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4.
Theoretical Question IV
Compton scattering
A photon of wavelength i is scattered by a moving, free electron. As a result the electron stops
and the resulting photon of wavelength 0 scattered at an angle = 60 with respect to the
direction of the incident photon, is again scattered by a second free electron at rest. In this
second scattering process a photon with wavelength of f = 1,25 10 10 m emerges at an angle
= 60 with respect to the direction of the photon of wavelength . Find the de Broglie
wavelength for the first electron before the interaction. The following constants are known:
h = 6,6 10 J s - Plancks constant
m = 9,1 10 kg - mass oh the electron
c = 3,0 10 m / s - speed of light in vacuum
0
34
31
momentum p i
p0
pf
energy
E0
Ei
Ef
wavelength
momentum p1e
0
0
p2e
energy
E1e
E 0e
E 0e
E 2e
speed
0
0
v 2e
v 1e
The image in figure 4.1 presents the situation before the first scattering of photon.
Page 1 from 6
IPhO 1983
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.3
Theoretical Question IV
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.4
To characterize the initial photon we will use his momentum p i and his energy E i
h h fi
Pi = =
c
i
E = h f
i
i
fi =
For initial, free electron in motion the momentum p oe and the energy E oe are
m 0 v 1e
Poe = m v 1e =
1 2
2
E = m c 2 = m 0 c
oe
1 2
( 4.1)
( 4.2)
( 4.3)
where m 0 is the rest mass of electron and m is the mass of moving electron. As usual, =
De Broglie wavelength of the first electron is
v 1e
.
c
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question IV
h
h
=
1 2
p0e m 0 v 1e
The situation after the scattering of photon is described in the figure 4.2.
To characterize the scattered photon we will use his momentum p 0 and his energy E 0
oe =
h h fo
=
Po =
o
c
E = h f
o
o
( 4.4).
where
fo =
( 4.5)
To determine the moment of the first moving electron, one can write the principles of
conservation of moments and energy. That is
Pi + poe = p 0
( 4.6)
and
( 4.7)
E i + E 0e = E 0 + E 1e
( 4.8)
h f0
sin
c
( 4.9)
h2
2
(
)
(f0 cos f i )2
m
v
cos
=
1e
2
c
2
(m v sin )2 = h f 0 sin
1e
( 4.10)
h2 2 2
f 0 + f1 2f 0 f i cos
c2
( 4.11)
or
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IPhO 1983
m 02 c 2
v
1 1e
c
Theoretical Question IV
( 4.12)
( 4.13)
or
m0 c 2
v
1 1e
c
= m 0 c 2 + h (f 0 f1 )
( 4.14)
= m 02 c 4 + h 2 (f 0 f1 ) + m 0 h c 2 (f 0 f1 )
2
( 4.15)
( 4.16)
or
h
m0 c
(1 cos ) = c
f1
c
f0
( 4.17)
Using
=
h
m0 c
( 4.18)
( 4.19)
0 = i (1 cos )
( 4.20)
shorter than the wavelength of initial photon and consequently the energy of scattered photon is
greater that the energy of initial photon.
i < 0
E i > E 0
( 4.21)
Lets analyze now the second collision process that occurs in point N . To study that, lets
consider a new referential having Ox
direction on the direction of the photon scattered after
the first collision.
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question IV
The figure 4.3 presents the situation before the second collision and the figure 4.4 presents the
situation after this scattering process. The conservation principle for moment in the scattering
process gives
h
h
= cos + m v 2e cos
0
f
( 4.22)
h
sin m v sin = 0
2e
f
To eliminate the unknown angle must square and then add the equations (4.22)
That is
2
h
h
2
cos = (m v 2e cos )
0 f
2
h
2
sin = (m v 2e sin )
( 4.23)
or
h
h
2h2
2
+
cos = (m v 2e )
0 0 f
( 4.24)
+ m0 c 2 =
h c
+ m c2
( 4.25)
2f
h2 c2
20
2h2 c2
cos = m 2 c 2 v 22e
0 f
( 4.26)
and
2
1 1
1 1
h c + m 02 c 4 + 2h c 3 m 0 = m 2 c 4
f 0
f 0
2
( 4.27)
m 0 c
= (1 cos )
0
f
( 4.28)
That is
f > 0
E f < E 0
( 4.29)
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question IV
f = 1,25 10 10 m
6,6 10 34
m = 2,41 10 12 m = 0,02 10 10 m
=
31
8
9,1 10 3 10
( 4.30)
0 = 1,23 10 10 m
( 4.31)
f = 0 + (1 cos )
( 4.32)
i = 0 + (1 cos )
( 4.33)
clearly results
i = f
( 4.34)
The energy of the double scattered photon is the same as the energy of initial photon. The
direction of final photon is the same as the direction of initial photon. Concluding, the final
photon is identical with the initial photon. The result is expected because of the symmetry of the
processes.
Extending the symmetry analyze on electrons, the first moving electron that collides the initial
photon and after that remains at rest, must have the same momentum and energy as the second
electron after the collision because this second electron is at rest before the collision.
That is
p1e = p2e
( 4.35)
E1e = E 2e
Taking into account (4.24), the moment of final electron is
p2e = h
1
2
f
1
2 cos
2
(f (1 cos )) f (f (1 cos ))
( 4.36)
The de Broglie wavelength of second electron after scattering (and of first electron before
scattering) is
1
1
2 cos
2
2
f ( (1 cos )) f (f (1 cos ))
f
1e = 2e = 1
( 4.37)
1e = 2e = 1,24 10 10 m
( 4.38)
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