Piping

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For other uses of "Pipe", see Pipe (disambiguation).

Large-scale piping system in anHVAC mechanical room

Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another.
The engineeringdiscipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid.[1][2]
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured
from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum,plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and
other devices, typically sense and control thepressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in
the field of Piping Design (or Piping Engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs).
If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaningprocess.
"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or
commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing, and Design but is
today commonly performed by Designers who have learned to use automated Computer Aided Drawing / Computer Aided Design
(CAD) software.,
Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to
provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow
venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport nonpotable or potable water, or
other fire-suppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more
useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are Inconel, titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.
Contents
[hide]

1 Engineering subfields

2 Stress analysis

3 Wooden piping history

4 Materials

5 Standards

6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

Engineering subfields[edit]
Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major subfields:

Piping material

Piping design

Stress analysis

Stress analysis[edit]
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and
supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained
loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other applicable codes and
standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal
stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water
hammer.[3][4] This evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe stress analysis computer
programs such as CAESAR.[5]
In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating conditions, so it is
necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have areas of high stress that may be
caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material.[6]

Wooden piping history[edit]

Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center. Later wooden pipes
were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes have the advantage that they are easily
transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were
especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult.
Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes as much
as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded some insulating
properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water pipes also does not rot very
easily. Electrolysis, that bugbear of many iron pipe systems, doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much better electrical
insulator.
In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar properties"
that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean indefinitely while
iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up with the corrosion. [7]

Materials[edit]
The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for
manufacturing pipes include:

Carbon steel.

ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe

Low temperature service carbon steel

Stainless steel

Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupro-nickel

Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass

Standards[edit]
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that
promulgate piping standards include:

ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series

ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)

ASME B31.3 Process piping

ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids

ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components

ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems

ASME B31.9 Building services piping

ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by

B31.4)

ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

API - American Petroleum Institute

ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles[8]

API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industriesSteel pipe for pipeline transportation
systems[9]

EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code

EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General

EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials

EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation

EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation

EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing

EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried

piping

PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity

assessment procedures

EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium

and aluminium alloy piping

EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines

AWS - American Welding Society

AWWA - American Water Works Association

MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

NFPA - National Fire Protection Association

EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association

Firestop

Gasket

Hydraulic machinery

Hydrogen piping

Hydrostatic test

MS Pipe, MS Tube

Pipe network analysis

Piping and plumbing fittings

See also[edit]

Coupling (piping)

Double-walled pipe

Elbow (piping)

Nipple (plumbing)

Pipe cap

Street elbow

Union (plumbing)

Valve

Victaulic

Pipeline pre-commissioning

Plastic pipework

Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems

Plumbing

Riser clamp

Thermal insulation

References[edit]
1.

Jump up^ Editors: Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers'
Handbook (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.

2.

Jump up^ Editor: McKetta, John J. (1992). Piping Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker,
Inc. ISBN 0-8247-8570-3.

3.

Jump up^ [1][dead link]

4.

Jump up^ Power Piping: ASME B31.1

5.

Jump up^ "Intergraph CAESAR II - Pipe Stress Analysis". coade.com.

6.

Jump up^ Temperature & Stress Analysis Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved
February 2012)

7.

Jump up^ "Piping water through miles of Redwood". Popular Science monthly (scanned
by Google Books): 74. December 1918.

8.

Jump up^ H. "ASTM A252 Pipe Pile". China Huayang Steel Pipe.

9.

Jump up^ "API 5L Specification Line Pipe (1) API Terms and Definitions". China
Huayang Steel Pipe.

Further reading[edit]

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2 from Los Alamos National
Laboratory Engineering Standards Manual OST220-03-01-ESM

Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems, July 2002 from American Lifelines
Alliance website

Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, entire

document (index page) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-l-4008, May 1999

Building services piping links at DMOZ

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Pipes.

Categories:

Piping

Plumbing

Mechanical engineering

Building engineering

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This page was last modified on 15 October 2015, at 23:55.

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