Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln i/ebrhm lkn/ (February 12, 1809 April 15, 1865)
was the 16th president of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his
assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War
its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis. In
doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal
government, and modernized the economy.
Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was a selfeducated lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, state legislator during the 1830s,
and a one-term member of the Congress during the 1840s. He promoted rapid
modernization of the economy through banks, canals, railroads and tariffs to
encourage the building of factories; he opposed the war with Mexico in 1846.
After a series of highly publicized debates in 1858, during which Lincoln spoke
out against the expansion of slavery, he lost the U.S. Senate race to his archrival,
Democrat Stephen A. Douglas.
Bedouin
The Bedouin (/bd.n/, also Bedouins; from the Arabic badw or
badawiyyn/badawiyyn , , plurals of badaw ) (are a part of a
predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into
tribes, or clans, known in Arabic as ashir ()(.
The Bedouin form a part of, but are not synonymous with, the modern concept of
the Arabs. Bedouins have been referred to by various names throughout history,
including Qedarites in the Old Testament and "Arab" by the Assyrians (ar-ba-a-a
being a nisba of the noun Arab, a name still used for Bedouins today).
While most Bedouins have abandoned their nomadic and tribal traditions for
modern urban lifestyle, they retain traditional Bedouin culture with concepts of
belonging to air, traditional music, poetry, dances (like Saas), and many other
cultural practices. Urbanised Bedouins also traditionally organise cultural
festivals, usually held several times a year, in which they gather with other
Bedouins to partake in, and learn about, various Bedouin traditions - from poetry
recitation and traditional sword dances, to classes teaching traditional tent
knitting and playing traditional Bedouin musical instruments. Traditions like
camel riding and camping in the deserts are also popular leisure activities for
urbanised Bedouins who live within close proximity to deserts or other wilderness
areas.

Oasis
In geography, an oasis (plural: oases) or cienega (Southwestern United States) is
an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or
similar water source. Oases also provide habitat for animals and even humans if
the area is big enough. The location of oases has been of critical importance for
trade and transportation routes in desert areas; caravans must travel via oases
so that supplies of water and food can be replenished. Thus, political or military
control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular
route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames, and Kufra, situated in
modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and
East-West trade in the Sahara.
An oasis in the Negev Desert

Oases are formed from underground rivers or aquifers such as an artesian

aquifer, where water can reach the surface naturally by pressure or by manmade wells. Occasional brief thunderstorms provide subterranean water to
sustain natural oases, such as the Tuat.