You are on page 1of 15

arXiv:1510.05733v1 [math.

AP] 20 Oct 2015

ILL-POSEDNESS OF THE NAVIER-STOKES AND


MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS SYSTEMS
ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

Abstract. We demonstrate that the three dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system is ill-posed due to the discontinuity of weak solutions in a wide range of spaces. Specifically, we construct initial data which
has finite energy and is small in certain spaces, such that any Leray-Hopf type
of weak solution to the MHD system starting from this initial data is discontinuous at time t = 0 in such spaces. An analogous result is also obtained for the
Navier-Stokes equation which extends the previous result of ill-posedness in
1
B ,
by Cheskidov and Shvydkoy to spaces that are not necessarily critical.
The region of the spaces where the norm inflation occurs almost touches L2 .
KEY WORDS: magneto-hydrodynamics system; ill-posedness; discontinuity of solutions.
CLASSIFICATION CODE: 76D03, 35Q35.

1. Introduction
The three dimensional incompressible magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) system
is given by:
ut 4u + u u b b + p = 0,
(1.1)

bt 4b + u b b u = 0,
u = 0,

b = 0,

with the initial conditions


u(x, 0) = u0 (x), b(x, 0) = b0 (x),
(1.2)
u0 = 0, b0 = 0
where x = T3 , t 0, u is the fluid velocity, p is the pressure of the fluid, and b
is the magnetic field. The parameter denotes the kinematic viscosity coefficient
of the fluid and denotes the reciprocal of the magnetic Reynolds number. When
the magnetic field b(x, t) vanishes, the incompressible MHD system reduces to the
incompressible Navier-Stokes equation (NSE). In the case where the domain is
the whole space, the solutions to the MHD system share the same scaling property
of the solutions to the NSE, that is,
u (x, t) = u(x, 2 t), b (x, t) = b(x, 2 t), p (x, t) = 2 p(x, 2 t)
solve (1.1) with the initial data
u0 = u0 (x), b0 = b0 (x),
The work of Alexey Cheskidov was partially supported by NSF Grant DMS-1108864.
1

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

if (u(x, t), b(x, t)) solves (1.1) with the initial data (u0 (x), b0 (x)). A space that is
invariant under the above scaling is called critical space. Examples of critical spaces
associated with the above scaling in three dimension are
3

1+ p
1
1
, BM O1 , B ,
.
H 2 , L3 , B p|p<,

1
Notice that B ,
is the largest critical space for both the NSE and the MHD
system. In the periodic case there is no distinction between homogeneous and
1+ 3

non-homogeneous spaces, so Bp, p are also called critical.


The study of the Navier-Stokes equations in critical spaces has been a focus of
the research activity since the initial work of Kato [12]. In 2001, Koch and Tataru
[13] established the global well-posedness of the classical Navier-Stokes equations
with small initial data in the space BM O1 . Then the question whether this result
1
had become of great interest.
can be extended to the largest critical space B ,
The first indication that such an extension might not be possible came in the work
by Bourgain and Pavlovic [3] who showed the norm inflation for the classical Navier1
Stokes equations in B ,
. More precisely, they constructed arbitrarily small initial
1

data in B, , such that mild solutions with this data become arbitrarily large in
1
after an arbitrarily short time. This result was later extended to generalized
B ,
1
Besov spaces smaller than B,p
, p > 2 by Yoneda [17]. Moreover, in [7] Cheskidov
and Shvydkoy proved the existence of discontinuous Leray-Hopf solutions of the
1
with arbitrarily small initial data. Contrary to
Navier-Stokes equations in B ,
the Bourgain-Pavlovic construction where the energy transfers from high to low
modes to produce the norm inflation, the norm discontinuity in [7] is due to the
forward energy cascade generated by local interactions. In [6] Cheskidov and Dai
considered fractional Navier-Stokes equations and showed that the natural space
for norm inflation is critical only when the power of the Laplacian is one. When
the power od the laplacian is larger than one, the norm inflation occurs not only in
critical spaces, but also in subcritical and supercritical.
For the MHD system, Miao, Yuan and Zhang [15] proved the existence of a
global mild solution in (BM O1 )2 for small initial data and uniqueness of such
2
solution in C([0, ); BM O1 ) . Later, Dai, Qing and Schonbek [8] established
several different types of norm inflation phenomena for the three dimensional
1
MHD system in the largest critical space (B ,
)2 , by adopting the idea of [3].
Since the MHD system describes the coupling of velocity field and magnetic field,
the authors were able to construct different initial data to produce different types
of norm inflation. In particular, the magnetic field can develop norm inflation in
short time even when the velocity remains small and vice versa. In [5] Cheskidov
and Dai used their approach from [6] to extend the norm inflation results to even
wider range of spaces that included critical, subcritical, and supercritical.
In this paper we further investigate the method of [7] to study the ill-posedness
problem of the NSE and the MHD system in a large class of spaces which may
contain critical, supercritical and subcritical spaces. First, modifying the initial
data construction, we are able to obtain discontinuous weak solutions to the NSE
in certain Besov spaces. Namely, we prove that

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD

Figure 1. The region where the discontinuity for the NSE occurs
on the plane of the smoothness index s vs 1/r.
Theorem 1.1. Let 1 < r and 23 < 2 which satisfy either


3
or
2+ <3 ;
r


3
3
11
3
3 + < 4,
2 +
r ,
.
2
r
r
2
3

+3

r
There exists an initial data u0 Br,
(that depends only on ), such that every
Leray-Hopf weak solution u Cw ([0, T ); L2 ) L2 ([0, T ); H) to the NSE satisfies

lim sup ku(t) u0 k

(1.3)

3 +3

r
Br,

t0+

for an absolute constant .


The region of the spaces where the discontinuity of the NSE occurs is diagrammed
as in Figure 1. One can see that the NSE develops discontinuous weak solutions in
both critical and supercritical spaces. The region contains the largest critical space
1
0
B,
, but also B2,
that has the same scaling as L2 .
In the mean time, we obtain the same type of ill-posedness for the MHD system
as follows:
Theorem 1.2. Let 1 < r , 23 < 2 and > 32 with + 4. In addition,
the triplet (r, , ) satisfies either


5
3
3
, 2 + < 3, + < 4 ; or
2
r
r


3
3
3
3
11
r , + 3, + < 4, + +
.
2
r
r
r
2
3

+3

+3

r
r
There exists an initial data (u0 , b0 ) Br,
Br,
Hopf weak solution (u(t), b(t)) to (1.1)-(1.2) satisfies

(1.4)
lim sup ku(t) u0 k r3 +3 + kb(t) b0 k

t0+

Br,

, such that every Leray-

3 +3
r
Br,

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

for an absolute constant .


Remark 1.1. We point out that the assumption on the parameter triplet (r, , )
may not be optimal. In fact, in the proof of the theorem in Section 5, the assumption
guarantees that a jump of kb(t)kL2 occurs in the contradiction argument. One can
verify that different (complimentary) assumption on (r, , ) may yield a jump
of ku(t)kL2 . We do not include the alternate assumption in the statement of the
theorem due to the complication. However, under the current assumption, one can
already see the discontinuity occurs in a wide range of spaces including critical,
supercritical and subcritical ones.

The rest of the paper is organized as: in Section 2 we introduce some notations
that shall be used throughout the paper and some auxiliary results; in Section 3
we present the initial data construction for both the NSE and the MHD system;
Section 4 provides a brief proof of Theorem 1.1; Section 5 is devoted to proving
Theorem 1.2.

2. Preliminaries and auxiliary results


2.1. Notation. We denote by A . B an estimate of the form A CB with some
constant C, and by A B an estimate of the form C1 B A C2 B with some
constants C1 , C2 . We denote k kp = k kLp (Tn ) and the trilinear term
Z
Z
(2.5)
B(u, v, w) =
u v : w dx =
vi i wj uj dx.
T3

T3

2.2. Littlewood-Paley decomposition. The techniques presented in this paper


rely strongly on the Littlewood-Paley decomposition. We recall the LittlewoodPaley decomposition theory briefly. For a more detailed description on this theory
we refer the readers to the books by Bahouri, Chemin and Danchin [1] and Grafakos
[11].
We denote q = 2q for integers q. A nonnegative radial function C0 (Rn ) is
chosen such that
(
1, for || 43
() =
0, for || 1.
Let
(
() = (/2) (),

q () =

(1
for q 0,
q )
() for q = 1.

For a tempered distribution vector field v on the torus Tn we consider the LittlewoodPaley projections
X
(2.6)
vq (x) =
v(k)q (k)eikx , q 1.
kZn

The following Littlewood-Paley decomposition


v=

X
q=1

vq

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD

holds in the distribution sense. Essentially the sequence of the smooth functions
q forms a dyadic partition of the unit. To simplify the notation, we denote
vq =

q
X

vj ,

vq = vq1 + vq + vq+1 .

j=1

By the definition of q , it is noticed that supp (p ) supp (p0 ) = if |p p0 | 2.


s
By the Littlewood-Paley projection we define the Besov spaces Br,l
on the torus
3
T for s R and 1 l, r . Denote the norm

1/l
X
s
kf kBr,l
=
(sq kfq kr )l .
q1

Then
n
o
s
Br,l
(Tn ) = f S 0 : kf kB s < ,
r,l

where S 0 denotes the space of all tempered distributions.


We will often use the following inequality for the dyadic blocks of the LittlewoodPaley decomposition (see [14]):
Lemma 2.1. (Bernsteins inequality) For all Nn , q Z, 1 p and for
all tempered distributions f S 0 , we have



||


(2.7)
x fq q kfq kp .
p
2.3. The existence of Leray-Hopf type of weak solution to the incompressible MHD system. We recall the result on the existence of weak solutions
for the MHD system by Duvaut and Lions [9].
Theorem 2.2. For any (u0 , b0 ) (L2 )2 there exists a weak solution (u, b) to (1.1)(1.2) satisfying
u, b L (0, ; L2 ) L2 (0, ; H 1 ).
Moreover, there exists a weak solution satisfying the energy inequality
Z t

2
2
(2.8) ku(t)k2 + kb(t)k2 + 2
ku(s)k22 + kb(s)k22 ds ku0 k22 + kb0 k22 ,
0

for all t > 0.

3. Construction of initial data


3

+3

r
In this section we construct initial data u0 Br,
3
r +3

for the NSE and (u0b , b0 )

3
r +3

Br,
Br,
for the MHD system with finite energy. The construction is
similar to the one in [7].
Let , > 3/2. We take any strictly decreasing sequence {qj } such that
(3.9)

4
23
qi
qi+1 ,

4
q23
,
qi
i+1

4
q+3
.
qi
i+1

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

Given c > 0, consider the following sets:


Lj = [qj , (1 + c)qj ] [cqj , cqj ]2 Z3
Mj = [cqj 1 , cqj 1 ]2 [qj 1 , (1 + c)qj 1 ] Z3
Nj = Lj + Mj
Lj = Lj , Mj = Mj , Nj = Nj .
Let p(k) be the symbol of the Leray-Hopf projection
p(k) = I

kk
.
|k|2

We denote
~e1 (k) = p(k)~e1 ,

k Z3 \ {0} ,

~e2 (k) = p(k)~e2 ,

where ~ej stands for a standard basis vector. Define


1 (k) = ~e2 (k)Lj Lj + i(~e2 (k) ~e1 (k))Nj i(~e2 (k) ~e1 (k))Nj ,
2 (k) = ~e1 (k)Mj Mj .
For the NSE, we choose initial data u0 = U , where
X
U
=

qj F (1 () + 2 ())
(3.10)
j1

Due to the fact that () is flat around spheres || = q , one can check that for c
small enough we have
F(Uqj )() =
qj 1 (),

F(Uqj 1 )() =
qj 2 (),

F(Uqj +1 )() = 0.

q = Uq 1 + Uq . It is also clear that u0 = 0.


Hence U
j
j
j
For the MHD system, we choose initial data u0b and b0 as
X
X
u0b =
Uqj ,
b0 =
Bqj ,
with
j1
j1
(3.11)
F(Bqj )() =
qj 2 ().
It also holds that
u0b = b0 = 0.
3

+3

r
Lemma 3.1. Let > 3/2. For all 1 < r , we have u0 , u0b Br,
3
r +3

b0 Br,

. In particular, u0 , u0b H

32 s

and b0 H

32 s

and

for any s > 0.

Proof: We only prove the conclusions for u0 . On the block Lj , for 1 < r < ,
we have, by the boundedness of the Leray-Hopf projection and the Lp estimate of
Drichihlet kernel (see [10])
1
1
k
(~e2 ()Lj )kr .
(Lj )kr
qj F
qj kF
3(1 r1 )

.
qj qj

On all the other blocks, we have similar estimates. Hence,


3

+3

qrj

kUqj kr . 1,

+3

qrj

kUqj 1 kr . 1.

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD


3

+3

r
Therefore, u0 B r,

, for 1 < r < . When r = ,

kUqj k . kF(Uqj )k1

.
qj

Z
1d +

Aj A

1d +
Cj

Z
1d
C
j

3
qj .

And similarly, we have


kUqj 1 k . 3
qj .
3

3
Therefore, u0 B ,
. In particular, for r = 2, the embedding B 2,2 H 2 s
holds for all s > 0. Similar conclusion holds for b0 .


Remark 3.2. Specifically the assumption , > 32 implies that u0 L2 and


(u0b , b0 ) L2 L2 which indicates the initial data has finite energy.
As a consequence of Lemma 3.1, one can see that, for 1 < p
(3.12)

3
3 p

kUqj 1 kp + kUqj kp . qj

3
3 p

kBqj kp . qj

The following estimates are essential to produce the discontinuity of the weak
solutions.
Lemma 3.3. Let u0 , u0b , b0 be defined as in (3.10)-(3.11). Then the trilinear
terms satisfy
B(u0 , u0 , Uqj ) B(u0b , u0b , Uqj ) 73
,
qj
B(u0b , b0 , Bqj ) q72
,
j

B(b0 , b0 , Uqj ) q72


,
j
B(b0 , u0b , Bqj ) q72
.
j

Proof: We only give a proof for the nfirsto one. The


n oother estimates can be

obtained in a similar way. Note that supp Ui supp Uj = for any |ij| 2.
We decompose the term as
X
q , U
q , Uq ) + B(U
q , U
q , Uq )
B(u0 , u0 , Uqj ) =
B(U
j
j
j
j
k
k
kj+1

q , Uq ) + B(U
q , Uq , Uq )
+ B(Uqj1 , U
j
j
j
j1
j
X

B(Uqk , Uqk , Uqj ) + B(Uqj 1 , Uqj , Uqj )


kj+1

B(Uqj , Uqj , Uqj1 ) I + II III


where we used integration by parts and the divergence free property of Uqj .
Applying Bernsteins inequality (2.7) and (3.12) yields, for > 3/2
|I| . qj kUqj k

q k22 . 4
kU
qj
k

kj+1

.
32
qk

kj+1

4
qj
q23
j+1

Similarly,
|III| . kUqj k32
2

X
kj1

qk kUqk k .

4
qj1
23
qj

.

.

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

Using (2.7) and (3.12), the term II is estimated as


|II| . qj kUqj k22 kUqj k 73
.
qj
The conclusion follows immediately.

4. Discontinuous weak solutions to the NSE
In this section, we investigate the Navier-Stokes equation
ut 4u + u u + p = 0,

(4.13)

u = 0,

with initial data u0 given by (3.10). By an analogous analysis as in [7], we show


that the weak solutions of (4.13) are discontinuous at initial time in a large class of
Besov spaces, as stated
R t in Theorem 1.1.
Denote E(t) = 0 kuk22 ds. Multiplying (4.13) by u
qj and integrating over the
space yields
k
uqj (t)k22 kUqj k22 E(t) + c1 73
t
qj
Z t


B(u, u, uq ) B(U, U, Uq ) ds,
c2
j
j

(4.14)

for some positive constants c1 and c2 . One contradiction argument will lead the
conclusion of the theorem.
Suppose that for every > 0 there exists t0 = t0 () > 0 such that ku(t)
U k r3 3+ < for all 0 < t t0 . Denoting w = u U , it follows
Br,

3 r3

kwp kr p

for all p 1.

After writing
B(u, u, uqj ) B(U, U, Uqj )
=B(w, U, Uqj ) + B(u, w, Uqj ) + B(u, u, wqj ) = A + B + C,
we estimate each term through the Bonys para-product (c.f. [2]) decomposition as
follows.
X
q , Uq )
A=
B(wp0 , Up00 , Uqj ) + B(wqj , U
j
j
p0 ,p00 qj
|p0 p00 |2

+ B(w
qj , Uqj , Uqj ) rA = A1 + A2 + A3 rA .
with rA being the overlap of A2 and A3 . Later rB , rC , rD , rE , rF have the same
meaning. Combining H
olders inequality, and Bernsteins inequalities, we obtain
X
X
r
. 4
32
. 73
,
|A1 | kUqj k
kwp0 kr kUp00 k r1
qj
qj
p00
for > 32 ;
q , wq )| kUq k kU
q k r kwq kr
|A2 | = |B(Uqj , U
j
j
j
j r1
j
3 X
3
32+ r
4 r
73
. qj
p
. qj
pqj

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD

for +

3
r

< 4;
r kU
|A3 | qj kUqj k r1
qj kr
qj k kw
X
42
3
73
p . qj
. qj

pqj

for < 3. We have shown


|A| . 73
,
qj

(4.15)

for

3
3
< < 3, and + < 4.
2
r

We decompose B similarly,
X
B=
B(up0 , wp00 , Uqj ) + B(uqj , w
qj , Uqj )
p0 ,p00 qj
|p0 p00 |2

+ B(
uqj , wqj , Uqj ) rB = B1 + B2 + B3 rB ;
2r
kB1 k . qj kUqj k r2

+ r3

kup0 k2 kwp00 kr . q2j

2 r3

kup k2

pqj
9
2 2
qj

3
X  qj + r 2
9
2
kup k2 . q2j kup k2
p

pqj

for +

3
r

2;

9


2
2r kw
qj , uqj ) kUqj k r2
qj kr kuqj k2 q2j kuk2 ;
|B2 | = B(Uqj , w

+ r3

2
2r . qj
|B3 | k
uqj k2 kwqj kr kUqj k r2

k
uqj k2

X
pqj

9
2 2

qj kuk2 ,
3
3
2 + r
qj
3
3
2 + r
qj

if +

kuk2 ,

3
r

if +

qj kuk2 ,

< 3,
3
r

if +

> 3,
3
r

= 3.

We thus obtain

(4.16)

|B| .

9
2 2

qj kuk2 ,
3
3
2 + r
qj
3
3
2 + r
qj

kuk2 ,
qj kuk2 ,

if 2 +
if +

3
r

if +

3
r

< 3,

> 3,
3
r

= 3.

Similarly,
C=

3 r3

B(up0 , up00 , wqj ) + B(uqj , u


qj , wqj )

p0 ,p00 qj
|p0 p00 |2

+ B(
uqj , uqj , wqj ) rC = C1 + C2 + C3 rC ;

10

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

|C1 | kwqj kr

4 r3

2r . qj
k
up k2 k
up k r2

pqj 2

pr

kup k22

pqj 2

3
2
. 2
for r ;
qj kuk2 ,
2
2
2
2r kwq kr .
|C2 | kuk2 k
uqj k r2
qj kuk2 ;
j
3
2r kuk2
uqj k2 .
|C3 | . qj kwqj kr k
uqj k r2
qj k

Thus,
2
3
|C| . 2
uqj k2 .
qj kuk2 + qj k

(4.17)

Combining (4.15), (4.16), (4.17) yields that, if 2 + 3r < 3


Z t0


B(u, u, uqj ) B(U, U, Uqj ) ds
0
Z t0
73
9/22 1/2
2
3
.qj t0 + qj
t0 + qj + qj
k
uqj (s)k2 ds
0


Z t0
73
5/2 1/2
25
24
.qj
t0 + qj
t0 + qj + qj
k
uqj (s)k2 ds ;
0

3
r

or if 3 < + < 4,
Z t0


B(u, u, uq ) B(U, U, Uq ) ds
j
j
0

Z t0
3/2+ r3 1/2
2
3
.73
t
+

t
+

k
uqj (s)k2 ds
qj
0
qj
qj
qj
0
0


Z t0
2+ r3 11
25
24
2 1/2
.73
t
+

t
+

k
u
(s)k
ds
;
qj
0
qj
2
qj
qj
qj
0
0

otherwise, if + 3r = 3,
Z t0


B(u, u, uqj ) B(U, U, Uqj ) ds
0

Z
2+ r3 11
1/2
25
24
73
2
qj t0 + qj + qj
.qj
t0 + qj

t0


k
uqj (s)k2 ds .

In the first case, we assume 2. Using the fact that


Z t0
k
uqj (s)k2 ds 0,
as j ,
0

we can chose small enough and large enough j0 such that for j j0
Z t0


B(u, u, uqj ) B(U, U, Uqj ) ds c1 73
t0 .
2c2 qj
0
In the second and third cases, we assume
3 11

< 0.
r
2
Then for small enough and large enough j0 , the same estimate holds. Going back
to (4.14) it implies
2,

2 +

k
uqj (t0 )k22 kUqj k22 E(t0 ) + c1 73
t0 /2,
qj

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD

11

for all j > j0 , which shows that u(t0 ) has infinite energy, a contradiction. In the
end, we collect the conditions on the parameters and obtain that, either
3
< 2,
2
3
< 2,
2

2+
r

3
,
2

3
< 3;
r

or

3+

3
< 4,
r

2 +

3
11
<
.
r
2

5. Discontinuous weak solutions to the MHD system


In the section, we show that, starting from data (u0b , b0 ) as defined in (3.11), a
weak solution of the MHD system (1.1) does not come back to (u0 , b0 ) in a large
class of spaces. Namely we prove Theorem 1.2.
Multiplying the second equation in (1.1) by bqj and integrating over the space
and time interval [0, t] yields
Z
1
1
2
2
kbq (t)k2 kBqj k2
tbqj bqj dx
2 j
2
T3
Z t
Z t
2

kbk2 ds +
B(u, b, bqj ) B(b, u, bqj )ds.
0

Denote Eb (t) =

(5.18)

Rt
0

kbk22 ds. By Lemma 3.3 we have

1
1
kbq (t)k22 kBqj k22 Eb (t) + c1 q72
t
j
2 j
2
Z t
c2
|B(u, b, bqj ) B(u0b , b0 , Bqj )| + |B(b, u, bqj ) B(b0 , u0b , Bqj )|ds
0

1
t c2 R(t)
kBqj k22 Eb (t) + c1 q72
j
2
where R represents the remainder term, and c1 , c2 are positive constants. Again,
we use a contradiction argument to show the conclusion of the theorem.
Assume for every > 0 there exists t0 = t0 () > 0 such that
(5.19)

ku(t) u0b k

+ kb(t) b0 k

3+
B r, r

< ,

3+
B r, r

for all 0 < t t0 .

We claim that for a large enough j0 , the remainder term R is bounded at t0 as


c1 72
(5.20)
R(t0 ) <

t0 , for all j j0 .
2c2 qj
In the following we compute the second term in R to obtain the desired estimate.
The first term can be estimated similarly.
Let w = u u0b and y = b b0 . Note that by the assumption (5.19), we have
(5.21)

3 r3

kwp kr p

3 r3

kyp kr p

for all p 1.

The difference of the trilinear terms can be rewritten as


B(b, u, bqj ) B(b0 , u0b , Bqj )
=B(y, u0b , Bqj ) + B(b, w, Bqj ) + B(b, u, yqj )
D + E + F.

12

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

We decompose D as
X

D=

B(yp0 , (u0b )p00 , Bqj ) + B(yqj , (


u0b )qj , Bqj )

p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2

+ B(
yqj , (u0b )qj , Bqj ) rD
D1 + D2 + D3 rD
with rD being the overlap of D2 and D3 .
Applying the H
olders inequality, (5.21) and (3.12) yields,
X
r
|D1 | kBqj k
kyp0 kr k(u0b )p00 k r1
p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2
3 r3

. 4
qj

p0

pr00

p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2

72
,
qj

for + > 3;
)q , yq )| kBq k kU
q k r kyq kr
|D2 | = |B(Bqj , (U
j
j
j
j
j r1
X
3+ r3
4 r3
. q72
. qj
p
j
pqj

for +

3
r

< 4;

42
r kU
|D3 | k
yqj kr kBqj k r1
qj k . qj

3
. q72
p
j

pqj

for < 3. Hence,


|D| . q72
.
j

(5.22)
We decompose E as,
E=

B(bp0 , wp00 , Bqj ) + B(bqj , w


qj , Bqj )

p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2

+ B(bqj , wqj , Bqj ) rE


E1 + E2 + E3 rE
with rE being the overlap of E2 and E3 .
Similarly, we have,
X

2r
|E1 | kBqj k r2

kbp0 k2 kwp00 kr

p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2


5

+ r3

. q2j

2 r3

p0

kbp0 k2

p0 qj
9

. q2j

p0 qj
9

. q2j
for +

3
r

qj
p0

+ r3 2
kbp0 k2

kbk2

2;
9

2r kw
|E2 | = |B(Bqj , w
qj , bqj )| kBqj k r2
qj kr kbqj k2 . q2j

kbk2 ;

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD

13

2r . k
2r
|E3 | kbqj k2 kwqj kr kBqj k r2
bqj k2 kBqj k r2

3 r3

pqj
3
3
2 + r
qj

kbk2

3 r3
p

X
pqj

9
2

kbk2 ,

qj
3
3
2 + r
qj
3
3
2 + r
qj

kbk2 ,

3
r
+ 3r

if +

< 3;

if

> 3,

qj kbk2 ,

if +

3
r

= 3.

Hence
|E| .

(5.23)

9
2

kbk2 ,

qj
3
3
2 + r
qj
3
3
2 + r
qj

kbk2 ,
qj kbk2 ,

if 2 +
if +

3
r

if +

3
r

< 3;

> 3,
3
r

= 3.

An analogously decomposition for F yields,


X
F =
B(bp0 , up00 , yqj ) + B(bqj , u
qj , yqj )
p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2

+ B(bqj , uqj , yqj ) rF


F1 + F2 + F3 rF
with rF being the overlap of F2 and F3 .
Again using the H
olders inequality, Bernsteins inequalities (2.7), (5.21) and
(3.12) we infer that
X
2r
|F1 | kyqj kr
kbp0 k2 kup00 k r2
p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2

4 r3
qj

r
kbp0 k2 kup00 k2 1
p0 p00

p0 ,p00 qj ,|p0 p00 |2


2
2
2
. 2
qj kbk2 kuk2 . qj (kbk2 + kuk2 )

for

3
r

2;
2r kbq k2
|F2 | = |B(yqj , u
qj , bqj )| kyqj kr k
uqj k r2
j

2
2
. 2
uqj k2 kbqj k2 . 2
qj k
qj (kuk2 + kbk2 ),
4
3

2r kuq k2 kyq kr .
|F3 | kbqj k r2
qj kbqj k2 kuk2 . qj kbqj k2 .
j
j

Thus, we have, for r

3
2

2
2
3

|F | . 2
qj (kuk2 + kbk2 ) + qj kbqj k2 .

(5.24)

Combining (5.22)(5.24) and the estimate u, b L2 (H 1 ) gives that, if 2 + 3r <


3
Z

t0

|B(b, u, bqj ) B(b0 , u0b , Uqj )|ds




Z t0
9
2
3
2 1/2

t
+

k
b
(s)k
ds
. 72
t
+

qj
qj
2
0
qj
qj
qj
0
0


Z t0
1/2
. 72
t0 + t0 +
kbqj (s)k2 ds
qj
0

14

ALEXEY CHESKIDOV AND MIMI DAI

providing that 52 and + 4. Otherwise, if + 3r 3,



Z t0
Z
1/2
|B(b, u, bqj ) B(b0 , u0b , Uqj )|ds . 72
t
+
t
+
0
qj
0
0

t0


kbqj (s)k2 ds

3
r

11
2

for + + <
and + 4.
Therefore we choose j0 large enough and small enough such that, for all j j0
Z t0
c1 72
|B(b, u, bqj ) B(b0 , u0b , Uqj )|ds
qj
t0 .
4c
2
0
The first term in the integral R can be estimated analogously and satisfies
Z t0
c1 72
|B(u, b, bqj ) B(u0b , b0 , Uqj )|ds
qj
t0 ,
4c
2
0
for all j j0 . Therefore, we have shown that the claim (5.20) holds under the
assumption (5.19). It follows from (5.18) and (5.20) that
1
c1
1
kbqj (t0 )k22 kBqj k22 Eb (t0 ) + 72
t0
2
2
2 qj
which implies kb(t0 )k2 is infinity. It is a contradiction which is obtained under the
conditions
3
5
3
3
3
< < 3,
< , + 4, 2 + < 3,
+ < 4;
2
2
2
r
r
or
3 3
3
3
3
3
11
r , < < 3, > , + 4, + 3, + < 4, + + <
.
2 2
2
r
r
r
2
Anagolous analysis will give a contradiction that ku(t0 )k2 is infinity at a certain
time t0 under an alternate assumption on the parameter triplet (r, , ).
References
[1] H. Bahouri, J. Chemin, and R. Danchin. Fourier analysis and nonlinear partial differential equations. Grundlehrender Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 343. Springer, Heidelberg,
2011.
[2] J. Bony. Calcul symbolique et propagation des singularit
e pour les
equations aux d
eriv
ees
partielles non lin
eaires. Ann. Ecole Norm. Sup., 14: 209246, 1981.
[3] J. Bourgain and N. Pavlovi
c. Ill-posedness of the Navier-Stokes equations in a critical space
in 3D. Journal of Functional Analysis, 255: 22332247, 2008.
[4] A. Cheskidov, P. Constantin, S. Friedlander and R. Shvydkoy. Energy conservation and
Onsagers conjecture for the Euler equations. Nonlinearity, 21(6): 12331252, 2008.
[5] A. Cheskidov and M. Dai. Norm inflation for generalized Magneto-hydrodynamic system.
Nonlinearity, 28: 129142, 2015.
[6] A. Cheskidov and M. Dai. Norm inflation for generalized Navier-Stokes equations. Indiana
University Mathematics Journal, 63(3): 869884, 2014.
[7] A. Cheskidov and R. Shvydkoy. Ill-posedness of basic equations of fluid dynamics in Besov
spaces. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 138(3):10591067, 2010.
[8] M. Dai, J. Qing, and M. E. Schonbek. Norm Inflation for Incompressible Magneto1,
Hydrodynamics System in B
. Advances in Differential Equations, 16(78): 725746,
2011.
[9] G. Duvaut, J. L. Lions. In
equations en thermo
elasticit
e et magn
etohydrodynamique. Arch.
Rational Mech. Anal., 46(4): 241279, 1972.
[10] L. Grafakos. Classical Fourier analysis. Second edition. Graduate Texts in Mathematics,
249. Springer, New York, 2008.
[11] L. Grafakos. Modern Fourier analysis. Second edition. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 250.
Springer, New York, 2009.

ILL-POSEDNESS FOR NSE AND MHD

15

[12] T. Kato. Strong Lp -solutions of Navier-Stokes equations in Rm with applications toweak


solutions. Math. Z., 187: 471480, 1984.
[13] H. Koch and D. Tataru. Well posedness for the Navier-Stokes equations. Adv. Math.,
157:2235, 2001.
[14] P. G. Lemari
e-Rieusset. Recent developments in the Navier-Stokes problem. Chapman and
Hall/CRC Research Notes in Mathematics, 431. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL,
2002.
[15] C. Miao, B. Yuan, and B. Zhang. Well-posedness for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic system. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 30:961976, 2007.
[16] H. -J. Schmeisser and H. Triebel. Topics in Fourier analysis and function spaces. Geest,
Leipzig, Germany; John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1987.
[17] T. Yoneda. Ill-posedness of the 3D-Navier-Stokes equations in a generalized Besov space
near BM O1 . Journal of Functional Analysis, 258, no. 10, 33763387, 2010.
Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607,USA
E-mail address: acheskid@uic.edu
Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607,USA
E-mail address: mdai@uic.edu

You might also like