Dynamics describes the relationship between force and motion.

Force? What is it?

Put in simple terms, a force is a push
or a pull. It pertains to any influence
that causes a change in an objects
state of motion.
Contact Force
A contact force is produced when
there is direct contact between two
interacting bodies.
Long-Range Force
A long-range force is produced when
one body influences the state of
motion of another body even if these
two bodies are separated by empty
space.

Concurrent Forces
Concurrent forces are forces whose
lines of action intersect at a common
point. These forces
typically bring about
rectilinear motion.

Nonconcurrent Forces
Nonconcurrent forces are forces
whose lines of action do not intersect
at a common point. These forces
typically bring about rotary motion.

The Laws of Motion form the

foundation of dynamics.

First Law of Motion

An object will remain at rest or
continue to move at a constant
velocity unless acted upon by an
external force.

F = net force
If F = 0 v = constant

Third Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal but
opposite reaction. These two forces
(action & reaction) act on different
bodies.
Freaction
Faction = Freaction Faction

Second Law of Motion

When a net external force acts on a
body, the body accelerates in the
direction of the force.

F = ma
where,
m = mass of the body
a = acceleration due to F
Unit : N = Newton = kg m / s 2

Acceleration depends upon the

force producing it, as well as on
the mass of the body upon which
the force has been applied. It is
proportional to the force
but inversely proportional to the mass.
Force and mass are not
dependent on acceleration.

motion between the two surfaces.

Kinetic friction is constant while
static friction increases in response to
any increase in the impending motion
Weight(W)
until a maximum value is reached,
Weight is the force of gravitational
beyond which there will be motion
attraction between the Earth and the
between the two surfaces.
object. For points on or near the
surface of the Earth:
Kinetic friction is independent of the
g = 9.8m / s 2 = towards the " ground" relative speed between the moving
surfaces.
W = mg
Friction is independent of the size of
the area of contact between the
surfaces.
Friction is dependent on the Normal
W2
W1
Force.
Friction (fs, fk)
Friction arises when two surfaces rub
against each other. Static Friction
opposes impending motion while
Kinetic Friction opposes existing

N = normal force magnitude

f = N
= coeffience of friction
f
Typically, 0 1
s > k

motion

Normal Force (N)

Normal force is produced when a
body presses against a surface, trying
to prevent the body from going
through the surface. Normal force is
always perpendicular outwards with
respect to the surface.
If the body does not go through the
surface, normal force magnitude is
then equal to the magnitude of the
force by which the body is pressed
against the surface.
N2
N1
N3

Tension (T)
Tension arises when a
body (typically a string,
rope, or cable) is stretched
by an external force.
Tension opposes this
external force to maintain
the bodys size and shape.

Compression (C)
Compression arises when
C
a body (typically a pillar,
rod, lever, or block) is
compressed by an
W
external force.
Compression opposes
this external force to
maintain the bodys size and shape.
If the body being stretched or
compressed maintains its size and
shape, tension/compression magnitude
is equal to that of the deforming force.

A system in equilibrium is one that

is not accelerating.

1st Condition of
Equilibrium
A system is said to be in a state of
equilibrium if and only if the net
external force acting on the system is
equal to zero.

Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
= Fi
i

=0

F1
F4

F2
F3

Static Equilibrium
A system in equilibrium that is not in
motion is considered to be in Static
Equilibrium.

Accelerating Systems
A system that is not in a state of
equilibrium is an accelerating system.
The system accelerates in the
direction of the net external force at a
rate defined by Newtons 2nd Law of
Motion.

Fnet 0
= ma
= Fi
i

Example 1
Consider the system shown below.
What is the maximum possible value
that mass M can have if the system is
to remain in a state of equilibrium?
m = 2kg, s = 0.65

FBD2: (mass M)

s m

T
M
Free Body Diagram 1 (FBD1):
(mass m)
N
fs

Wm = mg = 2kg 9.8m / s 2 = 19.6 N

f s = s N = max. static friction
Fnet = 0 = N + T + Wm + f s
x - comp : 0 = T f s
T = fs
y - comp : 0 = N Wm
N = Wm = 19.6 N
T = f s = s N = 0.65(19.6 N )
T = 12.74 N

T
Wm

WM

Fnet = 0 = T + WM
x: 0 = 0+0
y : 0 = T WM
WM = T = 12.74 N
Mg = 12.74 N
12.74 N
M=
9.8m / s 2
M = 1.3kg

Example 2
Consider the system shown below.
What should s be for the system to
remain in equilibrium? m1 = 0.75kg,
m2 = 0.50kg
m1
s

m2

10
FBD1: (mass m1)
N
T
fs
10
W1

W1 = m1 g = 7.35 N
W2 = m2 g = 4.90 N
f s = s N

N
fs
W1

T
10

Fnet = 0 = N + T + W1 + f s
x : 0 = T W1 sin 10 f s
T = W1 sin 10 + f s = W1 sin 10 + s N
T = 1.276314 N + s N
y : 0 = N W1 cos10
N = W1 cos10 = 7.238337 N
T = 1.276314 N + s (7.238337 N )
FBD2: (mass m2)

Fnet = 0 = T + W2
x: 0 = 0+0
y : 0 = T W2
W2
T = W2 = 4.90 N
4.90 N = 1.276314 N
+ s (7.238337 N )
s (7.238337 N ) = 3.623686 N
3.623686 N
s =
7.238337 N
T

s = 0.501

40,082 N
W
=
sin 55
sin 55
40,082 N
40,082 N
T1 =
cos 55 =
tan 55
sin 55
T2 =

Example 3

A large wrecking ball is held in place

T1 = 28,065.719N
T2 = 48,931.087N
by two light steel cables as shown.
Determine all the forces in the
FBD2: (top end of crane boom)
system.
Frxn
Fnet = 0 = T2 + C + Frxn
C
x : 0 = T2 cos10 + C
10
35
C = T2 cos10
T
2
45

y : 0 = T2 sin 10 + Frxn
Frxn = T2 sin 10

m = 4,090kg
FBD1: (wrecking ball)
T1

T2
55
W

W = mg = 40,082 N
Fnet = 0 = T1 + T2 + W
x : 0 = T1 + T2 cos 55
T1 = T2 cos 55
y : 0 = T2 sin 55 W

10
T2

Frxn
C

C = 48,187.714N
Frxn = 8,496.794N

FBD1: (bricks)
T

Example 4
A 15.0-kg load of bricks hangs from
one end of a thin steel cable that has
been passed over an ideal pulley. A
28.0-kg weight is suspended from the
other end of the cable. What is the
acceleration of the system if it is
released from rest?
Since the system is no
longer in equilibrium, the
direction of the
28.0kg acceleration must be
assumed (and then later
verified). Assuming that
15.0kg the bricks will be
accelerating upwards.

a
W1

Fnet = m1a = T + W1
m1a = T W1
m1a = T m1 g

FBD2: (counterweight)
T
W2

Fnet = m2 a = T + W2
m2 a = T W2
a m2 a = T m2 g
T = m2 a + m2 g

m1a = ( m2 a + m2 g ) m1 g
m1a + m2 a = m2 g m1 g
(m1 + m2 )a = (m2 m1 )g
(m m1 ) g = (28kg 15kg ) g
a= 2
(m1 + m2 ) (15kg + 28kg )
a = 0.302326g = 2.963m/s2

 m1a = k N1 + T
T = m1a + k N1
y : 0 = N1 W1
N1 = W1
T = m1a + kW1
1.4 N
2
1
m
/
s
+ (0.3)(1.4 N )
T =

2
9.8m / s
T = 0.562857 N
FBD2: (counterweight)

Example 5
Consider the system below. Mass A
has a weight of 1.40N while mass B
has a weight of 4.20N The
coefficient of kinetic friction of all
surfaces is 0.3. Find the force
necessary such that the acceleration
of mass B is 1m/s2.
A
B

Fnet = m2 a
T + fk1 + fk2
= f k1 + f k 2 + T + W1
+ W2 + N 2 + F
W1 + W2
y : 0 = W1 W2 + N 2
N2

F
a

FBD1: (mass A)
a = 1m / s 2
N1
fk1

T
W1

k = 0.3

Fnet = m1a = f k1 + T + W1 + N1
x : m1a = f k1 + T

x:

N 2 = W1 + W2 = 1.4 N + 4.2 N
N 2 = 5.6 N
m2 a = f k1 + f k 2 + T F
F = m2 a + f k1 + f k 2 + T
F = m2 a + k N1 + k N 2 + T

Example 5 (continued)

4. 2 N
2
F =
1
/
m
s
+ (0.3)(1.4 N )

2
9.8m / s
+ (0.3)(5.6 N ) + 0.562857 N
F = 3.091N

Some problems involving Newtons

Laws of Motion combine Kinematics
with the Second Law of Motion.
These problems pose situations
similar to the examples just
discussed but instead of asking for
the acceleration of the system or for
the applied force, they ask for
displacement, velocity, or time.
In such problems, Newtons Laws of
Motion and vector analysis to
calculate the acceleration. The
acceleration is then used with the
kinematical equations.