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RotationalEquilibriumandRotationalDynamics
CLICKERQUESTIONS
QuestionE1.01
Description:Reasoningwithrotationalinertia.
Question
Therotationalinertiaofthedumbbell(seefigure)aboutaxisAistwicetherotationalinertiaaboutaxisB.Theunknownmass
is:
1. 4/7kg
2. 2kg
3. 4kg
4. 5kg
5. 7kg
6. 8kg
7. 10kg
8. Noneoftheabove
9. Cannotbedetermined
10. Therotationalinertiacannotbedifferentaboutdifferentaxes.
Commentary
Purpose:Topracticeproblemsolvingwithrotationalmotionideas.
Page8.1
Chapter8
Discussion:Rotationalinertiaisnotanintrinsicpropertyofanobject;itsvaluedependsontheaxisaboutwhichitis
calculated.Inthiscase,theobjectsrotationalinertiaistwiceaslargeaboutoneaxisasanother.
Letsavoidnumericalcomputations,eventhoughwearegivenspecificvaluesforallknownquantities.Letd=10cm,m=2
kg,andM=theunknownmass.WellsolveforMintermsofthegivenquantities.
TherotationalinertiaaboutaxisAis I A md 2 M 2d
m 4 M d 2 .TherotationalinertiaaboutaxisBis
I B m 2 d Md 2 4m M d 2 .(Wearetreatingeachdumbbellasapointmass.)
2
WearetoldthattherotationalinertiaaboutaxisAistwiceaslargeasthataboutaxisB(IA=2IB),som+4M=2(4m+M).
(Notethatdhascancelledout,anddoesnotaffecttheanswer.)Therefore,M=7/2m.Sincem=2kg,M=7kg.
KeyPoints:
Anobject'srotationalinertia(momentofinertia)dependsontheaxisyouchoosetocalculateitabout.
Therotationalofinertiaofapointlikeobjectaboutanaxisismd2,wheremistheobjectsmassanddisitsdistancefrom
theaxis.
Therotationalofinertiaofanobjectcomposedofmultiplesubobjectsisjustthesumoftheirindividualrotationalinertias
(aboutthesameaxis).
Avoidputtingnumbersintocalculationsuntiltheveryend.Instead,definevariablesandworkwiththose.(Often,some
willcancelout,simplifyingyourcalculations.)
ForInstructorsOnly
Studentscangetboggeddowninunnecessarycalculationsandcomputations.Thisproblempresentsagoodopportunityto
discussproblemsolvingprocedures.
Manystudentswilltranslatethegivenrelationshipbetweenrotationalinertiasincorrectly,andwillinterpretTherotational
inertia...aboutaxisAistwicetherotationalinertiaaboutaxisBas2IA=IB.ThosewhodothiswillgetM=4/7kg.(This
isawelldocumentederrorintranslatingverbaltoalgebraicrepresentations.)
Studentsshouldbeencouragedtodecideonqualitativegroundswhichmassislarger,sothattheycanchecktheiranswersfor
reasonability.
QuestionE1.02a
Page8.2
Chapter8
Description:Integratinglinearandrotationaldynamicsideas.
Question
Adisk,withradius0.25mandmass4kg,liesflatonasmoothhorizontaltabletop.Astringwoundaboutthediskispulled
withaforceof8N.Whatistheaccelerationofthedisk?
1. 0
2. 0.5m/s2
3. 1m/s2
4. 2m/s2
5. 4m/s2
6. Noneoftheabove
7. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:ToelicitandconfrontthecommonmisconceptionthatNewtonssecondlawissomehowinvalidforobjectsthat
rotateaswellastranslate,orforforcesthatarealsotorques.
Discussion:Inthehorizontalplane,theonlyforceactingonthediskisthetensionFfromthestring.(Theverticalforces,
gravityandthenormalforceofthetable,balance.)Thus,accordingtoNewtonssecondlaw,a=F/m=2m/s2.
Yes,itsreallythateasy.Newtonssecondlawisalwaystrue,whetherornotrotationoccursaswellastranslation.Ifthe
forceFwereappliedatthecenterofthedisk,oranywhereelse,theaccelerationwouldstillbe2m/s2.Wheretheforceis
appliedwillaffecthowthediskrotates,butnothowitscenterofmassaccelerates.
Youmayhavedifficultieswiththisidea.Intuitively,itmayseemtoyouthatpartoftheforceisgoingtowardsmakingthe
objectrotate,sothatnotasmuchisavailabletocauseacceleration.Thiskindofthinkingismoreappropriateforquantities
suchasworkandenergy,impulseandmomentumthathaveconservationprinciples.Forcesdontgetusedup.
Itcanbehelpfultocomparethissituationtooneinwhichallgivenvaluesarethesame,butthestringisattachedtothecenter
ofthediskratherthanwoundaroundtheedge.Bothdisksexperiencethesamenetforce,sobothwillhavethesame
Page8.3
Chapter8
acceleration.However,thediskwiththestringwrappedarounditwillalsohaveanonzeroangularacceleration,whereasthe
diskwiththestringattachedtothecenterwillnot.
Ifthisseemstobegettingsomethingfornothing,considerthatmoreworkwillbedoneinthefirstcase,explainingthefact
thatitendsupwithkineticenergyduetobothtranslationandrotation.
KeyPoints:
Theaccelerationofabodyasawholedependsonthenetforceactingonthebody,period.Itdoesnotdependonwhereon
thebodytheforceactsorwhetherthebodyspinsinadditiontoaccelerating.
Newtonssecondlawistrueforbodiesthatspinorrotateaswellasthosethatdont.F=maand I arebothtrue,
always.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstinatwoquestionsetexploringlinearandangularaccelerationfromaforcethatexertsatorque.
Themostprevalentmisunderstandingtoconfronthereisstudentsbeliefthatsomehow I replacesF=ma,ratherthan
augmentingit.
Studentsmayassumethatthequestionasksforangularacceleration.Theyshouldbecautionedagainstjumpingto
conclusionsbasedonthesuperficialfeaturesofaquestion!
QuestionE1.02b
Description:Integratinglinearandrotationaldynamicsideas.
Question
Adisk,withradius0.25mandmass4kg,liesflatonasmoothhorizontaltabletop.Astringwoundaboutthediskispulled
withaforceof8N.Whatistheangularaccelerationofthedisk?
Page8.4
Chapter8
1. 0
2. 64rad/s2
3. 8rad/s2
4. 4rad/s2
5. 12rad/s2
6. Noneoftheabove
7. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Toexploretheangularaccelerationofanobjectexperiencingbothangularandlinearaccelerationduetoaforce
thatalsoexertsatorque.
Discussion:AforceexertedadistanceRfromanaxisofrotationcausesatorque RF sin ,whereistheangle
betweenthedirectionoftheforceandthevectorfromtheaxistothepointofapplication.Inthiscase,theangleis90,sothe
torqueexertedaboutthecenterofmassis2Nm.TherotationalequivalentofNewtonssecondlaw, I ,relatesa
bodysangularaccelerationtothenettorqueitexperiences.ThemomentofinertiaIofthediskis MR 2 0.25kg m 2 .
Therefore,theangularaccelerationofthediskaboutitscenterofmassis 8 N kg m 8 rad s2 .(Thisistrueevenif
thedisktranslates.)
Acommonmistakeistocalculatetheangularaccelerationfromthelinearacceleration(foundinthepreviousproblem)via
a r .Thisrelationshipbetweenlinearandangularaccelerationisnotgenerallytrue;itdescribesaphysical(geometric)
constraintthatonlyappliesinspecialcircumstances,suchaswhenaroundobjectisrollingwithoutslipping,orwhenitis
rotatingaboutafixedaxisthroughitscenterandareferstotheaccelerationofapointonitsrim.
KeyPoints:
I describestherelationshipbetweentorqueandangularaccelerationthewayNewtonssecondlawdescribesthat
betweenforceand(translational)acceleration,andisalwaysvalid.
Therelationship a r betweentranslationalandrotationalaccelerationisonlyvalidinspecialcases.(Thesameistrue
of v r and s r .)
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondinatwoquestionsetexploringlinearandangularaccelerationfromaforcethatexertsatorque.
Page8.5
Chapter8
Somestudentswillgetthecorrectanswerbymisunderstandingtheproblemandthinkingthatthecenterofthediskisfixedin
place.ThequestionIstherefrictionatthepivot?indicatessuchamisunderstanding.
Otherstudentswillgiveananswerlessthan8rad/s2,thinkingthatthetranslationalmotionsomehowreducesthetorqueorits
effect.
QuestionE1.03a
Description:Linkingforceandtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
A100kgcrateisattachedtoaropewrappedaroundtheinnerdiskasshown.Apersonpullsonanotherropewrappedaround
theouterdiskwithforceFtoliftthecrate.
WhatforceFisneededtoliftthecrate2m?
1. about20N
2. about50N
3. about100N
4. about200N
5. about500N
6. about1000N
7. about2000N
8. about5000N
9. Impossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheradii
10. Impossibletodetermineforsomeotherreason(s)
Page8.6
Chapter8
Commentary
Purpose:Tolinkforceandtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Discussion:Considerastaticsituationinwhichthecrateisheldmotionlessintheair.Tosupportthecrate,thetensioninthe
ropeattachedtoitmustbe1000N(usingg=10N/kg).ThetensionintheotherropeisequaltoF.Ifthediskarrangementis
stationary,thetorquesexertedonitbythetworopesmustbalance.
Wedonotknowtheradiiofthepulleys,soletsuserforthesmallerdiskandRforthelarger.Theropesupportingthecrate
istangentialtoitsdisk,sothetorqueexertedbythisropeis1000rclockwise.Theotherropeisalsotangentialtoitsdisk,so
itexertsatorqueofFRcounterclockwise.Theforceofthepivotholdingupthedisksexertszerotorque,andwewillassume
theaxleisfrictionless.
Forthetorquestobalanceeachother, FR 1 000N r ,or F = 1 000N r R .Inotherwords,theforceexertedby
thepersonisafractionoftheweightofthecrate,andthefractiondependsontheratioofthediskradii.
Wedonotknowtheexactratior/R,butwecanestimateitfromthediagram.Itlookstobeabout1/5,sotheforceneededis
about200N.
Thatstheforcerequiredtoholdthecratestationaryintheair,ortoliftorloweritwithconstantspeed(noacceleration).In
ordertostartthecratemovingfromrest,aslightlylargerforceisnecessary,butitcanbeinfinitesimallylarger.(Iftherewere
frictioninthepivot,theforcetogetitmovingwouldhavetobeenoughlargertosupporttheweightofthecrateand
overcomestaticfriction.)
TheangleatwhichFisapplieddoesnotmatter,aslongasitactstangentiallytothedisk.(Itwould,however,affecttheforce
exertedonandbythepivotaxle.)
KeyPoints:
Twodifferentforcescanexertthesametorqueonanobject.
Mechanicaladvantageisgainedbyhavingtheappliedforceactfartherfromthepivotpointthantheforceactingonthe
objecttobemove.
Theclosertothepivotpointaforceacts,thelargeritmustbetobalanceothertorquecausingforces.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstoftwoquestionsexploringtheconceptsofforce,torque,work,andenergyinthismechanicaladvantage
situation.
Page8.7
Chapter8
ManystudentsmaysaythatFisimpossibletodetermine,eitherbecausetheyarenotgiventheradiianddontassumethe
diagramistoscaleortheyarenottoldiffrictioncanbeneglected.Thesearedefensibleresponses.
Otherstudentsmaysaythattheanswerisimpossibletodetermineforanotherreason,suchasnotknowingthespeedofthe
crateortheangleoftherope.Thesearenotvalidreasons.
Somestudentswillignoreunitsandtreat100kgastheweight,andthereforesaythatFisabout20.Somewillinvertthe
ratio,thinkingtheappliedforceis5000N,eventhoughthisdoesnotagreewithexperience.
Somestudents,notunderstandingmechanicaladvantage,willthinkthataforceof1000Nmustbeappliedtoliftthecrateno
matterwhattheradiiare.
QuestionE1.03b
Description:Linkingforce,torque,work,andenergyideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
A100kgcrateisattachedtoaropewrappedaroundtheinnerdiskasshown.Apersonpullsonanotherropewrappedaround
theouterdiskwithforceFtoliftthecrate.
Howmuchworkisdonebythepersontoliftthecrate2m?
1. about400J
2. slightlylessthan2000J
3. exactly2000J
4. slightlymorethan2000J
5. muchmorethan2000J
6. ImpossibletodeterminewithoutknowingF
7. Impossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheradii
8. Impossibletodeterminewithoutknowingthemassofthepulley
9. Impossibletodeterminefortwoormoreofthereasonsgivenin6,7,and8above
Page8.8
Chapter8
10. Impossibletodetermineforsomeotherreason(s)
Commentary
Purpose:Tolinkforce,torque,work,andenergyideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Discussion:Theonlyambiguityhereiswhetherornottoignorefrictionaleffectsattheaxlewherethetwodisksare
attached.Iffrictioncanbeignored,thenenergyconservationdemandsthattheworkdonebythepersonisexactlyequalto
theworkdoneonthecrate,whichis mg y =2 000J .
Iffrictionisnotignored,thentheworkdonebythepersonmustbelargerthantheworkdoneonthecrate.
NotethateventhoughtheforceFismuchsmallerthantheweightofthecrate,itactsthroughamuchlargerdisplacement
thanthecratetravels.If,forexample,theratioofthediskdiametersis1to5,thentheforceFwouldbeabout200Nandthe
displacementoftheendoftheropewouldbeabout10m,eventhoughthecrateonlymovesupby2m.
KeyPoints:
Thepresenceofmechanicaladvantageinasystemdoesnotinvalidatetheworkenergytheorem.
Asmallerforcecandoasmuchworkasalargeroneifitthesmalleroneactsthroughalongerdistance.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondoftwoquestionsexploringtheconceptsofforce,torque,work,andenergyinthismechanicaladvantage
situation.
Somestudentswillsaythattheworkdoneisimpossibletodetermine,becausetheyarenottoldiffrictioncanbeneglected.
Thisisadefensibleresponse.
Otherstudentswillsaythatitisimpossibletodetermineforanotherreason,suchasnotknowingthespeedofthecrate,the
angleoftherope,theforceF,theradiiofthedisks,orwhetherthediagramistoscale.Thesearenotvalidresponses,since
noneofthatinformationisrequiredtoanswerthequestion.
Somestudentswilluseg=9.8N/kg,andgetavalueslightlylessthan2000J.
Studentswhoareincludingfrictionarelikelytochooseslightlymorethan2000J,perhapsassumingthatfrictionissmall.
Ifthecoefficientoffrictionislargeenough,avalidresponsewouldbemuchmorethan2000J,thoughstudentsmight
choosethisresponseforotherreasonsaswell.
Page8.9
Chapter8
QuestionE1.04a
Description:ReasoningandproblemsolvingwithlinearandrotationalformsofNewtonslawsinthecontextofrolling
withoutslipping.
Question
Aspoolhasstringwrappedarounditscenteraxleandissittingonahorizontalsurface.Ifthestringispulledinthehorizontal
directionwhentangenttothetopoftheaxle,thespoolwill:
1. Rolltotheright
2. Notroll,onlyslidetotheright
3. Spinandslip,withoutmovingleftorright
4. Rolltotheleft
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Themotioncannotbedetermined.
Commentary
Purpose:ToreasonaboutarotationalsystemusingthelinearandrotationalformsofNewtonssecondlaw.
Discussion:Therearefourforcesonthespool:(1)gravitation,down;(2)normal,up;(3)tension,right;and(4)friction,left
orright.Gravitationisbalancedbythenormalforce,andtheirtorquesbalanceaboutanyorigin.Wedontknowyetwhich
directionfrictionwillpoint.
First,imaginethatthesurfaceisfrictionless.Thenetforceisthendueexclusivelytothetension,producinganaccelerationto
theright.Thenettorqueaboutthespoolscenterisalsodueexclusivelytothetension,producingaclockwiseangular
acceleration.Thespoolwillstarttomovetotherightandalsorotateclockwise.Itwillberollingtotheright,andperhaps
slippingatthesametime.(Anobjectonlyrollswithoutslippingwhenitsrateofrotationandtranslationarejustrightsothe
contactpointhaszerovelocity.)
Now,addfrictionbackin.Alittlebitofstaticfrictionwillpreventthespoolfromslippingandcauseittorollonly;thisis
Page8.10
Chapter8
answer(1).(Ifthecontactpointstartstoslip,thefrictionforcewillopposethat,exertingacounteringtorque.)
IfFisverylarge,thespoolwillnotbeabletorollwithoutslipping,sincethe(static)frictionforcehasamaximumpossible
value.Inthatcase,thespoolwillslidetotherightwhilerotatingslightly:notanavailableanswer.
Answer(2)isimpossible,sincethenettorqueonthespoolcannotbezero.(Ifthespoolslipsatall,thetorquefromthe
frictionforcewillsupplement,notcounteract,thetorquefromthestring.)
Answer(3)isimpossible,sincethenetforceonthespoolcannotbezero.Ifthenetforcewerezero,thefrictionforcewould
havetopointtotheleftandhavethesamemagnitudeasthetension.Butifthespoolspins,thebottomsurfaceslidestothe
leftandthefrictionforcemustpointtotheright.
Answer(4)isimpossible,sinceitwouldrequireanetforcetotheleftandacounterclockwisenettorque,whichcannotboth
exist.(Whatdirectionwouldthefrictionforcepoint?)
KeyPoints:
Whentwoforcesarebalanced(samestrength,oppositedirections)andcolinear(havingthesamelineofaction),their
torquesaboutanyoriginbalance.
ur
r
Forrotationalproblems,and I and F net ma arebothuseful.Inotherwords,therotationalformofNewtons
secondlawdoesnotreplaceorsupersedeitslinearform.
Youcanreasonyourwaytoanswersbymakingassumptionsandthencheckingforcontradictions.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisthefirstofthreequestionsusingthissituation.Thegoalofthesetistosensitizestudentstothedependenceoftorqueon
thechoiceoforigin,andtothetacticofchoosingtheoriginsothatanunknownforceexertsnotorque.
Apowerfulpatternwithallthreeofthequestionsistohavestudentspredictwhattheybelievewillhappen,explainwhy,
thenobserveademonstration.
Thisquestionexistslargelytosetupthesubsequentones.Moststudentswillintuitivelypredictthecorrectmotion.Ifyour
classgenerallyagreesonanswer(1),werecommendmovingontothenextquestion,whereintuitionisnotsouseful.After
presentinganddiscussingtherestoftheset,youmaywanttoreturntothisoneandshowhoweasilyitcanbeanalyzedby
choosinganoriginatthecontactpoint.
Page8.11
Chapter8
QuestionE1.04b
Description:ReasoningandproblemsolvingwithlinearandrotationalformsofNewtonslawsinthecontextofrolling
withoutslipping.
Question
Aspoolhasstringwrappedarounditscenteraxleandissittingonahorizontalsurface.Ifthestringispulledinthehorizontal
directionwhentangenttothebottomoftheaxle,thespoolwill:
1. Rolltotheright
2. Notroll,onlyslidetotheright
3. Spinandslip,withoutmovingleftorright
4. Rolltotheleft
5. Noneoftheabove
6.
Themotioncannotbedetermined.
Commentary
Purpose:Toexplorethechoiceoforiginanditseffectonthetorque.
Discussion:Intuitively,itmaynotbeobviouswhatwillhappenhere.Pullingonthestringseemslikeitmightcausethespool
tounwind,thusrotatingcounterclockwiseandperhapsrollingtotheleft.Ontheotherhand,thestringpullstotheright,so
perhapsitwillcausethespooltorolltotheright(clockwise)alongthesurface.Amorecarefulanalysisisrequired.
Therearefourforcesonthespool:(1)gravitation,down;(2)normal,up;(3)tension,right;and(4)friction,leftorright.
Gravitationisbalancedbythenormalforce.Becausetheyarebalancedandcolinear,theirtorquesalsobalanceaboutany
origin.
Ifthespoolrollstotheleftwithoutslipping,thespoolscenterofmassacceleratestotheleft.Sincethetensionactstothe
right,thestaticfrictionforcemustacttotheleftandmusthavealargermagnitudesothatthenetforceactstotheleft.
However,ifthatweretruethenettorqueaboutthespoolscenterwouldbeclockwise,causingthespooltorotatetotheright.
Page8.12
Chapter8
Contradiction!
Sincewedontknowwhatdirectionthefrictionforcepoints,letschooseanoriginaboutwhichthefrictionforceexertsno
torque:thepointofcontactbetweenthespoolandsurface.Forthisorigin,theonlyforceexertinganonzerotorqueisthe
tensionforce,sothenettorqueisclockwiseandthespoolrotatestotherightrelativetothecontactpoint.Thismeansitrolls
totheright.Thereisnoreasonthespoolmustnecessarilysliporslide.Ifwepullgentlyenough,therewillbeenoughstatic
frictionsothatthespoolrollswithoutslipping.
Whydoesntthespoolunrolltotheleft?Becausealthoughthestringappliesatorqueinthecounterclockwisedirection,the
staticfrictionforceexertsalargertorqueintheclockwisedirection.(Ifweyankhardenoughonthestring,thespoolwill
overcomestaticfrictionandslidetotherightasitspinscounterclockwise.Thisisnottheintent,soitisnotanyofthe
answersprovided.)
KeyPoints:
Bychoosingyourorigincarefully,youcanavoiddealingwithtorquesduetoanunknownforce.
Thetorqueexertedbyaforcedependsontheoriginyoucalculateitabout.
Youdonotneedtochoosethecenteroftheobjectastheorigin.
ur
r
I istrue,valid,andusefulinadditionto,notinsteadof, F ma .Inotherwords,Newtonssecondlawinits
rotationalformdoesnotreplaceorsupersedeNewtonssecondlawinitslinearform.Botharevalidanduseful,andoften
bothareneededtoanalyzeasituation.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisthesecondofthreequestionsusingthissituation.Thegoalofthesetistosensitizestudentstothedependenceoftorque
onthechoiceoforigin,andalsotothestrategicchoiceoforigintoresolveconflictorinconsistency.Apowerfulpatternwith
allthreeofthequestionsistohavestudentspredictwhattheybelievewillhappen,explainwhy,thenobservea
demonstration(thepredictandobserveinstructionaltactic).Asawhole,thesetalsodemonstratesthecompareandcontrast
tacticbyvaryingonlyonefeaturefromquestiontoquestion.
Thisisacounterintuitivesituation.Moststudentswillhaveastrongintuitivebeliefthatthespoolshouldunrolltotheleft,
andthedemonstrationwillintrigueandmotivatethem.Itisimportant,however,tocollectexplanationswithoutcomment,
sincemostwillbefaultyinsomeway,andthenshowthedemonstration.Youcanexplaintheresultafteryouhaveshownthe
demonstration.Studentswillhavegreatdifficultybelievingyouifyoudiscussthesituationbeforedoingthedemonstration.
Duringthedemonstration,onlyagentletugonthestringisneededtocausethespooltorolltotheright.
Page8.13
Chapter8
Studentsmightthinkthatyouwillpullhard,whichmeansitwillmovetotherightwhileunwindingcounterclockwise.This
isnottheintent,sotheywillneedtoanswerNoneoftheabove.
Moststudentsautomaticallyusethecenterofthespoolasthedefaultorigin.Theymightnotrealizethattheycanplacethe
originanywheretheywant.
StudentsoftenabandonthelinearformofNewtonssecondlawwhentheystartlearningitsrotationalform.Theyoftenthink
thattherotationalformsupersedesand/orreplacesthelinearform.Theyareoftennotgivensufficientopportunitiestosee
thatsometimesbothareneeded,andthatthetworelationshipsarecompletelyseparateandindependent.Studentsalsooften
donotrealizeorfullyappreciatethattherotationalformisactuallyaninfinitenumberofrelationships,oneforeverypossible
origin.(Inpractice,therearealimitednumberofindependentrelationships.)
Evenafterobservingthedemonstration,manystudentswillnotunderstandhowthenetforcecanacttorightatthesametime
asthenettorqueaboutthecenterisclockwise.Thestaticfrictionforcemustbeonlyslightlysmallerthanthetensionforceso
thatitcanexertthelargertorqueaboutthecenterofthespool.
QuestionE1.04c
Description:ReasoningandproblemsolvingwithlinearandrotationalformsofNewtonslawsinthecontextofrolling
withoutslipping.
Question
Aspoolhasstringwrappedarounditscenteraxleandissittingonahorizontalsurface.Ifthestringispulledatanangleto
thehorizontalwhendrawnfromthebottomoftheaxle,thespoolwill:
1. Rolltotheright
2. Notroll,onlyslidetotheright
3. Spinandslip,withoutmovingleftorright
4. Rolltotheleft
Page8.14
Chapter8
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Itisimpossibletodeterminethemotion.
Commentary
Purpose:Toexplorethechoiceoforiginanditseffectonthetorque.
Discussion:Therearefourforcesonthespool:(1)gravitation,down;(2)normal,up;(3)tension,asshown;and(4)friction.
Gravitationandthenormalforceexertzerotorquesaboutanyoriginalongaverticallinethroughthecenterofthespool.
(Theynolongerexertbalancingtorques,becausetheyarenolongerequaltoeachotherinstrength.Thenormalforceis
smallerthantheweight,becausethetensionforcehasacomponentup.)Thus,whetherwechoosethecenterofthespoolor
thecontactpoint,thetorquesarezero.
Tensionexertsacounterclockwisetorqueaboutthecenterofthespool.Itishardtopredictwhatdirectionthefrictionforce
willpoint,andthereforewhatdirectionitstorqueaboutthecenterofthespoolwillbe.So,fromthisanalysisitisnotobvious
whatwillhappen.
Aswiththepreviousproblem,wecanchooseourorigintobeatthepointofcontactbetweenthespoolandsurface,sothat
frictionexertszerotorque.Aboutthisorigin,thenettorqueisexertedexclusivelybythetensioninthestring.Butinwhat
directionisthattorque?
Tofigurethatout,weneedtoknowthelineofactionofthetensionforce.Thelineofactionisastraightlinehavingthe
ur
sameorientationastheforceandpassingthroughthepointofapplicationoftheforce,asshown.Thetorquedueto F canbe
foundbytreatingitasthoughitisappliedanywherealongthelineofaction.Thus,thewaythegivendiagramisdrawn,the
torqueisclockwise.Thismeansthespoolwillrolltotheright.
However,theangleisleftunspecified.Ifwedontassumethedrawingistoscale,theanglecouldbeanything.Thereisan
angleforwhichthelineofactionpassesthroughthechosenorigin,inwhichcasethenettorqueonthespooliszero,thenet
forceistotheright,andthespoolwillslidetotherightwithoutspinning.
Page8.15
Chapter8
Iftheangleisevenlargerthanthis,sothatthelineofactionpassestotherightoftheorigin/contactpoint,thenettorqueis
counterclockwise.Thiswouldcausethespooltounrolltotheleft.Ifthetensionisvertical,thespoolwillalsounrolltothe
left.
Demonstrationscanconfirmalloftheseoutcomes.
Thus,themotionofthespooldependsupontheangle.Theangledrawninthefigurewillcausethespooltorolltotheright.
KeyPoints:
Thelineofactionisausefulconceptfordeterminingthedirectionofthetorqueexertedbyaforce.Eachforcehasits
ownlineofaction.Wecantreatthetorqueasthoughtheforceisappliedanywherealongthelineofaction.
Acleverchoiceoforigincanmaketorqueproblemsmucheasiertoanalyze.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthelastofthreequestionsusingthissituation.Thisquestiondriveshometheideathatthechoiceoforiginshouldbe
donewithsomestrategicthinkingandgoal.Italsoshowstheutilityofthelineofactionconcept.
Aphysicaldemonstrationisextremelyvaluablehere,sothatstudentscanseethattheangleofthetensionforcecritically
affectsthemotionofthespool.
Afamilyofdiagramsshowingthelineofactionfordifferentanglesofthetensionforcecanhelpstudentsunderstandthe
analysisandcometoabetterunderstandingoftorquesandlinesofaction.
QuestionE1.06a
Description:Reasoningwithforce,energy,andtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
Twoblockshangfromstringswoundarounddifferentpartsofadoublepulleyasshown.Assumingthesystemisnotin
equilibrium,whathappenstothesystemspotentialenergywhenitisreleasedfromrest?
Page8.16
Chapter8
1. Itremainsthesame.
2. Itdecreases.
3. Itincreases.
4. Itisimpossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheradiiofthetwopulleys
5. Itisimpossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheratiooftheradiiofthetwopulleys
6. Itisimpossibletodetermineforsomeotherreason
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopqualitativereasoningandproblemsolvingskillsbyapplyingenergyideasinarotationaldynamics
context.
Discussion:Wedonotknowtheradiiofthetwopulleys,oreventheirratio,sowecannotpredictwhichblockwillfalland
whichwillrisewhenthesystemisreleasedfromrest.Toanswerthequestion,however,wedonotneedtoknowanyofthese
features.
Wedoknowthatthesystemisnotinequilibrium,whichmeansthatoneblockwillstarttofallandtheotherwillstartto
rise,andthedoublepulleywillbegintorotate.Thus,thekineticenergyofthesystemwillrise.
Wherewillthisenergycomefrom?Therearenoexternalforcesdoingworkonthesystem,soitcanonlycomefromthe
potentialenergyofthegravitationalinteractionbetweentheblocksandtheEarth.Ifthekineticenergyisincreasing,the
potentialenergymustdecreasesothattotalmechanicalenergywillbeconserved.
NotethatwearetreatingtheEarthaspartofthesystem.Properlyspeaking,gravitationalpotentialenergyisnotaproperty
ofanobjectsuchasablock,butratheroftheinteractionbetweentwoobjectsinthiscase,betweeneachblockandthe
Earth.(Thereisalsogravitationalpotentialenergybetweenthetwoblocksandbetweeneachandthedoublepulley,butthese
aretrulyminiscule.)IfwedidnottreattheEarthaspartofthesystem,wewouldnottalkaboutgravitationalpotential
energyinthisquestion.Instead,wewouldtalkabouttheworkdonebyexternalforces:thegravitationalforceoftheEarthon
eachoftheblocks.Thiswouldjustbeadifferentwayofdescribingthesituation,and(ifwewerecalculatingnumbers)would
producethesameresults.
KeyPoints:
Manyquestionscanbeansweredthroughqualitativereasoningfromgeneralprinciples,withoutnumericalcalculationsor
solvingforanything.
Ifthekineticenergyofasystemincreases,theneitherexternalforcesaredoingpositiveworkonthesystem,orthe
Page8.17
Chapter8
potentialenergyofaninteractionamongpartsofthesystemisdecreasing.
Tobeprecise,wetalkaboutthepotentialenergyofaninteractionbetweenobjects,notthepotentialenergyofanobject.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstoftwoquestionsonthissituation.Thisoneexploresqualitativereasoningwithenergyideas;thenextis
similarbutappliesforceideas.Althoughthetopicsofthesetwoquestionsareconservationofenergyandforces,theyare
usefulasbroaderintegratingquestionsthatteachstudentstousetheirinventoryofbasicphysicsprinciplesforreasoning
aboutvarioussituations.
Themostlikelystumblingblockforstudentswiththisproblemisthattheywillwanttosolveforthemotionandwillnotbe
ableto.Thatmakesitagoodcontextforteachingthevalueofqualitative,principlebasedreasoning.
Treatingthediagramasascaledrawingwillnothelpstudentsdeterminewhichwaythepulleyrotates,sincetheratioofthe
radiiisabout2:5,thesameastheratiooftheblockmasses.
QuestionE1.06b
Description:Reasoningwithforce,energy,andtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
Twoblockshangfromstringswouldarounddifferentpartsofa2kgdoublepulleyasshown.Thepivotexertsanormalforce
FNsupportingthedoublepulley.Assumingthesystemisnotinequilibrium,whichstatementaboutFNistrueafterthe
systemisreleasedfromrest?(Useg=10N/kg.)
Page8.18
Chapter8
1.
FN=20N
2.
20N<FN<27N
3.
FN=27N
4.
FN>27N
5.
Itisimpossibletopredictwhatthenormalforceonthedoublepulleywillbe.
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopqualitativereasoningandproblemsolvingskillsbyapplyingforceideasinarotationaldynamics
context.
Discussion:Wedonotknowtheradiiofthetwopulleys,oreventheirratio,sowecannotpredictwhichblockwillfalland
whichwillrisewhenthesystemisreleasedfromrest.Toanswerthequestion,however,wedonotneedtoknowanyofthese
features.
Wedoknowthatthecenterofmassofthesystemisfalling,andinfactisacceleratingdownward.Thismeansthatanetforce
inthedownwarddirectionmustbeactingonthesystem.Theonly(external)forcesaregravitationandthenormalforce
exertedbythepivot,whichmeansthenormalforcemustbesmallerthanthetotalweightofthesystem(27N).
Further,thedoublepulleyisnotaccelerating,sothenetforceonitmustbezero.Thereistensioninbothstringspulling
down,sothenormalforcemustbelargerthantheweightofthedoublepulley(20N).
Notethatthetensionsinthestringsarenot2Nand5N,theweightsoftheblocks.Forthefallingblock(whicheverthatturns
outtobe),thetensionwillbeslightlysmallerthantheweight;fortherisingblock,thetensionwillbeslightlylargerthanthe
weight.ThisisneededtosatisfyNewtonssecondlawappliedtoeachhangingmass.
Inthepreviousquestion,weconsideredtheEarthtobepartofthesystemwewereanalyzing.Inthisquestion,itismore
convenientnotto,butrathertotreatthegravitationalforceasanexternalforceactinguponasystemcomprisedofthedouble
pulley,ropes,andtwoblocks.Reasoningaboutthecenterofmassmotionofthesystem,iftheEarthwereincludedinthat
system,wouldbedifficult!
KeyPoints:
Manyquestionscanbeansweredthroughqualitativereasoningfromgeneralprinciples,withoutnumericalcalculationsor
solvingforanything.
Ifthecenterofmassofabodyorsystemisacceleratingevenifpartofitisheldinplacetheremustbeanonzeronet
Page8.19
Chapter8
externalforceactingononeormorecomponentsofsystem.
Ifthecenterofmassofabodyorsystemisnotaccelerating,allexternalforcesonthatbodyorsystemmustsumtozero.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondoftwoquestionsonthissituation.Thisoneexploresqualitativereasoningwithforceideas;theprevious
wassimilarbutappliedenergyideas.Althoughthetopicsofthesetwoquestionsareconservationofenergyandforces,
theyareusefulasbroaderintegratingquestionsthatteachstudentstousetheirinventoryofbasicphysicsprinciplesfor
reasoningaboutvarioussituations.Revisitingoldideasinnewcontextsisvaluable:itenrichesthenewcontextandhelps
studentscrosslinknewandoldideas.
Studentsmayhavedifficultyfocusingonthepivotandtheforcesitexerts.TheyarenotaccustomedtoapplyingNewtons
secondlaw(linear)tosituationsinvolvingpulleysandtorque.
Somestudentswillsaythattheforcesupportingthepulleyisequaltothepulleysweight,20N,ignoringthetensionspulling
down.Otherswillsaythatthetensionsare2Nand5N,sotheforcesupportingthesystemis27N.
Thissetoftwoquestionspresentsanexcellentopportunitytoholdahigherleveldiscussionaboutchoosingasystemas
partofstrategicproblemsolving:forexample,whyonewoulddecidetoincludetheEarthaspartofthesystemsometimes
butnotothers.
Notethattreatingthediagramasascaledrawingwillnothelpstudentsdeterminewhichmassfallsandwhichrises,sincethe
ratiooftheradiiisthesameastheratioofthehangingmasses(2:5).
QuestionE1.07
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbychoosinganoriginforstaticsproblems.
Question
AuniformrodoflengthL,massM,issuspendedbytwothinstrings.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueregardingthe
tensionsinthestrings?
Page8.20
Chapter8
1. T2=T1
2. T2=2.5T1
3. T2=0.6T1
4. T2=0.8T1
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Notenoughinformationtodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Topracticedeterminingtorquesinstaticsituations,onceagainmakingthepointthatagoodchoiceofpivotpoint
canmakeaproblemeasy.
Discussion:Aconsiderationofforcestellsusthatthetwotensionsmustadduptothebarsweight,inordertohavezeronet
forceintheydirection.Thus,wemustturntotorquestoanswerthis.Theremustbezeronettorqueaboutanypointonthe
barifthebaristoremainstatic.Thequestionis,whatchoiceofpivotpointwillmaketheproblemeasiest?
Sincethequestiondoesntrequireustoknowtheweight,choosingthecenterofmassasthepivotpointisadvantageous:
gravityexertsnotorqueaboutthatpoint.Then,ourequationthatstatesthesumofthetorquesequalszerowillrelatethetwo
tensions,providingtheanswerweseek.
Weneedtousethemarkingsontherodtodeterminewherethecenterofmassisandhowfareachstringisfromit.Wedont
knowtheunitshowlongeachsegmentisbutitdoesntmatter,sincewerelookingforaratiobetweenT1andT2.
Countingsegments,weseethatT2acts5unitsfromthecenterandT1acts3unitsaway,soT2mustbe3/5ofT1.Thus,answer
(3)isappropriate.
KeyPoints:
Lookforthemostconvenientoriginaboutwhichtocalculatetorques.
Usealltheinformationprovidedinaquestion,includingthediagram.
Ifyouthinkyouneedaquantitythatisnotgiven,defineavariableforitandproceed.Thevariablewilloftencancelout.
ForInstructorsOnly
IfanystudentschooseNotenoughinformation,wesuggestaskingthemwhatitistheywouldneedtoknowtomakethe
questionanswerable,andwhytheyneedit.Itslikelytheywanttoknowphysicaldimensionsforthelocationsofthestring.
Theymaynotrealizetheycancountsegmentstofindrelativedistances,ortheymaynotbecomfortableworkingwithratios
ratherthanactualdistances.
Page8.21
Chapter8
QuestionE1.08
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbyworkingwithforcesandtorquesinanontrivialstaticssituation.
Question
Auniformrodishingedtoawallandheldata30anglebyathinstringthatisattachedtotheceilingandmakesa90angle
torod.Whichstatement(s)mustbetrue?(Atleastoneofthemistrueandatleastoneisfalse.)
1. Thehingeforceispurelyvertical.
2. Thehingeforceispurelyhorizontal.
3. Thestringtensionisequaltothehingeforce.
4. Thestringtensionissmallerthantherodsweight.
5. 1and3aretrue.
6. 2and3aretrue.
7. 1and4aretrue.
8. 2and4aretrue.
9. 3and4aretrue.
10. Threeofthestatementsaretrue.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohelpyoulearntoreasonusingforcesandtorques.
Discussion:Therodisatrest,sothenetforceonitmustbezero,andthenettorqueaboutanyoriginmustalsobezero.This
yieldsmanypossiblerelationships,allofwhicharevalid,butonlysomeofwhichbringoutrelevantfeaturesofthissituation.
Inotherwords,wedonotneedtowritedowneveryvalidequationorrelationshiptoanswerthisquestion.Rather,thoughtful
choicesabouthowtoproceedwillyieldefficientresults.
Itisusefultoassumenothingaboutthehingeforceandtothinkofitashavingaverticalandahorizontalcomponent.These
componentscanbetreatedasindependentforces.(Weoftenseparateoneforceintotwoseparatecomponentforces,for
examplewhentreatingthecontactforcebetweentwosurfacesasanormalforceandafrictionforce.)
Page8.22
Chapter8
Letsfocusoneachstatementanddetermineitstruthorfalsehood.
Thehingeforceispurelyvertical.Thisstatementisfalse,becausethenetforceinthehorizontaldirectionmustbezero.The
tensionforcehasacomponentpullingtotheright,sothehingemustpulltotheleftwithanequalforce.
Thehingeforceispurelyhorizontal.Thisstatementisfalse,becausethenettorqueaboutthecenterofmassmustbezero.
Boththetensionforceandthehorizontalcomponentofthehingeforceexertcounterclockwisetorquesaboutthecenterof
massoftherod.Therefore,thehingemusthaveaverticalcomponenttoprovideabalancingclockwisetorque.
Thestringtensionisequaltothehingeforce.Thisstatementisfalse,sincethetwoforceshavedifferentdirections,withthe
hingepullingupandtotheleftandthetensionpullingupandtotheright.(Itturnsoutthatthetwoforcesdohavethesame
magnitude.)
Thestringtensionissmallerthantherodsweight.Thisstatementistrue,sincethenettorqueabouttheleftendoftherod
mustbezero.Thetorqueexertedbythehingeiszero(aboutthispoint),sothetensionmustbalancetheweight.Themoment
armislargerforthetension,sotheforcemustbesmaller.
KeyPoints:
Foranobjectatrest,allcomponentsofthenetforceandthenettorqueaboutanyoriginarezero.
Strategicchoicesofrelationshipsandoriginscanmakeanalysisandreasoningparticularlyefficient.
Toisolateanunknown,chooseanoriginsuchthatthetorqueduetotheotherunknown(s)iszero.Youcanconsiderthe
situationusingseveraldifferentoriginsifyouwant; I mustbetrueforallofthem.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionprovidesanexcellentopportunitytoexploreproblemsolvingapproachesandstrategies.Theequationsare
simple;findingthemostefficientuseofthoseequationsismoredifficult.
Studentscanbeeitherunawareoforoverwhelmedbythedecisionmakingneededtosolvestaticsproblems.Italllooksso
easywhentheinstructordoesit,yetwhenstudentsaredoinghomeworkorexams,itbecomesimpossible,largelybecause
theyhavenotpracticedtheskillofstrategicthinking.
Thekeytoevaluatingstatements1and2istofocusontheothercomponenttodetermineitsvalidity.Thatis,todetermineif
thehingeforceispurelyvertical,onemustfindoutwhetherthehorizontalcomponentiszero.(Studentssometimesthinkthat
hingesonlyexertverticalforces.)
Somegoodstudentsmightfigureoutthatthehingeforceandthetensionforcehavethesamemagnitude,sincetheir
Page8.23
Chapter8
horizontalcomponentsbalanceandtheirverticalcomponentseachsupporthalftheweightoftherod.Theymightnotrealize,
however,thatstatement3isaboutvectorequality,requiringmagnitudesanddirectionstobethesame.(Thisfallsintothe
categoryofstudentsgivingtherightanswertothewrongquestion.)
QuestionE1.09
Description:Problemsolvingwithforcesandtorquesinastaticscontext.
Question
Auniformrodoflength4L,massM,issuspendedbytwothinstrings,lengthsLand2Lasshown.Whatisthetensioninthe
stringattheleftendoftherod?
1. Mg
2. Mg/2
3. Mg/3
4. Mg/4
5. Noneoftheabove
Commentary
Purpose:Tohelpyoutounderstandthedefinitionoftorqueanditsapplicationtoastaticsituation.
Description:Thisisastaticsproblem:theobjecthaszerolinearaccelerationandzeroangularacceleration,sothenetforce
andthenettorqueonitmustbothbezero.Notethatatorqueisalwaysdeterminedaboutsomeorigin;thenettorqueonthe
objectaboutanyorigin,anywhereinspace,mustbezero.
Ifthenetforcemustbezero,thesumofthetensionsinthetwostringsmustbeMg,sothatthenetforceontherodiszero.So
ifthestringshaveequaltensions,thetensionineachmustbeMg/2.Butarethetensionsequal?
Sincetherodisuniform,itscenterofmassisatitsmiddle.Thisisaparticularlyconvenientchoiceoforigin,sincethetorque
Page8.24
Chapter8
duetogravitationiszeroaboutthispoint.However,wearefreechooseanypointinspaceastheorigintoanswerthis
question.
Letschoosethemiddleoftherodastheorigin.Eventhoughtherodisnotperfectlyhorizontal,themomentarmsforthetwo
tensionforcesareequal.Theyareequaltothehorizontaldistancefromthecenteroftherodtothepointofattachmentofthe
string(lessthan2L),whichisthesameforeachstring.Sincethenettorqueaboutanyoriginmustbezeroforanobjectat
rest,thetwotensionsmustexertbalancingtorques.Sincethemomentarmsarethesame,thetensionsmustbethesamealso.
Inotherwords,eachstringsupportshalftheweightoftherod.Thelengthsofthestringsdoesnotmatter.
Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemistochoosetheorigintobeattherightendoftherod.Thisisalsoastrategicchoice,
becausethenthetorqueduetothetensionintherightstringiszero.Twoforcesontherodexertnonzerotorques:thetension
intheleftstring,whichisthedesiredunknown,andgravitation.Themomentarmforthetensionistwiceaslargeasthe
momentarmforgravitation.(Remember,gravitationactsasthoughtheforceisexertedatthecenterofmass.)Asbefore,
sincetherodisatrest,thetwotorquesmustbalanceeachother.Therefore,sincethemomentarmforthetensionistwiceas
large,thetensionmustbehalfaslargeastheweightoftherod.
KeyPoints:
Forabodyinstaticequilibrium(i.e.,onethatisstationary),thenetforceonthebodyandthenettorqueonthebodyabout
anypointmustbothbezero.
Anyoriginmaybechosentoanalyzeandsolveaproblem,butthoughtful,strategicchoicesoforigincanmaketheanalysis
muchsimpler.
Themomentarmofaforceaboutanorigin,usedtodeterminethetorqueitexerts,istheshortestdistancefromthe
origintotheimaginarylineyougetbyextendingthelinealongwhichtheforceactstoinfinityinbothdirections.Itisnot
necessarilythedistancefromtheorigintothepointatwhichtheforceactsontheobject.
Gravitationactsasthoughtheforceisexertedatthecenterofmass.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofthesimpleststaticsituationswecancreate,yetstudentsoftencannotsortouttherelevantfeaturesbecauseof
theangleoftherod.Manyconcludeintuitivelythattheleftstringexertsthelargerforce,andthoughtsoftorque,centerof
mass,andmomentarmsareoftenneglected.
Studentsoftenhavedifficultyapplyingtheconceptofmomentarmtoasituationinwhichforcesareexertedatanangle
relativetotherodorobject.Adiagrammayhelpmanysortthisout.
Studentscanbeflusteredbyhavingtochoosewhichpointistheorigin.Theyfrequentlygethunguponmakingtheright
Page8.25
Chapter8
choice,notrealizingthatallchoicesarecorrectbutsomeareeasiertoworkwiththanothers.Itisusefultogivestudents
opportunitiestothinkaboutstrategicchoicesoforigin,andalsotohavestudentssolvetheproblemtwoormoretimeswith
differentorigins,asthiswillencouragecomparisonofapproaches.Ifstudentsonlyseeonechoiceforanygivensituation,
theywill(reasonablybutincorrectly)concludethatthereisonebest(andthereforeright)choicetoanyproblem.
QuestionE1.10a
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbychoosinganoriginfortorqueproblems.
Question
AuniformdiskwithmassMandradiusRsitsatrestonanincline30tothehorizontal.Astringiswoundaroundthedisk
andattachedtothetopoftheinclineasshown.Thestringisparalleltoincline.Whatisthetensioninthestring?
1. Mg
2. Mg/2
3. 2Mg/5
4. Mg/4
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourproblemsolvingskillsbyconsideringmultipleapproachestoaquestion,andexplorethe
significanceofwhereyouchooseyouroriginfortorquecalculations.
Discussion:Thereareoftenmultiplewaystosolveaproblem,andpartoflearningtodophysicswellislearningtoselect
theeasiestapproachtoagivenproblem.Thisstaticsquestionisconceptuallystraightforwardtoanswer,butthealgebracan
berelativelysimpleorcomplicateddependingonthecoordinatesystemyouchoose.
Page8.26
Chapter8
Theunknownforcesactingonthediskarethetensionforceofthestringthatweseek,andthenormalandfrictionforcesof
theplane.Weknowthedirectionofeachoftheseandthelocationatwhichitactsonthedisk,butnotitsmagnitude.Gravity,
whosemagnitudeanddirectionweknow,alsoactsonthedisk.So,wehavethreeunknowns:themagnitudesofthetension,
normal,andfrictionforces.Wethereforeneedthreeindependentequationsinordertosolveforthem.Sincethediskis
stationary,weknowitisnotacceleratinginthexorydirections,andthatitisnotrotatingaboutanypivotpointwechoose
toconsider.Thismeansthatthenetforceinthexdirectioniszero,thenetforceintheydirectioniszero,andthenettorque
aboutanypointiszero.Bywritingeachofthesestatementsintermsoftheactualforces(andtrigonometricfunctionsofthe
inclineangle),wegetthreeequations,andallwehavetodoiseliminatethevariableswedontcareaboutandsolveforthe
tension.Thisisaclassicstaticsproblem.
Thequestionis,inordertofindthetension,whatchoiceofcoordinatesystemandpivotpointisbest?Anychoicewillwork,
butsomewillleadtoratheruglyalgebra.Howtochoose?
Ifwechoosethepivotpointforourtorqueequationtobeatthepointofcontactbetweenthediskandincline,thenneitherthe
normalnorfrictionforcesexertanytorque(sincebothactatthepivotpointitself).So,theonlytwotorquesareduetogravity
andthestringtension;theonlyunknownisthemagnitudeofthetension,andwecansolvethisoneequationforthetension.
Simple!Wedontneedtousethetwoforceequationsorsolveforthefrictionornormalforcesatall.
Thetensionexertsatorqueof2RToutofthepage.Theweightactsatthecenterofthedisk,andthecomponentoftheweight
perpendiculartothevectorfrompivotpointtothecenterofthediskisMgsin(thecomponentparalleltotheplane),sothe
weightexertsatorqueofMgRsinintothepage.Thus, 2 RT MgR sin ,and T Mg 2 sin .Thesineof30is1/2,
soanswer(4)iscorrect.
Hadwechosenadifferentpivotpoint,thesystemofequationswedhavetosolvewouldbesignificantlymorecomplex.
KeyPoints:
Forabodyinstaticequilibrium,theforcesonitmustaddtozero(vectorsum,i.e.,alongallaxes),andthetorquesmust
addtozeroaboutanypivotpointyouchoose.
Choosingtheorientationofyourcoordinateaxesandthepivotpointforyourtorqueequationcanmakethealgebraofa
problemeasierorharder.
Itsgenerallywisetochooseapivotpointwhereasmanyforcesaspossible,especiallyunknownonesyouarentinterested
insolvingfor,exertnotorque:thatis,theforcesactatthatpoint,oralongalinethatpassesthroughthepoint.
ForInstructorsOnly
Page8.27
Chapter8
Inthisquestion,theissueisnotsomuchwhichanswerisrightaswhatapproachprovidestheeasiestpathtoit.Many
studentswillplacetheirpivotpointatthecenterofthediskorperhapswherethestringattachestothedisk,andthendive
intotwo(orthree)equationsintwo(orthree)unknowns(dependingontheirchoiceofcoordinatesystem).Whenthesimple
solutiondescribedaboveisrevealedduringdiscussion,agooddealofforeheadsmackingoccurs,andthepointistakento
heart.
Wefindthattalkingexplicitlyaboutproblemsolvingstrategiesandprovidingquestionswithmultipleapproaches,some
clearlysuperiortoothers,helpsstudentstobecomemoreeffective,efficient,andawareproblemsolvers.
QuestionE1.10b
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbychoosinganoriginfortorqueproblems.
Question
AuniformdiskwithmassMandradiusRsitsatrestonanincline30tothehorizontal.Astringiswoundarounddiskand
attachedtotopofinclineasshown.Thestringisparalleltoincline.Thefrictionforceactingatthecontactpointis:
1. Mg/2,downtheincline
2. Mg/2,uptheincline
3. Mg/4,uptheincline
4. Mg/0.86,downtheincline
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourproblemsolvingskillsbyconsideringmultipleapproachestoaquestion,andtoexplorethe
significanceofwhereyouchooseyouroriginfortorquecalculations.
Page8.28
Chapter8
Discussion:Thisquestionisalmostidenticaltothelastone(19a),exceptitasksforthemagnitudeofthefrictionforcerather
thanthetension.Itcanbesolvedjustaseasilyasthatproblem,bychoosingapivotpointwherethestringmeetsthedisk(so
thetensionandnormalforcesexertnotorque),settingupthetorqueequation,andsolvingforthefrictionforce.
However,havingansweredthepreviousquestion,wecansolvethisoneevenmoresimply.Weknowthatthenetforceonthe
diskiszero.Considerforcesactingparalleltotheincline.TheweightcomponentdowntheplaneisMgsin=Mg/2,andthe
tensionforceuptheplaneisonehalfthat(Mg/4),aswefoundlastquestion.So,ifthereistobenonetforcealongtheplane,
frictionmustexertaforceequaltotension(Mg/4)uptheplane,sothattogethertensionandfrictioncanbalancetheparallel
componentoftheweight.Usingwhatwefoundlastquestion,wecananswerthisoneinourheadswithnosignificantalgebra
atall.
Itmightbothersomestudentsthatthefrictionforceactsupwardalongtheplane.Imaginewhatwouldhappeniftheplane
werefrictionless:thebottomofthediskwouldslipforwarddowntheplane,slidingoutfromunderthepointattachedtothe
string.Thus,frictionmustopposethismotionbypointinguptheplane.
KeyPoints:
Again,thinkcarefullybeforedivingintoacalculation.Youmightalreadyknowenough,orbeabletoreasonenough,to
answeraquestionwithoutgettingintothealgebra.Worksmarter,notharder.
Themoralofthesequestionsisntjusttochoosethebestpivotpointforastaticsproblem.Itstouseallyourinformation
andknowledgetochoosetheeasiestwaytoansweraquestion.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionismeanttofollow19a.Wesuggestthoroughlydiscussing19abeforebeginningthisone.Somestudentswill
nothavetakenthepointof19a,andwillonceagainwadeintomultipleequationsinmultipleunknowns.Somewillhave
takenthespecificmoralaboutchoosingapivotpointcarefully,andwillrepeatthatapproachherebetter,butnotideal.Few
arelikelytousewhattheyfoundlastquestiontoreasontheanswer,asoutlinedabove.
Westronglysuggestdrawingafreebodydiagramofthedisktosupporttheargumentabove.Notonlydoesthishelpsome
studentsgrasptheargument,butitcommunicatesbyexamplethatgraphicalrepresentationssuchasfreebodydiagramsare
usefulproblemsolvingtoolsthatshouldbepartofstudentsworkingtoolkit.
QuestionE2.01
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumforlinear,circular,andspinningmotion.
Page8.29
Chapter8
Question
Whichsituationhastheleastmagnitudeofangularmomentumabouttheorigin?
A. A2kgmasstravelsalongtheliney=3mwithspeed1.5m/s.
B. A1kgmasstravelsinacircleofr=4.5mabouttheoriginwithspeed2m/s.
C. AdiskwithI=3kgm2rotatesaboutitscenter(onorigin)with=3rad/s.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. BothAandB
5. BothAandC
6. BothBandC
7. Allhavethesamemagnitudeangularmomentum.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofangularmomentumandconfrontacommonmisconceptionthatobjectstravelingin
astraightlinemusthavezeroangularmomentum.
ur r r
r
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofapointlikeobjectisdefinedby L r p ,where r isthevectorfromtheorigin
r
(aboutwhichangularmomentumisbeingdetermined)totheobject,and p istheobjectsmomentum.Forarigidobject
rotatingaboutanaxis,wecanusethistoderiveanexpressionfortheobjectstotalangularmomentum: L I ,whereIis
themomentofinertiaoftheextendedobjectabouttherotationaxisandisitsangularvelocityaboutthataxis.
IfwesimplyapplythefirstformtosituationAwefindthattheangularmomentumhasamagnitudeof 9kg m 2 /s2 .Note
thatanobjectdoesnotneedtoberotatingortravelinginacurvetohavenonzeroangularmomentum;itmerelyneedsa
nonzerovelocitythatisntpurelyradial(towardsorawayfromtheorigin).
Ifthisbothersyou,imaginethatthemassinsituationAstrikesandstickstoastationarydiskfreetorotateaboutanaxisat
theorigin.Whatwillhappen?Thediskwiththemassstucktoitwillbegintorotateabouttheaxis.Thefinalsituationclearly
hasnonzeroangularmomentum.Fortheprincipleofconservationofangularmomentumtohaveanymeaning,theinitial
situationthemassmovinginastraightlinemustalsohavenonzeroangularmomentum.
Similarly,wecanapplythefirstformtosituationBtofindanangularmomentumof 9kg m 2 /s2 .Alternatively,wecanuse
Page8.30
Chapter8
thesecondformdeterminingtheangularvelocityfromthespeedandthecirclescircumference,andusing I mR 2 asthe
momentofinertiaofapointmassadistanceRfromtheaxis.Wewillgetthesameanswer.
ApplyingthesecondformtosituationCalsoyieldsanangularmomentumof 9kg m 2 /s2 .Thus,thebestansweris(7).
KeyPoints:
ur r r
Angularmomentumisdefinedby Lr p forapointmass.
Thetotalangularmomentumofarigid,rotatingobjectcanbedeterminedusing L I .
Amassdoesnotneedtoberotatingorspinningtohavenonzeroangularmomentum.Translatingpasttheoriginanonzero
distanceawayissufficient.
ForInstructorsOnly
Answer(1)iscommon,andrevealstheprevalentmisconceptionthatobjectstravelingalongastraightlinehavenoangular
momentum.
Answer(4)revealsthelessprevalentmisconceptionthatonlynonpoint,rotatingobjectscanhaveanonzeroangular
momentum.
Theotherincorrectanswersaremerelydistractors.
Thisisagoodproblemforstressingthattheangularmomentumofanobjectdependsononeschoiceoforigin.Themass
movinglinearlyinsituationAwouldhavenoangularmomentumifonechoseanorigindirectlyalongitspath,ratherthanoff
totheside.
QuestionE2.02a
Description:Exploringstudentthinkingaboutrotationalmotionandangularmomentumconservation.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofarotatingdiskholdingarock.Thediskrotatesfreelywithoutfriction.Iftherockisdropped
attheinstantshown,whichoftheindicatedpathsmostnearlyrepresentsthepathoftherockasseenfromabovethedisk?
Page8.31
Chapter8
1. Path(1)
2. Path(2)
3. Path(3)
4. Path(4)
5. Path(5)
6. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:TocheckyourunderstandingofNewtonsfirstlawinarotationalcontext.
Discussion:Weinterprettheworddropinthequestionstatementtomeanthattherockisreleasedwithoutdeliveringany
impulsetoit.
Attheinstantshown,therocksvelocityisstraightforward,tangentialtothedisk:direction(2).Whentherockisreleased,
theonlyforcesactingontherockaregravityandairresistance.Gravitywillaccelerateitdownwards(intothepage,asseen
fromabove),andairresistancewilltendtoslowitdownbutnotchangeitsdirection.Thus,therearenoforcesthatprovidean
accelerationtotheleftorright,andtherockmustcontinuealongpath(2)asseenfromabove.(Seenfromtheside,therock
wouldfollowaparabolaasitcontinuestravelingforwardwhileacceleratingdownward.)ThisisaconsequenceofNewtons
firstlaw:anobjectmaintainsitsexistingvelocityspeedanddirectionunlessanexternalforceactsuponit.
Youmaythinkthatthevelocityoftherockbeforeitisdroppediscurved.Weoftenuseacurvedarrowtorepresentthe
angularvelocityofsomething,butthisdoesnotmeanthatthe(linear)velocityiscurved.Velocityisalwaysavector
representingthespeedanddirectionofanobjectatonepointintime,andcanbeindicatedbya(straight)arrow.Iftheobject
followsacurvedpath,thevelocityatanypointistangenttothecurve.
Path(3)mightbewhatthetrajectoryoftherockwouldlookliketothechildwhodroppedit.Inotherwords,thechildis
movingawayfromthepathoftherock,andtherefore,therocklookslikeitiscurvingaway.Thisisanillusion,however,
becausethechildisaccelerating(movinginacircle);thechildsframeofreferenceisanoninertial(invalid)frame.
Youmightthinkthattherocktravelsalongpath(1),thatthevelocitychangesdirectionbecausetherockexperiencesa
centripetalacceleration,andthatthisaccelerationiscausedbythecentripetalforce.Centripetalforceisnotarealforce.
Rather,itisacomponentofthenetforce.Thecentripetalforceiswhatevercomponentpointsradiallyinwardwhenallthe
actualforces,causedbyinteractionswithotherobjects,aresummed.Inthissituation,theonlyforcesactingontherockafter
itisreleasedaregravityandairresistance,sothenetforcehasnocomponentintheradialdirection.Thus,thecentripetal
forceiszero.
Page8.32
Chapter8
Youmightthinkthattherocktravelsalongpaths(3),(4),or(5)becauseitisacteduponbythecentrifugalforce.Thereis
nosuchforce.Centrifugalforceisanillusionexperiencedwithinanaccelerated(noninertial)referenceframe.Tothechild,
itfeelslikesomethingispullingtherockoutwardfromherhand;thatistheillusorycentrifugalforce.Inreality,therocks
inertiaisjustcarryingitinastraightlineaccordingtoNewtonsfirstlaw,andthechildmustexertaforceradiallyinwardon
ittomakeittravelinacircle(untilshedropsit).
KeyPoints:
Newton'sfirstlawsaysthatanobjecttravelswithconstantvelocityunlessaforceactsuponittochangeitsspeedand/or
direction.
Anobjecttravelsalongacircularpathonlyifsomeinteractionwithanotherobjectpullsittowardsthecenterofthatcircle;
whenthatinteractionceases,theobjectstopsmovinginacurveandcontinuesinastraightline.
Centripetalforceisnotarealforceliketension,gravity,andthelike,butisawayoftalkingaboutonecomponentofthe
sumofallforces.
Centrifugalforceisanillusionexperiencedinanacceleratingreferenceframe,notarealforce.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreequestionsaboutthissituation.Laterquestionsexploreconservationofangularmomentumand
energy;thisquestionsetsthoseupbyclarifyingthesituation,establishingstudentsunderstandingoftherocksactual
trajectory.ItalsoprovidesavaluablerefresheronNewtonsfirstlawandrevealsstubbornmisconceptionsaboutcircular
motion.
Youmaybesurprisedbyhowmanymisconceptionsthisquestioncanreveal,andhowtenaciouslystudentsclingtothem.
Thisquestion,andothersintegratingrotationalandlinearideas,deserveextendeddiscussiontime.
Tostimulateproductivediscussion,youmaywishtoposequestionssuchas:Whatpathwouldthechildsee?Whatisthe
velocityoftherockjustbeforeandjustafteritisdropped?Whatwouldthepathoftherockhavebeenifthechildcontinued
toholdit?Doyouexpectthepathtobethesameordifferentwhenthechilddropsit?
QuestionE2.02b
Description:Exploringstudentthinkingaboutrotationalmotionandangularmomentumconservation.
Question
Page8.33
Chapter8
Achildisstandingattherimofafreelyrotatingdiskholdingarock.Thediskrotateswithoutfriction.Therockisdroppedat
theinstantshown.Asaresultofdroppingtherock,whathappenstotheangularvelocityofthechildanddisk?
1. Increases
2. Staysthesame
3. Decreases
4. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Tocheckyourunderstandingofangularmomentumandrotationalinertia.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenthesystemexperiencesnonettorque.Whenthechild
dropstherock,noexternalforcesareactingonthechildanddiskthatcouldexertanettorque,sotheangularmomentumof
thechildanddiskmustremainconstant.(Internalforcescannotexertanettorque.)Thus,theirangularvelocitycannot
change.
Toputitanotherway,intheprocessofdroppingtherock,noangularimpulseisdeliveredtothechildanddisk,sonochange
inangularmomentumoccurs.
KeyPoints:
Ifasystemexperiencesnonettorque,itsangularmomentumwillremainconstant.
Onlyforcesexternaltoasystemcanexertanetforceoranettorqueonit.
Ifasystemsangularmomentumdoesnotchangeanditsmassdistributionremainsconstant,itsangularvelocitymustalso
remainconstant.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreequestionsaboutthissituation.Thefirstquestionestablishedthetrajectoryoftherockfollowingits
release;thisoneestablishesthebehaviorofthechildanddiskwhentherockisdropped.
Page8.34
Chapter8
Thisquestionmakesagoodcontextfordiscussingtheconceptofangularimpulse.
Studentsmayconfusethemselvesonthisquestionbyapplyingangularmomentumconservationincorrectly.Theymay,for
example,believethattheangularmomentumofthediskchildrocksystemmustbeconstant,andthattherockhasnoangular
momentumafteritisreleased,sotheangularmomentumofthediskandchildmustincrease.Thisconfusionmaybe
addressedinthecontextofdiscussionaboutthenextquestionintheset.
QuestionE2.02c
Description:Linkingandrelatingenergyandangularmomentumconservationforrotationalmotion.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofafreelyrotatingdiskholdingarock.Thediskrotateswithoutfriction.Therockisdroppedat
theinstantshown.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheprocessofdroppingtherock?
1. Angularmomentumisconserved,mechanicalenergyincreases.
2. Angularmomentumisconserved,mechanicalenergydecreases.
3. Angularmomentumincreases,mechanicalenergyisconserved.
4. Angularmomentumdecreases,mechanicalenergyisconserved.
5. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyareconserved.
6. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyincrease.
7. Angularmomentumdecreases,mechanicalenergyincreases.
8. Angularmomentumincreases,mechanicalenergydecreases.
9. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergydecrease.
10. Theconservedquantitiescannotbedetermined.
Commentary
Page8.35
Chapter8
Purpose:Todevelopyourunderstandingofenergyandangularmomentumconservationinarotationalcontext.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhennonettorqueactsonit.Anettorquemustcomefrom
externalforces,sinceinternalinteractionscannotapplyanetforceoranettorque.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhennoexternalforcesornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.(If
conservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotentialenergy,butthetotalmechanicalenergy
remainsconstant.Ifconservativeexternalforcesdowork,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotential,butthepotentialenergy
gainedorlostisnotpartofthesystem.)
Ifwetakethesystemtobetherock,thechild,andthemerrygoround,andweinterpretdroptomeanthatthechild
releasestherockwithoutdoinganyworkonit,thenthereisnonettorqueonthesystemandalsonoworkdoneby
nonconservativeforces.Thus,bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyareconserved.
Inthepreviousquestion,weestablishedthattheangularmomentumandangularvelocityofthechildanddiskdonotchange
whentherockisdropped.Ifthetotalangularmomentumofthediskchildrocksystemisalsoconserved,thentherockitself
musthavethesameangularmomentumbeforeandafteritisreleased.Thisispossiblebecauseanobjectmovinginastraight
linecanhavenonzeroangularmomentumaboutapointthatisnotonthatline.(Refertothedefinitionofangularmomentum
intermsoflinearmomentumtoseewhy.)
Notethatastherockisfalling,itskineticenergyisincreasingduetothegravitationalforceoftheEarth.Therefore,ifthe
Earthisnotpartofthesystemunderconsideration,thesystemsmechanicalenergydoesincreasewhiletherockisfalling
towardstheground.However,thisisaftertheprocessthequestionasksabout.
KeyPoints:
Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenevernonettorqueisexerteduponit.
Onlyexternalforcescanexertanettorque.
Anobjectmovinginastraightlinecanhaveangularmomentumaboutapointnotonthatline.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhenevernoexternalornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.
Whetherangularmomentumormechanicalenergyisconservedforasystemdependswhatoneincludesinthesystem.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthelastofthreequestionsinvolvingthissituation.Questions69acaskaboutsimilarsituationsinwhichthechild
Page8.36
Chapter8
throwstherockradiallyortangentiallyratherthandroppingit.Byusingthesetwoquestionsetstogether,youcandraw
studentsattentiontothesignificanceofthatfacet.
Somestudentswillsaythatmechanicalenergyand/orangularmomentumislostwhentherockisdroppedbecauseitisno
longerpartofthesystem.
Studentsgenerallyunderstandangularmomentumasspinningorrotating,andhavegreatdifficultyunderstandinghow
somethingmovinginastraightlinecanhavenonzeroangularmomentum.Reconcilingtheirintuitionandconceptofangular
ur r r
momentumwith Lr p (thedefinitionofangularmomentum)willbedifficult.Itmaybehelpfultomakeaconnectionby
consideringtheconstituentparticlesofanextended,rigid,rotatingbody.
Tostimulateproductivediscussion,youmaywishtoposequestionssuchas:Whatisthesystembeforetherockis
dropped?Howaboutafterwards?Whatexactlyistheprocesswearelookingat?Whendoesitstartandend?Doestherock
haveangularmomentum(ormechanicalenergy)justbeforeitisdropped?Howaboutjustafterwards?Ifenergyislost,
whathappenstoit?Ifangularmomentumchanges,whattorquesactonthesystemtochangeit?
QuestionE2.03a
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumandenergyinrotationalmotion(setup:addressingvelocity
vectoraddition).
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofadiskholdingarock.Thediskrotatesfreelywithoutfriction.Attheinstantshown,thechild
throwstherockradiallyoutward.Whichoftheindicatedpathsmostnearlyrepresentsthetrajectoryoftherockasseenfrom
above?
Page8.37
Chapter8
1. Path(1)
2. Path(2)
3. Path(3)
4. Path(4)
5. Path(5)
6. Noneoftheabove
7. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Torevisitvelocityandvectoradditioninthecontextofrotationalmotion.
Discussion:Justbeforetherockisthrown,itismovinginacircle,anditsinstantaneouslinearvelocitypointsdirectlyupthe
page(tangentialtothecircleofmotion).Ifthechildmerelydroppedtherock,itwouldcontinueinastraightlinealongpath
(2).However,whenthechildthrowstherockradiallyoutwards,shedeliversanimpulseindirection(5),soitnowhasa
velocitycomponentinthatdirectionaswellasitsoriginalvelocitycomponentindirection(2).Asaresult,therockmovesin
direction(4).
Afterithasbeenreleased,therockexperiencesnoforcesexceptgravityandairresistance,andneitherofthoseactina
directionthatwouldchangeitsdirectionleftorright.So,seenfromabove,therockcontinuesalongpath(4).
Youmaybetemptedtoputyourselfintheframeofthechild,toimaginethrowingordroppingtherock.Thisisdangerous,
becausetheframeofthechildisacceleratingandisnotaproperinertialreferenceframe.Newtonslawsdonotholdina
noninertialframe,soitisbesttoavoidusingonetoanalyzesituations.
KeyPoints:
Atanypointintime,anobjecttravelingalongacurvedpathhasalinearvelocitytangentialtothecurve.
Ifanobjectismovinginonedirectionandreceivesanimpulseinanotherdirection,itsresultingmotionwillbea
combinationofthosetwodirections.(Theexactdirectioncanbefoundfromthevectoradditionofitsoriginalmomentum
andtheappliedimpulse.)
Anobjectdoesnotcontinuemovingalongacurvewhentheforcecausingittofollowthatcurvehasceased.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreerelatedquestions.ThissetissimilartoQuestions68acandisintendedtofollowthem.
Page8.38
Chapter8
Somestudentsmayanswer(5)becausetheyinterpretthequestiontomeanthattherockisthrownsothatittravelsdirectly
outward.Indiscussingandresolvingthisambiguity,studentscanlearnmorethanifthemisinterpretationhadbeenprevented
bycarefulproblemwording.
Studentsmayalsochoose(5)becausetheythinkoftherockasatrestbeforeitisthrown,lookingatitfromthechilds
frame.
Presentingstudentswithananalogoussituationmaybehelpful.Forexample,imagineaballrollingalongthefloorinone
directionandreceivingakicksideways.Whatdirectiondoesitrollafterthekick?(Thisissuitableforademonstration.)
Additionalquestionstoaskduringdiscussion:Whatistheradialcomponentofthevelocityiftherockfollowspath(2)?Isit
possibletothrowtherockinsuchawaythatitfollowspath(5)?
QuestionE2.03b
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumandenergyinrotationalmotion.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofarotatingdisk,andthrowsarockradiallyoutwardattheinstantshown.Thediskrotates
freelywithoutfriction.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaboutthediskchildrocksystemastherockisthrown?
1. Angularmomentumisconserved;mechanicalenergyincreases.
2. Angularmomentumisconserved;mechanicalenergydecreases.
3. Angularmomentumincreases;mechanicalenergyisconserved.
4. Angularmomentumdecreases;mechanicalenergyisconserved.
5. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyareconserved.
6. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyincrease.
7. Angularmomentumdecreases;mechanicalenergyincreases.
Page8.39
Chapter8
8. Angularmomentumincreases;mechanicalenergydecreases.
9. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergydecrease.
10. Theconservedquantitiescannotbedetermined.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofenergyandangularmomentumconservationinarotationalcontext.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhennonettorqueactsonit.Anettorquemustcomefrom
externalforces,sinceinternalinteractionscannotapplyanetforceoranettorque.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhennoexternalforcesornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.(If
conservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotentialenergy,butthetotalmechanicalenergy
remainsconstant.Ifconservativeexternalforcesdowork,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotential,butthepotentialenergy
gainedorlostisnotpartofthesystem.)
Anyforcesbetweenthechildandrockduringtheactofthrowingareinternaltothesystem,andthereforecannotexerta
torqueonthesystem.Nootherforcesarepresentthatcanexertatorque,sononettorqueexists,andthesystemsangular
momentumisconserved.(Aftertherockisthrown,itstillhasangularmomentumeventhoughitistravelinginastraight
line.)
Internalforcesbetweenthechildandrockaredoingwork,however.Thekineticenergyoftherockincreases.Furthermore,
thesearenonconservativeforces,andsothetotalmechanicalenergyofthesystemincreasesduringthethrowing.
KeyPoints:
Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenevernonettorqueisexerteduponit.
Onlyexternalforcescanexertanettorque.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhenevernoexternalornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.
Nonconservativeinternalforcescandoworkonandincreasethemechanicalenergyofasystem.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreerelatedquestions.ItisparalleltoQuestionE2.02c,butforathrownratherthandroppedrock.
Studentswhoanswerthatmechanicalenergyisconserved(3),(4),or(5)maybeexpressingtheirbeliefthatenergyis
alwaysconserved,withoutappreciatingthatthisdoesnotrequirethemechanicalenergyofaparticularsystemtoalwaysbe
Page8.40
Chapter8
conserved.Leadingthesestudentstorealizethatthekineticenergyofthemovingrockcomesfromchemicalenergyinthe
tissuesofthechildsmuscles,whichisnotconsideredmechanicalenergy,maybehelpful.
Otherstudentswhoanswerthatmechanicalenergyisconservedmaynotrealizethatinternalforcescandoworkonthe
system.Discussinganalogoussituationsmaybehelpful:forexample,anacceleratingbicycleorautomobile,inwhich
internalforcesprovidetheenergy(butstaticfrictionprovidestheimpulse).
Studentswhoanswerthatmechanicalenergydecreases(2),(8),or(9)maythinkthatthethrownrockisnolongerpartof
thesystem,andsoitskineticenergyisremovedfromthesystemsmechanicalenergy.
Studentsmaybesurprisedtoencounterasystemwhosemechanicalenergyincreases;mostoftheirexperienceiswithforces
thatdissipate,ratherthanadd,energy.
AdditionalQuestions:
1. Iftherockisthrowninsteadindirection(2),(a)wouldtheangularmomentumofthesystemincrease,decrease,orstay
thesame,and(b)wouldtheangularmomentumoftherockincrease,decrease,orstaythesame?
2. Thechildthrowstherocksuchthatitismovingindirection(5)withthesamespeedasbefore.(a)Explainhowthisis
possible.(b)Whatistheangularmomentumoftherockafterwards?(c)Whatquantitiesmustchangeforthediskchild
systemduringthisprocess?Howdotheychange?Explain.
QuestionE2.03c
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumandenergyinrotationalmotion.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofarotatingdiskholdingarock,andthrowsarockindirection(2)attheinstantshown.The
diskrotatesfreelywithoutfriction.Whathappenstotheangularspeedofthedisk?
Page8.41
Chapter8
1. Increases
2. Remainsthesame
3. Decreases
4. Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneandrelatetheconceptsofangularvelocity,angularmomentum,angularimpulse,andtorque.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhennonettorqueactsonit.Anettorquemustcomefrom
externalforces,sinceinternalinteractionscannotapplyanetforceoranettorque.Forthesystemconsistingofthedisk,
child,androck,anyforcesbetweenthechildandrockduringtheactofthrowingareinternalandcannotexertanettorqueon
thesystem(asawhole).Ifnonettorqueexists,noangularimpulseisdelivered,sotheangularmomentumofthesystem
cannotchange.
However,thisdoesnottelluswhethertheangularvelocityofthediskandchildchanges.Letsconsiderthesystem
consistingofthediskandchild,butnottherock.Duringtheactofthrowing,thechildmustexertaforceontherockinthe
directiontherockisbeingthrown:direction(2).AccordingtoNewtonsthirdlaw,therockmustbeexertingaforceofequal
magnitudeonthechildshand,pointingbackintheoppositedirection.Asfarasthechildanddiskareconcerned,thisisan
externalforce,andexertsatorqueintheclockwisedirection.Thistorquecausesanangularimpulse,changingtheangular
momentumofthechildanddisk.Sincethetorqueisintheoppositedirectionoftherotation,theangularvelocityofthedisk
andchilddecrease.
Howisitpossiblefortheangularmomentumofthechildanddisktodecreaseiftheangularmomentumofthechild,disk,
androcktogetherisconserved?Becausetheangularmomentumoftherockincreasesasitisthrown.Recallthatanobject
travelinginastraightlinecanhavenonzeroangularmomentumaboutapointnotonthatline,accordingtothedefinitionof
ur r r
angularmomentum L r p .Therockslinearmomentumincreasesasitisthrown,soitsangularmomentumaboutthe
centerofthediskdoesaswell.
KeyPoints:
Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenevernonettorqueisexerteduponit.
Onlyexternalforcescanexertanettorqueonasystem.
Anobjecttravelinginastraightlinehasnonzeroangularmomentumaboutapointnotonthatline.
Choosingyoursystemwiselymakesanalyzingsituationsandansweringquestionseasier.
Page8.42
Chapter8
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthethirdofthreerelatedquestions.Thisquestiondiffersfromtheothersinthattherockisthrowntangentiallyrather
thanradially,drawingstudentsattentiontothesignificanceofthatchange.
Thisquestionisusefulforrelatingseveraldifferentconcepts:force,torque,momentum,angularmomentum,impulse,
angularimpulse,velocity,andangularvelocity.Weencourageyoutoleadadiscussionthatexploresthesituationand
questionfrommanyangles,helpingstudentstofittheseideastogetherandresolveapparentcontradictions.
Forexample,manystudentswillstillmostlikelyhavedifficultywiththeideathatanobjecttravelinginastraightlinecan
haveangularmomentum,butthatiscrucialtounderstandinghowthesystemasawholecanconserveangularmomentum
whenthediskandchildalonedonot.
Manystudentsmaychoosethecorrectanswerbasedonintuitionorvagueheuristicreasoning,andshouldbeencouragedto
formalizeordefendthiswithrigorousanalysis.
Notethatthekineticenergyofthesystemhasincreased,eventhoughtheangularspeedofthediskchildsystemhas
decreased.
QuestionE2.04
Description:Relatingangularmomentumtokineticenergyforrotation.
Question
Aniceskaterbeginsaspininthemiddleofalargerink,butthenstartstospinfasterbypullingherarmsin.Whichofthe
followingstatementsistrue?
1. Bothkineticenergyandangularmomentumareconserved.
2. Kineticenergyisconserved;angularmomentumincreases.
3. Kineticenergyisconserved;angularmomentumdecreases.
4. Kineticenergyincreases;angularmomentumisconserved.
5. Kineticenergydecreases;angularmomentumisconserved.
6. Bothkineticenergyandangularmomentumincrease.
7. Kineticenergyincreases;angularmomentumdecreases.
8. Kineticenergydecreases;angularmomentumincreases.
Page8.43
Chapter8
9. Bothkineticenergyandangularmomentumdecrease.
10. Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Toimproveyourunderstandingofconservationlawsandinternalforces.
Discussion:Ifwetreattheiceasfrictionless,onlytwoexternalforcesactontheskater:gravitation(down)duetotheEarth
andanormalforce(up)duetotheice.Neitheroftheseexertsatorqueabouttheskaterscenterofmass,soherangular
momentumisconserved.Bypullinginherarms,however,shehasdecreasedherrotationalinertia,soherangularvelocity
mustincrease: L I .
Herkineticenergy,however,mustincrease.Ifangularmomentumisconserved, I11 I 2 2 .Thismeansthatifher
rotationalinertiaIhasdecreasedbyafactorwellcallf(sothatI2=I1/f),herangularspeedmustincreasebythatsamefactor:
2 f 1 .Herkineticenergymustthereforeincreasebyafactoroff: K 2 I 2 22 2 f I112 2 fK 1 .
Wheredoestheadditionalenergycomefrom?Astheskaterpullsherarmsin,sheisapplyingaforcethroughadisplacement
andthusdoingworkonthesystem.Sheisconvertingchemicalenergystoredinherbodytokineticenergy.
KeyPoints:
Ifasystemexperiencesnonetexternaltorque,itsangularmomentumdoesnotchange.
Internalforcescandoworkonasystemandincreaseitskineticenergy.
Angularmomentumcanremainconstantwhileangularspeedincreases(ordecreases),ifrotationalinertiadecreases(or
increases)bythesamefactor.
Ifangularspeedchangesbutangularmomentumdoesnot,kineticenergyfromrotationmustalsochange.
ForInstructorsOnly
Studentswhoindicatethatangularmomentumdecreases(3),(7),or(9)maybetakingfrictionintoaccount.Theyarenot
incorrect;theyaremerelynotmakingtheexpectedassumption.
Studentsmayclaimthatangularmomentumincreases(2),(6),or(8)becausetheyassociatelargerangularspeedwith
largerangularmomentum,ignoringtheroleofrotationalinertiaornotrealizingthatitdecreasessufficientlyinthissituation.
Page8.44
Chapter8
Somestudentsmaycorrectlybelievethatkineticenergyincreases,butwithoutunderstandinghowthisarisesfromthe
interplaybetweenIand.
Studentsindicatingthatkineticenergydecreases(5),(8),or(9)maythinkthatkineticenergywouldbeconservedexcept
fortheeffectoffriction.
QuestionF1.03a
Description:Integratingenergyandangularmomentumideasbyconsideringprojectilemotioninauniversalgravitation
context.
Question
Twomassesm1andm2,havingm1>m2,arelaunchedwiththesamespeedinthedirectionA.Whichmassreachesthegreatest
height?
1. m1
2. m2
3. Bothreachthesameheight.
Commentary
Purpose:Toextendyourunderstandingofenergyconservationandprojectilemotionintotherealmofuniversal
gravitation.
Discussion:Undertheassumptionsoflocalgravity,themaximumheightaprojectilereachesdoesnotdependonthe
objectsmass,onlyonitslaunchdirectionandspeed.Thisprobleminquireswhetherthatisalsotrueunderuniversal
gravitation,thusstimulatingyoutogeneralizeyourunderstandingofprojectilemotionandworkwithuniversalgravitation
ideas.
Page8.45
Chapter8
Assumingeachprojectileslaunchspeedislessthanitsescapevelocity,itwillrisestraightup,graduallyslow,stop
momentarily,andfallbackdown.Itsmaximumheightthusoccurswhenthekineticenergyiszero.Initially,aprojectilehas
somepositivekineticenergyandsomenegativepotentialenergy.(Underuniversalgravitation,allgravitationalpotential
energyisnegative;thecloseroneistothesourceofattraction,themorenegativeitbecomes.)Atthehighestpoint,ithasonly
negativepotentialenergy.Sinceallforcesareconservative,totalmechanicalenergyisconserved,initialenergyisequalto
finalenergy,andbywritingtheappropriateexpressionsforkineticandpotentialenergy,wecansolvefortheprojectiles
height.
Wedont,however,actuallyhavetosolvefortheheighthere.Notethattheexpressionsforkineticandpotentialenergyare
bothproportionaltotheprojectilesmassm:K=mv2/2andU=GmMEarth/r.Thus,themasscancelsoutoftheequation,
meaningthatthemaximumheightachievedisindependentofthemass.(Thesameargumentappliestotheanalogous
probleminlocalgravitation,thoughtheequationforpotentialenergyisdifferent.)
Itmaybetemptingtoarguequalitativelythattheheavierobjecthasmoreinitialkineticenergy,andthereforewillhavemore
finalpotentialenergy,andthusmustgohigher;thisargumentoverlooksthefactthattheheavierobjectalsorequiresmore
energytoreachagivenheight.
KeyPoints:
Objectmassesoftendropoutofgravitationalproblems,forbothlocalanduniversalgravitation.
Understandingthereasoningbehindfactsandderivedresultshelpsyoutoknowwhethertheyarevalidinnew
circumstances(e.g.,universalgravitationvs.localgravitation).
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionisanexampleoftheextendthecontextpattern,presentingafamiliarquestioninanovelcircumstance:inthis
case,acommonprojectilemotionquestioninasituationrequiringuniversalratherthanlocalgravitation.
Donotstopafterfindingoutwhetherstudentsprovidethecorrectanswer;perseveretofindouttheirreasoning.Some
studentswillgettherightanswerbyerroneouslyapplyingthesquarerootof2ghorsimilarrulesmemorizedduringlocal
gravitation,andthismustbedetectedandchallenged.
QuestionF1.03b
Description:Integratingenergyandangularmomentumideasbyconsideringprojectilemotioninauniversalgravitation
context.
Page8.46
Chapter8
Question
Twomassesm1andm2,havingm1>m2,arelaunchedwiththesamespeedinthedirectionB.Whichmassreachesthegreatest
height?
1. m1
2. m2
3. Bothreachthesameheight.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohelpyouintegrateangularmomentumandenergyideasinuniversalgravitationproblems.
Discussion:Inthepreviousquestion,aprojectilelauncheddirectlyupwardsreacheditsapogee(maximumheight)whenits
speedwaszero.Inthisquestion,theprojectilesarelaunchedatanangleandthereforehaveanonzerospeedevenatapogee.
Inordertoapplytheprincipleofconservationofenergytofindthemaximumheight,weneedtoknowhowmuchkinetic
energyeachprojectilewillhaveatthetop.
Ifweweredoingthisproblemwithlocalgravity(aflatearthwithconstantgravitationalforce),thetrajectoryofaprojectile
wouldbeaparabola,thehorizontalcomponentofthevelocitywouldbeconstant,andbyfindingtheinitialhorizontal
velocitywewouldknowitatalltimesandcouldfindthekineticenergyatapogee(whentheverticalcomponentofthe
velocityiszero).Withthisproblem,however,theprojectilewillfollowanellipticalorbitratherthanaparabola,andthe
horizontalvelocity(inacoordinatesystemfixedatthelaunchpoint)isnotconstant.
Whatisconstant?Theangularmomentumoftheprojectilearoundthecenteroftheearthisconserved,sincetheonlyforce
actinguponitiscentral(pointstowardthecenteroftheearth)andthusexertsnotorque.Wecanrelatetheangular
ur
r r
r
r
momentumtothehorizontal(tangential)velocitycomponentvtasfollows: L r p r m v mr vt .Sincethe
Page8.47
Chapter8
2
2
angularmomentum: K a L 2mra (whereraistheradiusoftheprojectileitsheightabovethecenteroftheearthat
apogee).
Sincetheangularmomentumisconstant,wecanfinditsvalueatthemomentoflaunch: L mr vt mRE v0 cos where
isthelaunchangle(abovehorizontal)andv0thelaunchspeed.Now,ifwesubstitutethisintoourexpressionforKa,weget
Page8.48
Chapter8
Thisisahardquestion,butitprovidesfertilegroundforexploringtheapplicationofenergyandangularmomentumideasto
universalgravitationandorbitproblems.Itcanserveastheanchorandmotivatorforanextendedexplorationofthetopics.
QuestionF1.03c
Description:Integratingenergyandangularmomentumideasbyconsideringprojectilemotioninauniversalgravitation
context.
Question
AmassmislaunchedfromthesurfaceoftheEarthwithspeedv.Thediagramshowsthreepossiblelaunchdirections;order
themaccordingtothemaximumheighttheprojectilewillreach,fromgreatestheighttoleastheight.
1. A=B=C
2. A<B=C
3. A<B<C
4. A<C<B
5. A>B=C
6. A>B>C
7. A>C>B
8. B>A>C
9. B>A=C
10.
Notenoughinformation
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourunderstandingoftheroleangularmomentumplaysinthemotionofanobjectunderuniversal
gravitation.
Page8.49
Chapter8
Discussion:Ifyouunderstoodthereasoningbehindthepreviousquestion,thisoneshouldbefairlystraightforward:the
questioncomparesprojectileswithdifferentlaunchdirectionsratherthanwithdifferentmasses,buttheideasarethesame.
Angularmomentummustbeconserved;themoreangularmomentumaprojectilehas,themorekineticenergyislockedup
preservingthatangularmomentumandthelessisavailabletoconverttogravitationalpotentialenergy,sothelowerthe
projectilesmaximumheightwillbe.AprojectilelaunchedindirectionAhasnoangularmomentumaboutthecenterofthe
Earth;thatpathmustthereforeproducethegreatestmaximumheight.DirectionCwillproducethegreatestangular
momentum,andsowillcausetheleastmaximumheightofthethreepaths.Thus,A>B>Cisthebestranking.
KeyPoints:
Angularmomentumisapowerfulconceptforreasoningaboutgravitationandorbitproblems.
Foranorbitingbody,acertainamountofenergyislockedupinpreservingthebodysangularmomentumandcannotbe
convertedtopotentialenergy;therestoftheenergymovesbetweenpotentialandkineticastheobjectorbitsfartherfrom
andthenclosertotheobjectattractingit.
ForInstructorsOnly
Askingstudentstorankordersituationsaccordingtosomequantityisagoodwaytofosterqualitativeanalysisskillsand
checkforconceptualunderstandingofanidea.
Ifstudentsseemtobecomfortablewiththisproblem,youmightchallengethembyaskingtorankordertheescapevelocity
requiredforthethreelaunchdirections.Theescapevelocityisinfactthesameforallthree,buttostudentsthiscanseemto
contradictthereasoningtheyvejustusedforthisquestion.Exploringandresolvingtheapparentcontradictionpushes
studentstofurtherrefinetheirunderstandingofescapevelocityandtherelationshipbetweenangularmomentumandenergy
inorbitproblems.
QUICKQUIZZES
1.
(d).Alargertorqueisneededtoturnthescrew.Increasingtheradiusofthescrewdriverhandleprovidesagreater
leverarmandhenceanincreasedtorque.
2.
(b).Sincetheobjecthasaconstantnettorqueactingonit,itwillexperienceaconstantangularacceleration.Thus,
theangularvelocitywillchangeataconstantrate.
3.
(b).Thehollowcylinderhasthelargermomentofinertia,soitwillbegiventhesmallerangularaccelerationand
takelongertostop.
Page8.50
Chapter8
4.
(a).Thehollowspherehasthelargermomentofinertia,soitwillhavethehigherrotationalkineticenergy.
5.
(c).Applyconservationofangularmomentumtothesystem(thetwodisks)beforeandaftertheseconddiskis
addedtogettheresult: I11 I1 I 2 .
6.
(a).EarthalreadybulgesslightlyattheEquator,andisslightlyflatatthepoles.Ifmoremassmovedtowardsthe
Equator,itwouldessentiallymovethemasstoagreaterdistancefromtheaxisofrotation,andincreasethemoment
ofinertia.Becauseconservationofangularmomentumrequiresthat z I z constant ,anincreaseinthemoment
ofinertiawoulddecreasetheangularvelocity,andslowdownthespinningofEarth.Thus,thelengthofeachday
wouldincrease.
ANSWERSTOMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONS
1.
2.
Usingtheleftendoftheplankasapivotandrequiringthat
0 gives mg 2.00m F2 3.00m 0 ,or
F2
2 20.0kg 9.80 m s2
2 mg
3
3
131N
sochoice(d)isthecorrectresponse.
3.
2
Assumingauniform,soliddisk,itsmomentofinertiaaboutaperpendicularaxisthroughitscenteris I MR 2 ,
so I gives
2 40.0N m
2
5.00 rad s2
2
2
MR
25.0kg 0.800m
andthecorrectansweris(b).
4.
Forauniform,solidsphere,
Page8.51
Chapter8
2 MR 2
and E
2 rad
1d
7.27 10 5 rad s
1d 8.64 10 s
so
24
6
1
1 2 5.98 10 kg 6.38 10 m
KEr I E2
2
2
5
Inorderforanobjecttobeinequilibrium,itmustbeinbothtranslationalequilibriumandrotationalequilibrium.
r
ur
Thus,itmustmeettwoconditionsofequilibrium,namely F net 0 and net 0 .Thecorrectansweristherefore
choice(d).
6.
Inarigid,rotatingbody,allpointsinthatbodyrotateabouttheaxisatthesamerate(orhavethesameangular
velocity).Thecentripetalacceleration,tangentialacceleration,linearvelocity,andtotalaccelerationofapointin
thebodyallvarywiththedistancethatpointisfromtheaxisofrotation.Thus,theonlycorrectchoiceis(b).
7.
Themomentofinertiaofabodyisdeterminedbyitsmassandthewaythatmassisdistributedabouttherotation
axis.Also,thelocationofthebodyscenterofmassisdeterminedbyhowitsmassisdistributed.Aslongasthese
qualitiesdonotchange,boththemomentofinertiaandthecenterofmassareconstant.From=I,weseethat
whenabodyexperiencesaconstant,nonzerotorque,itwillhaveaconstant,nonzeroangularacceleration.
However,sincetheangularaccelerationisnonzero,theangularvelocity(andhencetheangularmomentum,L=
I)willvaryintime.Thecorrectresponsestothisquestionarethen(b)and(e).
8.
Whenobjectstraveldownrampsofthesamelength,theonewiththegreatesttranslationalkineticenergyatthe
bottomwillhavethegreatestfinaltranslationalspeed(and,hence,greatestaveragetranslationalspeed).Thismeans
thatitwillrequirelesstimetotravelthelengthoftheramp.Oftheobjectslisted,allwillhavethesametotal
kineticenergyatthebottom,sincetheyhavethesamedecreaseingravitationalpotentialenergy(duetotheramps
havingthesameverticaldrop)andnoenergyhasbeenspentovercomingfriction.Alloftheblockskineticenergy
isintheformoftranslationalkineticenergy.Oftherollingbodies,thefractionoftheirtotalkineticenergythatisin
thetranslationalformis
Page8.52
Chapter8
KEt
KEt KEr
1
M v2
2
1
M v2 12
2
I2
1
1 I M v
1
1 I MR 2
SincetheratioI/MR2equals2/5forasolidballand2/3forahollowsphere,theballhasthelargertranslational
kineticenergyatthebottomandwillarrivebeforethehollowsphere.Thecorrectrankingsofarrivaltimes,from
shortesttolongest,isthenblock,ball,sphere,andchoice(e)isthecorrectresponse.
9.
PleasereadtheanswertoQuestion8above,sincemostofwhatissaidtherealsoappliestothisquestion.Thetotal
kineticenergyofeitherthediskorthehoopatthebottomoftherampwillbeKEtotal=Mgh,whereMisthemassof
thebodyinquestionandhistheverticaldropoftheramp.Thetranslationalkineticenergyofthisbodywillthenbe
KEt=fKEtotal=fMgh,wherefisthefractiondiscussedinQuestion8.Hence, M v2 2 f M gh andthe
translationalspeedatthebottomis v
2 fgh .
Sincef=1/(1+1/2)=2/3forthediskandf=1/(1+1)=1/2forthehoop,weseethatthediskwillhavethegreater
translationalspeedatthebottom,andhence,willarrivefirst.Noticethatboththemassandradiusoftheobjecthas
canceledinthecalculation.Ourconclusionisthenindependentoftheobjectsmassand/orradius.Therefore,the
onlycorrectresponseischoice(d)
10.
Theratioofrotationalkineticenergytothetotalkineticenergyforanobjectthatrollswithoutslippingis
KEr
KEr
KEtotal
KEt KEr
1
I 2
2
1
M v 2 12
2
I 2
1
M v
1
MR 2
I
Forasolidcylinder,I=MR2/2andthisratiobecomes
KEr
1
1
KEtotal
21
3
sothecorrectansweris(c).
11.
Ifacaristoreachthebottomofthehillintheshortesttime,itmusthavethegreatesttranslationalspeedatthe
bottom(andhence,greatestaveragespeedforthetrip).Tomaximizeitsfinaltranslationalspeed,thecarshouldbe
designedsoasmuchaspossibleofthecarstotalkineticenergyisintheformoftranslationalkineticenergy.This
meansthattherotatingpartsofthecar(i.e.,thewheels)shouldhaveaslittlekineticenergyaspossible.Therefore,
themassofthesepartsshouldbekeptsmall,andthemasstheydohaveshouldbeconcentratedneartheaxlein
ordertokeepthemomentofinertiaassmallaspossible.Thecorrectresponsetothisquestionis(e).
Page8.53
Chapter8
12.
Pleasereviewtheanswersgivenaboveforquestions8and9.Intheanswertoquestion9,itisshownthatthe
translationalspeedatthebottomofthehillofanobjectthatrollswithoutslippingis v
2 fgh wherehisthe
verticaldropofthehillandfistheratioofthetranslationalkineticenergytothetotalkineticenergyoftherolling
body.Forasolidsphere, I 2 MR 2 5 ,sotheratiofis
1
1 I
MR 2
1
1
125
1.4
andthetranslationalspeedatthebottomofthehillis v
2 gh 1.4 Noticethatthisresultisthesameforall
uniform,solid,spheres.Thus,thetwosphereshavethesametranslationalspeedatthebottomofthehill.Thisalso
meansthattheyhavethesameaveragespeedforthetrip,andhence,bothmakethetripinthesametime.The
correctanswertothisquestionis(d).
13.
Sincetheaxleoftheturntableisfrictionless,noexternalagentexertsatorqueaboutthisverticalaxisofthemouse
turntablesystem.Thismeansthatthetotalangularmomentumofthemouseturntablesystemwillremainconstant
atitsinitialvalueofzero.Thus,asthemousestartswalkingaroundtheaxis(anddevelopinganangular
momentum, Lmouse I m m ,inthedirectionofitsangularvelocity),theturntablemuststarttoturnintheopposite
directionsoitwillpossessanangularmomentum, Ltable I t t ,suchthat
Ltotal Lmouse Ltable I m m I t t 0 .Thus,theangularvelocityofthetablewillbe t I m It m .
Thenegativesignmeansthatifthemouseiswalkingaroundtheaxisinaclockwisedirection,theturntablewillbe
rotatingintheoppositedirection,orcounterclockwise.Thecorrectchoiceforthisquestionis(d).
ANSWERSTOEVENNUMBEREDCONCEPTUALQUESTIONS
2.
Ifthebaris,say,sevenfeetabovetheground,ahighjumperhastolifthiscenterofgravityapproximatelytoa
heightofsevenfeetinordertoclearthebar.Atallpersonalreadyhashiscenterofgravityhigherthanthatofa
shortperson.Thus,thetallerathletehastoraisehiscenterofgravitythroughasmallerdistance.
4.
Theleverarmofaparticularforceisfoundwithrespecttosomereferencepoint.Thus,anoriginforcalculating
torquesmustbespecified.However,foranobjectinequilibrium,thecalculationofthetotaltorqueisindependent
ofthelocationoftheorigin.
6.
Thecriticalfactoristhetotaltorquebeingexertedaboutthelineofthehinges.Forsimplicity,weassumethatthe
Page8.54
Chapter8
paleontologistandthebotanistexertequalmagnitudeforces.Thefreebodydiagramoftheoriginalsituationis
shownontheleftandthatforthemodifiedsituationisshownontherightinthesketchesbelow:
Inorderforthetorqueexertedonthedoorinthemodifiedsituationtoequalthatoftheoriginalsituation,itis
necessarythatFd=Fd0+F(8cm)ord=d0+8cm.Thus,thepaleontologistwouldneedtorelocateabout8cm
fartherfromthehinge.
8.
10.
Aftertheheadcrossesthebar,thejumpershouldarchhisbacksotheheadandlegsarelowerthanthemidsection
ofthebody.Inthisposition,thecenterofgravitymaypassunderthebarwhilethemidsectionofthebodyisstill
abovethebar.Asthefeetapproachthebar,thelegsshouldbestraightenedtoavoidhittingthebar.
12.
(a)
Considertwopeople,attheendsofalongtable,pushingwithequalmagnitudeforcesdirectedinopposite
directionsperpendiculartothelengthofthetable.Thenetforcewillbezero,yetthenettorqueisnotzero.
(b)
Considerafallingbody.Thenetforceactingonitisitsweight,yetthenettorqueaboutthecenterofgravity
iszero.
14.
Asthecatfalls,angularmomentummustbeconserved.Thus,iftheupperhalfofthebodytwistsinonedirection,
somethingmustgetanequalangularmomentumintheoppositedirection.Rotatingthelowerhalfofthebodyin
theoppositedirectionsatisfiesthelawofconservationofangularmomentum.
PROBLEMSOLUTIONS
Page8.55
Chapter8
8.1
Sincethefrictionforceistangentialtoapointontherimofthewheel,itisperpendiculartotheradiusline
connectingthispointwiththecenterofthewheel.Thetorqueofthisforceabouttheaxisthroughthecenterofthe
wheelisthen=rfsin90.0=rf,andthefrictionforceis
8.2
76.0N m
217N
r
0.350m
Thetorqueoftheappliedforceis=rFsin.Thus,ifr=0.330m,=75.0,andthetorquehasthemaximum
allowedvalueofmax=65.0Nm,theappliedforceis
8.3
max
65.0N m
204N
r sin
0.330m sin 75.0
FirstresolvealloftheforcesshowninFigureP8.3intocomponentsparalleltoandperpendiculartothebeamas
showninthesketchbelow.
(a)
or
(b)
30N m
0=30Nmcounterclockwise
36N m
orc=30Nmcounterclockwise
8.4
2
3
Theleverarmis d 1.20 10 m cos 48.0 8.03 10 m ,andthetorqueis
Page8.56
Chapter8
8.5
(a)
Fg lever arm mg l
sin
(b)
Themagnitudeofthetorqueisproportionaltothesin,whereistheanglebetweenthedirectionofthe
forceandthelinefromthepivottothepointwheretheforceacts.Notefromthesketchthatthisisthesameasthe
an
glethependulumstringmakeswiththevertical.
Sincesinincreasesasincreases,thetorquealsoincreaseswiththeangle.
8.6
Theobjectisinbothtranslationalandrotationalequilibrium.Thus,wemaywrite:
Fx 0 Fx Rx 0
Fy 0 Fy Ry Fg 0
and
8.7
Requiringthat=0,usingtheshoulderjointatpointOasapivot,gives
Page8.57
Chapter8
Fs
8.8
(a)
Fsx2 Fsy2
708N 2 109N 2
716N
Sincethebeamisinequilibrium,wechoosethecenter
asourpivotpointandrequirethat
center FSam 2.80m FJoe 1.80m 0
or
FJoe 1.56 FSam
[1]
[2]
Also,
SubstituteEquation[1]into[2]togetthefollowing:
or
FSam
450N
176N
2.56
IfSammovesclosertothecenterofthebeam,hisleverarmaboutthebeamcenterdecreases,sotheforce
FSam mustincrease tocontinueapplyingaclockwisetorquecapableofoffsettingJoescounterclockwise
torque.Atthesametime,theforce FJoe woulddecrease sincethesumofthetwoupwardforcesequalthe
magnitudeofthedownwardgravitationalforce.
Page8.58
Chapter8
(c)
IfSammovestotherightofthecenterofthebeam,historqueaboutthemidpointwouldthenbe
counterclockwise.Joewouldhavetoholddownonthebeaminordertoexertanoffsettingclockwisetorque.
8.9
Requirethat=0aboutanaxisthroughtheelbowandperpendiculartothepage.Thisgives
2.00kg 9.80 m s 2
or
FB
8.10
19.6N 33.0cm
8.00cm cos 75.0
312N
Sincethebaremeterstickbalancesatthe
49.7cmmarkwhenplacedonthefulcrum,the
centerofgravityofthemeterstickislocated49.7cm
fromthezeroend.Thus,theentireweightofthemeter
stickmaybeconsideredtobeconcentratedatthispoint.
Thefreebodydiagramofthestickwhenitisbalanced
withthe50.0gmassattachedatthe10.0cmmarkisas
givenattheright.
RequiringthatthesumofthetorquesaboutpointObezeroyields
50.0g g
39.2cm 10.0cm
M g 49.7cm 39.2cm 0
or
39.2cm 10.0cm
M 50.0g
139g
49.7cm 39.2cm
8. 11
Considertheremainingplywoodtoconsistoftwo
parts:A1isa4.00ftby4.00ftsectionwithcenterofgravity
locatedat(2.00ft,2.00ft),whileA2isa2.00ftby4.00ftsectionwith
centerofgravityat(6.00ft,1.00ft).Sincetheplywoodisuniform,its
massperareaisconstantandthemassofasectionhaving
areaAism=A.Thecenterofgravityoftheremaining
Page8.59
Chapter8
plywoodhascoordinatesgivenby
6.00ft
xcg
mi
A1 A2
16.0ft 2 8.00ft 2
ycg
1.67ft
mi
A1 A2
16.0ft 2 8.00ft 2
3.33ft
and
8.12
(a)
Thewomanisatx=0whenn1isgreatest.Withthislocationofthewoman,thecounterclockwisetorque
aboutthecenterofthebeamisamaximum.Thus,n1mustbeexertingitsmaximumclockwisetorqueabout
thecentertoholdthebeaminrotationalequilibrium.
(c)
n1=0Asthewomanwalkstotherightalongthebeam,shewilleventuallyreachapointwherethebeamwill
starttorotateclockwiseabouttherightmostpivot.Atthispoint,thebeamisstartingtoliftupoffoftheleft
mostpivotandthenormalforceexertedbythatpivotwillhavediminishedtozero.
(d)
Whenthebeamisabouttotip,n1=0andFy=0,gives0+n2Mgmg=0,or
n2 Mg mg 882N 539N 1.42 103 N
(e)
Requiringthat
rightmost 0
pivot
whenthebeamisabouttotip(n1=0)gives
Page8.60
Chapter8
or mg x 1.00m Mg 4.00m mg ,and
x 1.00m
M
4.00m
m
Thus,
x 1.00m
(f)
90.0kg
55.0kg
4.00m 5.64m
Whenn1=0andn2=1.42103N,requiringthat
left 0
end
gives
3.03 103 N m
5.62N
539N
which,withinlimitsofroundingerrors,isthesameastheanswertopart(e).
8.13
or8.0x+12m=0whichyieldsx=1.5m
Also,requiringthat ycg mi yi mi 0 gives
Page8.61
Chapter8
Thus,the8.0kgobjectshouldbeplacedatcoordinates(1.5m,1.5m).
8 .14
(a)
Asthewomanwalkstotherightalongthebeam,
shewilleventuallyreachapointwherethebeamwillstart
torotateclockwiseabouttherightmostpivot.Atthispoint,
thebeamisstartingtoliftupoffoftheleftmostpivotandthe
normalforce,n1,exertedbythatpivotwillhavediminishedto
zero.
Then, Fy 0 0 mg Mg n2 0 ,or
n2 m M g
(b)
Whenn1=0andn2=(m+M)g,requiringthat
0 mg x Mg
(c)
left 0
end
L
mg Mg l 0
2
gives
M
M
x 1 l
L
2 m
m
or
Ifthewomanistojustreachtherightendofthebeam(x=L)whenn1=0andn2=(m+M)g(i.e.,thebeamis
readytotip),thentheresultfromPart(b)requiresthat
M
M
L 1 l
L or
2 m
m
8.15
1 M 2m
1 M m
m M 2
L
m M
Ineachcase,thedistancefromthebartothecenterofmassofthebodyisgivenby
xcg
mi
marms mtorso mthighs mlegs
wherethedistancexforanybodypartisthedistancefromthebartothecenterofgravityofthatbodypart.Ineach
case,weshalltakethepositivedirectionfordistancestorunfromthebartowardthelocationofthehead.
Notethat mi 6.87 33.57 14.07 7.54 kg 62.05kg .
Page8.62
Chapter8
WiththebodypositionedasshowninFigureP8.15b,thedistancesxforeachbodypartiscomputedusingthe
sketchgivenbelow:
xarms rcg
arms
0.239m
torso
thighs
legs
Withthesedistancesandthegivenmasseswefind
xcg
62.8kg m
1.01m
62.05kg
WiththebodypositionedasshowninFigureP8.15c,weusethefollowingsketchtodeterminethedistancexfor
eachbodypart:
xarms rcg
arms
0.239m
torso
thighs
legs
Page8.63
Chapter8
Withthesedistances,thelocation(relativetothebar)ofthecenterofgravityofthebodyis
xcg
8.16
0.924kg m
0.015m 0.015mtowardsthehead
62.05kg
Withthecoordinatesystemshownbelow,thecoordinatesofthecenterofgravityofeachbodypartmaybe
computed:
xcg,arms 0
xcg,torso rcg
torso
0.337m
ycg,torso 0
ycg,thighs rcg
thighs
legs
1.02m
thighs
arms
0.309m
WiththesecoordinatesforindividualbodypartsandthemassesgiveninProblem8.15,thecoordinatesofthe
centerofmassfortheentirebodyarefoundtobe
xcg
28.5kg m
0.459m
62.05kg
6.41kg m
0.103m
62.05kg
and
ycg
Page8.64
Chapter8
8.17
Thefreebodydiagramforthespineisshownbelow.
Whenthespineisinrotationalequilibrium,thesumofthetorquesabouttheleftend(pointO)mustbezero.Thus,
2 L
L
Ty
350N
3
200N L 0
Thetensioninthebackmuscleisthen T
562N
= 2.71 103 N 2.71kN .
sin 12.0
Thespineisalsointranslationalequilibrium,so Fx 0 Rx Tx 0 andthecompressionforceinthe
spineis
Rx Tx T cos 12.0 = 2.71kN cos12.0 2.65kN
8.18
Inthefreebodydiagramofthefoot
givenattheright,notethattheforce
ur
R (exertedonthefootbythetibia)hasbeen
replacedbyitshorizontalandvertical
components.Employingbothconditionsof
equilibrium(usingpointOasthepivotpoint)
givesthefollowingthreeequations:
Fx 0 R sin 15.0 T sin 0
Page8.65
Chapter8
or
T sin
sin 15.0
[1]
[2]
T 25.0cm 18.0cm 0
or
T=(1800N)cos
[3]
SubstitutingEquation[3]intoEquation[1]gives
1 800N
R
sin cos
sin 15.0
[4]
SubstitutingEquations[3]and[4]intoEquation[2]yields
1 800N
sin cos 1 800N cos2 700N
tan 15.0
whichreducesto:sincos=(tan15.0)cos2+0.1042.
Squaringthisresultandusingtheidentity sin 2 1 cos2 gives
tan 2 15.0 1 cos 4
1 cos 2 0.104 2
Inthislastresult,letu=cos2andevaluatetheconstantstoobtainthequadraticequation
Thequadraticformulayieldsthesolutionsu=0.8693andu=1.0117.
Thus,
cos 1
0.011 7 83.8
Page8.66
Chapter8
Weignorethesecondsolutionsinceitisphysicallyimpossibleforthehumanfoottostandwith
thesoleinclinedat83.8tothefloor.Wearetheleftwith:=21.2.
Equation[3]thenyields
T 1 800N cos 21.2 1.68 103 N
andEquation[1]gives
8.19
2.34 103 N
Considerthetorquesaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepagethroughtheleftendoftherod.
0 T
T 443N
Fx 0 Rx T sin 30.0 443N sin 30.0
Rx=221Ntowardtheright
Fy 0 Ry T cos 30.0 100 N 500 N 0
Ry=600N(443N)cos30.0=217Nupward
8.20
Considerthetorquesaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepagethroughtheleftendofthescaffold.
0T1 0 700N 1.00m 200N 1.50m T2 3.00m 0
Fromwhich,T2=333N.
Page8.67
Chapter8
Then,fromFy=0,wehave
T1+T2700N200N=0
or
T1=900NT2=900N333N=567N
8.21
Considerthetorquesaboutanaxis
perpendiculartothepageandthrough
theleftendoftheplank.
=0gives
8.22
(a)
Seethediagrambelow
(b)
Ifx=1.00m,then
Page8.68
Chapter8
leftend 0 700N 1.00m 200N 3.00m
givingT=434N.
Then, Fx 0H T cos 60.0 0 ,or H 343N cos 60.0 172N
and Fy 0V 980N + 343N sin 60.0 0 ,orV=683N.
(c)
Whenthewireisonthevergeofbreaking,T=900Nand
leftend 700N xmax 200N 3.00m
6.00m
whichgivesxmax=5.14m
8.23
Therequireddimensionsareasfollows:
d1 4.00m cos 50.0 2 .57m
d2 d cos 50.0 0.643 d
d3 8.00m sin 50.0 6.13m
fs max
s n s F1
or
Then,Fx=0givesF2=600Ntotheleft.
Finally,usinganaxisperpendiculartothepageandthroughthelowerendoftheladder=0,gives
(200N)(2.57m)(800N)(0.643)d+(600N)(6.13m)=0
or
Page8.69
Chapter8
8.24
6.15m whentheladderisreadytoslip
(a)
(b)
Thepointofintersectionoftwounknownforcesisalwaysagoodchoiceasthepivotpointinatorquecalcu
lation.Doingthiseliminatesthesetwounknownsfromthecalculation(sincetheyhavezeroleverarmsabout
thechosenpivot)andmakesit.easiertosolvetheresultingequilibriumequation.
(c)
hinge 0 0 0 mg
cos T L sin 0
2
(d)
Solvingtheaboveresultforthetensioninthecablegives
mg 2 L cos
L sin
mg
2 tan
or
16.0kg 9.80 m s2
2 tan 30.0
136N
Fy 0 Fy mg 0
(e)
Fx 0 Fx T 0
(f)
Solvingtheaboveresultsforthecomponentsofthehingeforcegives
Fx=T=136N
and
and
Page8.70
Chapter8
(g)
Attachingthecablehigherupwouldallowthecabletobearsomeoftheweight,therebyreducingthestress
onthehinge.Itwouldalsoreducethetensioninthecable.
8.25
Considerthefreebodydiagramofthe
materialmakingupthecenterpointin
theropegivenattheright.Sincethis
materialisinequilibrium,itisnecessary
tohaveFx=0andFy=0,giving
Fx 0: T2 sin T1 sin 0
orT2=T1,meaningthattheropehasauniformtensionTthroughoutitslength.
Fy 0:
where
cos
0.500m
6.00m 2 0.500m 2
andthetensionintherope(forceappliedtothecar)is
475N
475N
T
2 cos
8.26
6.00m 2 0.500m 2
2 0.500m
(a)
(b)
or
lower 0 0 0 mg
cos T L sin 0
2
end
mg cos
mg
cot
2 sin
2
Page8.71
Chapter8
(c)
Fx 0 T s n 0
or
Fy 0 n mg 0
T s n
[1]
n mg
[2]
SubstituteEquation[2]into[1]toobtainT=smg.
(d)
Equatetheresultsofparts(b)and(c)toobtains=cot/2
Thisresultisvalidonlyatthecriticalanglewherethebeamisonthevergeofslipping
(i.e.,wherefs=(fs)maxisvalid.)
(e)
Atanglesbelowthecriticalangle(where fs
fs max isvalid),thebeamwillslip.Atlargerangles,the
staticfrictionforceisreducedbelowthemaximumvalue,anditisnolongerappropriatetouse s inthe
calculation.
8.27
Considerthetorquesaboutanaxisperpendicular
tothepageandthroughthepointwheretheforce
ur
T actsonthejawbone.
0(50.0N) (7.50cm) R (3.50cm) 0 ,which
yields R 107N .
Then, Fy 0 50.0N + T 107N 0 ,or T 157N .
8.28
Observethatthecableisperpendiculartotheboom.Then,using=0foranaxisperpendiculartothepageand
throughthelowerendoftheboomgives
L
3
1.20kN
cos 65 T
L 2.00kN L cos 65 0
2
4
or.T=1.47kN
From Fx 0 , H T cos 25 1.33kNtotheright
andFy=0gives
Page8.72
Chapter8
V=3.20kNTsin25=2.58kNupward
8.29
First,weresolveallforcesintocomponentsparalleltoand
perpendiculartothetibia,asshown.Notethat=40.0and
wy=(30.0N)sin40.0=19.3N
Fy=(12.5N)sin40.0=8.03N
and
Ty=Tsin25.0
Using=0foranaxisperpendiculartothepageand
throughtheupperendofthetibiagives
T sin 25.0
d
d
19.3N 8.03N d 0
5
2
orT=209N.
8.30
Whenx=xmin,therodisonthevergeofslipping,so
f
fs max
s n 0.50 n
Page8.73
Chapter8
w xmin w 2.0m 2 w sin 37
8.31
4.0m
0 ,whichreducestoxmin=2.8m.
2
Themomentofinertiaforrotationsaboutanaxisis I mi ri ,whereriisthedistancemassmiisfromthataxis.
(a)
Forrotationaboutthexaxis,
(b)
99.0kg m 2
44.0kg m 2
Whenrotatingabouttheyaxis,
(c)
ForrotationsaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepagethroughpointO,thedistanceriforeachmassis
ri
2 .00m 2 3.00m 2
13.0 m
Thus,
Therequiredtorqueineachcaseis=I.Thus,
Page8.74
Chapter8
8.33
net I I
(b)
Forasolidcylinder,I=Mr2/2,so
8.34
net
0.330m 250N 87.8kg m 2
rF sin 90
0.940 rad s2
(a)
2 87.8kg m 2
2I
r2
0.330m 2
1.61 103 kg
(c)
(a)
I 2 I disk I cylinder 2 MR 2 2 mr 2 2 or I MR 2 mr 2 2
(b)
g=0Sincethelineofactionofthegravitationalforcepassesthroughtherotationaxis,ithaszeroleverarm
aboutthisaxisandzerotorque.
(c)
Thetorqueduetothetensionforceispositive.Imaginegrippingthecylinderwithyourrighthandso
yourfingersonthefrontsideofthecylinderpointupwardinthedirectionofthetensionforce.Thethumbof
r
ur
yourrighthandthenpointstowardtheleft(positivedirection)alongtherotationaxis.Because I ,the
torqueandangularaccelerationhavethesamedirection.Thus,apositivetorqueproducesa
positiveangularacceleration.Whenreleased,thecenterofmassoftheyoyodropsdownward,inthe
negativedirection.Thetranslationalaccelerationisnegative.
(d)
Since,withthechosensignconvention,thetranslationalaccelerationisnegativewhentheangularaccelera
tionispositive,wemustincludeanegativesignintheproportionalitybetweenthesetwoquantities.Thus,we
write:a=ror=a/r
(e)
Translation:
Fy mtotal a T 2 M m g 2 M m a
(f)
[1]
Rotational:
I rT sin 90 I or rT I
Page8.75
[2]
Chapter8
(g)
Substitutetheresultsof(d)and(a)intoEquation[2]toobtain
mr 2 a
a r
T I I
MR 2
r
2
r2
R
T M
r
or
m
as
2
SubstitutingEquation[3]into[1]yields
or
M R r m 2 a 2 M m g 2 M m a
8.35
2 2.00kg 1.00kg
9.80 m s2
2M m g
2 M M R r 3m 2
2
(h)
(i)
2
2
FromEquation[1], T 2 M m g a 5.00kg 9.80 m s 2.72 m s 35.4N .
(j)
y 0 t at 2 2 t
(a)
Considerthefreebodydiagramsofthecylinderand
2.72 m s2
2 y
a
2 1.00m
2.72 m s2
0.857s
mangivenattheright.Notethatweshalladoptasign
conventionwithclockwiseanddownwardasthepositive
directions.Thus,bothaandarepositiveintheindicated
directionsanda=r.WeapplytheappropriateformofNewtons
secondlawtoeachdiagramtoobtainthefollowing:
RotationofCylinder: I rT sin 90 I , or T I r,
so
1 1
a
Mr 2
r
r 2
and
1
Ma
2
Page8.76
[1]
[3]
Chapter8
Translationofman:
Fy ma mg T ma
T m g a
or
[2]
1
EquatingEquations[1]and[2]gives 2 Ma m g a ,or
(b)
75.0kg 9.80 m s2
mg
m M 2
75.0kg+ 225kg 2
3.92 m s2
Froma=r,wehave
a
3.92 m s2
9.80 rad s2
r
0.400m
(c)
Astheropeleavesthecylinder,themassofthecylinderdecreases,therebydecreasingthemomentofinertia.
Atthesametime,theweightoftheropeleavingthecylinderwouldincreasethedownwardforceactingtan
gentialtothecylinder,andhenceincreasethetorqueexertedonthecylinder.Bothoftheseeffectswillcause
theaccelerationofthesystemtoincreasewithtime.(Theincreasewouldbeslightinthiscase,giventhe
largemassofthecylinder.)
8.36
Theangularaccelerationis ( f i ) t ( i t ) since f 0
Thus,thetorqueis I (I i t ) .But,thetorqueisalso=fr,sothemagnitudeoftherequired
frictionforceis
21N
1rev
r t
60s
0.50m 6.0s
Therefore,thecoefficientoffrictionis
8.37
(a)
f
21N
0.30
n
70N
Page8.77
Chapter8
8.38
24.0N m
0.0356 rad s2
2
2
I
mr
0.750kg
30.0m
(b)
(c)
yielding
8.39
(a)
(b)
I f R
r
872N
1.40kN
1
1
2
MR 2 150kg 1.50m 169kg m 2
2
2
and
f i
t
0.500 rev s 0
2 .00s
2 rad
rad s2
1rev
2
Thus, F r I gives
8.40
(a)
rad
2
1.50m
169kg m 2
s2
177N
ItisnecessarythatthetensionsT1andT2bedifferentin
ordertoprovideanettorqueabouttheaxisofthepulley
Page8.78
Chapter8
andproduceandangularaccelerationofthepulley.
Sinceintuitiontellsusthatthesystemwillacceleratein
thedirectionsshowninthediagramsattheright
whenm2>m1,itisnecessarythatT2>T1.
(b)
Weadoptasignconventionforeachobjectwiththepositive
directionbeingtheindicateddirectionoftheaccelerationofthat
objectinthediagramsattheright.Then,applyNewtons
secondlawtoeachobject:
or
T1 m1 g a
[1]
For m2 : Fy m2 a m2 g T2 m2 a m2 or
T2 m2 g a
[2]
T2 T1 I r
[3]
or
m2 g a m1 g a
Mr 2 a
Ma
2r r
2
M
a m2 m1 g
m1 m2 2
or
and
(c)
m2
m1 g
m1 m2 M 2
2.88 m s2
2
2
FromEquation[1]: T1 10.0kg 9.80 m s 2.88 m s 127N .
2
2
FromEquation[2]: T2 20.0kg 9.80 m s 2.88 m s 138N .
8.41
Theinitialangularvelocityofthewheeliszero,andthefinalangularvelocityis
v
50.0 m s
40.0 rad s
r
1.25m
Page8.79
Chapter8
Hence,theangularaccelerationis
f i
40.0 rad s 0
83.3 rad s2
0.480s
r
1.25m
fk
7.33 103 N
Thus,thecoefficientoffrictionis
8.42
(a)
fk
7.33 103 N
0.524
n
1.40 10 4 N
Themomentofinertiaoftheflywheelis
1
1
2
MR 2 500kg 2 .00m 1.00 103 kg m 2
2
2
andtheangularvelocityis
rev 2 rad
1min
5000
1rev
60s
min
524 rad s
Therefore,thestoredkineticenergyis
KEstored
(b)
1
1
I2
1.00 103 kg m 2
2
2
524 rad s 2
A10.0hpmotorsuppliesenergyattherateof
746W
7.46 10 3 J s
1hp
P 10.0hp
Page8.80
1.37 10 8 J
Chapter8
Thetimetheflywheelcouldsupplyenergyatthisrateis
8.43
KEstored
1.37 108 J
1.84 10 4 s 5.10h
7.46 103 J s
Themomentofinertiaofthecylinderis
1
1 w
1
800N
MR 2 R 2
2
2 g
2 9.80 m s2
1.50m 2
91.8kg m 2
Theangularaccelerationisgivenby
F R
I
I
91.8kg m 2
Att=3.00s,theangularvelocityis
2
i t 0 0.817 rad s 3.00s 2 .45 rad s
andthekineticenergyis
KErot
8.44
(a)
1
1
I2
91.8kg m 2
2
2
2.45 rad s 2
276J
Hoop:
I MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m
SolidCylinder:
1
1
2
MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m 0.127kg m 2
2
2
SolidSphere:
2
2
2
MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m 0.102kg m 2
5
5
Thin,Spherical,Shell:
2
2
2
MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m 0.169kg m 2
3
3
Page8.81
0.254kg m 2
Chapter8
(b)
WhendifferentobjectsofmassMandradiusRroll
withoutslipping a R downaramp,theonewiththelargest
translationalaccelerationawillhavethehighest
translationalspeedatthebottom.Todeterminethe
translationalaccelerationforthevariousobjects,
considerthefreebodydiagramattheright:
Fx Ma Mg sin f Ma
[1]
I f R I a R or f Ia R 2
[2]
SubstituteEquation[2]into[1]toobtain
Mg sin Ia
R2
Ma
or
Mg sin
M I R2
SinceM,R,garethesameforalloftheobjects,weseethatthetranslationalacceleration(andhencethe
translationalspeed)increasesasthemomentofinertiadecreases.Thus,theproperrankingsfromhighestto
lowestbytranslationalspeedwillbe:
Solidsphere;solidcylinder;thin,spherical,shell;andhoop
(c)
Whenanobjectrollsdowntherampwithoutslipping,thefrictionforcedoesnoworkandmechanicalenergy
isconserved.Then,thetotalkineticenergygainedequalsthegravitationalpotentialenergygivenup:
KEr KEt PEg Mgh and KEr Mgh
1
2
M v2 ,wherehistheverticaldropoftherampand
isthetranslationalspeedatthebottom.SinceM,g,andharethesameforalloftheobjects,therotational
kineticenergydecreasesasthetranslationalspeedincreases.Usingthisfact,alongwiththeresultofPart(b),
weranktheobjectsfinalrotationalkineticenergies,fromhighesttolowest,as:
hoop;thin,spherical,shell;solidcylinder;andsolidsphere
8.45
(a)
Treatingtheparticlesontheendsoftherodaspointmasses,thetotalmomentofinertiaoftherotating
systemis I I rod I 3 I 4 mrod L2 12 m3 (L 2)2 m4 ( L 2)2 .Ifthemassoftherodcanbeignored,
thisreducesto
Page8.82
Chapter8
I 0 m3 m4
L
2
1.75kg m 2
andtherotationalkineticenergyis
KEr
(b)
1
1
I2
1.75kg m 2
2
2
2.50 rad s 2
5.47J
1
2.00kg 1.00m 2 1.75kg m 2 1.92kg m 2
12
and
KEr
8.46
1
1
I2
1.92kg m 2
2
2
2.50 rad s 2
6.00J
Usingconservationofmechanicalenergy,
KE
trans
KErot PEg
KEtrans KErot PE g
or
1
1
M vt2 I 2 0 0 0 M g L sin
2
2
Since I 2 5 M R 2 forasolidsphereand v t R whenrollingwithoutslipping,thisbecomes
1
1
M R 2 2 M R 2 2 M g L sin
2
5
andreducesto
8.47
(a)
10 gL sin
7 R2
10 9.8 m s2
6.0m sin 37
7 0.20m
36 rad s
Assumingthediskrollswithoutslipping,thefrictionforcebetweenthediskandtherampdoesnowork.In
Page8.83
Chapter8
thiscase,thetotalmechanicalenergyofthediskisconstantwiththevalue
E KEi ( PE g )i 0 Mgh MgL sin .Whenthediskgetstothebottomoftheramp, PEg 0 and
KE f KEt KEr E MgL sin .Also,sincethediskdoesnotslip, v R and
KEr
1
1 1
v
I 2 MR 2
R
2
2 2
1 1 2
Mv
2 2
1
KEt
2
Then,
KEtotal KEt
1
KEt E MgL sin or
2
3 1
M v 2 M gL sin
2 2
and
(b)
(a)
4 9.80 m s2
3.90 m s
Theangularspeedofthediskatthebottomis
8.48
4 gL sin
v
3.90 m s
15.6 rad s
R
0.250m
Assumingthesolidspherestartsfromrest,andtakingy=0atthelevelofthebottomoftheincline,thetotal
mechanicalenergywillbesplitamongthreedistinctformsofenergy E PE g
downtheincline.Theseare
rotationalkineticenergy,
1
I 2
2
translationalkineticenergy,
1
mv 2
2
Page8.84
mgh asthesphererolls
Chapter8
and
gravitationalpotentialenergy,mgy
whereyisthecurrentheightofthecenterofmassofthesphereabovethelevelofthebottomoftheincline.
(b)
Theforceofstaticfriction,exertedonthespherebytheinclineanddirecteduptheincline,exertsatorque
aboutthecenterofmassgivingthesphereanangularacceleration.
(c)
KEt
I
2
5
1
2
M v2 and KEr
1
2
I 2 where v R (sincethesphererollswithoutslipping)and
MR 2 forasolidsphere.Therefore,
2 MR 2 5 2
KEr
I 2 2
2 MR 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
KEt KEr
Mv 2 I 2
7
5 MR 2 MR
M R 2 MR 5
8.49
8.50
1
2
2 Wnet
I 2f 0 ,wehave
2 F s
2 5.57N 0.800m
4.00 10 4 kg m 2
Theworkdoneonthegrindstoneis Wnet F s F r
149 rad s
F r
1
1
2
2
Thus, Wnet 2 I f 2 I i ,or
25.0N m 15.0rev
2 rad
1rev
1
0.130kg m 2 2f
2
Thisyields
rad 1rev
f 190
30.3 rev s
s 2 rad
Page8.85
Chapter8
8.51
(a)
KEtrans
KErot
(b)
(c)
8.52
1
1
2
mvt2 10.0kg 10.0 m s 500J
2
2
1 2
1 1
v 2
I mR 2 t2
R
2
2 2
1
1
2
mvt2 10.0kg 10.0 m s 250J
4
4
Asthebucketdrops,itlosesgravitationalpotentialenergy.Thespool
gainsrotationalkineticenergyandthebucketgainstranslationalkinetic
energy.Sincethestringdoesnotsliponthespool, r whereristhe
radiusofthespool.Themomentofinertiaofthespoolis I
1
2
Mr 2 ,
whereMisthemassofthespool.Conservationofenergygives
KE
KEr PEg
1
1
m 2 I 2 mgy f 0 0 mgyi
2
2
or
1
1 1
2
m r Mr 2 2 mg yi y f
2
2 2
Thisgives
2 mg yi y f
m 12 M r 2
2 3.00kg 9.80 m s2
3.00kg+
1
2
4.00m
5.00kg 0.600m 2
Page8.86
10.9 rad s
Chapter8
8.53
(a)
Thearmconsistsofauniformrodof10.0mlengthandthemassoftheseatsatthelowerendisnegligible.
Thecenterofgravityofthissystemisthenlocatedatthe
geometriccenterofthearm,located5.00mfromtheupperend.
Fromthesketchattheright,theheightofthecenterofgravityabovethezerolevelis
ycg 10.0m 5.00m cos .
(b)
6.46m
2.31 10 4 J
Intheverticalorientation,=0andcos=1,giving
ycg 10.0m 5.00m 5.00m .Then,
5.00m
1.79 10 4 J
Usingconservationofmechanicalenergyasthearmstarts
fromrestinthe45orientationandrotatesabouttheupper
endtotheverticalorientationgives
1
I 2 mg ycg
2 end f
0 mg ycg
or
2 mg ycg ycg
i
f
I end
2 m g ycg ycg
i
f
2
mL 3
6 9.80 m s2
6 g ycg
6.46m 5.00m
10.0m 2
cg f
L2
0.927 rad s
Then,from r ,thetranslationalspeedoftheseatsatthelowerendoftherodis
Page8.87
[1]
Chapter8
8.54
8.55
(a)
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m
(b)
1
1
2
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m 35.0 rad s 1.36 kg m 2 s
2
(c)
2
2
2
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m 35.0 rad s 1.09 kg m 2 s
5
(d)
2
2
2
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m 35.0 rad s 1.81 kg m 2 s
3
(a)
TherotationalspeedofEarthis
35.0 rad s
2.72 kg m 2 s
2 rad
1d
7.27 10 5 rad s
1d 8.64 10 4 s
Lspin I sphere E
M R2 E
5 E E
2
2
5.98 1024 kg 6.38 106 m
5
(b)
7.27 10 5 rad s
ForEarthsorbitalmotion,
orbit
2 rad
1y
1.99 10 7 rad s
1y 3.156 10 s
andusingdatafromTable7.3,wefind
Page8.88
7.08 10 33 J s
Chapter8
2
Lorbit I point orbit M E Rorbit
orbit
8.56
(a)
2 1.99 10 7 rad s
2.67 10 40 J s
Yes,thebullethasangularmomentumaboutanaxisthroughthe
hingesofthedoorbeforethecollision.Considerthesketchat
theright,showingthebullettheinstantbeforeithitsthedoor.The
physicalsituationisidenticaltothatofapointmassmgmovingin
acircularpathofradiusrwithtangentialspeedt=i.Forthat
situationtheangularmomentumis
Li I i i mB r 2 i mB r i
r
andthisisalsotheangularmomentumofthebulletabouttheaxis
throughthehingeattheinstantjustbeforeimpact.
(b)
No,mechanicalenergyisnotconservedinthecollision.Thebulletembedsitselfinthedoorwiththetwo
movingasaunitafterimpact.Thisisaperfectlyinelasticcollisioninwhichasignificantamountofmechanic
calenergyisconvertedtootherforms,notablythermalenergy.
(c)
Applyconservationofangularmomentumwith Li mB r i asdiscussedinpart(a).Afterimpact,
L f I f f I door I bullet f
1
2
M door L2 mB r 2 f whereL=1.00m=thewidthofthedoor
andr=L10.0cm=0.900m.Then,
L f Li f
m B r i
1
M door L2 mB r 2
3
1
18.0kg 1.00m 2 0.005kg 0.900m 2
3
Thekineticenergyofthedoorbulletsystemimmediatelyafterimpactis
KE f
1
1 1
2
2
I 2 18.0kg 1.00m 0.005kg 0.900m
2 f f
2 3
Page8.89
0.749 rad s 2
Chapter8
or
KE f 1.68J .
Thekineticenergy(ofthebullet)justbeforeimpactwas
KEi
8.57
1
1
mB i2 0.005kg 1.00 10 3 m s
2
2
2.50 10 3 J
Eachmassmovesinacircularpathofradiusr=0.500m/saboutthecenteroftheconnectingrod.Theirangular
speedis
5.00 m s
10.0 m s
r
0.500m
Neglectingthemomentofinertiaofthelightconnectingrod,theangularmomentumofthisrotatingsystemis
L I m1r 2 m2 r 2 4.00kg 3.00kg 0.500m
8.58
10.0 rad s
17.5J s
2
2
Thus, mra a mrp p .Since=1/ratbothaphelionandperihelion,thisisequivalentto
mra2 a
ra mrp2 p rp ,giving
rp
0.59A.U.
a p
54 km s 0.91 km s
35A.U.
ra
8.59
Theinitialmomentofinertiaofthesystemis
2
I i mi ri2 4 M 1.0m
M 4.0m 2
Themomentofinertiaofthesystemafterthespokesareshortenedis
2
I f m f rf2 4 M 0.50m
M 1.0m 2
Page8.90
Chapter8
Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,or
I i
i 4 2.0 rev s 8.0 rev s
I f
8.60
Fromconservationofangularmomentum: I child I m g r
f I child I m g r i
i
2
where I m g r 275kg m istheconstantmomentofinertiaofthemerrygoround.
i
2
25.0kg 2.00m 2 275kg m 2
mrf I m g r
or
f 11.2
8.61
rev
min
2 rad 1min
1.17 rad s
1rev
60.0s
Themomentofinertiaofthecylinderbeforetheputtyarrivesis
Ii
1
1
2
M R 2 10.0kg 1.00m 5.00kg m 2
2
2
Aftertheputtystickstothecylinder,themomentofinertiais
I f I i mr 2 5.00kg m 2 0.250kg 0.900m
5.20kg m 2
ConservationofangularmomentumgivesIff=Iii,or
I i
5.00kg m 2
7.00 rad s 6.73 rad s
i
5.20kg m 2
I f
Page8.91
Chapter8
8.62
Thetotalmomentofinertiaofthesystemis
2
2
Initially,r=1.0m,and I i 2 3.0kg 1.0m 3.0kg m 9.0kg m .
Afterward,r=0.30m,so
2
I f 2 3.0kg 0.30m 3.0kg m 2 3.5kg m 2
(a)
Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,or
I i
9.0kg m 2
0.75 rad s 1.9 rad s
i
3.5kg m 2
I f
(b)
8.63
KEi
1
1
2
I 2
9.0kg m 2 0.75 rad s 2.5J
2 i i
2
KE f
1
1
2
I 2
3.5kg m 2 1.9 rad s 6.3J
2 f f
2
Theinitialangularvelocityofthepuckis
t i
ri
0.800 m s
rad
2 .00
0.400m
s
Sincethetensioninthestringdoesnotexertatorqueabouttheaxisofrevolution,theangular
momentumofthepuckisconserved,orIff=Iii.
Thus,
I i
mr i2
0.400m
i
i
2
0.250m
I f
mr f
2 .00 rad s
Thenetworkdoneonthepuckis
Page8.92
5.12 rad s
Chapter8
Wnet KE f KEi
1
1
1
I f 2f I i i2 mrf2 2f mri2 i2
2
2
2
m 2 2
r r 2 2
2 f f i i
or
0.120kg
Wnet
8.64
2
2
Foroneofthecrew, Fc m ac becomes n m vt /r mr i .Werequiren=mg,sotheinitialangular
velocitymustbe i
g/ r .Fromconservationofangularmomentum, I f f I i i or f ( I i / I f ) i .Thus,
theangularvelocityofthestationduringtheunionmeetingis
I i
I f
r
5.00 108 kg m 2 50 65.0kg 100m 2
g
g
1.12
r
r
Thecentripetalaccelerationexperiencedbythemanagersstillontherimis
ac r 2f r 12.3 m s2 1.12
8.65
(a)
g
2
1.12 9.80 m s 2 12.3 m s 2
r
Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,so
I i
I1
o
i
I
I
1 I 2
(b)
KE f
I1
I1
1
1
1
I f 2f I1 I 2
o2
I1 o2
2
2
I1 I 2
I1 I 2 2
or
Page8.93
I1
KEi
I1
I2
Chapter8
KE f
KEi
I1
I1 I 2
Sincethisislessthan1.0,kineticenergywaslost.
8.66
Theinitialangularvelocityofthesystemis
rev 2 rad
i 0.20
0.40 rad s
s
1rev
Thetotalmomentofinertiaisgivenby
I I man I cylinder mr 2
1
1
2
M R 2 80kg r 2 25kg 2 .0m
2
2
(a)
Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,or
I i
3.7 102 kg m 2
0.40 rad s 1.14 rad s 3.6 rad s
i
1.3 10 2 kg m 2
I f
(b)
Thechangeinkineticenergyis KE
KE
1
I
2 f
2f 12 I f i2 ,or
1
rad
2
s
1
rad
3.7 10 2 kg m 2 0.40
s
2
or KE 5.4 10 2 J .Thedifferenceistheworkdonebythemanashewalksinward.
8.67
(a)
Thetableturnscounterclockwise,oppositetothewaythewomanwalks.Itsangularmomentumcancelsthat
ofthewomansothetotalangularmomentummaintainsaconstantvalueof Ltotal Lwoman Ltable 0 .
Page8.94
Chapter8
Sincethefinalangularmomentumis Ltotal I w w I t t 0 ,wehave
I
mw r 2 w
wr
m
t w w
w
r
I t
It
I t
or
60.0kg 2 .00m
500kg m 2
1.50 m s
0.360 rad s
(b)
Wnet KE KE f 0
Wnet
8.68
(a)
1
1
mw2 I t t2
2
2
1
1
60.0kg 1.50 m s 2 2 500kg m 2 0.360 rad s 2 99.9J
2
Inthesketchattheright,chooseanaxisperpendicularto
thepageandpassingthroughtheindicatedpivot.Then,
ur
with=30.0,theleverarmoftheforce P isobservedtobe
5.00cm
5.00cm
5.77cm
cos
cos 30.0
and=0gives
P 5.77cm 150N 30.0cm 0
so
(b)
150N 30.0cm
5.77cm
780N
Page8.95
Chapter8
n P cos 30.0 780N cos30.0 675N
Fx 0 f F P sin 30.0 0 ,or
f P sin 30.0 F 780N sin 30.0 150N 240N
Theresultantforceexertedonthehammeratthepivotis
f 2 n2
240N 2 675N 2
716N
8.69
(a)
Sincenohorizontalforceactsonthechildboatsystem,thecenterofgravityofthissystemwillremainsta
tionary,or
xcg
Themassesdonotchange,sothisresultbecomesmchildxchild+mboatxboat=constant.
Thus,asthechildwalkstotheright,theboatwillmovetotheleft.
(b)
Measuringdistancesfromthestationarypier,withawayfromthepierbeingpositive,thechildisinitiallyat
(xchild)i=3.00mandthecenterofgravityoftheboatisat(xboat)i=5.00.Attheend,thechildisattheright
endoftheboat,so(xchild)f=(xboat)f+2.00m.Sincethecenterofgravityofthesystemdoesnotmove,
wehave mchild xchild mboat xboat f mchild xchild mboat xboat i ,or
mchild xchild f mboat xchild f 2.00m mchild 3.00m mboat 5.00m
and
xchild f
Page8.96
Chapter8
xchild f
(c)
Whenthechildarrivesattherightendoftheboat,thegreatestdistancefromthepierthathecanreachis
xmax xchild f 1.00m 5.55m 1.00m 6.55m
Thisleaveshim0.45mshortofreachingthe
turtle.
8.70
(a)
Considerthefreebodydiagramoftheblockgivenat
theright.Ifthe+xaxisisdirecteddowntheincline,
Fx=maxgives
mg sin 37.0 T m at ,or T m g sin 37.0 at
Now,considerthefreebodydiagramofthepulley.
Chooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassing
throughthecenterofthepulley,=Igives
a t
T r I
r
or
46.8N 0.100m
T r 2
I
at
2.00 m s2
(c)
8.71
5.55m
0.234kg m 2
2.00 m s2
a
i t 0 t t
2.00s 40.0 rad s
r
0.100m
Iftheladderisonthevergeofslipping, f
fs max
s n atboththe
floorandthewall.
Page8.97
Chapter8
FromFx=0,wefindf1n2=0,or
n2=sn1
[1]
Also,Fx=0givesn1w+sn2.=0
UsingEquation[1],thisbecomes
n 1 w s s n1 0
or
w
w
0.800 w
1 s2
1.25
n 1
[2]
Thus,Equation[1]gives
n2 0.500 0.800 w 0.400 w
[3]
Chooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassingthroughthelowerendoftheladder.Then,=0yields
andreducesto
0.500 0.200
cos
0.400
sin
Hence,tan=0.750and=36.9.
8.72
Page8.98
Chapter8
Wetreateachastronautasapointobject,m,movingatspeedvinacircleofradiusr=d/2.Thenthetotalangular
momentumis
L I1 I 2 2 mr 2
r
(a)
2 m r
(b)
KEi
1
1
1
2
2
8.73
1.88 10 3 J= 1.88kJ
(c)
(d)
(e)
2
KE f 2 m 2f 75.0kg 10.0 m s 7.50kJ
2
(f)
(a)
d
Li 2 M
2
(b)
KEi 2 M i2 M 2
2
Lf
2 mrf
3.75 103 kg m 2 s
10.0 m s
2 75.0kg 2.50m
Md
Page8.99
Chapter8
8.74
(c)
L f Li M d
(d)
(e)
2
KE f 2 M 2f M 2 4 M 2
2
(f)
Wnet KE f KEi 3 M 2
Lf
2 Mrf
Md
2
2 M d 4
Chooseanaxisthatisperpendiculartothepage
andpassingthroughtheleftendofthescaffold.
Then=0gives
750N 1.00m 345N 1.50m
500N 2 .00m 1000N 2 .50m
TR 3.00m 0
or
TR 1.59 103 N= 1.59kN
Then,
Fy 0TL 750 345 500 1000 N 1.59 10 3 N 1.01kN
8.75
(a)
Fromconservationofangularmomentum, L f I f f I i i Li ,or
I
i i
I f
2
5
2
5
i
MRi2
R
i
2
MR f
R f
1.50 10 9 m
i
15.0 103 m
giving
Page8.100
0.010 0 rev d
Chapter8
f 1.00 108
(b)
rev 2 rad
1 d
7.27 103 rad s
4 s
8.64
10
d 1 rev
t f
speedoflight).
8.76
(a)
TakingPEg=0atthelevelofthehorizontalaxispassing
throughthecenteroftherod,thetotalenergyoftherod
intheverticalpositionis
E KE PEg
0 m1g L m2 g L
(b)
m1
m2 gL
IntherotatedpositionofFigureP8.76b,therodis
inmotionandthetotalenergyis
E KEr PE g
1
I 2 m1gy1 m2 gy2
2 total
FigureP8.76
1
m L2 m2 L2 2 m1 g L sin m2 g L sin
2 1
or
(c)
m1 m2 L2 2
2
m1 m2 gL sin
Intheabsenceofanynonconservativeforcesthatdoworkontherotatingsystem,thetotalmechanicalenergy
ofthesystemisconstant.Thus,theresultsofparts(a)and(b)maybeequatedtoyieldanequationthatcanbe
solvedfortheangularspeed,,ofthesystem asafunctionofangle.
(d)
Intheverticalposition,thenettorqueactingonthesystemiszero,net=0.Thisisbecausethelinesofaction
ofbothexternalgravitationalforces(m1gandm2g)passthroughthepivotandhencehavezeroleverarms
abouttherotationaxis.Intherotatedposition,thenettorque(takingclockwiseaspositive)is
Page8.101
Chapter8
m1 m2 gL cos
Notethatthenettorqueisnotconstantasthesystemrotates.Thus,theangularaccelerationoftherotating
system,givenby=net/I,willvaryasafunctionof.Sinceanettorqueofvaryingmagnitudeactsonthe
system,theangularmomentumofthesystemwillchangeatanonuniformrate.
(e)
Intherotatedposition,theangularaccelerationis
8.77
net
m1 m2 gL cos
I
m1L2 m2 L2
m1 m2 g cos
m1 m2 L
Letmpbethemassofthepulley,m1bethemassoftheslidingblock,andm2bethemassofthecounterweight.
(a)
Themomentofinertiaofthepulleyis I
1
m R 2 anditsangularvelocityatanytimeis,=/Rpwhere
2 p p
isthelinearspeedoftheotherobjects.Thefrictionforceretardingtheslidingblockis
fk k n k m1 g
Choose PEg 0 atthelevelofthecounterweightwhentheslidingobjectreachesthesecondphotogate.
Then,fromtheworkenergytheorem,
fk s
2f
1
2 1 1 m R 2
m
2 f
R 2p
2 1
2 2 p p
1
1 1
2
m1 m2 i2 m p R p2 i2 m2 gs
R p
2
2 2
or
1
2
1
1
1
2f m1 m2 mp i2 m2 gs k m1 g s
m1 m2 2 m p
2
2
Thisreducesto
Page8.102
Chapter8
i2
2 m2 k m1 gs
1
m1 m2 m p
2
andyields
8.78
m
0.820 s
vf
1.63 m s
1.63 m s
54.2 rad s
0.030 0m
(b)
(a)
Theframeandthecenterofeachwheelmovesforwardat=3.35m/sandeachwheelalsoturnsatangular
Rp
speed=/R.ThetotalkineticenergyofthebicycleisKE=KEt+KEr,or
1
1
m frame 2 mwheel 2 2
I wheel 2
2
1
1
2
m frame 2 mwheel 2
mwheel R 2 2
2
2
R
KE
Thisyields
KE
(b)
1
m
3 mwheel v 2
2 frame
1
8.44kg 3 0.820kg
2
3.35 m s 2
61.2J
Sincetheblockdoesnotslipontheroller,itsforwardspeedmust
equalthatofpointA,theuppermostpointontherimoftheroller.
r
r
Thatis, v AE where v AE isthevelocityofArelativetoEarth.
Sincetherollerdoesnotslipontheground,thevelocityofpointO
(therollercenter)musthavethesamemagnitudeasthetangential
speedofpointB(thepointontherollerrimincontactwiththe
Page8.103
Chapter8
r
ground).Thatis, v OE R O .Also,notethatthevelocityofpointArelative
r
totherollercenterhasamagnitudeequaltothetangentialspeedR,or v AO R O .
r
r
r
FromthediscussionofrelativevelocitiesinChapter3,weknowthat v AE v AO v OE .Sinceallofthese
r
r
r
velocitiesareinthesamedirection,wemayaddtheirmagnitudesgetting v AE v AO v OE ,or
O O 2O 2 R .
ThetotalkineticenergyisKE=KEt+KEr,or
1
1
mstone 2 2 mtree 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
4
2
KE
Thisgives KE
KE
8.79
I 2
2 tree
2
4 R 2
1
3
2
4
1
3
844kg 82.0kg
2
4
0.335 m s 2
50.8J
Weneglecttheweightoftheboardandassumethat
thewomansfeetaredirectlyabovethepointofsupport
bytherightmostscale.Then,thefreebodydiagram
forthesituationisasshownattheright.
Fg1 2.00m
w
380N 2.00m
700N
1.09m
Page8.104
Chapter8
8.80
ChoosePEg=0atthelevelofthebaseoftheramp.Then,conservationofmechanicalenergygives
KE
trans
KErot PEg
1
1
0 0 mg s sin m i2 mR 2 i
R
2
2
or
i2
R 2 i2
3.0m 3.0 rad s 24m
s
g sin
gsin
9.80 m s2 sin 20
2
8.81
Chooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassing
throughthecenterofthecylinder.Then,applying=I
tothecylindergives
1 2 at
1
M R 2
MR
or T M at
2
2 R
2T R
[1]
NowFy=mayapplytothefallingobjectstoobtain
2m g 2 T
(a)
T
2 m at or at g m
[2]
SubstitutingEquation[2]into[1]yields
M g M
T
4
4 m
Page8.105
Chapter8
whichreducesto T
(b)
FromEquation[2]above,
at g
8.82
(a)
M mg
M 4m
1 M mg
Mg
g
m M 4 m
M 4m
4 mg
M 4m
Asmooth(thatis,frictionless)wallcannotexertaforceparalleltoitssurface.Thus,theonlyforcetheverti
calwallcanexertontheupperendoftheladderisahorizontalnormalforce.
(b)
Considerthefreebodydiagramoftheladdergivenatthe
right.Iftherotationaxisisperpendiculartothepageand
passingthroughthelowerendoftheladder,thelever
r
armofthenormalforce n 2 thatthewallexertsonthe
upperendoftheladderis
d2=Lsin
(c)
r
Theleverarmoftheforceofgravity, ml g ,actingontheladderis
dl L 2 cos
(d)
L cos
Refertothefreebodydiagramgiveninpart(b)ofthissolutionandmakeuseofthefactthattheladderisin
bothtranslationalandrotationalequilibrium.
Fy 0 n1 ml g m p g 0 or n1 ml m p g
Whentheladderisonthevergeofslipping, f1
f1 max
s n1 s ml m p g .
Then Fx 0 n2 f1 ,or n2 s ml m p g .
Finally, 0 n2 L sin ml g ( L /2) cos m p gx cos 0 wherexisthemaximumdistance
Page8.106
Chapter8
thepaintercangouptheladderbeforeitwillstarttoslip.Solvingforxgives
cos
m
m l
s l 1 L tan
L
m p g cos
mp
2 m p
n2 L sin ml g
andusingthegivennumericaldata,wefind
30kg
30kg
x 0.45
1 4.0m tan 53
80kg
2 80kg
8.83
4.0m
2.5m
Thelargemass(m1=60.0kg)movesin
acircularpathofradiusr1=0.140m,whilethe
radiusofthepathforthesmallmass(m2=0.120kg)is
r2 l r1
3.00m 0.140m 2.86m
Thesystemhasmaximumangularspeed
whentherodisintheverticalpositionas
shownattheright.
WetakePEg=0atthelevelofthehorizontal
rotationaxisanduseconservationofenergytofind:
KE f PEg
KEi PEg
1
1
2
2
I1 max
I 2 max
m2 gr2 m1 gr1 0 0
1
2
2
2
equationthenbecomes 2 m1r1 m2 r2 max m1r1 m2 r2 g andyields
max
2 m1r1 m2 r2 g
m1r12 m2 r22
2 max
9.80 m s
Page8.107
Chapter8
8.84
(a)
Notethatthecylinderhasbothtranslationalandrotational
motion.Thecenterofgravityacceleratesdownwardwhile
thecylinderrotatesaroundthecenterofgravity.Thus,we
applyboththetranslationalandtherotationalformsof
Newtonssecondlawtothecylinder:
Fy ma y T mg m a
or
T m g a
[1]
I Tr I a r
Forauniform,solidcylinder, I
1
mr 2 soourlastresultbecomes
2
mr 2 a
2T
or a
2
r
m
Tr
[2]
SubstitutingEquation[2]intoEquation[1]givesT=mg2T,andsolvingforTyieldsT=mg/3.
(b)
FromEquation[2]above,
2T
2 mg
2g 3
m
m 3
(c)
2
2
Consideringthetranslationalmotionofthecenterofgravity, y 0 y 2 a y y gives
2 g
0 2 h
4 gh 3
UsingconservationofenergywithPEgatthefinallevelofthecylindergives
KE
KEr PEg
Page8.108
1
2
I 2 0 0 0 mgh
Chapter8
Since
y r and I
yielding y
8.85
1
2
mr
2 ,thisbecomes
2
1
1 1
y
m 2y m r 2
mgh ,or 3 m 2 mgh
y
r 2
2
2 2
4 gh 3 .
Consideringtheshoulderjointasthepivot,thesecond
conditionofequilibriumgives
0
w
70cm Fm sin 45 4.0cm 0
2
or
Fm
w 70cm
2 4.0cm sin 45
12.4 w
Recallthatthisisthetotalforceexertedonthearmbyasetoftwomuscles.Ifweapproximatethatthetwomuscles
ofthispairexertequalmagnitudeforces,theforceexertedbyeachmuscleis
Feach
muscle
8.86
Fm
12.4 w
Observethatsincethetorqueopposingtherotationalmotionofthegymnastisconstant,theworkdoneby
nonconservativeforcesasthegymnastgoesfromposition1toposition2(anangulardisplacementof/2rad)will
bethesameasthatdonewhilethegymnastgoesfromposition2toposition3(anotherangulardisplacementof /2
rad).
ChoosePEg=0atthelevelofthebar,andletthedistancefromthebartothecenterofgravityoftheoutstretched
bodybereg.Applyingtheworkenergytheorem, Wnc KE PE g
position1toposition2gives
Page8.109
KE PE g
,totherotationfrom
Chapter8
Wnc 12
I 22 0 0 mgrcg or Wnc
12
1
2
1
2
I 22 mgrcg
[1]
Now,applytheworkenergytheoremtotherotationfromposition2toposition3toobtain
Wnc 23
1
2
I 32 mg rcg
1
2
I 22 0 or Wnc
23
1
2
I 32
1
2
I 22 mgrcg
[2]
Sincethefrictionaltorqueisconstantandthesetwosegmentsofthemotioninvolveequalangulardisplacements,
Wnc 23
1
2
Wnc 12 .Thus,equatingEquation[2]toEquation[1]gives
I 32
1
2
I 22 mgrcg
whichyields 32 2 22 ,or 3
8.87
(a)
1
2
I 22 mgrcg
2 2
Freebodydiagramsforeachblockandthe
pulleyaregivenattheright.Observethat
theangularaccelerationofthepulleywillbe
clockwiseindirectionandhasbeengivena
negativesign.Since I ,thepositive
sensefortorquesandangularacceleration
mustbethesame(counterclockwise).
Form1: Fy ma y T1 m1g m1 a
T1 m1 g a [1]
Form2:
Fx ma x T2 m2 a
[2]
Forthepulley: I T2 r T1r I a r or
Page8.110
Chapter8
I
T1 T2 2 a
r
[3]
SubstituteEquations[1]and[2]intoEquation[3]andsolveforatoobtain
m1 g
I r 2 m1 m2
or
(b)
4.00kg 9.80 m s2
0.500kg m 2 0.300m 2 4.00kg
3.12 m s2
3.00kg
2
2
Equation[1]abovegives: T1 4.00kg 9.80 m s 3.12 m s 26.7N ,
2
andEquation[2]yields: T2 3.00kg 3.12 m s 9.37N .
8.88
(a)
(b)
Fy 0 nF 120N mmonkey g 0
(c)
Whenx=2L/3,weconsiderthebottomendoftheladderasourpivotandobtain
L
2L
bottom 0 120N
cos 60.0 98.0N
cos 60.0 nW L sin 60.0 0
end
2
or
60.0N 196 3 N cos 60.0
nW
72.4N
sin 60.0
Then,
Page8.111
Chapter8
Fx 0 T nW 0 or T nW 72.4N
(d)
bottom 0
end
yields
120N
cos 60.0 98.0N x cos 60.0 80.0N L sin 60.0 0
2
or
80.0N sin 60.0 60.0N cos 60.0 L
x
0.802 L 0.802 3.00m 2.41m
98.0N cos 60.0
(e)
Ifthehorizontalsurfacewereroughandtheroperemoved,ahorizontalstaticfrictionforcedirectedtoward
thewallwouldactonthebottomendoftheladder.Otherwise,theanalysiswouldbemuchaswhatisdone
above.Themaximumdistancethemonkeycouldclimbwouldcorrespondtotheconditionthatthefriction
forcehaveitsmaximumvalue, s nF ,soyouwouldneedtoknowthecoefficientofstaticfrictiontosolve
part(d).
Page8.112