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CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
5.1 Introduction:
The objective of this programme was to obtain experimental data of effect on
1. Workability
2. Compressive strength
3. Flexural strength
4. Split tensile strength
5. Modulus of elasticity
6. Poisons ratio
The size of the specimen considered for comparative strength test was
(150x150x150) mm, for flexure strength - (100x100x500) mm, for modulus of
elasticity and poisons ratio tests- cylinders of 150mm dia and 300mm height
moulds. The cement was replaced by RHA by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by volume
of cement taken.
Table 5.1 Materials used for the tests:
Material
1. Cement
Source
Ultra -Tech Cement ( Grasim Industries )
2. Aggregate
3. Sand
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Sand
(Kg/m3)
Aggregate (Kg/m3)
1:1.47:2.77
0.45
412
628.92 (36%)
1141.24
II
1:1.25:2.58
0.4
463.5
582.87(34%)
1198.12
III
1:1.06:2.62
0.35
480
510.17(30%)
1257.79
The aggregates of size 20 mm and below are used for the tests. The
properties are as follows.
Water absorption
Specific gravity
- 0.42 %
2.8
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
% Selected
80
--
63
--
--
40
100
100
20
95-100
95
16
--
--
12.5
--
--
10
25-55
40
4.75
0-10
05
2.36
--
--
S.No Characteristics
Fineness
6.9
< 10
Specific Gravity
3.1
--
32
--
47
> 30
110
< 600
24.5
> 23
7 days
38.45
> 33
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
10
100
100
4.75
100
90 -100
2.36
100
85 - 100
1.18
86
75 - 100
0.6
61
60 - 79
0.3
27
12. - 40
0.15
5.5
0 - 10
85 % minimum
Humidity
2 % maximum
Particle size
25 microns average
Colour
Grey
4 % maximum
Ph value
has been specially formulated to give high water reductions up to 25% without
loss of workability or to produce high quality concrete of reduced permeability.
Standard compliance: Conplast SP430 complies with IS:9103:1999 and
BS:5075 part 3. Conplast SP430 conforms to ASTM-C-494 Type F and Type
A depending on the dosage used.
Properties: Specific Gravity
Chloride contents
Air entrainment
Compatibility: can be used with all types of cement except high alumina
cement. Conplast SP430 is compatible with other types of Fosroc admixtures
when added separately to the mix. Site trials should be carried out to optimize
dosage.
Workability: can be used to produce flowing concrete that requires no
compaction. Some minor adjustment may be required to produce high
workable mix without segregation.
Cohesion: Cohesion is improved due to dispersion of cement particles thus
minimizing segregation and improving surface finish.
Compressive strength: Early strength is increased up to 20% if water
reduction is taken advantage of. Generally, there is improvement in strength
up to 20% depending upon W/C ratio and other mix parameters.
Durability: Reduction in W/C ratio enables increase in density and
impermeability thus enhancing durability of concrete.
Dosage: The rate of addition is generally in the range of 0.5-2.0 litres/100 Kg
of cement.
Uses: To produce pumpable concrete, to produce high strength, high grade
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2. Preparation of material
3. Proportioning of material
4. Weighing
5. Mixing of concrete
6. Compacting Compacting has been done by mechanical vibrator
7. Curing8. Testing - testing machine compression testing machine
9. Age of test tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test
specimens
10. Number of specimens at least 3 specimens required.
11. Placing of specimen in the testing machine- the test specimen shall be
placed in the centering jig with packing strip carefully positioning along
the top and bottom of the plane of loading of the specimen. The jig
shall then be placed in the machine so that the specimen is located
centrally.
12. Calculation the measured splitting tensile strength of the specimen
shall be calculated to the nearest 0.05 n/mm2 using the following
formula
fct = 2 p / ld
where,
p = maximum load in Newton
l = length of the specimen
d = cross sectional dimension
5.5 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST:
It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test and is particularly
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
useful for concrete mixes of very low workability as are normally used when
concrete is to be compacted by vibration. This test works on the principle of
determining the degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work
done by allowing concrete to fall through a standard height.
The sample of concrete to be tested is placed in the upper hopper up
to brim. The trap door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower
hopper. The trap door of the lower hopper is opened and the concrete is
allowed to fall into the cylinder. The excess concrete remaining above the top
level of the cylinder is then cut off with the help of plane blades. The concrete
is filled up exactly up to the top level of the cylinder. I is weighed to the
nearest 10 gms. The cylinder is emptied and then refilled with concrete from
the same sample in layers approximately 5 cm deep. The layers are heavily
rammed or vibrated so as to obtain full compaction. The top surface is struck
off and is weighed.
Then,
Weight of partially compacted concrete
Compaction Factor =
Weight of fully compacted concrete
specimen and hence the observed readings are to be divided by 2.5 to get the
actual extension.
Description:
It consists of 2 semicircular dial gauge frames, which are pivoted at the
fulcrum screw. 4 no of hardened and tapered end screws are fitted
diametrically opposite for holding the extensometer on to the specimen. The
ratio of the distance from the center if the frame to the center of the fulcrum
and distance between the centers of the dial gauge spindle and the center of
the fulcrum is 1:2.5 thus the dial gauge shows the reading 2.5 times the actual
extension.
A spacer strip is provided to fix the extensometer to the specimen and
to initially set the dial gauge. the spacer strip is kept in position with the help
of thumb screws. a spring is provided to keep the tip of the dial gauge in
contact with anvil. the tension of the spring can be adjusted with the help of
the spring adjustment nut.
Setting up of and Test procedure:
Keep the spacer strip in a position with the help of the thumbscrews. Adjust
the spring adjustment nut so that there is very little spring tension. Place the
concrete cylinder 15 x 30 cm and keep the extensometer midway of the
concrete cylinder along its height. Tighten the screws in a way that the
specimen is held by the extensometer diametrically with the axis of the
extensometer. Lock the screws in position with the help of the locking nuts.
Keep the specimen in the compression-testing machine. Adjust anvil so
that the dial gauge spindle is in the upper most position. Lock the anvil and
take the dial gauge reading. Remove the spacer strip by unscrewing the
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
thumbscrews. See that the dial gauge is not disturbed. if it is disturbed, initial
reading should be taken again.
Start applying compression load across the two faces of the cylinder.
Record the dial gauge reading at different loads until the specimen fails.
Calculate lateral extensometer of the specimen by dividing the dial
gauge reading by 2.5.
is always in contact with the pivot screws. Ball chain is provided to adjust the
tension of the spring. the spring loading clips are fixed to the top and bottom
frames. A dial gauge of 0.002 x 10mm is fixed to a bracket fitted to the top
frame. The dial gauge spindle rests on an adjustable anvil. the distances from
the center of the frame to the center of the pivot rod and center of the dial
gauge spindle are equal. So the dial gauge will be showing twice the actual
deformation.
5.7.1 SETTING UP AND TEST PROCEDURE:
Assemble the top and bottom frame by keeping the spacers in position. Keep
the pivot rod on the screws. Adjust the screws and lock them in position. Keep
the tightening screws of the bottom and top frame unscrewed (but not
completely)
Keep the specimen on a level surface. Keep the compressometer
centrally on the specimen so that the tightening screws of the bottom and top
frame are at an equal distance from the two ends. Screw the tightening
screws so that the compressometer is held on the specimen. Remove the
spacers by unscrewing the spacer screws.
Keep the specimen with compressometer centrally on the lower platen
of the compression-testing machine. Set the dial gauge and take the initial
readings. start applying load at a uniform rate. go on noting the dial gauge
readings at different loads until the specimen fails.
Actual deformation = observed reading / 2
fb = (p x l) / ( b x d2)
when a is greater than 13.3 cm for 10 cm specimen
fb = (3 xp x a) / ( b x d2)
when a is less than 13.33 cm but grater than 11 cm for 10 cm specimen
where
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
CHAPTER 6
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following table shows the different test results of concrete containing Rice
Husk Ash as an admixture.
6.1
COMPACTION FACTOR
% of RHA
Compaction Factor
0.91
0.86
10
0.81
15
0.77
20
0.73
De Sensale reported that at all the replacement levels the RHA concrete
require more superplasticizers compared to controlled concrete to obtain
desired slump which is due to high specific area of RHA [12].
MIX I
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
18.95
23.18
36.55
21.99
23.86
40.29
10
20.92
26.32
38.43
15
18.37
23.18
37.81
20
18.70
21.85
37.20
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
3 days
7 days
28 days
0
0
10
% of RHA
15
20
MIX II
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
20.73
26.33
40.35
25.62
27.77
45.95
10
24.52
29.37
44.66
15
20.66
27.25
42.85
20
20.26
24.88
41.07
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
3 days
7 days
28 days
0
0
10
15
% of RHA
20
MIX III
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
23.8
30.58
46.81
28.59
32.41
57.37
10
26.36
34.13
54.78
15
23.92
31.7
50.72
20
22.94
30.51
48.27
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
3 days
7 days
28 days
0
0
10
15
% of RHA
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20
The cube specimens of Mix I, mix II and mix III were tested for
compressive strength as per IS:516, the results obtained are represented in
Table 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 respectively. For addition of 5% of RHA there is an
increase in the compressive strength of concrete when compared to the
controlled concrete. The same has been produced below
7 days
28 days
16.04
11.54
20.15
II
13.55
11.54
10.41
III
10.23
13.87
22.55
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
6.2
MIX I
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
1.69
1.93
2.73
1.81
2.04
3.02
10
1.49
2.08
3.09
15
1.24
2.14
3.32
20
1.23
1.88
2.96
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3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
3 days
7 days
28 days
0.00
0
10
15
20
% of RHA
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
2.03
2.66
3.11
2.22
2.73
3.31
10
1.96
2.85
3.61
15
1.74
3.01
3.89
20
1.30
2.76
3.30
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
3 days
0.50
7 days
28 days
0.00
0
10
15
20
% of RHA
MIX III
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
2.10
3.18
3.25
2.29
3.32
3.65
10
1.74
3.4
3.82
15
1.63
3.61
3.92
20
1.48
3.23
3.43
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
% of RHA
Mix No
3 days (5%)
7 days (15%)
28 days (15%)
8.7
10.88
21.61
II
9.35
13.11
25.08
III
9.04
13.52
20.62
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
MIX I
3 Days
7 days
28 Days
0
5
10
2.65
2.99
2.9
3.27
3.53
3.57
4.12
4.14
4.18
15
20
2.65
2.6
3.67
3.32
4.38
3.93
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
3 Days
7 days
0.5
28 days
0
0
10
15
20
% of RHA
MIX II
3 Days
7 Days
28 Days
2.80
2.9
4.41
3.16
2.94
4.40
10
3.06
3.27
4.46
15
3.02
3.39
4.74
20
2.89
2.90
4.28
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
RHA
3 Days
7 Days
28 Days
0
0
10
15
20
% of RHA
3 Days
7 Days
28 Days
3.08
3.56
4.89
5
10
3.56
3.18
3.55
3.6
4.90
4.92
15
2.9
3.22
5.16
20
2.88
2.93
4.8
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
6
5
4
3
2
3 days
7 days
28 days
1
0
0
10
15
20
% of RHA
Fi6.9 Flexural strength V/S % of RHA MIX III
The cube specimens of Mix I, mix II and mix III were tested for Flexural
strength as per IS:516, the results obtained are represented in Table 6.10,
6.11 and 6.12 respectively The increase in flexure strength of concrete with
RHA compared to controlled concrete is summarized below.
7 days (15%)
28 days (15%)
12.80
12.2
6.3
II
2.80
16.89
7.5
III
6.30
7.40
5.5
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
% RHA
Strain in mm
0.00175
0.00185
10
0.0018
15
0.0018
20
0.0018
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
1.9E-03
1.8E-03
1.8E-03
STRIN IN
1.8E-03
1.8E-03
1.8E-03
1.7E-03
1.7E-03
Series1
1.7E-03
0
10
15
20
% OF RHA
% RHA
Strain in mm
0.00188
0.002
10
0.002
15
0.0021
20
0.00235
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
2.5E-03
2.0E-03
STRIN IN
1.5E-03
1.0E-03
5.0E-04
Series1
0.0E+00
0
10
15
20
% OF RHA
Strain in mm
0.00193
0.002
10
0.0023
15
0.00235
20
0.00238
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
3.0E-03
2.5E-03
STRAIN IN
2.0E-03
1.5E-03
1.0E-03
5.0E-04
Series1
0.0E+00
0
10
15
20
% OF RHA
Mix I
Mix II
Mix III
34.53
42.86
43.55
05
34.17
43.32
44.06
10
39.91
43.63
41.49
15
35.65
41.59
47.63
20
40.09
40.69
44.65
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
stress (MPa)
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
Series1
0.00
0.0000
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0012
0.0016
0.0019
0.0039
strain
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
0.0063
60.00
50.00
stress (MPa)
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
Series1
0.00
0.0000
0.0002
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012
0.0015
0.0019
0.0021
srtain
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
0.0023
70.00
60.00
stress( MPa)
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
Series1
0.00
0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0023
strain
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
The cylindrical concrete specimens of Mix I, Mix II and mix III were
tested to study the stress strain relationship. The stress-Strain curves are
presented in Fig.6.12- Fig 6.15.
Many researchers agree that high strength/performance concrete is
more brittle than normal strength concrete, such concrete develops a smaller
amount of cracking than normal strength concrete during all stages of loading,
in consequences, the ascending part of the stress strain curve is steeper and
linear up to a very high proportion of the ultimate strength. The descending
part of the curve is also very steep so that high strength concrete is more
brittle than ordinary concrete and explosive and sudden type of failure in
compression has often being encountered.
The stress- strain ratio at which micro-cracks begin to form continuous
crack pattern is higher for higher strength concrete, therefore the stress- strain
ratio at which stress- strain curve to curve more sharply to the horizontal is
higher for higher strength concrete. At maximum stress of 47.53, 48.67 and
62.25 N/mm2 of Mix I, Mix II and Mix III the corresponding strains are 0.0019,
0.0019 and 0.0018 respectively. It follows that the high strength concrete has
a higher modulus of Elasticity. According to IS 516 in the normal concrete the
cracks normally initiate at 30% of max or failure load. But in the present study
cracks initiated at 45% of the failure load. The failure occurred by the
mechanism of chipping of surfaces and vertical splitting of specimens parallel
to the loading direction. The stress strain curve showed linearity up to 4555
% of the peak load.
Sudden and explosive type of failure is the indicative of the brittleness
of the material. The observed grater brittleness of high strength concrete to
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
MIX I
% of RHA
Poison's Ratio
0.200
0.163
10
0.176
15
0.170
20
0.196
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
Table 6.19
MIX II
% of RHA
Poison's Ratio
0.150
0.200
10
0.156
15
0.170
20
0.170
MIX III
% of RHA
Poison's Ratio
0.155
0.172
10
0.195
15
0.180
20
0.175
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental studies carried out the following conclusions are
drawn:
RHA
strength
when
compared
to
controlled
concrete
at
days.
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
7. From the results it can be observed that there is 25% increase in tensile
strength for addition of 15% of RHA. Due to early pozzolanic reaction there is
increase of 10% in tensile strength at 3 days.
10. From the results it can concluded that the modulus of Elasticity increases
with increase in characteristic strength of concrete. The modulus of elasticity
of Mix I, Mix II and Mix III are 40.13, 43.63 and 47.63 GPa respectively.
11. The proportionality limit of Stress-Strain curve obtained from the results
ranges from 50-60 % which is more than 40%, mentioned in the IS code.
12. The Poisons Ratio obtained from the results for Mix I, Mix II and Mix III
varies from 0.15 to 0.20
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
CHAPTER 8
SCOPE FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATION
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
REFERENCES
1. Coutinho J Sousa (2003), The combined benefits of CPF and RHA in
improving the Durability of Concrete Structures- Cement & Cement
Composits 25 p. 51-59
2. ------3. Singhania Narayan P, Rice Husk Ash N K Enterprises, Orissa
4. www.FHWA.Com / materials group
5. Satish
Chandra
(2002),
waste
Materials
used
in
concrete
Concrete
and
Construction,
ICACC-2004
16-18
December,
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
14. IS 5816 : 1999- Indian Standard Splitting Tensile Strength Of ConcreteMethod of Test, BIS, New Delhi
15. Khadiranaikar, R.B., Experimental Investigation of high Performance
concrete under repeated compressive loading- Ph.D. Thesis, IIT- Delhi
16. IS: 10262-2000
17. AIM-373 Insrtuctions- lateral Extensometer AIMIL Ltd
18. AIM- 372 Instructions- Longitudinal Compressometer ,AIMIL Ltd
19. www.ricehuskash.com
20. Superplasicizing admixtures Conplast 430, FOSROC chemicals
21. K.E Kurtis and F.A. Rodrigues (2003) Early Age hydration of Rice
Hull ash Cement Examined by transmission soft X- ray microscopy,
Cement & Concrete Research 33 P. 509-515
22. Rao Shrinivas p and Sravana (2005), Relationship between Splitting
Tensile and Compressive Strength of Concrete - CE & CR, June, P.
39-43
23. Measuring Chloride penetration resistance- Henry G. Russel- concrete
products
24. Relative efficiencies of different concrete mix proportioning methodsT.S. Nagaraj and Zahida banu
25. IS: 456-2000, Indian Standard for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Code of Practice, BIS, New Delhi
26. IS: 383
27. lau.traindafilou@fhwa.dot.gov study of HPC regarding the effect of
RHA substitution
28. Neville A.M [1996], properties of concrete 4th edition, Addison
Wesley Longman, ltd, UK
29. Civil Engineering Department, Civil engineering Materials laboratory,
CE305L Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisons ratio of Concrete
In compression. ASTM C469
30. Fuminori Tomosawa and TAkafumi Noguchi-Relationship between
compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of high strength
concret. Dept. of Architecture, Fac. Of Engineering, Uni. Of Tokyo
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
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Dept. of CIVIL Engg. Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot