Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digital Data
Acquisition and Processing for
Nondestructive Evaluation
Prof. Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Professor of Mechanical Engineering and
Head of Centre for Nondestructive Evaluation
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
IIT Chennai 600 036
balas@iitm.ac.in
Nondestructive Evaluation
Excitation
Source
Input Transducer
Test
Specimen
Output Transducer
Signal
Conditioning
Inverse
Model
Signal
Conditioning
Inverse
Model
Characterization
Results
Signal Conditioning
Sampling and Quantization
Signal Enhancement
Signal Restoration
Signal Classification
Analog
Digital
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
x[n]
x(t)
2
1.5
1
Continuous-Time Signal
0 1 2 3
Discrete-Time Signal
x(t)
Input
y(t)
Output
Continuous-Time System
x[n]
Input
y[n]
Output
Discrete-Time System
Properties of Systems
Linearity
x[n]
x(t)
If
y[n]
y(t)
x1[n] y1[n]
x2[n] y2[n]
ax1(t) + bx2(t)
ay [n] + by [n]
1
2
ay (t) + by (t)
1
2
Types of Data
Signal Domains
Time/Spatial Domain
Frequency Domain (Amplitude)
Frequency Domain (Phase)
Time (Space)-Frequency Domain (Wavelets,
STFT)
DAQ System
Analog
Digital
DAQ Hardware
Analog to Digital Convertors
Ni 5102/5112 up to 2.5 GHz. Data Aq Boards
DAQ Boards Slow (1-1 MHz)
DSO Agilent, Tektronics
Frame Grabbers
Image Grabbers
Triggering
Allows you to efficiently capture shortduration and high-speed events by
eliminating the need to continuously acquire
data while waiting for the event to occur
Usually done using a voltage signal input.
The Trigger level and +/- values are key.
Both analog and digital triggers are
possible.
Speed of Acquisition
Images of a moving toy motorcycle taken
with a progressive scan camera using
exposure times of 33 ms, 10 ms, and 1 ms,
respectively
Nyquist Criterion
SR at least = 2*fmax
Digitization Basics
DC Bias Offset
Trigger Delay
Pre-trigger
Equivalent Time Sampling for stationary
signals
Interfaces
RS-232
RS-170
IEEE 488.2 GPIB
IEEE 1394
Analog
PCI bus Cameras
Data Rate
Slow
Spatial
Low
Resolution
Simple and
Functionality
easy
Pixel Depth 8-bit to 10-bit
Cabling
Simple BNC
cabling
USB 2.0
RJ 45
PCIe
Parallel Digital Camera Link
Cameras
Cameras
IEEE-1394
Cameras
Fast
Fast
Slow
High
High
Advanced
Advanced
Medium
Simple and
easy
Typically 8-bit
Simple,
standard
cabling
Up to 16-bit
Up to 16-bit
Simple,
Thicker, custom
standard
cabling
cabling
Frequency Bandwidth
Time
Frequency
Fourier Transform
F(t) = aicos(wi)
Time-Freq. Paradox
A classic trade-off.
High resolution in Time Poor resolution in
Freq. vice versa.
New time-freq. Analysis such as wavelets
allow a more balanced approach
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
EXAMPLE
Data Reduction
Fourier DomainEXAMPLE
JPEG
MPEG
CODEC
WT
.
NOISE Reduction
SNR improvement
FilteringEXAMPLE
Time Averaging
Spatial Averaging
Split Spectrum Processing
Wide Spectrum Processing
Median Filtering
RAW DATA
MEDIAN FILTERED
Filte
Feature Extraction
Time Domain Features
Peak to Peak Amplitude, +Peak/-Peak, Pulse
Duration, ..
Multiple Domains
The figure below shows the RF signal and the Amplitude Spectrum. Controls such as
Zeropadding, Undersampling, phase wrap/unwrap, window type, are provided. The
signal can be windowed by dragging the ends of the red bar over the RF signal.
Multiple Domains
The figure below shows the Envelope of the RF signal and the Phase Spectrum. It is possible to
analyze several signal simultaneously by using data name patterns using wildcard (*).
Feature Extraction
The extracted features are imaged here using a intensity plot. Each
sample is displayed separately and the selector can be used to
dynamically change the feature type. The histogram is also provided for
the 5 samples. The color bar and the # of bins can also be dynamically
changed. Mean and Standard deviation are provided for each sample.
Discrimination Analysis
It can be observed by looking at the two feature scatter plot, that the samples 1 and 2
are clustered near the origin (0,0) location while the Samples 3 and 4 are at relatively
large distance from the origin.
Y-Feature
X-Feature
Some Applications
Find the hidden echo and reduce dead zone
effect. `
EXAMPLE
Find thickness of thin coatings/structures in
frequency domain
EXAMPLE
Find Grain Characteristics from noise data
analysis.
Discrimination between defect types.
Computer Aided Tomography EXAMPLE
Defect Discrimination
Extraction of Signal
Shape will allow for
discrimination between
defect types.
3D Representation
3D- reconstruction
of the crack range after
numeric filtering.
Camera trip through the object:
Reconstruction from the
line scan measurements
at 180 kV
Summary
Data Acquisition is the single most important step
in an NDE procedure.
Good Data Acquisition, Data Archiving, Digital
Signal Processing, Discrimination Algorithms are
all now feasible with low cost hardware and
software.
Good DAQ is a combination of hardware,
software, and settings, and the data is only as good
as the weakest link in this chain.
Signal Analysis solves problems, previously
declared un-solvable.
Signal Analysis will not fully compensate for poor
data acquisition since new information cannot be
created.