ANDE Course SAFT

ANDECourse
September24,2009

SyntheticApertureFocusingTechnique
(
(SAFT)
)

Time
Timedomain
domain
Frequencydomain
(FSAFT)
(F
SAFT)

Ultrasonic
Ultrasonicbulkwaves
bulk waves
Ultrasonicguidedwaves
(LSAFT)
(L
SAFT)
Microwaves

SAFT Scope
SAFT
Point
Point sourcesand
sources and
pointreceivers
Pulsedsignals
g
Pointdefects
Extended spatial
Extendedspatial
samplingofdefect
signals

Synthetic Aperture Focusing

with Phased Array Elements
Individual A- Scans

Time

SmallFlaw

BasictSAFT

and, consequently, via Fourier inversion,

tSAFT:AScanapproach

tSAFT:Pixeldrivenapproach

Individual A- Scans

Time

SAFT:LateralResolution
Halfpowerbeamwidth
fortheeffective
aperture

eff =

Leff

2 Leff
D

Atrange
At
range R,thehorizontal
R the horizontal
extentofabeamfroman
apertureDisgivenby

x = R

Forcomplete
coverageoroverlap

Linearresolutioninazimuth
atrangeR is

= eff R

Combiningtheprevioustwo
relations,wegetthelateral
resolutionforSAFTas

x Leff = R

InnormalBscanimaging,the
resolutionisgivenby

= 1.33

tSAFT:Resolutioncapabilities

Example of SAFT
Element by element pulse-echo from a 1.5 mm dia SDH in Al
100

200

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400

RAW
Image

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SAFT
Image

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1
X: 27
Y: 1

X: 36
Y: 1

X: 29
Y: 0.8049
0 8049

X: 34
Y: 0.8171

10

0.7

0.7

0.6

X: 44
Y: 0.9255

X: 31
Y: 0.3422

30

50

60

10

20

30

40

X: 35
Y: 1

0.8

0.9

X: 35
Y: 0.7397

0.8

X: 22
Y: 0.6438

0.7

X: 27
Y: 0.5802

0.6
X: 34
Y: 0.5054

0.4

X: 35
Y: 0.3466

X: 33
Y: 0.3148

0.5

0.4

0.4
X: 36
Y: 0.2977

X: 37
Y: 0.254

X: 53
Y: 0.5802
X: 36
Y: 0.5309

X: 18
Y: 0.4938

0.5

0.2
X: 34
Y: 0.1011

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

X: 40
Y: 0.112

0.1

X: 33
Y: 0.0715

0.1

10

20

30

40

50

13mmdeepSDH

60

70

60

X: 29
Y: 0.6986

0.7

0.6

0.3

X: 29
Y: 0.115

50

10

20

30

X: 3
32
Y: 0.07272

0.1

40

X: 49
Y: 1
X: 47
Y: 0.9505

X: 36
Y: 0.9146

X: 22
Y: 0.8764

X: 34
Y: 0.2826

X: 30
Y: 0.2619

0.2

60

X: 43
Y: 0.9178

X: 40
Y: 0.6809

X: 32
Y: 0.6489

X: 45
Y: 0.9315

X: 35
Y: 1

0.3

40

X: 27
Y: 0.9589

0.9

X: 42
Y: 0.8298

0.5

0.4

20

X: 25
Y: 1

0.6

0.5

50

X: 40
Y: 0.8049
0 8049

0.8

40

600

60

X: 43
Y: 0.9681

0.9
X: 24
Y: 0.8902

0.8

30

X: 45
Y: 0.9681

X: 27
Y: 0.9146

0.9

20

50

19mmdeepSDH

60

70

10

20

30

X: 37
Y: 0.2653

X: 32
Y: 0.1241

X: 39
Y: 0.09162
0 09162

X: 40
Y: 0.1107

0.1

40

50

26mmdeepSDH

60

70

10

20

30

40

50

60

45mmdeepSDH

70

FSAFT:Narrowbandversion
Scalarwaveequation

SpatialFourier
transformationofthe
solution and its inverse
solutionanditsinverse

propagator

Reconstructthefieldatz

FSAFT:Broadbandversion
TemporalFouriertransform
SpatialFourier
Spatial
Fourier
transformationatagiven
temporalfrequency

propagator

Reconstructthefieldatz
forthegiventemporal
frequency

Reconstructthefieldatz
through inverseFouriertransform

FSAFTandBandwidthEffects

Another example of SAFT

AnotherexampleofSAFT

Theexampleshowsa30mmcrackina58mmthicksteelplate.A4MHzcontacttechniqueprobehasbeen
used with a nominal angle of 70.TheimagespotsintheSAFTimagehaveconstantsizesinthedirection
usedwithanominalangleof70
The image spots in the SAFT image have constant sizes in the direction
perpendicularto70,theimagespotsoftheBscanshowupanincreasingwidthproportionaltothe
distancetotheprobe,whichreflectsthespreadingofthesoundfield.

Volumetric Weld Coverage

TOFD
PE45 SW
PE60 SW

Prrobe Moovement

Volumetric Weld Coverage - Data Visualisation

45-SW
45
SW

60 SW

TOFD

60-SW
60
SW

45-SW

LSAFT Dispersioncorrected

References

L.J. Busse, Three-dimensional imaging using a frequency-domain synthetic

aperture focusing technique, IEEE Transac. UFFC 39 (1992) 174-179.

p
with synthetic
y
aperture
p
V. Schmitz,, S. Chakhlov,, W. Muller,, Experiences
focusing technique in the field, Ultrasonics 38 (2000) 731738

D. Levesque , A.
D
A Blouin,
Blouin C.
C Neron,
Neron J.
J -P
P. Monchalin,
Monchalin Performance of laserultrasonic F-SAFT imaging, Ultrasonics 40 (2002) 10571063