawn and stretched to fit
wrapped surfaces. It weathers to a soft, even gray tone and is little affected by acids.
Sheet lead for roofing is usually at least 2 1/ 2 lb. hard lead, which means that it
weights at least 2 1/21b. per sq. ft. and contains between 6 and 7 1/2 percent antimony, dimensions of sheet are limited to 2 x 4ft. A heavy coat of asphalt paint is painted
on the contact side if lead work is in contact with fresh concrete.
297
f. Zinc -Zinc is lighter and stiffer than lead but is affected by acids and has a high coefficient of expansion. Rolled zinc sheet is sometimes used for roofing and flashing, but
zinc has a much wider application as a coating for steel roofing sheets.
ORIGINAL SIZE
WH!:N EXPANSION
OCCURS
Asbestos fibers and portland cement are combined under pressure to form corrugated
roofing sheets. These sheets are used in the same manner as corrugated metal, asbestoscement sheets may be left unpainted, painted or factory finished with plastic coatings of
various colors.
7 mrrug21ftdn
298
b. Super ardex
e .w. :>B.35"(o.g7s}
LBngths -a , 10 ;and
12
f.eet
3. Kalantas
Lengths from 12 to 24 feet eliminates trusses, rafters, purlins for low cost housed.
4. Placa Ondula
E.W. -og75
0-813
(:58
--J
-,a")~
m ( 32")
299
brand (Philsteel)
COLOR BOND
Sempura tile, a new roofing concept made of longspan prepainted steel tile but retaining
the features of ceramic tiles, does not crack nor shatter before and during-installation.
The tile has epoxy primer and baked paint. It does not require yearly repainting. It is also
leak proof because it has less seams and overlaps.
5. Built-Up Roofing
A term applied to a type of roofing made by building up successive layers of felt paper
and asphalt over a solid roof deck of some description, with or without insulation.
Five types:
a. Roofing type consisting of asphalted felt paper, asphalt and gravel, or slag and is intended to roof slopes from 1/2 to 3 in. per foot.
With a wood deck, the first step is the application of a single layer of 5-lb dry sheathing paper.. Next two layers of 15-lb asphalt-saturated felt paper is applied dry and
nailed with broad-headed roofing nails. These are followed by three layers of 15-lb
asphalt-saturated felt paper, each layer being sealed in place with approximately 20
lb. of hot asphalt per 100 sq ..ft. Next a layer of hot asphalt is spread over the surface
at the rate of about 65 lb. per 100 sq . ft.
If the slope is 1/8" to 1 in., use l40F asphaltt
If the slope is 1 to 2 in., use 170F asphalt
If the slope is over 2 in., use 210F asphalt
Finally a layer of crushed slag or pea gravel is spread over the asphalt at the rate of
300 lb. per 100 sq. ft. for slag or 400 lb. per 100 sq. ft. for gravel. This type of roof
lasts 20 years.
For non wood d~ks or over an insulated sl.lrface, a similar grade of roofing is applied
by sealing all layers of asphalt-saturated felt paper in hot asphalt.
300
--2.*~1ap
nal
ROOF
b. Roofing type no. 2 consists of tarred felt paper, pitch and gravel. This is intended for
roofs with slope of 0 to 1 in. per foot. Procedure is the same asphalt type.
c. Roofing type no. 3 consists of asbestos felt, asphalt felt, and a smooth flood
coat of asphalt, intended for roofs with a slope of from 1/2 to 8 in. per ft.
Over a wood deck, the dry sheathing paper consists of 9-lb. waxed kraft. A single
layer of 25-lb. asphalt saturated felt paper is laid over this held in place with roofing
nails. Next two layers of 15 lb. asphalt felt are applied, each layer being seated in
place with 20 lb. per 100 sq. ft. mopping of hot asphalt. Next to layers of 15 lb.
asphalt-saturated asbestos paper are applied in the same way. Finally a coat consisting of 251b. of asphalt per 100 sq. ft. is applied, using proper grade of asphalt for
the roof slope.
d. Roofing type no 4 requires heat~Y slate-surfaced roofing paper as well as asphalt-sa~
turated felts and may be used on roofs with slopes from 2 to 18 in. 12. Over a wood
deck, a single layer of 5-lb. dry sheathing paper is first applied. Next comes a single
layer of 15-lb. asphalt sc;~turated felt, held with roofing nails. Over this are laid two
layers of 15-lb. asphalt felt and two layers of 120-lb. Slate-surfaced felt-each of these
is sealed in place with 20 lb. per 100 sq. ft. of 210F. asphalt. This type of roofing is
recommended as a 10-year roof.
301
e. Roofing type no. 5 involves what is known as the cold process. The felts are cold
process felts, saturated with cold asphalt emulsion, and the asphalt top coating is
applied cold. Layers of felt are sealed together with asphalt adhesive. Roofing ot this
type is suita~le for slopes from 1/8 to 8 in-per foot. Over a wood deck, three layers of
cold. process 53-lb. felt. paper are applied, fastened down wiith roofing nails and asphalt adhesive at the rate of about 2 1/2 gal. per 100 sq . ft. This surface is covered
with a layer of asphalt-fibrated emulsion applied cold at the rate of 4 -gal. per 100. sq.
ft. This type of roofing is also considered to have useful life of 20 years.
. 6. Rolled Roofing
This consists of very heavy asphalt-saturated felt paper, with or without finely crushed
slate embedded in one surface, put up is rolls.
b. Mineral-surface roll ranges from 90 to 120 lb. per 100 sq. ft. and has a layer of
crushed slate embedded in the asphalt surface coating, made in 36 in. wide.
c. Psttsrn-fldge roll-made in 32 and 36 in. and consists of a 105-lb. felt that is mine. rat-surfaced except for a 4 in. band down the center. The roll is semicut on a pattern
along this strip so that a roll produces 16 or 18 in. wide patterned roofing strips.
These are normally lapped 2 in. when being applied to a rooi.
d. The 19"in. selvage roll is made of fr()m felt weighing 140 to 150 lb. per 100 sq. ft. in a
strip 36 in. wide. A 17 in. wide band of this strip is mineralized, and the other 19 in. is
plain. When applied to a roof, each strip is lapped 19 in. over the one below to present a completely mine~lized surface and to provide double coverage. (a popular
brand is John_s Manville)
.302
8. Glass Roofing
Commonly used glass used for roofing are
.b. Wired glails- This is glass which has embedded in it wire mesh with not larger than
7/8 in. openings. The glass in 1/4 in. thick and may have a polished or patterned surface. Sheets are made up to a maJSimum size of 60 x 132 in. This type of glass is held
in metal frames and is commonly used in skylights, etc.
9. Plastic Roofing
Used in three forms for roofing.
a. Corrugsted plastic sheet-made from glass-fiber-reinforced plastics in color or
translucent. Sheets are 34 in. wide and 8, 10, 12ft. long with 2 1/2 or 1 1/4 in. corrugations. Such sheets may be interchanged with corrugated sheet metal, asbestos or
galbestos sheets to allow entry of light.
b. ShHts of cltNtr vinyl plastic used in green houses,conservatories, and factory
buildings. Used for the same purpose as glass sheets. Vinyl sheets can be much
larger because of their great impact strength.
c. Liquid plastic- Also sprayed onto roof decks and is known as the envelope rqofing.
This liquid envelope consists of a pigmented, opaque vinyl plastic which is applied by
means of spray gun tcdorm a continuous film 3Cfto 40 mils. thick. It can be appliec"
over -armos. "any- type roof decK or existing roofing material except root WOOd
shingles. This is 'lery useful for roofs with irregular shapes or very steep slopes.
of
The plastic dries very quickly to form a film which, for a 40 mil thickness, has a tensile
strength of about 500 psi and elongation of 200 percent. The vinyl coat is highly resistant to industrial atmosphere containing dirt, grime and mild acid fumes. It is also
highly resistant to deterioration due to extended exposure to sunlight.
30;j
11. Banawe Design -by metal forming corporation. This is a horizontally laid coloredlong
span metal tile.:which has conceafed fastening, cut to size, and most of all, an absence
of purlins which saves on this cost. It has sharp distinct horizontal rib lines and hook
action at overlaps. It prevents capillarity and checks the penetration of rain water with
wind velocity of 60 meters per second or 134.21 miles per hour.
'.
It Completely eJiminates the need for purtins because of its horizo11tal rib design which by
itself acts as the purtin. The intermediate rafters that are to be added are much less in
board feet measurement than
purlins required for the vertical roofing. It is also suitable for sidings, and can easily be replaced or taken out without damaging panel. Allows
construction, installation of a low pitch roof at 3' in 12". .
the
304
DETAIL
a= RIDGE ROLL
o.'l~~
305
aanaw.~J
ha-twnt.al partAI
p!at1 91ur~.arts- c.hp
OUT~IDE
GUTTER DETAIL
LDNG/1UDlNAL ~ECTJON
/J.11 m
)
U)f
~~
--
0
)
Chapter
S)~[M][p~@
G6(Q)~[M]~
BILL OF MATERIALS
,_____
I. MOBILIZATION
_ _ _ rolls Sawali Fencing @
_ _ !roll of _ _ x
_ _ size@ P_ _/roll ...
- - - pes. 2"' x 4'" 10' -0' up total
bd.ft. @ ' -I bd.ft. . . .
'---.---
- - - p e s. 2" x3'"
bd.ft. @ ,
, _ _ __
'-----
10'0' up total
bd.ft. ......
_ _ _ pes. 1/4"' x4' x 8' plywood@
, _ f p c. ... .... :..... ..... ...
_ _ _ pes. corrugated G.l. sheet@
, _ _/kilo .....................
- - - kilos 2'" c. w nail@
P_ _lkilo............. ..... ...
- - - pes. drums for water@
P_ _ /drum .. ...... ... .. .....
- - - pes. concrete pail@
, _ __ _
'----' - -- -'-----
, _ _ __
_ _ _ pes. shovels@
, _ _/pc. .... .. .. ....... .. ... .
Use.. .........................
' - --
--
P_ __ _
' - --
--
'-----
' - -- --
' - --
P_ ____.__
--
'----...::;.
'----' - --
--
ESTIMATING GUIDE
Total cu.m. of Earth Multiply
lt 25%
= Compact Volume.
Dead load plus live load of building divided by approximately 160,000 lbs. carried by one 100
ft. pite- total numbers of piles. (approx 150 psf).
Riprapping -get total area in aq.m.
1 cu.m. Stone = .1 to 1.6 sq.m. of riprapping depends on thickness
308
,._____
, _ _ __
P
/cu.m. .... . ... ..........
- - - cu.m. gravel@
P
/ cu.m..............-.....
- - - kilos of Steel bar@
'-----
' - ----
- -(or
, _ _ /bag .....................
cu .m. stone fill @
' - -- - -
b~ SLABS ON FILL
' - -- - -
, _ _ __
_ __
- - -
'
/ roll .....................
(or No. of pes size of Stee4
Bar x 6.00 m. @ p_ _ / pc. .............
'-----
P_ _ _ __
, _ _ __
'----
_ _ _ bags cement@
, _ _ / bag ..... .. ...... ........
_ _ _ ~ .m. gravel @
P
/ cu.m. .. .. .. .. .. .... ....
- - cu.m. riversand@
P
~ /cu.m.
.. .............
- -- kilos of Steel bar@
, _ _ __
'-----
+mm x 6.00 m
P----P_ _ _ __
, _ _ __
@P_ _/roll
................
P----
,_
. __/ cu.m. ..................
- --
cu.m.
' - - - --
riversan<iO
,._ _ __
P - - - -p._ _ __
e mm x
' - - -- -
P_ _ __ _
_ __
bags cement@
, _ _ / bag
_ _ _ .. CI,.I.m. gravel@
P_ _/cu.m. ........ ........ ..
- - - cu.m; riversand@
P_ _ /cu.m. ...... ............
_ _ _ kilos steel bar@
P_ _/kilo .....................
(or _ _ pes, size mm X ~ IT!
steel bar
@P_ _ / pc. ........... ...... ..............
_ _ _ rolls G. I. wire #16@
P_ __/roll ........ .............
'~--' -- -- -
P_ _ _ __
P
P_ _ __
' - - - --
ESTIMATING GUIDE
Computations:
cu.m. = length x width x thickness
Class " A" mix generally used for computation
1:2:4
1bag cement: 2 bags sand : 4 bags gravel
for speed of computation with contingency. multiply
cu.m. x 10 = No . of bags cement
cu.m. x 0.5 = Total cu.m. Sand
cu.m. x 1.0 = Total cu .m. gravel
2,900
1 roll G.l. Wire
Length
No . of Rolls of
G.l. Wire
Kilos
SIZES
310
kg /l. m.
# 2 or 2/8"
II 3 or 3/8"
# 4 or 4/8"
# 5 or 5/8..
# 6 or 6/ 8"
# 7 or 7/ 8 ..
I 8 or 8/ 8 "
# 9 or 9/8"
#10.or 10/8..
#11 or 11/8..
#12 or 12/8..
=
=
=
1/ 4'"+ or 6mm
3/ B"+ or 10 mm.
1/2"+ or 12 mm
5/8.. or 16 mm
3/4"+ .or 20 mm
7/ 8"+ or 22 mm
or 25mm
1 1i'8"+ or 28 mm
1 1/4"+ or 32 mm
1 3/4"+
1 1/2"+ or36mm
,...
0 .248
0 .616
1.007
1.'579
2.466
3.041
3.854
6.028
6.313
8.938
IV. FORMWORKS .... ... . ......... .. ... . .. . .. .. .... . .. ..... .. ... .. . .. . .. . . .. ..... ..
'----
, _ _ __
'---~
, _ _ __
, _ __ _
, _ _/keg .....................
, _ _ __
'----
ESTIMAT1NG GUIDE
Plywood
1/2'" p4ywood
32
Total area of
Plywood x 60%
== Total BF of 2" x 3"
(.60) = Apitong Fonn Lumber
Total area of
Plywood x 150% ::: Total BF of 2" x 4"'
(1 .501 = Apitong form Lumber
Nlls:
Total Area of Plywood
2,500
2,000
Form Oil:
Total Area of Plywood
2,500
= gallons of oil
V. MASONRYWORK
....
'- ---
a) HOLLOW BLOCKS
' - -- - '-
--311
_ __
...
b) WALL FOOTING
_ __
bags cement@
P_ _ / bag .... .... ........ . .. ..
_ _ _ cu .m. gravel @
P_ _ /cu .m .. ............... ..
_ _ _ cu.m. sand@
P_ _ /cu.m ....... ........... .
_ _ _ pes. 12 mm x 6.00 steel bar
@P_ _ /pc ......... ....... .. .
_ _ _ pes. 10 mm x 6.00 m. steel
+
+
bat@ P_ _/ pc . . ......... ..
_ _ _ kilos #16 G. I. Wire #16@
P_ _ / kilo .................... .
c)
.,
,
,
,
,
,
p
,
,
,
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
_____
,.
' - -- - -
_ _ _
Total _ _ sq.m.
cans #5, #10 or #15
black pebbles @
_ __
_ __
cu.m. riversand@
- --
312
P_ _ __ _
, _ _ _ __
' -- - --
P_ _ ___.__
..
..
_ _ _
_ __
,_____
,_____
h) Bricks Walling
_ _ _
~-
- --
1'"x2x a @
or decorative @
P_ _
cu.m. riversand@
P_ _ /cu.m ... ......... .. ... ..
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
...
_____
,.
,.___....,....._
ESTIMATING GUIDE
On Hollow Blocks
Compute total sq.m. of Walling then divide by 13 pes. sq. m. you get total No. of
Hollow Blocks including breakages .
To get the bags of cement and cu.m.
Sand for MORTAR.
For or
x 8'" X16" CHB 3 cells
.003 cu.m. x 16 bags
No. bags cement
= _ _. _ cu.m. sand
313
=_ _
bags cement
cu .m. sand
To get number of STEEL BAR reinforcement, measure the total runs in meter for horizontal
and vertical bars + by 6 .00 m. to get the number of pieces then multiply x factor of kg/m to
get the weight In kilos.
to
Mix 1 bag cement to one bag sand and two cans synthetic adobe .
For bricks, and t iles, get total area in sq . meters then divide by the area in sq.m. of one brick
or the total area in sq. feet divide by the area in sq. ft. of one brick to get the number of
pieces.
,_____
VI. WOODWORK
a) posts Yacal or Guijo
_ _ _ pes. of 6 .. x 6"' x 10'..()"
_ _ bd.ft.@
, _ _ / bd.ft. ..... ........ .... .
_,___ _ pes. of 4" x 4" x 10'-0"
_ _ bd .ft.@
, _ _ / bd.ft. ................. .
,_
,_
,_
,_ _
,_
,_ _
b) Girder Apitong
8" X 12' -0 6 @
. , _ _ / bd.ft. ..... .............
--pes. 3,. X 10"' X 12'-0" bcf .ft.@
,
bd.ft .. ............... :.
- - - pes, 3'"
- - pes. 2 "
314
,_ _ _ _
,_ _ _ _
e) Base Board
, _ _ __
f) Studding Apitong
- - -
, _ _ __
, _ _ __
, _ _ __
Treads:
_ __
Risers :
- - - pes. 11/2"
X 8" X 12'-0"
bd.ft.@ , _ _ /bd.ft. .. .. ..
, _ _ __
Balusters:
- --
, _ _ __
, _ _ __
Handrails:
Newel Posts:
, _ _ __
bd.ft. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. ..
, _ _ _ __
(Flooring)
X 12'0'"
bd .ft. @ , _ _ / bd .ft. .. .. ..
, _ _ __
(Baluster)
_ _ _ pes. 2'" x 2" x 12'-0" bd.ft.@
,_ _
(Railing)
_ __
, _ _ _ __
, _ _ __
, _ _ __
, _ _ __
, _ _ __
,_....;.__
, _ _ __
315 ..
s..s
X 16'-0" bd.ft. ~
/bd.ft. ... .. .... ...... ....
, _ _ __
Bottom chord
, _ _ __
- - - pes. 2'"'
4'"
Top Chord
'----
- - - pes, 2"'
, _ _ __
~--- - - -
, _ _ __
'~
----
, _ _ __
tt____
'---, _ _ __
'----
X 14'-0"
bd.ft.@P_ _ /bd.ft........
P_ _ __
s) Sidings-Tanguile S2S
' - - --
'----
ESTIMATING GUIDE
For str:ucturals like post, Girders, joists, and ~ I"A88sure the total length in plan but do
not stop on <:enter to center. Add aUowance for overtaps.
316
For flooring and sidings divide the total width in feet by the proposed thickness ~ one
inch. Suppostng- you will use a 4 inch flooring use 3 1/ 2 factor for safety on t he T & G joint.
For Fascia board. Measure the total length divide by 24 feet.
For jambs, measure the leng.:ns and widths with allowances.
For studdings,
For stringers, handrails and rafters. Measure the total lineal feet as it inctines and not as per
,_____
(,_ _ __
' - -- - -
P_ _ __
'-
----
_ __
_ __
, _ _ __
, _ _ _ __
, _ __ _
gallons wax @
P_ _/gal.
' -
----''--
' -
----
- --
tiles@ P_ _ / pc .......... 00
pes. 41 /.4" X 4 1/4"' colored
tiles@ P_ __ l pc. .. .. . .. . .. .
pes. mouldings
P_ _/pc. .... ...
' - - - --
00 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 .
' --
- --
d) Unglazed Tiles .
_ _ _
_ _ _
P_
Tiles@P_ _
P_ _ __
_ __
e) Semivitrified Tites
_ _ _ pes. 4" x 8"' Colored Tiles@
p_
. __/ pc ...
oo . . ,
. ... . .
...... . .
'
- - - -
- -_
, _
, _ _ __
317
fl Marble Tiles
P_ _
/bag
.. ................
' - -- - -
P_ __ _ _
' - -- - ' - -- - -
P_ _ __ _
' -
--
P--,- - -
h) Vigan Bricktiles
'-"---- --
, _ _ __
il Cement Tiles
_ __ pes. 1"' x 8" x 8" plain color @
P_ _
- --
pes. 1
' -- -- -
, __ tpc. :..............
j.......
, _
ESTIMATING GUIDE
Get tt-e total area of in sq.m. divide by the size of material in metric size:
If in sq.ft. total area, divldeby feet area of one material.
2. FENESTRATION
(P_ _ __
a) Windows
_ __
b) Glass
_ __
318
' - --
--
' - --
--
'-
--
' - -- --
c) Doors
- - - pes..70 x 2.10 Flush door
for toilet 1 side W .P. @
, _ _/pc. ..... ................
- - - pes .. 00 x 2.10 Flush door for
bedroom@ P_ _ / pc. .... .
- - - pes .. 90 X 2.10 Flush door
kitchen, balcony, guest @
' --
--
' - -- - -
, _ _/ pc. .....................
- - - pes..90 X 2.10 panel door .
'-----
narra@ , _ _ /pc. .. . . . . .. ..
- - - sq.m. aluminum Sliding
Glass door@ tt_ _ /sq.m.
- -sq.m. W.t. Steel Gate@
p_ _ /sq.m...................
'----' - - -- '-----
_ __
' -- -- -
(,_ _ _ __
,_ _
- --
/pc. . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .....
' - -- - -
'-----
"-----
, _ _ _ __
'-----
' - - -- -
4. Partitions
_ __
-
,_ _
, _ _ __
' - -- -
5. Decorative Wall
_ _ _ sq.m. wall paper vinyl@
, _ _/sq.m.. ....... .... .. . . . .
- -packs walt paper glue@
P
. pack . . .. .. . . . . ... . .. ..
'-
----
"- -- - -
6. Wood Grilles
'----319
7. Ceilings Interior
- - - pes. 1/4'" X 4' X 8' plywood @
,
fpc. .. ............ .. .... .
_ _ _ pes. 1' x 12" ceiling
,._ _ __
Tile@P_ _ /Pc,.
, _____
...........
,._ _ __
, _ _ __
9. Fireplace
""
p._ _ _ __
,._ _ _ __
,._ _ __
A. ROUGH
_ _ _ kegs4" C.W. Nail@
, _ _/keg.....................
_ _ _ kegs 3'" C.W. Nail@
, _ _ /keg.....................
_ _ _ kegs 2" C.W. Nail@
, _ _ /keg.....................
_ _ _ kegs 1" finishing Nail@
, _____
, _ _/keg.....................
,._ _ __
, _ _ __
,._ _ __
'----,._ _ _ __
, _ _ lpc. .....................
- - - pes. 1/2" x 24'" tension bar
for truss@
, _ _ /pc.......................
- - - p e s , 1/4H X 2" X 24,. pOst
strap with bolts C.P.@
, _ _ /pc. . .. . .. .. ..... .. . .. .. .
world
320
'---, ______
'----
p._ _ __
B. FINISHING
1. Hinges
_ __
,._ _ __
' - - -- ' - - --
, _ _ __
_ __
,._ _ __
' - - - --
2. Locksets
_ _ _ pes. toilet Jockset buttom
.. press without key@
, _ _/pc..... .......... ..... ..
_ __
_ _ _
, _ _/ pc, .................... .
pes, main door ~OGksets with
special handle and key @
P_ _ / pc . .................... .
, _ _ /pc .................... ..
_ __
_ __
pes. pullers@
, _ _lpc .....................
pes. drawer knobs @
, _ _l pc .....................
,
,
,
,
,
,
...........
, _ __ _
Door Track
6.
7.
_ __
, _ _/pc. .................... .
pes. door stoppers@
,
pc. .. : ................. .
' - - --
'---- -
,_____
P_ _ __
pes. 32 X 6'..()"@
, _ _fpc. .. . .. ..... .. .........
- - pes. 32 X 7'..()" @
, _ _/pc. ........ .. ......... .....
- - - pes. 32'" X 8'..()"''@
,
pc.
, _ _ __
, _ _ __ _
, _ __ __
,._ _ _ _
321
_ _ _ pes. as x a-o @
, _ _ / pc. .... :.................
,
For 2" x 3"' cut
into 1"
xs
, _ _ __
0. G.l. Gutter
_ _ _ pes. 8' -0" length @
P_ _
E.
G .l ~
downspout
, _ _ lpc. .....................
, _ _ _ __
kilos rivets@
,_____
F. G.l. Rivets
_ _ _
P_ _ _ __
, _ _ / kil~
G. G.l. Washer
_ _ _ kilos washer@
P_ __ _ _
H. Lead Washer
_ _ _
P_ _
/ kilo .....................
J. Nicolite Bar
_ _ _ pes. nicolite lead@
, _ _l pc. ....... ...... . .. .....
' - --
--
,_____
' - -- - -
K. Muriatic Acid
_ _ _
bottles@
P_ _
/ bot. .....................
' - - -- -
ESnMATING GUIDE
Guide the sloped Section of the roofing, with a 0.30 (12.) overlap. Count the number of
pieces of roofing using corresponding lengths 1ess 12~. If 8'-()" length is used, effective
length is 7' .()". To get the number of pes. sidewise, divide the total width in inches by V"
(effective width) using a 32" corrugated sheet.
Iron Straps- one 36.. x 8'-0" plain G.l. can produce 380 pes. of 1" x 9'" strap for 2" x 3"' purlin and 340 pes. of 1"
-o
322
Nicolite bar-count the number of joints to be-soldered 1 joint will use 1/ 4 of a bar.
x 13.. @
, _ _lpc. . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .
- - -
' - - -- -
' - - - --
pes. 31 em x 31 em @
, _ _/ pc. ..... .... .. ..... .... .
- - - pes. top ridge 29 x 27' em @
, _ _ /pc. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ....
' - -- - -
, _ _ __ _
D. Wood Shingles
, _ _ __
' - - - --
P_ _ / kilo .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .......
E. Long Span Colored Roof
_ _ _ pes. 32" x any length @
P_ _/ L.M. ............. .....
_ _ _ kilos rivets@
ft_ __ __
P_ _ __
' - - --
- --
' - -- - ' - -- --
P_ __ _
P_ _ __
ESTIMATING GUIDE
Tegula: 11 tiles/Sq.m. (5 kilos/pc.)
Spanish Ti/e-16 tiles/sq.m. (2.75 kg./sheet}
Long Span - effective width is 2B 1/2'"
length up to 60 feet
Use 6 .. exposure.
X. SPECIAL TREATMENTS . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
_ __
- --
P_ _ __
' - -- --
, _ _ __
323
~.
'
'--~--
,__ __
,____
__,_
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
XI. PLUMBING
1. FIXTURES
a) Water Closets
1. Master elongated W.C. Colored with
Tank@P_/pc. .....................
2 pes. children's W.C. colored@
, _ _/pes................. . ..... ........
1 pc. guest w.c. colored @
, _ _ /pc .. .. .... .. .... .. . . .. ... .. .. . ..
1 pc. maid's w .c. white@
,
/pc. ........... .... ........ ...... .
b)
Lavatories
, _ __ _
, _ _ _ __
, _ _ _ __
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
' - --
P
/unit ............................ ..
1 - lavatory for guest @
P_ _ /unit ............ : .............. .. .
c)
' - -- -
--
d) Kitchen sink
324
'-----
'-----
' - - -- -
p
'-
---
+
+
_ __
p_ _ / pc ..................... .
pes. 3/4" x 6.00 m sch. 40
_ __
+
+
+
+
+
p_ _/pc. . : .................. .
_ __ pes. coupling 3/4"
P_ _ /pc . ... .... .... :........ .
_ _ _ pes. coupling 1/2"
, _ _/pc .................... ..
+
+ .
- - - pes. elbow r
p_ _ /pc . .............. ..... ..
_ _ _ pes. elbow 1,.
'
pc . ................. ... .
, _ _ /pe.,............. ....... ..
_ _ _ pes. bushing 2,; +
' _ _fpc ..........................
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
325
+@
_ _ _ pes. bushing 3/4" t@
_ _ _ pes. bushing 1
, _ _ __ _
, _ _ /pc. .....................
- - - pes. bushing 1/2"
p_ _ /pc. .. ......... ... .......
' - -- - -
+
+
p_ _ /pc. . .... .. .. .. .. ........
- - pes. short nipple 3/4 +x 3",
@ p_ _ /pc. .. . .. . . . ... .. .. .. .
- - pes. short nipple 1/2" +x 3",
' - -- --
' - -- -'----'---, _ __ _
p_ __ __
' - - -- -
' - -- - ' - -- - -
, _ _!oz. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
, _ __ _ _
3. VALVES
_ _ _ stop cock 1/2" USP @
p_ _
/pc. ........... .. .. . .. .. .
' - -- --
p_ _
/pc. ................. .. ..
' - -- --
p_ _ / pc ................. ... . :
'-----
' - -- - -
P_ _ lpc............... .... .. .
_ _ _ pes. 4"' x 4" wye@
P_ _ /pc .................... ..
_ _ _ pes. 2" x 2" wye@
p_ _ / pc . .. .... ....... .... .. ..
_ _ _ pes. 4 x 4" Sanitary Fee @
,_ _
/pc..................... .
_ _ _ pes. 1/4bend
_326
,
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
,_____
/
, _ _ _ __
_ __
pes . 1/ 16 bend @ .
_ __
kilos Oakum@
P_ _ /kilo... ... ... ...... ......
kilos pig lead@
, _ _ / kilo .. ... .... .. . ..... ... .
or _ _ liters A and 8
epoxy adh,"$ive pipe caulking@
, _ _! lit. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .
, _ _ __ _
- - - pes. 4"
,_ _
_ __ pes. 2"
,_ _
' -' --
- --
,_ _ _ _
' -- - - -
' - - --, _ _ _ __
' -- - - -
P_ _
- --
' -- - - -
, _ _ / pe. . . .. .... .. .. .. . .. .. ..
_ _ _ pes. pvc sanitary Tee 4"@
, _ _ __ _
, _ _ / pc. .................... .
' - - -- -
'-
---
' - - ---
327
<: ,"":.(" .. .. .
_ __
_ __
,_._ _ __
' - - -- ' - -- - -
6 . OTHER ITEMS
' - -- -' --
' - -' --
---
P_ _ _ __
, _ _ __
' - - -- -
, _ _/pc................... .. ..
, -
--
' -- - - -
, _ __ _
P
' - - -- ' - -- - -
' - -- , _ __ _
cement pipe @
,_ _ _ _ _
cement pipe@
328
,_ _ _ _
, _ __ _
......................................................... ................ .
XII. ELECTRICAL
,._____
A . FIXTURES
_ _ _ pes. chandelier @
ft_ _
- - - pes. pintights @
P_ _
_ _ _ pes. ceiling lights @ P_ _
' - -- - P_ __ _ _
p._ __ _ _
P_ _ / pc. .....................
-
- -
- - -
, _ _ __
' - - - --
' - - - -' - -- - -
,_
. _ _ /pc. .. ................ ...
' - - -- -
' - - -- -
, _ _ __
+x 10'0" conduit
pes. 3/4" +x 10' -0 " conduit
~ - 1/2"
pipe@ P_ _ / pc . .. ... .. .. .. .
' - - -- -
' - - -- -
- -
, _ _ /pc.. ....................
_ _ _ pes. 3/4" Locknut @
p_ _/ pc. ... .. .. .. ..... .. .. . ..
_ _ _ pes. 1 Locknut @
-
' - - - --
p._ __ _ _
, _ __ __
' - - -- -
'---' - -- - -
, _ __ _
p._ _ __ _
' - - -' -- --
' - - - -' - - --
C. WIRING- Stranded
_ _ _
P_ _ _ __
329
' - -- - ' -- --
' - - - -'----' - --
--
' -- - -
'----
@ P_ _ lpc. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
'--~-
D. PULL BOXES
~--
E. JUNCTION BOXES
_ _ _ pes. 2" x 4" x 4" with 1/2"
knockout @ P_ _ /pc. . .. .
_ _ _.. pes. 2" x 4 .. x 4" with 3/4"
k.o.@P_ _ /pe...... .. .....
'--~--
' --
- --
, _ _ _ __
F. UTILITY BOX
/pc. .... .. .. .. .
' - --
G. OTHERS
_ _ _ pes. service entrance cap
' --
' -- - - -
H . . CIRCUIT BREAKER
Example:
6 branches-2 at 15- AT -2 p .
2 at 20 - AT -2 p
1 at 20 - AT -2 p
1 at 40- AT -2 p
P_ _
-
330
- - pes. sandpaper@
, _ _ /pe.. .., ... :.. ..... ... . .
' -- - -'-----
5'----- -
, _ _ __ _
, _ __ _ _
, _ __ __
, _ _ _ __
' - - - - -
'-
---
, _ _ __ _
P_ _ __ _
' - - -- ' - --
--
' - - -- -
ESTIMATtNG GUIDE
Solve area in sq . meter to be painted
It is safe to use 25 to 30 sq. m. coverage per 4 liters or 1 gallon to a 250 to 300 sq. ft.
area.
For textured paint-from 5 to 12 sq.
to 20 sq. m. coverage per 4 liters.
' - - --
P_ _ __ _
P_ _ __ _
' - --
' - - --
' - - - -P_ _ __ _
elevator@ 3,500 .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ..
p__ _ _ __
P_ _ __ _
' - - -- -
331
. .-.. .,. -.
. ~.::-.- ~::,:
'\ '
..
SUMMARY
I.
II.
FORMWORKS .. ..... ... ...... .. ..... ... ...... ........ ... ...... . ... .... ..... .
tV.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
ROOFING .... .... ... ..... .... ... .. ... .... ..... ... ...... .. ..... ... ...... .. ... ..
X.
XI.
PLUMBING
XII.
ELECTRICAL .... ........ ........ ..... ... ....... ....... .. ....... ..... : .... .... .
XIII.
XIV.
MATERI.~LS
XV.
PLUS 5% CONTINGENCIES ..... .. ... .. . .. .. ... ... ........ .... ... .. : . .'..
PLUS
,.____
,.____
,___ _
,'~--____
,____
,____
, ____
,_ _ _ _
,._ _ _ _
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332
'
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OUTLINE SPECIFICATIONS
333
SUBJECT
SPECIFICATION
OWNER
ADDRESS
PROJECT
TWO-STOREY RESIDENCE
LOCATION
ARCHITECT
GEORGES. SALVAN
LICENSE NO.
1939
PTA
ADDRESS
334
OUTLINE. SPECIFICATIONS
I. SITE WORK
A. WORK INCLUDED
1. Staking out of building, establishment of lines, grades and benchmarks.
2. All excavation work including all neceSsary shoring bracing, and drainage of storm
water from site.
3. All backfilling, filling and grading, removal of excess material from site.
4. Protection of property, work and structures, workmen, and other people from damage and injury.
C. EXCAVATION
1. Structural Excavations- Excavations shall be to the depths indicated bearing
values. Excavations for footings and foundations carried below required depths shall
be filled with concrete, and bottom of such shall be level. All structural excavations
shall extend a sufficient distance from the walls and .footings to allow for proper
erection and dismantling of forms, for installation of service and for inspection. All
excavations shall be inspected and approved before pouring any concrete, laying
underground services or placing select fill materials.
The Contractor shall control the grading in the vicinity of all excavated areas to prevent surface drainage running into excavations. Water which accumulates in excavated areas shall be removed by pumping before fill or concrete in placed therein.
335
3. Before placing fill material, the surface upon whiCh it will be placed shallbe cleared .
of all brush roots, vegetable matter and debris, scarified and thoroughly wetted to
insure good bonding between the ground.
F. DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS MATERIALS
1. Any excess material remaining after completion of the earthwork shall be disposed
of by hauling and spreading in nearby spoil areas designated by the OWNER. Exca
vated material deposited in spoil areas shall be Graded to a uniform surface.
A.
GENERAL
1. Unless otherwise specified herein, concrete work shall conform to the requirements
of the ACI Building Code. Full cooperation shall be given other t rades to install embedded items. Provisio'ns shall be made for setting items not placed in the forms .
Before concrete is placed, embedded items shall have been inspected and tested for
concrete aggregates and other materials shall have been done.
B. MATERIALS
1. Cement for the concrete shall conform to the requirements of specifications for
Portland Cement (ASTM C-150) .
2. Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from other injurious amounts
of oUs, acids, alkaline, organic materials or ot her substances that may be deleterious
to concrete or steel.
3. Rne Aggregates shall consist of hard, tough, durable, uncoateq particles. The
shape of the particles shall be generally rounded or cubicle and reasonably free from
flat or elongated particles. The stipulated percentages of fines in the sand shall be
obtained either bythe processing of natural sand or by the product ion of a suitably
graded manufactured sahd.
'
5~ Reinforcing Bars shall conform to the requirements of ASTM standard specifications for Billet Steel Bars for concrete reinforcement (A 15-625) and to Specrtication
for minimum requirements for the deformed steel bars for concrete reinforcement
(A 3()5.56).
All secondary ties such as stirrups, spirals and inserts may be plain bars. The main
reinforcing bars shall be as follows :
336
No. 4
(1 / 2") 12 mm
No. 3
No.5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
(3/ 8") 10 mm
(5/8.. ) 16 mm
(3/ 8'") 20 mm
(7/8") 22 mm
( 1"') 25 mm
fy - 33,000 psi
fy - 40,000 psi
Cement
Sand
Gravel
1
1
1
2
2 1/2"
3
4
5
6
a concrete
D. FORMS
1. General- Forms shall be used wherever necessary to confine the concrete and
shape it to the required lines, or to insure the concrete of contamination with materials caving from adjacent, excavated surfaces. Forms shall have sufficient strength
to withstand the pressure resulting from placement and vibration of the concrete,
and shall be maintained rigidly in correct position . Forms shall be sufficiently tight to
prevent loss of mortar from the concrete. Forms for expo~ surfaces against which
backfill is not be pia~ shall be lines with a form grade plywood.
2. Cleaning and oiling of Form-Before placing the concrete, the contact surfaces
of the form shall be cleaned of encrustations of mortar, the grout or other foreign
material, and shall be coated with a commercial form oil that will effectively prevent
sticking and w ill not stain the concrete surfaces.
E. PLACING REINFORCEMENT:
1. General-Steel reinforcement shall be provided as indicated, together with all necessary wire ties, -chairs, spacer1, supported and ou.r devices necessary to instaH
and secure the (einforcement property. All reinforcement, when placed, shall be free
from loose, flaky rust and scale, oil grease, clay and other coating and foreign substances that would reduce or destroy its bond with concrete.
be no vertical drop .greater than 1.5 meters except where 5uitabl~ equipment is pro-
337.
2. Placing -Concrete shall be worked readily into the corners and angles of the forms
and around all reinforcement and embedded items without permitting the material
to segregate. Concrete shall be deposited as close as possible to its final position in.
the forms so that flow within the mass does not exceed two (2) meters and consequent segregation is reduced to a minimum near forms or embedded items, or elsewhere as directed, the discharge shall be so controlled that the concrete may beeffectively compacted into horizontal layers not exceeding 30 centimeters in depth
within the maximum lateral movement specified.
3. T ime interval between imixing and placing. Concrete shall be placed before initial
set has occuted and t>etore it has contained its water content for more than 46
minutes.
4. Consolidation of Concrete-Concrete shall be consolidated with the aid of mechanical vibrating equipment and supplemented by handspading and tamping . Vibrators shall not be inserted into lower coursed that have commenced initial set; and
reinforcement embedded in concepts beginning to set or already set shall not be disturbed by vibrators. Consolidation around major embedded parts shall be by hand
spading and tamping and vibrators shall not be used.
5. Placing concrete through reinforcement . In placing concrete through reinforcement, care shall be taken that no segregation of the coarse aggregate occurs. On
the bottom of beams and slabs, where the congestion of steel near the forms makes
placing difficult, a layer of mortar of the same cement-sand ratios as used in concrete shall be first deposited to cover the surfaces.
G. CURING:
1. General: All concrete shall be moist cured for a period not less than seven (7) consecutive days by an approved method or combination applicable to local conditions.
2. Moist Curing-The surface of the concrete shall be kept continuously wet by covering with burlap plastic or other approved materials thoroughly saturated with
water and keeping the covering wet spraying or intermittent hosing.
H. FINISHING
1. Concrete surfaces shall not be plastered unless otherwise indicated. Exposed concrete surfaces shall be formed w;th plywood, and after removal of forms, the surfaces shall be smooth, true to line and shall present or finished appearance except
for minor defects which can be easily be repaired with patching with cement mortar,
or can be grounded to a smooth surface to remove all joint marks of the form work.
2. Concrete slabs on Fill. The concrete slabs on fill shall be laid on a prepared foundation consisting of subgrade and granular .till with thickness equal to the thickness of
overlaying slab except as indicated otherwise.
1. Concrete Hollow Blocka shall have a minimum face shell thickness of 1" (.025).
Nominal size shall be
follows:
'338
steel bars.
3. Sand shalt be river sand, well screened, clean, hard, sharp sillicious, free from loam,
silt or other impurities, composed of grains of varying sizes within the following
limits:
Sieve No.
9
16
100
Percent
Passing
Retained
Retained
100
5
95
B. ERECTION
1. All masonry shall be laid plumb, ~rue to line, with level and accurately spaced
courses, and with each course breaking joint with the source below. Bond shall be
kept plumb throughout; corners and reveals shall be plumb and true. Units with
greater than 12 percent absorption shall be wet before laying. Work required to be
built in with masonry, including anchors, wall plugs and accessories, shall be built in
as the erection progresses.
2. Masonry Units Each course shall be solidly bedded in portland cement mortar. All
units shall be damp when laid units shall be showed into place not laid, in a fun bed
of unfurrowed mortar. All horizontal and vertical points shall be completely filled
with mortar when and as laid. Each course shall be bonded at corners and intersec
tions. No cells shall be left open in face surfaces. All cells shall be filled up with mor
tar for exterior walls. Units terminating against beam or slab soffits shall be wedged
tight with mortar. Do not lay cracked, broken or defaced block.
3. Lintels shall be of concrete and shall be enforced as shown in the drawings. Untels
shall have a minimum depth of 0.20 (8") and shall extend at least 0.20 (8"') on each
side of opening.
339
brown coat again . Aoat finish coat to true even surface; troweJ in mannerthat will
force sand particles down into plaster; with final traweling, leave surfaces bamished
smooth, free from rough areas, trowel marks, cheeks, other blemishes. Keep finish
coat moist for at least 2 days; thereafter protect against rapid drying until properly,
thoroughly cured.
2. Pea Gravel Washout: Before start o1 work, provide Qesired pitch for drainage.
Roughen concrete surface with pick or similar tool. Clean off looSe particles and
other materials which may prevent bond, keep surface wet for at least 4 hours
before applying. Scratch coat of mortar. Coat not more than 3/4" thick. Apply mi~
ture of pea gravel and portland cement .w ith pressure to obtain solid adhesion .
Trowel pea gravel to hard, smoot h, even plane and rod and float to uniform surface
of even texture. When surface is semi-dry evenly spray surfaces with clean water
with spray machine to wash out loose cement to part exposed pea gravel . Remove
and wash down remaining cement paste with soft brush, to leave pea gravel in its
natural texture and appearance. Before applying pea gravel finish, sut.lit samples
to owner for approval.
D. SCAFFOLDING
Provide all scaffolding required for masonry work, including cleaning down on completion, remove.
2. Before spreading setting bed, establish border lines center wires in both directions
to permit laying pattern with minimum of cut tiles. Lay floors without borders from
center line outward. Make adjustment at walls.
3. Clean concrete sub floor an~ moisten jt without soaking . Sprinkle dry cement over
surfa~. Spread setting bed mortar on concrete and tamp to assure good bond over
the entire area then screed to smooth, level bed. Set average setting bed thickness
at 3/4'" but never less than 1/2".
1. Scratch coat for application as foundation coat shall be at most 1/2". While still
or
plastic, deeply score scratch coat scratch and cross scratch. Protect scratch coat
and keep reasonably moist within seasoning period. Use mortar for scratch, float
. coats, within one hour after mixing. Retempering of partially hardened mortar is not
permitted. Set scratch coat shall be cured for at least 2 days before starting tile setting.
2. For float coat use one part portland cement, one part hydrated lime (optional), 3 1/2
parts sand.
3. Setting Wall Tiles: soak wall tilll thoroughly in clean water before setting. Set
wall tile by trowelling neat portland cement skim coat on float coat or apply skim
coat to back of each ti!e unit. Immediately float tile in place. Make joints straight,
level and perpendicular. Maintain vertical joints plumb.
-
340
4. Grouting: Grout joints in wall tile with neat white cement immediately after suitable
area of tile has been ~t. Tool joints slightly concave, cut off excess mortar and
wipe from face tile. Roughen interstices of depressions. In mortar joints after grout
~s been cleaned from surface. Fill to line of cushion tile bases or covers with mortar. Make joints between wall ~ile, plumbing and other built in fixtures with light co
lored caulking. Immediately after grout has had its initial set, give t ile wan surfaces
protec1ive coat of non-corrosive soap.
3. Door Sashes: All door sashes shall be well seasoned, flush type, semi-hollow core
and solid core, tanguile plywood veneers on both sides. Exterior doors shall be of
kiln dried Tanguile panel doors. ""'
4. Kind of Lumber:
All unexposed lumber for framings shall be of Apitong.
All window and door jambs shall be of Apitong or Tanguile.
Balcony railings, flooring, girder and joints shall be of S4S Yacal.
All interior flooring shall be of Kiln dried T and G Tanguile.
Living room wood panels at the second floor shall be of 1,. thick pinewood.
Eaves shall be of kiln dried T and G Tanguile S4S.
Exterior sidings shall be seasoned sun dried V-Cut Tanguile.
B. WORKMANSHIP
1. Execute rough carpentry in best, substantial, workmen like manner. Erect framing
true to line, levels and dimensions, squared, aligned, plumbed , well-spliced and
nailed, and adequately braced., properly fitted using mortise and tenon joists.
. 3: Secure work to grounds, otherwise fasten in position to hold correct surfaces, lines
and levels. Make finished work flat, plumb, true.
.341
2. Toilet floors shall be vitrified 4 1/4" x 4 1/4,. white or beige in color, rnariwasa
brand .
3. Balcony floors shall be of 1 x 4" Yacal set on a 1/4" open joint and nailed on Yacal
Floor joist. All balcony railings shall be Yacal.
4. Concrete Floor fronting the street shall be finished with 12" x 12" Vigan tiles with
black pebb!e washout as border aft around.
B. WALLING:
1. All interior partitions shall be of 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood. Joints of partitions shall have
a V-Cut Joint.
2. Interior paneling of second floor living room shall be ,. .. x 8'" pine wood:
C. CEILINGS:
1. AJI interior ceilings shall be of 1/ 4" x 4' x 8' plywood with mouldings.
2. Outside ceiling eaves shalt be of 1" x 4* T and G Kiln dried tanguile, with air Vents
covered with screen.
D. DOORS
1. All interior, bedroom doors shall be hollow core flushed door using plywood veneer.
2. All toilet doors shall have one side using waterproofed plywood facing inside. Bring
float coat flush with screeds or temporary guide strips placed to give true and even
E. WINDOWS:
1. All windows shall be steel windows casement and awning type with simple 1/2"
square wrought iron railings and secured with screen.
F. FINISHING HARDWARES:
1. Butt Hinges-unless otherwise approved, Use brass, polished and finely finished,
mortise ball bearings 5 knuckles, non rising loose pins as manufactured by Stanley
or corbin for aU interior wood doors .
Use one and one-half pairs (3 pes.) of hinges per leaf of doors more than 1.8> m
high, loose pin butt for room doors, fixed pin butt for closets.
C. LOCKSETS:
1. Cylindrical locks-all interior doors shall be equipped with high grade heavy or
standard duty Cas required) cylindrical locksets. The mechanism shall be heavy
gauge, cold rolled steel contained in sturdy cylindrical housing with all parts zinc
plated and dichromated for maximum resistance against rust and corrosion. Exposed
parts shall be brass heavily plated as manufactured by schlage, yale or approved
equivalent.
2. Keying and Keys-locks shall be keyed in sets and sub sets to provide maximum expansion. All sets shall be grand master keyed, and all entrance locks shall be great
grand master keyed per unit.
I. DOOR BUMPERS-where vvooden doors shall strike an object during opening, provide door bumpers.
J . Cabinet hinges shall be 'Washington" type or piano hinges heavily chrome or nickel
plated.
K. Cabinet and Closet catches shall be plastic roller types.
A. MATERIALS:
1. Roof Sheethlng -shatl be COfTUgatad galvanized Iron sheet guage 26.
Gutters, downspouts and Flashings shall be of guage .26 plain G.l. sheets
343
8. INSTALLATION WORKMANSHIP:
1. Sheathing - layout the roofing sheets in a manner that the side overlap faces away
from the prevailing wind. Provide no~ less than 0.30 m develop on ends and not less
than 1 1/2 corrugation on side laps on both sides. Secure the roofing sheets to purfins by using G.l. rivets and 1" wide G.L Ties.
2. Gutter -a connection of gutters shall be made by using brass rivets and fully
jointed by nikolite lead. Provide a minimum of 1% slope towards the downspouts.
3. Oownspout-shail be 2" x 4'" plain G.l. sheets or colored pvc pipe as approved by
the Architect.
4. Flashing -shall be plain G.l. sheet over corrugated roofing of not less than 0.30
overlap extend G.l. Flashing until it covers the top portion of the firewall . .
A. GENERAL:
1. All work shall be done under the direct supervision of a licensed plu~ber and in
strict accordance with these specification and of the methods as prescnbed by the
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
B. MATERIALS:
1. Cast iron soil pipe for sewer and cement drainage pipes T and G ASTM C-14 and
ASTM-75 respectively.
2. Cast. iron sewer pipes and fittings-ASTM A-74 for soil, waste and vent pipes.
3. Caulking lead-Federal spec. OQ-56 or epoxy mix A and B.
4. Bronze gate values - Federal spec. WW-V-58. .
5. Galvanized iron pipes and fittings- Schedule 40 for all hot and cold water lines.
6. Water Closet-Saniwares brand. All toilets shall be of ventura model or compton
except the second floor owners toilet which shall be saternina or cadet type.
Vitreous china " price pfister" angle valves. White in color.
7. Lavatories - Saniwares Ventura and Diana (or new comrade) vitreous China, com
ptete with all chromard finish ''price pfistor". Fittings and accessories.
8. Kitchen Sink-Northern Hill Classic cast iron acid-resisting enamelled finish inside.
With back complete with chromard finish U.S. fittings and accessories.
9.. soap and Tissue holders-Vitreous China.
10. Towel bars and hooks-bras chrome plated.
11 . Drains: Ao0r drains shall be high grade strong, tough and even-grained metals with
adjustable screwed cover nickel plated.
12. Showerhead and Valvea. For owner's toilet, use P.F. with "marquis" 3-velve divester.
b. For other toilets-uSe shower head with plastic, -and 2-valve divester.
344
C. ALTERNATE MATERIALS:
1. Alternate material allowed, provided such alternate is approved by Architect such as
PVC pipes for sewer and drainage pipes.
2. Each length of pipe, fitting, trap, fixture and device used in plumbing system shall
have cast, stamped or indelibly marked on it, manufacturer's trademark or name
weight, type and classes or product when so required.
0. INSTALLATION:
1. Install plumbing fixtures free and open to afford easy access for cleaning.
drawings~ furnishing ali brackets, cleats,
plates and anchors required to support fixtures rigidly in place.
3. Install all fixtures and accessories in locations directed in accordance with manufacturer's instructions, minimizing pipe fittings.
4. Protect items with approval means to maintain perfect conditions. Remove work
damaged or defective and replace with perfect work without extra cost to OWNER.
5. All G.l. soil and drainage ~ipes shall have a minimum slope of 1o/o.
6. Vertical pipes shall be secured strongly by hooks to building framing. Provide suitable bracket or chairs at the floors from which they start.
Where an end or circuit vent pipe from any fixtures or line of fixtures is connected to
a vent line serving other fixtures, connection shall be at least four (4) feet 1.20 M
above floor in which fixtures are located, to prevent use of any vent line as a waste.
Horizontal pipes shall be supported by well secured strap hangers.
7. Connection of water closets to soil pipes shall be made by means of flanged Plates
and asbestos packing without use of rubber putty or cement.
8. Make all joints air and water-tight; for jointing pipes, the following shall be used.
a. For bell and spigot jointed cast iron and wao;te pipes, cau!k with oakum or jute
and soft pig lead.
b. Lead to cast iron pipes use brass ferrule wiped on lead side and caulked into ball
of cast iron soil pipe.
c. Concrete pipes: bell and spigot ot tongue and groove use yarning matorial and
cement mortar.
d. G.l. Pipes-Use Teflon Tape or white lead when tightening threaded joints.
E.
ROUGH~IN
1. Provide correctly located opening of proper sizes where required in walls and floors
for passed of pipes.
2. All times to be embedded in concrete shall be thoroughly clean and free from all
rust, scale and paint.
3. All changes in pipe sizes on soil, wash and drain lines shall be provjded with reducing fittings or recesses reducers. For changes in pipe sizes provide reducing fittings.
4. High corrosive nature ground within site shall be taken into account by plumber.
Protective features shall be installed to prevent corrosion or all water pipes inStalled
underground.
5. Extend piping to all fixtures, outlets and equipment from gate valves installed in the
branch near the riser.
345
6. All pipes shatl be cut accurately to measurements, and worked into place without
springing or forcing.
7. Care shall be taken as not to weaker structural portion of the buildin9.
A. SCOPE OF WORK:
1. The work consist of furnishing of all materials and labor, tolls and equipment and aH
necessary services to complete the electrical work ready for operation as shown in
the drawings and specified as follows:
a. Supply and installation of the main and sub-feeders from etectrical panelboards
up to service entrance.
b. Supply and installation of electrical panel boards, gutters, pull box and accesso
box as required.
nes
as
346
E. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Power service: 115/230 volts, single phase, 3 wire solid neutral60 hertz._
. 2. Wiring methods: all power and control wiring shall be in rigid mild steei conduit.
3. Grounding:
Panelboards, raceways, gutters, metallic conduits and other non-current carrying
metal parts of .equipment, beaters, motor frames, shall be provided with effective
grounding connection to a grounded cold centef pipt,.
5. Panel Board:
Furnish and installs the electrical panelboards as shown in plan. Disconnect switch
es and magnetic starters shall be provided by motor equipment supplier.
c. Lighting outlet at ceiling shall be provided with 4" octagonal box ga. 18 min.
Connections from fixtures to boxes''be nade by using TW wire C.HB in flexibte
conduit.
7. Light Fixtures:
a. All lighting fixtures shaH be furnished by owner and installed by the Contractor.
Detail of fixture design when not standard shall be shown in the Architectural
Drawings.
b. Fluorescentifixtures if any shall be complete set with lamps and ballast of high
quality, Philips G.E. Philec or approved equal.
b. No wires shal be drawn into. a raceway until it is complete with all necessary fittings, boxes supports. Connections shall be securely fastened such as-not to
loosen under vibration and normal strain. All connections, splices shall be made
with approved methods.
'
c WORK:
1. Consists of furnishing all items, articles, m~terials tools, equipment, labor scaffoldings, ladders, methods and other incidentals necessary and required fbr the satisfactory completion ot the work.
347
2.
1~ covers complete painting and finishing of wood, plasters, concrete, metal or other
surfaces exterior or interior of building.
B. GENERAL PAINTING and Surface Finishing shall be interpreted to ~ean and inclu~e
sea,ers, primers, fillers, intermediate and finish coats, emulsions, varntsh, shellac, sta1n
or enamels.
1 . All paint and accessOI)' materials incorporated in or fo~min~ hpart thherdeoffb s~all:,e
subject to the prior approval and selection for color, ttnt, f1ms _
o r s a e Y t e r-
chitect.
2. In conne~tion with the Architect's determination of color or ti ~t of ~nytpartic~a~
surface, the depth of any color or tint selected or required sha an no ms ance
subject for an additional cost of the owner.
11
3. Painting of all surfaces, except as otherwise specified shall be three (3) coat work,
one primer and a finish cost.
C. MATERIALS:
1. All paint materials shall meet the requirements of paint materials under classification class "A'~ as prepared by the institute of Science, Manila, use "BOYSEN" or
"Fuller" Paints or equivalent.
2. All paint shall be recommended by the manufacturer for t~e use intended and shalt
be delivered to the jobsite in original containers with seals unbroken and labels intact.
3. Painting materials such as Linseed oil, turpentine, thinners, shellac, lacquer, etc.
shall be pure and of the highest quality obtainable and shall bear the manufacturer's
label on each container or package.
4. Except for ready mixed materials in original containers, ali mixing shall be done in
the jobsite. No materials are to be reduced, changed or mixed except as specified by
manufacturer of sa_id materials.
5. S.torage and Protection
The resident Architect shall designate a place for the storage of paint materials
~never it may be necessary to change this designated storage place, the contractor shall promptly more to the new location. The storage space shall be adequate
protected from damage and paint. Paint shall be covered at all times and safeguards
taken to prevent fire.
D. MATERIALS:
1. All surfaces to be painted shall be examined carefully before beginning any work
and see that all work of other trades or subcontractor's are installed in workmanlike
condition to receive paint, stain or particular finish.
2. Before proceeding with aoy painting or finishing, thoroughly clean, sand, and seal if
necessary by removigg from all surfaces all dust, dirt, grease, or other foreign subStances which would affect eithAr the satisfactory execution or permanency of the
work. Such cleaning of shall be done after the general cleaning executed under the
separate division of the work.
348
..
3. No work shall be done l.lnder conditions that are unsuitable for the production of
good results, nor at any time when the plastering is in progress or is being cured, or
not dry.
4. Only skilled painters shall be employed in the work .. All wo!i(manship shaH be executed in accordance with the best acceptable practices.
5. Finish hardware, lighting fixtures, plates and other similar items shall be removed by
workmen skilled in these trades, or otherwise protected during painting operati<>.ns
and reposition upon completion of each space.
6. Neither paint nor any other finish treatment shall be applied over wet or damp surfaces. Allow at least two 121 days for drying preceeding coat before applying
succeeding coat.
7. Begin work only when resident Architect has inspected and approved prepared sur~
face otherwise no credit for coat applied shall be given. The contractor shall as8ume
responsibility to recoat work in question. Noti.f v Architect when particular coat applied is complete, ready for inspection and approval.
E. PREPARATION OF SURFACES:
..
1. For bricks, concrete, cement or concrete blocks; cut out scratches, cracks abrasion
in plaster surfaces, openings and adjoining trim as required. Fill flustl adjoining
plaster surface. When dry; and smooth and seal before priming coat application.
2. T int plasterpriming coat to approximate shade of final coat. Touch up section spots
in plaster or cement after first coat application, before applying second coat, to produce even result in finish coat. Secure color schedules for rooms before priming
walls.
4. Prime with mixture of equal parts by volume ot l & S Portland cement paint and
5244 improved Alkali proof. seal or its equivalent as may be approved by the Architect.
5. Brush one or more finish coats of l & S thinned if necessary with mineral spirits or
turpentine.
F. WOODWORK TO BE PAINTED:
3. Wipe paste wood fillers, applied in open grain wood, when "set", across wood
grain. Then with grafn to secure clean surface.
349
G. VARNISHING:
1. Sand wood surfaces with fine grade sand paper.
GEORGES. SALVAN
' .
Architect
350
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Smith, Ronald
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Brochure
Magazine
Audels
Me Guinness,
Stein, Reynolds
Sinclair Paints . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .
Sherwin-Williams . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . .. .. . .
Boysen Paints .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. ..
Dutch Boy Paint . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .
Fuller Paints . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .
Product Catalogue
Product Catalogue
Product Cat8/ogue
Product Catalogue
Product Catalogue
Stenrnan, A-8, U.S.A............................................................. Catalogue
EFCO Manufacturing Com. Pty. LTD. . . . . . ... ... ... . . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . Catalogue
American Hardware Corp., California .. .. . .. . .... . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. Brochure
Shell Philippines ............... :. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. Brochure
35~
INDEX
A
Accelerators .. .. . ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ ... , . . . . . .
5
Accordfon door ... ......... .. .. .. .. ............ .. . ... 162
Acoustical board . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Acoustical tiles . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . 274
Adhesion types .. .......... .. . ... ... , .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Acrylic floorfinish . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
128
Air drying .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .
36
Air-entraining agents ................... ....... . ...
5
Aggregates used in concrete . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Aluminum . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . .. , .. . . . 83, 61, 298
Alkyd paints . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . ... . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . 133
Alloy Steels . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
56
Aluminum shingles . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .. . . . . ... . . . . . . 290
Aluminum siding . . . . ... . ... . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . 260
"Anav" proofing . .. . .. .. ... . .. .. . ........ .... ... .. .. 117
AnchOJ type .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 265
Animalglue ....... ....... ... .. .. ... ......... .........
78
Architecturallamp .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 217
Ardex lightweight corrugated sheets . . . . . ... . ... 298
Artificial stone veneer . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Asbestos... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .
90
Asbestos-cement sheeuoofing . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . 298
Asbestos -cement-siding and
siding shingles .. . ...... ..... ........ ..... ... 259, 289
Asbestos fittings . . .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. . .. ... . . .... . . .. .. 196
Asbestos pipe .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. ... ... . . .. . . ... . . ... . . 196
Aspt\alts .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .
52
Asphalts, cement .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ..
78
53
288
232
233
178
B
Balloon type ceiling . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 255
Banauedesign .............. ....... ...... . ........... 304
Barrelbolt ...... ........ .............. ... ...... ........ 173
Batts ......... .... ..... ............ .... .... ... ...........
88
Bibrous loose fill . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 187
Bi-folding door .. ........ ". ... .. ... .... .. .. ........ 163
Blanket insulation .................... , .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
87
Block flooring .. .. ....... .... ...... .... . .. .............. 224
Block or rigid slab insulation .. ,.. .. ...... ...... . ....
88
Blood-aluminum gule ....... ............ .. .. . .. ... .
78
Blow moulding process . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
72
Board and bettens ...... .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 260
Bolts and nuts .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 59, 170
Bonding agents ..... ................ ...... , .. .. .. . .. .
7
Bored lock .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 176
Bored latch ........ ...... .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . 177
352
c
Cabinet doors.................... .......... ....... ... .. 100
Calendaring process ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... ..... ... ..
73
Casein glue .. .. .... .......... . .. .. .... ............
78
Cast iron pipes and fittings . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 190
Cast stone .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . 10
Casting ........ ..... ..... .. ......... . . .. .. ... .. .. ...
73
Cathedral and figured glass .... .... ... .. ... ..... .. .
65
Ceiling board .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. ...... .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 278
Cellular glass insulation...................... ... . ....
89
Cellular concrete blocks .. ............... ,. ... . ....
11
Cellulose cement .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. ...
78
Cement tile .......... .. .. ............ ..... .. . .. .. . . . .. .. 226
Cements......... .......... .. ............ .... .. ......... 2
Cemvathene brand .. .. ....... . .... ... ...... , . .. .. . 101
Ceramic mosaic . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Ceramic veneer .. .. .. . .. .... . .. . .. .... . .. .. .. .. . 264: 21
Ceramic wall tile.... .... .... .... ... .. .... ........ ..... 244
Chain door fastener .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . 173
Chesterton descaler and chemical cleaner .... .. t'lfJ
Chesterton paintstripper .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. 12JJ
Chesterton urethane enamels ..... ....... .. ... ... . 128
Chipboard ........ ........ .................. . ...... ... .
46
ChiOi'inated-rubber adhesive ..... .. ............ ..
78
CIM ............ ....... ....... . ............ ........ ..... . 110
Clear silicone water repellant .. .. ....... . ... .. .. . . li6
Clover design .. . .... .... ........ .. ...... .. .. ..... . ... . . 223
Coal tar pitch .. . .... .... .... .............. , ........ .. . .
52
Cold galvanizing compound ............. .... ...... . 124
Cold-rolled sheets . ............. .. ....... ... .... .. .. ..
56
Color coding . ..... ....... .............. .. ... ... , . .... . 195
Colored concrete floOJs ............... ......... .. . 22S
Colourless ...... .... ...... ... . ..... .... ...... ...... .. .. 1.20
COITIPI'essive molding ....... .. ........ . ...... .. .. . .
73
Compressive strength test ......... ............. ..
4
Concrete block ... .. ................... .. ........ . .. ..
9
Concrete colouring agents ............. . ...... .. ..
7
Concrete floor slab . .. .. . .. .. .. . . ........ .. .... .. . 224
Concrete form paper .. ... , .................. . ....... .
50
1~.
D
Damproofers .. .. ............ ... .. ... .. .... ... ... .....
Decorative or architectural glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decking .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Dispersal agents .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..
Door stoppers .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .
Driers .... . . ........... . .. ....... .. ....... ...... .
Dry-standpipe system .. ............ .. ... .. .. .. . .. ..
Dutch door ............. .... ................... .. .... . ...
6
68
286
5
188
132
122
164
E
Elastomark product .... .... .. .. . ........ .... ........ 103
Elastomastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
Elastomers .. ................... .... .. .. .. ...... .. ......
82
Electrical wires ......... ................. ........ .. .. . 216
Enamels . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 136
End matching ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
English bond .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 243
Envelope paper ........... .... ... .. .. ..... ... .. ... .. ..
50
81
Epoxy-resin formulation .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .... . ..
EpoxyresinL . .. ........ : ............... .. ......... 79,235
Estimated qualities of material$ required . . . . . . 106
Estimates .............. .. ............ .. ... ......... ... 307
Expandable bead molding ........ ...... -.. ..........
Exterior & interior painting .... .. .. .......... . ..... 145
Extefior painting .... .. ... ... ...... .. ......... .. .... . 139
Exteriorbrown ....... ............... ........... ,..... 120
Extrusion forming . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ..
73
Eyeandturnbuckle .. .. . .... .. ................ ...... 172
90
73
164
184
166
68
214
G
Galvanized iron protection system .. .. . . .. 123, 125
Galvanized metal water tanks .. .. .. .. ..
. ..125
Galvanized sheet metal .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .
252
Galvanized steel pipe fittings .. .. .... ... ... .. .
199
Galvanizedsteel..... ... .. .. .. ... ...................... 294
Galvestos .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 298, 263
Garden wall . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . 243
Gas forming agents .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .
8
Glass.......... ..................... ...... ..... 64,251,268
Glass blocks .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .
68
Glass roofing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 303
Glazed tile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Glazed tile accessories .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . 244
Glue laminated lumber .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .
37
Glues .. ...... . .. .. ......... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........
78
Glue uses In laminating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Grab bar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. ... .. . .. 186
Grande series (vitrif ied tiles I ............ .... ........ 227.
Granules . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .... .. .. .. .. . .
87
46
29
31
30
H
Hand split and resawed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '1Jf7
Hard board ... .... .'........ .. ... ........ .. .. . .. .. 44, 248
Hard board siding . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .
268
Hardwood .. ... .. ......................... ...... . 248,34
Hardeners ..... ........ .......... ..................... .
5
Hasp ...................... .............................
Hasp lock ............. . ..................... .. .. ......
Heat absorbing plate glass . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
66
Heavy sheet glass . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
67
Hexagonal random . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 223
Hinges for cabinets ... .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 181
Hook and eves ......... .... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 187, 172
H~ital arm pull .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. . 187
1n
1n
F
Fastpinhinge ............... ..... .......... .... ........ 165
Ferrous ........... ............ ......... .......... ...... 56
Fiber glass .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 273
Fire IJroofing .. ...................... ...... .. .... .. .... 121
Fire proofing paper .. . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... ......
50
Flemish bond ........ .... ... , ...... .. .. ..... .... ...... 243
Float glass .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 64
Flocculate .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . 5
Floorsealer.............. .. .. ........... ... . . . . .. . 12 1
Floor varnishes .............. ...... .. .......... ....... 134
Fluid .. .. .. .. .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. ................... !16, 102
Flush counter h inge .......................... ... _.. . 184
Flush bolt ....... ...... .... .. ..................... ..... 173
Flush door ................ ............ ----.. .. ........ 18>
J
Joinery brackets ........ ............ ........ ....... _ 171
Junction boxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 213
353
K
Kalantaa .. ... . . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
299
Kev pedloctt
1n
.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. ..
Kiln-drying .. .. .. .. . ... . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .
:rJ
Knobs .... ................ ............................... 185
L
Lacquers .. ... .. .... .. ............. .. ,... .. ....... ....... 135
Laminating paper .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 49
Laminating process .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Laminated safety glass . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
73
66
Latch ... .. .... ..... ...... .... .... .... ...... .. .. .. ..... .. 174
Lavatories .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 206
lead .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . '191. 62
lift latch . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... ...... ....... .... .. ... 175
68
236
Linseed oil ..... ... .. .. .... .. .. .. :. :.. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..
82
liquid asphalt... .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..
Liquid fillet .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. ..
Liquid paving asphalt .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .
Liquid plastic ............. . ......... ... .. ... .. .... .....
Liquid silicones . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .
80
137
53
303
~
0
Offset hinges .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 181
Oil paint .. . ... . .. . ... .. ... . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. ... ... ...
Oils and turpentines .. ............................. ..
Olive knuckle hinge . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... . . . . .. . ... ..
Open web steel joints .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .
1n
132
81
166
59
Ovemead rolklp garage door . .. . ... .. ... .. .. . .. . . 162
Overhead swing. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .... .. .. . ... . . 161
p
Paints .. ..... .. .. .... .... . .. .. .. .. .. .........
132, 157,254
161
Panel door ..... ... .. ..... .... ...... ... ....... .. . ...... .
Panic exit device . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Pans and domes . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Paper board . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. ..
Paper holder ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ....... ....... ... ..... ..
Parquet flooring .. .. .. .. .... :.. ... ..... .. .. ..... ...... .
Particle board ....... .... ..... . .... ..... .... ...... .. ....
Paste fillers .......... .......... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pneumelle hinge .. .... . .. .. .. :.. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . ..
187
60
47
210
2.23
46
137
166
52., 284
Pivot hinges .... .. ..... .... .... .. .... ...... . .. .. 182, 167
Plain concrete wall . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. 246
Place ondula .. .... .......... .... .. ....... ... :.. .... ... 299
Marble ... ...... .. .. ... ... .... .... ..... .... ............... 237
Plasters .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. 29
Plastic$ . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72., 253, 268, 82, 303
Plastic fittings
134
.. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . ..
196
48
Plastic foamboards .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .
Plastic pipes . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
125
Mastic compound .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .
Melamine resins .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ..
Membfane types ... .... ......... ..... ..... :.. . .. . .. .
Metal . .'. : .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .
Metal wall . .. .. ... .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .
Plastic roofing .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
303
82
19
96
261
273
Metallic paint... .. ......... .... ..... .... ..... .... ...... 133
Melano design .... . .'.. ...... .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. 303
Mineral fiber .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. 273
Mineral fibefground .. .. ...... , .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 48
Mocfrfied natural .................... ....... ......... 135
Moisture wood .... ....... ........ .. .... .... .: .. .. .. ..
35
N
Nails ......... ... ...... .. ...... .. .... .. .. ....... .... .. ..
Natural-resin varnishes ...... ... .. .... .... ... . .......
Natural rubbetadhesives ... ... .. .... .. ......... :: ..
354
lEIS
134
18
Polyester~poxy
coatings .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
134
Polyethylene film .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. ..
114
.-
Prop8tler oupid&r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .
Properties of wood .... .. .... ...... :...............
Properties o'f caulking materials. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .
Plywood ... .... ....... .. .... ..... ... .... ... .. .... ... .. ..
' Pulls
114
138
243
223
42
186
175
223
226
123
243
64
89
246
58
119
Resilience .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 222
Resilient flooring . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 236
Resin ...... ....... ........ ........ .............. .. ...... 133
RMOI'cinol resins .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..
79
Retarders .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
5
Revolving door ..... ........... :.. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 163
Rigid insulation .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 89
Roll--t~p ............. ..... .. ....... ..... ........ .... . .. . 162
Rolled roofing .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 302
Rolled and rough cast glau .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. 65
Rolled structural shapes . .... .... .. .......... .. ....
fil
Roller latch ...... ................................. . , . . .. 176
Root stylet; .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . 282
Roof slopes in run, rise .. .. . ..... ... .. ... . .. .. . .. .. .. 284
Roofing papers .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Roofing tilts .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
Rotation of molding .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ..
Rubber flooring .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
72
236
123
48
96
s
Sandblasting ........ .. .. .... .. , .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. . 247
Saturated felts . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... . ..
52
Sawlli or chevron ~n .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . .. .. 224
Screws ...... .................... ..... ................. 189
Screen door latch .. .... ........... : ................. : tn
Sealers .. .. ...... .... .... . .. ........ .. .. ...... .. ... . 79, 137
Semi-vitrified .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. 228
Sempura tile .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 300
Set-inhiting agents . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ..
285
64
293
Sheet ping .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 57
Sheet steel .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . S>
Shellac ........ .............. ...... . ................ ... 135
Shop lumt. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. ... 36
sna--...- .....................:....................
137
184
163
UKI
164
210
214
Sodium silicate, adhesives .. .............. ...... ..
79
Soft wood ................... .. ... ...... :........ 34, 222
Solid glass brick . .. .. .... .... .. ... .. ... . .... .......... .
68
R
Rabbeted lock .. . .. .. . ... .... . .. ...... ... . .. ... . .... .
Random design . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .
Random finish .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. ... .. ..
Rat-proofing .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .
Rattrap bond .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ..
Reflective glass .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ..
Reflective insulation .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
Regular hollow blocks P~tttem .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Reinforcing steel . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .
Rentc)l(il termite proofing ..... . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .
.......... .................................... ..
81
42
a .
Quarry tiles ................. . .. ......... ..... ...... .. ..
s~
210
gutter
98
166
186
121
Stack bond ....... .... .......... ... .. .. .. .... ......... .. 243
Stains ......... _......... ....... .... ...... ... ...... ....... 136
Stainless steel
.. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .
Staples .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
168
Switches.. ....... ... ...... ... ..... ... .... .. .... ......... 212
Switch box .. .. ....... ...... ...... ............. . .. ... ... 216
Swinging door .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 161
Synthetic .... ................. , . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 247, 2fj}
Synthetic plastic products . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 181
Synthetic-resin varnishes ... . .. .. ............ . . . . . . . 136
T
Taper split ............................................. 'JH7
Tar .... .... ......... ...... .... .. .... .............. .... ...
52
Tempered plate glass .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
66
Tennis Court surfacing ........... ................... 127
Temaplate .................................... .._.... :.. 2fij7
T&rracotta .................. ~. ........ .... 264,290,259
Terranoflooring .... ...... , ... ...... ..... ........... 233
355
86
72
81
Thinner .............................................. :.
132
Thoroseal .............. ,.............................. 113
Threaded rod .................... :.............. . . .. . . 188
Tile . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . 18, 204
Tower. rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 210
transfer molding
................. :.. ..
.. . ..
73
u
Unglazed1ile .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... .. . .. ..
Unit of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Urea formal-dehyde resin glues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
226
37
79
v
Vaporbarriers ............. ..
Vapor barrier paper .. .. .. . .. .. .... ..
Vitreous colored plate ............................ .
Vitrified clay pipes ............................. .
Vitrified floor tiles ...................... .
356
114
49
66
197
'27
w
Wallcovering .......................................... 249
Wallroof ................................................ 255
Wallpaper ....................................... 50,249
Washers ................................................ 170
Washout finishes .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 267
Water closets.......................................... 204
Water proofing treatment... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Water plug . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . 112
Water saver .... ........ ................ ... .. ......... 111
Water soluble stains . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 136
Water reducing admixtures .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
6
Wax compounds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .
80
i;r;-.r:
Wrought iron......
!''
~.
-.-...... . . . . . . .. ...
56