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Lesson 2: Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation

Digital Data
Acquisition and Processing for
Nondestructive Evaluation
Prof. Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Professor of Mechanical Engineering and
Head of Centre for Nondestructive Evaluation
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
IIT Chennai 600 036
balas@iitm.ac.in

Why Data Acquistion ?


Complex specifications leads to difficulty in
decision making.
Field environment requires un-biased, quick
decisions.
Seeing is sometimes deceiving.
Quantitative information is essential.
Degree of automation is process and
product dependent.

Why Data Analysis ?


Reduce Data Volume
Noise Reduction
Feature Extraction for Discrimination
Analysis
Multi-facet approach to data interpretation
(time, frequency,domains)

Nondestructive Evaluation
Excitation
Source
Input Transducer

Test
Specimen
Output Transducer

Signal
Conditioning

Inverse
Model

Systems Based Approaches


Output
Transducer
Response

Signal
Conditioning

Inverse
Model

Characterization
Results

Signal Conditioning
Sampling and Quantization
Signal Enhancement
Signal Restoration

Signal Classification
Analog

Digital

-1

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

Introduction To Linear Systems


Signals

x[n]

x(t)

2
1.5
1

Continuous-Time Signal

0 1 2 3

Discrete-Time Signal

x(t)
Input

y(t)
Output

Continuous-Time System

x[n]
Input

y[n]
Output

Discrete-Time System

Properties of Systems
Linearity
x[n]
x(t)

If

y[n]
y(t)

x1[n] y1[n]
x2[n] y2[n]

Linearity ax1[n] + bx2[n]


Similarly,

ax1(t) + bx2(t)

ay [n] + by [n]
1
2

ay (t) + by (t)
1
2

Types of Data

Transient 1 dimensional Signals


Spatially Distributed-Time Signals
Static Images (photos)
Dynamic Images (movies)

Signal Domains

Time/Spatial Domain
Frequency Domain (Amplitude)
Frequency Domain (Phase)
Time (Space)-Frequency Domain (Wavelets,
STFT)

Transfer Function Domains

Digital Signal Analysis

Acquire digital data using DAQ.


Process Data for Noise Reduction.
Extract Features
Multi-parameter Discrimination.
Damage Estimation.
Damage Reporting

DAQ System

Analog

Digital

DAQ Hardware
Analog to Digital Convertors
Ni 5102/5112 up to 2.5 GHz. Data Aq Boards
DAQ Boards Slow (1-1 MHz)
DSO Agilent, Tektronics

Frame Grabbers

Image Grabbers

Triggering
Allows you to efficiently capture shortduration and high-speed events by
eliminating the need to continuously acquire
data while waiting for the event to occur
Usually done using a voltage signal input.
The Trigger level and +/- values are key.
Both analog and digital triggers are
possible.

Speed of Acquisition
Images of a moving toy motorcycle taken
with a progressive scan camera using
exposure times of 33 ms, 10 ms, and 1 ms,
respectively

Nyquist Criterion
SR at least = 2*fmax

Digitization Basics

Horizontal Resolution (Sampling 100 kHz.)


Vertical Resolution (Bits =16 bits)
Amplitude Range (+10V to 10V)
Gain (10 dB)
Multiplexing
Effective bits

Rv = 20/216 = 3.05* 10-4V


Rh = 1/100*103=10-5s

Delays and Offsets and ..

DC Bias Offset
Trigger Delay
Pre-trigger
Equivalent Time Sampling for stationary
signals

Interfaces

RS-232
RS-170
IEEE 488.2 GPIB
IEEE 1394
Analog
PCI bus Cameras
Data Rate
Slow
Spatial
Low
Resolution
Simple and
Functionality
easy
Pixel Depth 8-bit to 10-bit
Cabling

Simple BNC
cabling

USB 2.0
RJ 45
PCIe
Parallel Digital Camera Link
Cameras
Cameras

IEEE-1394
Cameras

Fast

Fast

Slow

High

High

Advanced

Advanced

Medium
Simple and
easy
Typically 8-bit
Simple,
standard
cabling

Up to 16-bit

Up to 16-bit
Simple,
Thicker, custom
standard
cabling
cabling

Frequency Bandwidth

Time

Frequency

Fourier Transform
F(t) = aicos(wi)

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)


Complex Operation

Discrete Fast Fourier Transform (DFFT)

Time-Freq. Paradox
A classic trade-off.
High resolution in Time Poor resolution in
Freq. vice versa.
New time-freq. Analysis such as wavelets
allow a more balanced approach
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
EXAMPLE

Data Reduction

Fourier DomainEXAMPLE
JPEG
MPEG
CODEC
WT
.

NOISE Reduction

SNR improvement
FilteringEXAMPLE
Time Averaging
Spatial Averaging
Split Spectrum Processing
Wide Spectrum Processing

Median Filtering
RAW DATA

MEDIAN FILTERED

Filte

Feature Extraction
Time Domain Features
Peak to Peak Amplitude, +Peak/-Peak, Pulse
Duration, ..

Envelope Domain Features


Energy, Skewness, Kurtosis ,.

Frequency Domain Features


Peak Frequency, Mag of Peak Freq., Slope of
Phase Spectrum. EXAMPLE

Multiple Domains
The figure below shows the RF signal and the Amplitude Spectrum. Controls such as
Zeropadding, Undersampling, phase wrap/unwrap, window type, are provided. The
signal can be windowed by dragging the ends of the red bar over the RF signal.

Multiple Domains
The figure below shows the Envelope of the RF signal and the Phase Spectrum. It is possible to
analyze several signal simultaneously by using data name patterns using wildcard (*).

Feature Extraction
The extracted features are imaged here using a intensity plot. Each
sample is displayed separately and the selector can be used to
dynamically change the feature type. The histogram is also provided for
the 5 samples. The color bar and the # of bins can also be dynamically
changed. Mean and Standard deviation are provided for each sample.

Discrimination Analysis
It can be observed by looking at the two feature scatter plot, that the samples 1 and 2
are clustered near the origin (0,0) location while the Samples 3 and 4 are at relatively
large distance from the origin.

Y-Feature

X-Feature

Some Applications
Find the hidden echo and reduce dead zone
effect. `
EXAMPLE
Find thickness of thin coatings/structures in
frequency domain
EXAMPLE
Find Grain Characteristics from noise data
analysis.
Discrimination between defect types.
Computer Aided Tomography EXAMPLE

Defect Discrimination
Extraction of Signal
Shape will allow for
discrimination between
defect types.

Digital Industrial Laminography


Mechanized Weld Inspection
by Tomosynthesis
from 5 Projections

Ewert, Redmer, BAM-VIII.3

3D Representation

3D- reconstruction
of the crack range after
numeric filtering.
Camera trip through the object:
Reconstruction from the
line scan measurements
at 180 kV

Summary
Data Acquisition is the single most important step
in an NDE procedure.
Good Data Acquisition, Data Archiving, Digital
Signal Processing, Discrimination Algorithms are
all now feasible with low cost hardware and
software.
Good DAQ is a combination of hardware,
software, and settings, and the data is only as good
as the weakest link in this chain.
Signal Analysis solves problems, previously
declared un-solvable.
Signal Analysis will not fully compensate for poor
data acquisition since new information cannot be
created.

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