Excitation

System
By
Susobhan Patra

5/8/2014

Excitation System
General Conception
Different Types of Excitation systems
Operational characteristics
Case studies- sharing ideas

Ef

j XsI t

Xs Iacos

Vt
Ia
Phasor diagram

Xs Iasin

Basic dynamo principle

= B cos A
= BA cos t
Change of magnetic flux = d/ dt

Rate of change of magnetic flux d/ dt = -BA sin t

i.e. e = NBA sin t
e0 = NBA
e = e0 sin t

Generator
When a closed coil is rotated rapidly in a strong magnetic field, the number of
magnetic flux lines passing through the coil changes continuously. Hence, an emf is
induced in the coil and a current flows in it in a direction given by FRH Rule

Motor
When a current is passed through a coil placed in a magnetic field, the coil
experiences a torque in a direction given by FLH Rule. The torque gives a
continuous rotary motion to the coil in the magnetic field.

AVR- Automatic voltage control system

If

Synchronous
Machine

Excitation
System
Controller

Ug

Specification

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Apparent power in air

70.59 MVA
Active power 60 MW
Phase Current 3881 amps
No of phases 3
No of poles
2
Terminal Voltage
10.5 5 KV
Speed
3000 rpm
Frequency
50 Hz
Power factor 0.85 (lagging)
Field current for rated output
833 amps
Field voltage 202 V

(TGS)

CONNVENTIONAL EXCITATION SYSTEM FOR ALTERNATOR

ALTERNATOR
OUTPUT

PILOT
EXCITE
R
ALTERNATOR
FIELD

MAIN
EXCITE
R FIELD

PILOT EXCITER

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MAIN EXCITER

3-Ph

ALTERNATOR

From

Pulse from
Auto
channel
control

AUTI
Channel
Thyristor
bridge

PMG

MANUAL
Channel
Thyristor
bridge

Pulse from
Manual
channel
control

Field Breaker

Gen

Gen. Rotor

Rotating Diode Bridge

Main Exciter

Schematic Diagram for Brush Less excitation System

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Main Exciter
Rotating Diode Bridge

PMG

Brush Less excitation System

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Case studies:
Failure of PMG
Failure of fuse
Failure of Magnet
Rise in PMG Temp

BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SUSTEM

ROTATING RECTIFIER UNIT

GENERATOR

EXCITER
AUXILIARY SLIPRINGS

..

Y
B

..

.
.
..
.

.
..
.
.

.
.
.
.

P.M.G. SINGLE PHASE

PILOT EXCITER

500/5A
C.T.

5/1 A
C.T.

EXCITER TERMINAL BOARD

J1 J2
A AXCITER/ GEN. FIELD
V31 CURRENT AMMETER

X XX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

FOR TEST ONLY

A.V.R. CUBICLE
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Slip Ring
for rotor
voltage
FB &
protection

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Rotating
Rectifier

Main
Exciter
Armature

PMG

Excitation System: Specification

Main Exciter
Maxm continuous rating
207 KW
Rated terminal voltage (at
225 VDC
Rectifier DC terminals)
Rated current (at rectifier
920 ADC
DC terminal
Frequency
150 Hz
Rated speed
3000 rpm
No of phases
3
No of poles
6
Rotating Rectifier
Diodes (Positive) type
IR GB 490 / U
Diodes (Negative) type
IR GB 491 / UR
No of rings
2
No. of + ve diodes per ring
9
No. of - ve diodes per ring
9
Peak inverse voltage of diodes 2200 V repetitive peak volts
Connections
Full wave, 3 arm bridge with 3 parallel paths per arm
Fuse type
EE GSA 250
No of fuses
18
Fuse current rating 250 A rms
Fuse voltage rating 240 A rms
Neon indicators
18 (one per parallel path)

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PILOT EXCITER

MAIN EXCITER

SOLID
SHAFT

PERMANENT
MAGNET FIELD
ON ROTOR,
ARMATURE ON
STATOR

ROTATING RECIFIER
HOLLOW
SHAFT

ARMATURE ON
ROTOR, FIELD
WINDING ON
STATOR

SILICON
DIODE
BRIDGE ON
SHAFT
3-Ph (3-ph 150 Hz at
TGS)

3-ph power
(1-Ph 200Hz at
TGS)

Alternator terminal
Controlled dc
to field on
stator

THYRISTOR
CONTORLLED
BRIDGE

C.T

AVR

REGULATOR

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Alternator field

P.T

Rotating
Rectifier Ring
-VE

Carbon Brush
on slip rings for
measurement of
Rotor Voltage
& protection
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Rotating
Rectifier Ring
+VE

Terminal block

ROTATING RECTIFIER ASSEMBLY OF BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM

NEON LAMP
DIODE

FUSE
AUX. SLIP RING

POSITIVE DIODE CARRING RING

1P

B2

1N

3P

C2

2N

4P

A2

3N

5P

B2

4N

6P

C2

5N

NEGATIVE DIODE CARRING RING

7P

A2

6N

8P

B2

7N

9P

C2

8N

ROTOR WINDING

A2

2P

9N

AUX. SLIP RING

1P, 2P, 3P, 4P.9P : DIODE & FUSE ASSEMBLY ON POSITIVE RING
1N, 2N, 3N, 4N..9P : DIODE & FUSE ASSEMBLY ON NEGATIVE RING

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TO ROTOR VOLT METER

AND ROTOR E/F RELAY

Lamp

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Diode

Fuse

Brushless Excitation

No use of any brush

PMG output is fed to the AVR
AVR output is the field for the main exciter
Main exciter output is directly coupled with the rotating rectifier
The output from rectifier is directly connected to the generator
rotor
Carbon brushes are used for voltage measurement & rotor
protection system- rotor E/F
There are two channels for operation control

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AUTO Mode
It is built as a voltage regulator and is ON during normal
operation & the reference point is set through manual switch
Various limiters and corrective control circuits are used for
stable operation up to operating limits.
In case of any malfunction the AVR will change over to manual
mode

MANUAL Mode:
It is built as a simple field current regulator
It serves as a back up channel in case of failure of the AUTO
channel.
Operations in this channel require expert adjustment and
continuous monitoring of the parameters as there is no
automatic limiter action.
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Digital AVR with BL Excitation

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3.2.3 UN6080 Control HW

n

Power INterface
UNITROL 6080 Hardware Devices (D1..D4)

PIN608
0
CCM6080

PIN608
0
CCM6080

PIN608
0
CCM6080

Communication
Control
Measuring
Combined IO

3.2.3 UN6080 Control HW

n

Communication Control Measuring CCM6080 (UC D240)

CCM6080

CCM6080

CCM 6080

PIN 6080
X12

X12
X113

X113

X14

X14

X12

PIN 51
X12

X13

X13

CCM 6080

X113

DCS800 Box

D1D4

AO

D5

GDI
X113

CCM6080

UG

IG

Optical Links

Ethernet

Excitation Control Terminal

Display of actual values
Local operation of the excitation system
Parameter settings
Transient recorder
Event/Fault recorder

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Providing variable DC current with

short time overload capability
Control terminal voltage on preset value
with required accuracy
Ensure stable operation with network
and/ or other machines
Keep machine within permissible
operating range.
Contribution to transient stability
subsequent to a fault.
Communicate with the power plant
control system

Rotating Diode Failure

Band
pass
filter

Ripple Diode failure

detection
Ie

Rotating rectifier
Diode failure
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Set point V/Hz Limiter

Setting range V/Hz

UG set point
UG max setpoint
UG nominal
UG min set point
Allowed range of operation

f nominal
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Static Excitation (Digital Voltage regulator)

The DVR regulates the voltage of the synchronous machine by direct control of the
rotor current using thyristor converter.
Redundancy in the regulator section is ensured by means of two fully separate
channels with independent measuring inputs, control and monitoring

Thyristor Converter for Excitation Control

3 Phase fully controlled thyristor bridges, each bridge consisting of 6
thyristors, arm fuses & snubber circuit.
Cooling fan for keeping the junction temperature rise of every device
within safe limits.
Pulse transformers for electrical isolation between power & control
circuits and coupling the firing pulses to the gates.
Fuse monitoring Unit
Air Flow Monitoring Unit
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SEE

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Regulation

Field Flushing

Field Flashing Circuit

Ug
100%

Softstart
Field flashing off

U>70%
Field flashing characteristic

Usyn

Thyristor bridge U>10%

starts to conduct

AVR

Ug
U>70%

Generator

Thyristor
bridge

Sequence:

5s
10s
Field flashing OFF Field flashing failed
FCB Trip

Field breaker CLOSE

Excitation ON
Pulses to the thyristors are released

Field flashing breaker

Diode
Bridge

Field Flashing breaker closes if start up

with residual machine voltage is to low
Stator voltage raises
Field flashing breaker opens

Auxiliary
Sources

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The softstart function raises

the generator voltage smoothly up to its
nominal value.

SEE

Complete Thyristor cubicle- 3 Channels

One Thyristor panel
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SEE- Case study

Damaged holder

CB-32x32x64

Slip Ring & Carbon Brush Holder

5/8/2014

Channel 1 (The AUTO):

It is built as a voltage regulator and is ON during normal operation.
Various limiters and corrective control circuits are used for stable
operation up to operating limits.
In case of any malfunction the DVR will change over to Channel 2.

Channel 2 (The MANUAL):

It is built as a simple field current regulator

It serves as a back up channel in case of failure of the AUTO channel.
No special limiters.
Operations in this channel require expert adjustment and continuous
monitoring of the operating parameters.
In case of any malfunction of channel 2 it will lead to excitation
failure.
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E.T.

THYRISTOR
BRIDGE
3 CHANNELS

PT

Pulse Trafo

AVR

Pulse Trafo
Pulse Trafo

CT
BACK

Q1

G
ROTOR
Q2

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

FIELD FLASHING SUPPLY

5/8/2014

Q&A

Thank you very much

Save Energy
5/8/2014