Mrunal (http://mrunal.

org/)

[Location Factors] Timber, Paper & Pulp Industry: why developed in

Northern Hemisphere High Latitudes?

Geography (http://mrunal.org/category/geography) / 2 years Ago /

66 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-timber-paper-pulp-fishing-i
English: SP Bakshi
(http://www.flipkart.com/objective-generalenglish-2012/p/itmdyuqqgafhtehp?
pid=9788183480000&affid=mrunalrugm)

1.

Prologue

2.

overview of factors

3.

Types of industries

4.

Timber Based industries

5.

6.

1.

Factor: raw material

2.

Factor: River

3.

Factor: River direction

4.

Lumbering on commercial scale: Canada

5.

commercial lumbering: temperate vs tropics

6.

Paper-Pulp Industry

Commercial fishing
1.

(Europe+America) VS Asia

2.

VS Southern Hemisphere

3.

Norway

4.

Japan

Mock Questions

Prologue
UPSC has included certain topics of World Geography in the new syllabus of general studies
(Mains) paper. So, lets start with one of the less boring topic= the factors responsible for the

location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world
(including India)
In most geography related books (or webpages), the industrial location topic is finished
around a few paragraphs, citing a few clichd examples of raw material, transport, market
and labor. But given UPSCs backbreaking moveTM, such content is neither exhaustive nor

sufficient for the Mains level questions. Therefore, Im compiling some wisdom scattered in
other books/sources viz.

Book

chapters

Economic Geography by Truman Hartshorn

4-18

Human and Economic geography by Goh Cheng Leong

3-15

World Geography by SA Qazi

8- 16

Economic and Social geography by R.Knowles (aka Rupa made easy series)

13-15

Indian Geography by Majid Hussain

11

Old NCERT Geography class 11

2-10

ICSE Geography textbook Class 10

8-11

Total Seven articles on industrial location factors:

1. (the present article) Intro, forest, timber, paper-pulp and fishing industry
2. cotton, silk, wool, jute
3. sugar, dairy, Pigs
4. iron-steel, heavy engineering, major industrial regions of the world
5. non-ferrous, petroleum, natural gas, refineries, chemical industries, synthetic fibers
6. transport and labor
7. market, government policies
Disclaimer:
1. I claim no expertise in geography, these articles are mere compilation of some wisdom
and (a few) examples given in those books. Lot of minor places and countries have been
ignored. I havent bothered to dig internet much for doing full coverage or finding who is
the largest producer as per latest data. It is your job to fill up the details as and where you
feel necessary. And Try to dig examples from your own state- that way it helps even
during UPSC interviews or State PSC exams.
2. Certain topics need to be separately prepared for other parts of syllabus hence, I havent
put them here. For example
a. Wheat, rice, tea, groundnut etc. in India. Because they need to be prepared for agro

topic under paper 3.

b. Mica, manganese and variety of minerals because they need to be prepared for
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the
Indian sub-continent) for paper 1.
c. Elaborate coverage not done on Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. for India
because of paper 3.

overview of factors
Well examine these factors in detail for each industry, but here is some food for thought:
There are three places you can setup an industry
1. near raw material site
2. near market
3. In between ^them two: depending on transport, energy and labour convenience.

Nature of
raw material

Bauxite=>alumina; Copper ore=>blister copper; Sugarcane=raw sugar.

Weight loss is significant, during above processes. So, where should we
setup these factories?

energy

Despite having no significant bauxite reserves, Canada and Norway have

aluminum refineries, why?

transport

Why is Switzerland famous for wristwatches but not bulldozers?Why do

port cities have lot of industries surrounding them?Inland water transport
helped in the development of Great lakes-Pittsburg industrial area in US.
Then on the same logic, why is Africa underdeveloped despite having so
many rivers?

labor

Sierra Leone is famous for rough diamonds but not for jewelry, why?
Largest assembly for iPhone is in China and not in US, why?

market
demand

Australia is a major supplier of wool but not major supplier of finished

woolen garments, why?

Government
policy

Pharmaceutical industries that once had shifted from Gujarat/Maharashtra

towards Hill states, are now returning back to the original states, why?

Capital

Even after local coal-iron resources are depleted, the steel and heavy
engineering industry doesnt frequently shift its location, why?
How does Canadian winter help in commercial exploitation of timber?

Physical
geography

Fishing industry more developed in Northern Hemisphere than in Southern

Hemisphere, why?How can the dairy products of New Zealand compete in
American / Europeans market despite additional transport cost?

Other factors: entrepreneurship, availability of technology, location of competing firms etc.

Each factor has different level of attractiveness for individual industry.
types of industries

Primary

They use natural raw material: Hunting-gathering, pastoral activities,

fishing, forestry, agriculture, mining and quarrying
They make complex products using the material obtained from primary
industry.
wooden pulp=> rayon
Steel=> automobiles, railway engines
aluminum, copper=> electronics

Secondary

fibers=> readymade garments

Secondary Industry can be sub classified into
1. Heavy Industries= engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals,
shipbuilding, locomotives
2. Light industries= electronics, plastic, textile, cosmetic etc.

Tertiary

it is not a branch of manufacturing but it sells the product of primary

and secondary industries via transport, wholesale, retailing + provides
services such as:tourism, education, entertainment, advertisements,
consultancy, Administration, healthcare etc.Note: for detailed
classification of service sector industries, refer to Page 56 of NCERT
Class 12: Fundamentals of Human geography.

Timber Based industries

What are the geographical factors affecting location of this industry?
Factor: raw material
When this wooden logs are processed in the sawmill, significant weight loss occurs. Barely
40% is used and rest discarded as waste.

Therefore most pulp mill and saw-mills are located near the jungles to reduce the cost of
transporting waste matter.
Factor: River
Even in jungles, theyre located near rivers and streams because Logs=bulky and awkward
to transport. Rivers provide cheap and convenient mode of transport. E.g. Myanmar, the
teak logs are floated down the Irrawadi river upto Yangon and then exported.
The paper/pulp mills require clean water free from chemical/pollutants. This is one the
reason why they were setup in forest locations away from polluted rivers.
Factor: River direction
towards market
Southern Canada, Sweden,
Finland, Himalayas

away from market

US West Coast, Siberia
Rivers flow in the opposite direction from market

rivers flow in general direction

areas=higher transport cost.

of final market=keeps

+ in Russia, rivers remain frozen in winter and

production, transport cost low

create flood like problems in springtime=makes

difficult to exploit Siberian forest.

Lumbering on commercial scale: Canada

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9350524637/)
In Canada, lumbering is a large-scale organized activity because of following reasons

softwood= easy to chop

Raw
material

In coniferous forest, trees of same species are concentrated in one

particular area = mass exploitation easier compared to tropical areas.
During winter, the Jungle surface is covered with snow= slippery

Transport

surface= easier to move logs to rivers.

the forests are comparatively less dense than in tropical areas= easy
to access. Areas connected by railroads
The winter season in Canada is long = agricultural activities are
limited.
Farmers have plenty of leisure time and there is no work in the field
during winter

Labour

During winter, they migrate to northern (coniferous) forests along

with their families => Easy availability of lumberjacks.

Lumbering is highly mechanized with the help of chainsaws,

bulldozers etc = low population-density doesnt create much problem.

Market

These forests are close to economically developed regions, where

demand for wood is higher e.g. USA for newsprint paper.

Commercial lumbering: temperate vs tropics

Difference between

temperate: opportunities
trees of same species concentrated in a
particular area=easy to exploit on
commercial scale

tropical: challenges
In tropical areas some tree-species are
extremely valuable, but they are scattered
This heterogeneous supply of timber= cost
of gathering is high.
Valuable trees are scattered throughout

frozen ground helps transporting

jungle, you need some land transport before

logs from jungle/hills up to rivers.

logs reach the rivers. But road construction

is difficult due to rain, dense vegetation.

softwood = easy to float down the

river streams

In Amazon and Zaire Basin, some trees are

so heavy, it is difficult to float logs=high
extraction cost
Settlement is sparse, economies are non-

major industrial/urban areas are

near=market

industrialized, away from demand areas (e.g

Africa).
(Exception) Malaysian timber= finds readymade market in Japan and Australia.

replantion programs, silviculture,

strict government regulation on
lumbering= jungles regenerate =
lumbering is continuous economic
acivity.

Lax regulations, slash-n-burn type

agriculture, jungles are permanently
destroyed. (+people like Veerppan given
political patronage)

Paper-Pulp Industry
Canada is one of the largest newsprint producer of the world.
Its Qubec and Ontario provinces= largest concentration of paper-pulp industries, Why?
Geographical factors affecting location of Paper industry

Raw
material

Forest area is large enough to supply timber on a constant basis.

Transport

Ideal location for mill= riverside. It minimizes transportation problems.

one ton of newsprint may require 2000 kW hours of electricity

Energy

Canada has mountainous terrain + fast flowing rivers= Cheap hydroelectric

Power available.
Paper and pulp mills are highly mechanized and require little manpower.

Labour

(again cheap hydroelectricity helps running the machines)

they can be located in remote regions with an without experiencing labor
shortage

Market

USA has highest paper consumption in the world, provides a ready-made

market for the paper pulp industry of Canada.

Britain
Raw
material

Its timber output is negligible but still a major paper-producer thanks to pulpimports from Sweden and Canada..
Mills located @coastal areas, to process imported material (=less transport
cost) Example Mill near Thames estuary, Manchester Ship canal.

Transport

(In later articles, well see that Manchester canal was

to turn
developed

Manchester into a port for textile business but then Manchester textile
industry declined due to competition from Cheaper Asian garments.).

Norway, Sweden, Finland

Factors more or less the same:
1. cheap hydro electrical power,
2. mechanized operations to make do for lack of laborers,

3. Rivers flow towards ports=easy for transport.

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9350524913/)

South East Asia

Malaysia,
Philippines
Myanmar,
Thailand

Forests found on islands/peninsulas @no point very distance from sea,

Hence can be extracted easily.hardwood much in demand by Australia and
Japan
Best wood found inland, has to be transported through rivers towards
coast.

India: Timber industry

Notable locations

near raw
material

Dependent on bamboo, softwood. E.g. South Gujarat, Odisha, MP

Kolkata: raw material brought from North Eastern States, cheap labor,

near
market

coal, water available.

Lucknow: Depend on bagasse (from sugarmills), rags, wheat bran. Sabai

grass brought from Terrai region.

In the next article, well see the location factors affecting fishing industry Click me
(http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geography-location-factors-commercial-fishing-industry-americaeurope-norway-japan.html) and then simutelnously mock question related to both industries.

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So far 66 Comments posted

REPLY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/2013/07/GEOGRAPHY-LOCATION-FACTORS-TIMBER-PAPER-PULPFISHING-INDUSTRY-IN-NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=264428#RESPOND)

rohit khera
very nice sir.. sir plzzz tell me how to prepare for geography
optional????????

REPLY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/2013/07/GEOGRAPHY-LOCATION-FACTORS-TIMBER-PAPER-PULPFISHING-INDUSTRY-IN-NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=302893#RESPOND)

aditya khare
hello sir, when will you post other topics of geography on this site?
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Uniform
29-Sep: Jharkhand Constable (http://www.jssc.in/)
24-Sep: Bihar Prison Warden (http://csbc.bih.nic.in/)
18-Sep: Bihar Police (Female) (http://csbc.bih.nic.in/)
10-Sep: ITBP (http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/index.html)

B.Com,CA,HR,MBA
11-Sep: UPSSSC Account (http://upsssc.gov.in/)

Specialists
20-Oct: Bihar Agro (http://bausabour.ac.in/Job_Vacancy.aspx)
15-Oct: HAL (PWD) (http://www.hal-india.com/)
12-Oct: Uttarakhand infra (http://www.usidcl.gov.in/)
10-Oct: Chemical Tech
(http://www.iictindia.org/(S(gdo40xz1ox3kbw55wdg0lsam))/default.aspx)
01-Oct: NIT Surathkal (http://www.nitk.ac.in/news-announcments-tenders/special-

recruitment-drive-persons-disabilitypwd)
30-Sep: KGMU Lucknow (http://kgmu.org/job-opportunities.php)
30-Sep: PHYSICAL LAB (http://nplindia.org/careers)
30-Sep: BHU Varanasi (http://www.bhu.ac.in/racbhu/)
30-Sep: Central Railway PWD (http://www.rrccr.com/Modules/Home/Home.aspx)
30-Sep: Pt. Ravishankar Univ. (http://www.prsu.ac.in:8010/Univ_Req.aspx)
28-Sep: FCI Aravali Gypsum (http://fagmil.nic.in/index.php/en/services/careers)
28-Sep: NCR Railways Sports (http://14.102.4.99/rrc/Default.aspx)
27-Sep: Engineers India (http://recruitment.eil.co.in/)
25-Sep: SAIL (http://182.18.164.62/ISSCoV15/frmJobDetailsS1V4.aspx)
25-Sep: Guru Gobind univ. (http://ipu.ac.in/establish/advrecruitment/advteach060511.pdf)
24-Sep: ISRO Driver (http://isro.gov.in/recruitment-of-light-vehicle-drivers-lvd-heavyvehicle-drivers-hvd-and-staff-car-drivers-scd)
23-Sep: BEML Ltd (http://bemlindia.com/Job_KP_S_03_2015.php)
22-Sep: SCTIMST Kerala
(http://www.sctimst.ac.in/Recruitment/Online%20Recruitment%20-%20SSSC/)
21-Sep: RITES ltd (http://rites.com/vacancy/)
21-Sep: SSC Eastern Regional (http://www.sscer.org)
21-Sep: National Projects (http://www.npcc.gov.in/writereaddata/others/GMF.pdf)
21-Sep: MP HC Stenographer (http://www.mponline.gov.in/portal/)
20-Sep: National Mental Health (http://nimhans.ac.in/nimhans-invites-applicationsfollowing-vacant-posts)
20-Sep: Company Secy. Inst. (http://www.icsi.edu/career/)
18-Sep: TNPL Trichy plant (http://www.tnpl.com/Careers.aspx)
18-Sep: NIRD&PR Hyderabad (http://nird.org.in/jobvacancy.aspx)
17-Sep: Bharat Petroleum (http://bpclcareers.com/careers-bpcl.aspx)
17-Sep: GAIL India (http://www.gailonline.com/final_site/current_opening.html)
16-Sep: NTPC-SAIL Power (http://jobapply.in/nspcl/)
15-Sep: HMT (http://www.hmtindia.com/pdf/MBX_ER_25082015.pdf)
15-Sep: BPS Women's Medical (http://bpsgmckhanpur.ac.in/recruitment.aspx)
15-Sep: HPCL (http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/careeropportunities)
14-Sep: Bharat Coal (http://205.147.110.48/BCCL08/View/Index.aspx)
11-Sep: Mangalore Refinery (http://mrpl.co.in/careers)
11-Sep: EESL (http://www.eeslindia.org/User_Panel/CareersView.aspx)
11-Sep: Kerala Electronics (http://swg.keltron.org/Resume/index.php)
11-Sep: RSRTC (http://rsrtc.rajasthan.gov.in/index.php/recruitment)
11-Sep: Central Electrical (http://www.cecri.res.in/jobs/advt.htm)

10-Sep: UPSC (http://upsc.gov.in/recruitment/advt/2015/Advt.11-2015.pdf)

09-Sep: Chhattisgarh PSC (http://psc.cg.gov.in/htm/OA_SO2015.html)
09-Sep: SAIL Medical (http://182.18.162.54/basailv15/frmjobdetailss1v3.aspx)
09-Sep: NIPER A'bad (www.nipergn.ac.in/announcements.htm)
08-Sep: National Seeds (http://indiaseeds.com/current-career.html)
08-Sep: National Electronics (http://www.nielit.gov.in/recruitments.aspx)

1. Online Form Part-I stops few days before deadline, so don't wait till last date. Dont
forget reg.id & roll no.Note'em in Google Drive (https://www.google.com/drive/)
2. I usually update vacancies every Monday.Purple link= newly added,Blue= existing.Last
updated Sept 07, at 9:21 PM

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