Chapter 4

Newtons Laws of
Motion
PowerPoint Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Part I

Goals for Chapter 4

To understand the meaning of force in physics
To view force as a vector and learn how to
combine forces
To understand the behavior of a body on which
the forces balance:
Newtons First Law of Motion:
if there is no NET force on an object it will
remain in the same state of motion
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Goals for Chapter 4

To learn the relationship between mass,
acceleration, and force:
Newtons Second Law of Motion: F = ma
a = F/m
To relate mass (quantity of matter) and weight
(force on that matter from gravity)

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Goals for Chapter 4

To see the effect of action-reaction pairs:
Newtons Third Law of Motion
Force on object a from object b
is EQUAL in magnitude
(and opposite in direction) to
Force on object b from object a

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What are some properties of a force?

A force is an interaction between two objects, or
between an object and its environment
A force is a VECTOR quantity, with magnitude and
direction.

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There are four common types of forces

#1: The normal force:

When an object pushes on a surface, the surface
pushes back on the object perpendicular to the
surface.
This is a contact force.

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There are four common types of forces

#2: Friction force:

This force occurs when a surface resists sliding
of an object and is parallel to the surface.
Friction is a contact force.

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There are four common types of forces

#3: Tension force:

A pulling force exerted on an object by a rope or
cord.
This is a contact force.

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There are four common types of forces

#4: Weight:
The pull of gravity on an object.
This is a long-range force, not a contact force, and is
also a field force.

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What are the magnitudes of common forces?

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Drawing force vectors

Use a vector arrow to indicate the magnitude
and direction of the force.

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Superposition of forces
Several forces acting at a point on an object have
the same effect as their vector sum acting at the
same point.

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Decomposing a force into its component vectors

Choose coordinate system with perpendicular x and y axes.
Fx and Fy are components of force along axes.
Use trigonometry to find force components.

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Notation for the vector sum

Vector sum of all forces on an object is resultant of forces
The net force.

r r r r
r
R= F1+ F2 + F3 +L= F

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Superposition of forces
Force vectors are added using components:
Rx = F1x + F2x + F3x +
Ry = F1y + F2y + F3y +

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Newtons First Law

An object at rest tends

to stay at rest, an object
in motion tends to stay
in motion with the
same speed and in the
same direction unless
acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
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Newtons First Law

Mathematically,

A body acted on by
zero net force moves
with constant velocity
and zero
acceleration.

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Newtons First Law II

In part (a) net force acts,

causing acceleration.
In part (b) net force = 0
resulting in no
acceleration.

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When is Newtons first law valid?

You are on roller skates
in a stopped BART
car
The car starts to
accelerate forwards.
What happens to you?
If no net force acts on
you, you maintain a
constant velocity (0!)

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When is Newtons first law valid?

You are on roller skates
in a moving BART car
The car starts to slow accelerate backwards.
What happens to you?
If no net force acts on
you, you maintain a
constant velocity

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When is Newtons first law valid?

If no net force acts on you,
you maintains a constant
velocity (a vector!)
But as seen in the noninertial frame of the
accelerating vehicle, it
appears that you are being
pushed to the outside!
Newtons first law is valid
only in non-accelerating
inertial frames of reference.

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Newtons Second Law

If the net force on an object is zero, the object will not accelerate.

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Newtons Second Law

If the net force on an object is not zero, it causes the object to accelerate.

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Newtons Second Law

If the net force on an object is not zero, it causes the object to accelerate.

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An object undergoing uniform circular motion

An object in uniform
circular motion is
accelerated toward
the center of the
circle.
So net force on
object must point
toward the center of
the circle.

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Force and acceleration

Magnitude of acceleration
of an object is directly
proportional
to
the
net
force
r
S F on the object.
r
| a | = F/m

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Mass and acceleration

Magnitude of acceleration
of an object is
inversely proportional
to objects mass if net
force remains fixed.
r
|a | = F/m

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Newtons second law of motion

The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it, and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

r
r
F = ma

The SI unit for force is the newton (N).

1 N = 1 kgm/s2

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Using Newtons Second Law Ex. 4.4

Worker pushes box of mass 40 kg, with constant
force of 20N. What is acceleration?

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Using Newtons Second Law Ex. 4.4

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Using Newtons Second Law IIExample 4.5

Shove bottle of mass 0.45 kg at initial speed of 2.8
m/s a distance of 1 m before it stops. What is the
magnitude and direction of force on bottle?

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Using Newtons Second Law IIExample 4.5

Shove bottle of mass 0.45 kg at initial speed of 2.8
m/s a distance of 1 m before it stops. What is the
magnitude and direction of force on bottle?

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Using Newtons Second Law IIExample 4.5

We know:
Displacement in x = +1.0 m
Initial x velocity = +2.8 m/s
Final x velocity = 0 m/s
THREE THINGS!

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Using Newtons Second Law IIExample 4.5

vf2 = vi2 + 2aDx
So
a = (vf2 - vi2)/2Dx
+x

a = - 3.9 m/s2

NOTE

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points in the direction of