You are on page 1of 112

Chapter8

RotationalEquilibriumandRotationalDynamics
CLICKERQUESTIONS
QuestionE1.01
Description:Reasoningwithrotationalinertia.
Question
Therotationalinertiaofthedumbbell(seefigure)aboutaxisAistwicetherotationalinertiaaboutaxisB.Theunknownmass
is:

1. 4/7kg
2. 2kg
3. 4kg
4. 5kg
5. 7kg
6. 8kg
7. 10kg
8. Noneoftheabove
9. Cannotbedetermined
10. Therotationalinertiacannotbedifferentaboutdifferentaxes.
Commentary
Purpose:Topracticeproblemsolvingwithrotationalmotionideas.

Page8.1

Chapter8
Discussion:Rotationalinertiaisnotanintrinsicpropertyofanobject;itsvaluedependsontheaxisaboutwhichitis
calculated.Inthiscase,theobjectsrotationalinertiaistwiceaslargeaboutoneaxisasanother.
Letsavoidnumericalcomputations,eventhoughwearegivenspecificvaluesforallknownquantities.Letd=10cm,m=2
kg,andM=theunknownmass.WellsolveforMintermsofthegivenquantities.
TherotationalinertiaaboutaxisAis I A md 2 M 2d

m 4 M d 2 .TherotationalinertiaaboutaxisBis

I B m 2 d Md 2 4m M d 2 .(Wearetreatingeachdumbbellasapointmass.)
2

WearetoldthattherotationalinertiaaboutaxisAistwiceaslargeasthataboutaxisB(IA=2IB),som+4M=2(4m+M).
(Notethatdhascancelledout,anddoesnotaffecttheanswer.)Therefore,M=7/2m.Sincem=2kg,M=7kg.
KeyPoints:
Anobject'srotationalinertia(momentofinertia)dependsontheaxisyouchoosetocalculateitabout.
Therotationalofinertiaofapointlikeobjectaboutanaxisismd2,wheremistheobjectsmassanddisitsdistancefrom
theaxis.
Therotationalofinertiaofanobjectcomposedofmultiplesubobjectsisjustthesumoftheirindividualrotationalinertias
(aboutthesameaxis).
Avoidputtingnumbersintocalculationsuntiltheveryend.Instead,definevariablesandworkwiththose.(Often,some
willcancelout,simplifyingyourcalculations.)
ForInstructorsOnly
Studentscangetboggeddowninunnecessarycalculationsandcomputations.Thisproblempresentsagoodopportunityto
discussproblemsolvingprocedures.
Manystudentswilltranslatethegivenrelationshipbetweenrotationalinertiasincorrectly,andwillinterpretTherotational
inertia...aboutaxisAistwicetherotationalinertiaaboutaxisBas2IA=IB.ThosewhodothiswillgetM=4/7kg.(This
isawelldocumentederrorintranslatingverbaltoalgebraicrepresentations.)
Studentsshouldbeencouragedtodecideonqualitativegroundswhichmassislarger,sothattheycanchecktheiranswersfor
reasonability.

QuestionE1.02a

Page8.2

Chapter8
Description:Integratinglinearandrotationaldynamicsideas.
Question
Adisk,withradius0.25mandmass4kg,liesflatonasmoothhorizontaltabletop.Astringwoundaboutthediskispulled
withaforceof8N.Whatistheaccelerationofthedisk?

1. 0
2. 0.5m/s2
3. 1m/s2
4. 2m/s2
5. 4m/s2
6. Noneoftheabove
7. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:ToelicitandconfrontthecommonmisconceptionthatNewtonssecondlawissomehowinvalidforobjectsthat
rotateaswellastranslate,orforforcesthatarealsotorques.
Discussion:Inthehorizontalplane,theonlyforceactingonthediskisthetensionFfromthestring.(Theverticalforces,
gravityandthenormalforceofthetable,balance.)Thus,accordingtoNewtonssecondlaw,a=F/m=2m/s2.
Yes,itsreallythateasy.Newtonssecondlawisalwaystrue,whetherornotrotationoccursaswellastranslation.Ifthe
forceFwereappliedatthecenterofthedisk,oranywhereelse,theaccelerationwouldstillbe2m/s2.Wheretheforceis
appliedwillaffecthowthediskrotates,butnothowitscenterofmassaccelerates.
Youmayhavedifficultieswiththisidea.Intuitively,itmayseemtoyouthatpartoftheforceisgoingtowardsmakingthe
objectrotate,sothatnotasmuchisavailabletocauseacceleration.Thiskindofthinkingismoreappropriateforquantities
suchasworkandenergy,impulseandmomentumthathaveconservationprinciples.Forcesdontgetusedup.
Itcanbehelpfultocomparethissituationtooneinwhichallgivenvaluesarethesame,butthestringisattachedtothecenter
ofthediskratherthanwoundaroundtheedge.Bothdisksexperiencethesamenetforce,sobothwillhavethesame

Page8.3

Chapter8
acceleration.However,thediskwiththestringwrappedarounditwillalsohaveanonzeroangularacceleration,whereasthe
diskwiththestringattachedtothecenterwillnot.
Ifthisseemstobegettingsomethingfornothing,considerthatmoreworkwillbedoneinthefirstcase,explainingthefact
thatitendsupwithkineticenergyduetobothtranslationandrotation.
KeyPoints:
Theaccelerationofabodyasawholedependsonthenetforceactingonthebody,period.Itdoesnotdependonwhereon
thebodytheforceactsorwhetherthebodyspinsinadditiontoaccelerating.
Newtonssecondlawistrueforbodiesthatspinorrotateaswellasthosethatdont.F=maand I arebothtrue,
always.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstinatwoquestionsetexploringlinearandangularaccelerationfromaforcethatexertsatorque.
Themostprevalentmisunderstandingtoconfronthereisstudentsbeliefthatsomehow I replacesF=ma,ratherthan
augmentingit.
Studentsmayassumethatthequestionasksforangularacceleration.Theyshouldbecautionedagainstjumpingto
conclusionsbasedonthesuperficialfeaturesofaquestion!

QuestionE1.02b
Description:Integratinglinearandrotationaldynamicsideas.
Question
Adisk,withradius0.25mandmass4kg,liesflatonasmoothhorizontaltabletop.Astringwoundaboutthediskispulled
withaforceof8N.Whatistheangularaccelerationofthedisk?

Page8.4

Chapter8
1. 0
2. 64rad/s2
3. 8rad/s2
4. 4rad/s2
5. 12rad/s2
6. Noneoftheabove
7. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Toexploretheangularaccelerationofanobjectexperiencingbothangularandlinearaccelerationduetoaforce
thatalsoexertsatorque.
Discussion:AforceexertedadistanceRfromanaxisofrotationcausesatorque RF sin ,whereistheangle
betweenthedirectionoftheforceandthevectorfromtheaxistothepointofapplication.Inthiscase,theangleis90,sothe
torqueexertedaboutthecenterofmassis2Nm.TherotationalequivalentofNewtonssecondlaw, I ,relatesa
bodysangularaccelerationtothenettorqueitexperiences.ThemomentofinertiaIofthediskis MR 2 0.25kg m 2 .
Therefore,theangularaccelerationofthediskaboutitscenterofmassis 8 N kg m 8 rad s2 .(Thisistrueevenif
thedisktranslates.)
Acommonmistakeistocalculatetheangularaccelerationfromthelinearacceleration(foundinthepreviousproblem)via
a r .Thisrelationshipbetweenlinearandangularaccelerationisnotgenerallytrue;itdescribesaphysical(geometric)
constraintthatonlyappliesinspecialcircumstances,suchaswhenaroundobjectisrollingwithoutslipping,orwhenitis
rotatingaboutafixedaxisthroughitscenterandareferstotheaccelerationofapointonitsrim.
KeyPoints:
I describestherelationshipbetweentorqueandangularaccelerationthewayNewtonssecondlawdescribesthat
betweenforceand(translational)acceleration,andisalwaysvalid.
Therelationship a r betweentranslationalandrotationalaccelerationisonlyvalidinspecialcases.(Thesameistrue
of v r and s r .)

ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondinatwoquestionsetexploringlinearandangularaccelerationfromaforcethatexertsatorque.

Page8.5

Chapter8
Somestudentswillgetthecorrectanswerbymisunderstandingtheproblemandthinkingthatthecenterofthediskisfixedin
place.ThequestionIstherefrictionatthepivot?indicatessuchamisunderstanding.
Otherstudentswillgiveananswerlessthan8rad/s2,thinkingthatthetranslationalmotionsomehowreducesthetorqueorits
effect.

QuestionE1.03a
Description:Linkingforceandtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
A100kgcrateisattachedtoaropewrappedaroundtheinnerdiskasshown.Apersonpullsonanotherropewrappedaround
theouterdiskwithforceFtoliftthecrate.

WhatforceFisneededtoliftthecrate2m?
1. about20N
2. about50N
3. about100N
4. about200N
5. about500N
6. about1000N
7. about2000N
8. about5000N
9. Impossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheradii
10. Impossibletodetermineforsomeotherreason(s)

Page8.6

Chapter8
Commentary
Purpose:Tolinkforceandtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Discussion:Considerastaticsituationinwhichthecrateisheldmotionlessintheair.Tosupportthecrate,thetensioninthe
ropeattachedtoitmustbe1000N(usingg=10N/kg).ThetensionintheotherropeisequaltoF.Ifthediskarrangementis
stationary,thetorquesexertedonitbythetworopesmustbalance.
Wedonotknowtheradiiofthepulleys,soletsuserforthesmallerdiskandRforthelarger.Theropesupportingthecrate
istangentialtoitsdisk,sothetorqueexertedbythisropeis1000rclockwise.Theotherropeisalsotangentialtoitsdisk,so
itexertsatorqueofFRcounterclockwise.Theforceofthepivotholdingupthedisksexertszerotorque,andwewillassume
theaxleisfrictionless.
Forthetorquestobalanceeachother, FR 1 000N r ,or F = 1 000N r R .Inotherwords,theforceexertedby
thepersonisafractionoftheweightofthecrate,andthefractiondependsontheratioofthediskradii.
Wedonotknowtheexactratior/R,butwecanestimateitfromthediagram.Itlookstobeabout1/5,sotheforceneededis
about200N.
Thatstheforcerequiredtoholdthecratestationaryintheair,ortoliftorloweritwithconstantspeed(noacceleration).In
ordertostartthecratemovingfromrest,aslightlylargerforceisnecessary,butitcanbeinfinitesimallylarger.(Iftherewere
frictioninthepivot,theforcetogetitmovingwouldhavetobeenoughlargertosupporttheweightofthecrateand
overcomestaticfriction.)
TheangleatwhichFisapplieddoesnotmatter,aslongasitactstangentiallytothedisk.(Itwould,however,affecttheforce
exertedonandbythepivotaxle.)
KeyPoints:
Twodifferentforcescanexertthesametorqueonanobject.
Mechanicaladvantageisgainedbyhavingtheappliedforceactfartherfromthepivotpointthantheforceactingonthe
objecttobemove.
Theclosertothepivotpointaforceacts,thelargeritmustbetobalanceothertorquecausingforces.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstoftwoquestionsexploringtheconceptsofforce,torque,work,andenergyinthismechanicaladvantage
situation.

Page8.7

Chapter8
ManystudentsmaysaythatFisimpossibletodetermine,eitherbecausetheyarenotgiventheradiianddontassumethe
diagramistoscaleortheyarenottoldiffrictioncanbeneglected.Thesearedefensibleresponses.
Otherstudentsmaysaythattheanswerisimpossibletodetermineforanotherreason,suchasnotknowingthespeedofthe
crateortheangleoftherope.Thesearenotvalidreasons.
Somestudentswillignoreunitsandtreat100kgastheweight,andthereforesaythatFisabout20.Somewillinvertthe
ratio,thinkingtheappliedforceis5000N,eventhoughthisdoesnotagreewithexperience.
Somestudents,notunderstandingmechanicaladvantage,willthinkthataforceof1000Nmustbeappliedtoliftthecrateno
matterwhattheradiiare.

QuestionE1.03b
Description:Linkingforce,torque,work,andenergyideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
A100kgcrateisattachedtoaropewrappedaroundtheinnerdiskasshown.Apersonpullsonanotherropewrappedaround
theouterdiskwithforceFtoliftthecrate.

Howmuchworkisdonebythepersontoliftthecrate2m?
1. about400J
2. slightlylessthan2000J
3. exactly2000J
4. slightlymorethan2000J
5. muchmorethan2000J
6. ImpossibletodeterminewithoutknowingF
7. Impossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheradii
8. Impossibletodeterminewithoutknowingthemassofthepulley
9. Impossibletodeterminefortwoormoreofthereasonsgivenin6,7,and8above
Page8.8

Chapter8
10. Impossibletodetermineforsomeotherreason(s)
Commentary
Purpose:Tolinkforce,torque,work,andenergyideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Discussion:Theonlyambiguityhereiswhetherornottoignorefrictionaleffectsattheaxlewherethetwodisksare
attached.Iffrictioncanbeignored,thenenergyconservationdemandsthattheworkdonebythepersonisexactlyequalto
theworkdoneonthecrate,whichis mg y =2 000J .
Iffrictionisnotignored,thentheworkdonebythepersonmustbelargerthantheworkdoneonthecrate.
NotethateventhoughtheforceFismuchsmallerthantheweightofthecrate,itactsthroughamuchlargerdisplacement
thanthecratetravels.If,forexample,theratioofthediskdiametersis1to5,thentheforceFwouldbeabout200Nandthe
displacementoftheendoftheropewouldbeabout10m,eventhoughthecrateonlymovesupby2m.
KeyPoints:
Thepresenceofmechanicaladvantageinasystemdoesnotinvalidatetheworkenergytheorem.
Asmallerforcecandoasmuchworkasalargeroneifitthesmalleroneactsthroughalongerdistance.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondoftwoquestionsexploringtheconceptsofforce,torque,work,andenergyinthismechanicaladvantage
situation.
Somestudentswillsaythattheworkdoneisimpossibletodetermine,becausetheyarenottoldiffrictioncanbeneglected.
Thisisadefensibleresponse.
Otherstudentswillsaythatitisimpossibletodetermineforanotherreason,suchasnotknowingthespeedofthecrate,the
angleoftherope,theforceF,theradiiofthedisks,orwhetherthediagramistoscale.Thesearenotvalidresponses,since
noneofthatinformationisrequiredtoanswerthequestion.
Somestudentswilluseg=9.8N/kg,andgetavalueslightlylessthan2000J.
Studentswhoareincludingfrictionarelikelytochooseslightlymorethan2000J,perhapsassumingthatfrictionissmall.
Ifthecoefficientoffrictionislargeenough,avalidresponsewouldbemuchmorethan2000J,thoughstudentsmight
choosethisresponseforotherreasonsaswell.

Page8.9

Chapter8
QuestionE1.04a
Description:ReasoningandproblemsolvingwithlinearandrotationalformsofNewtonslawsinthecontextofrolling
withoutslipping.
Question
Aspoolhasstringwrappedarounditscenteraxleandissittingonahorizontalsurface.Ifthestringispulledinthehorizontal
directionwhentangenttothetopoftheaxle,thespoolwill:

1. Rolltotheright
2. Notroll,onlyslidetotheright
3. Spinandslip,withoutmovingleftorright
4. Rolltotheleft
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Themotioncannotbedetermined.
Commentary
Purpose:ToreasonaboutarotationalsystemusingthelinearandrotationalformsofNewtonssecondlaw.
Discussion:Therearefourforcesonthespool:(1)gravitation,down;(2)normal,up;(3)tension,right;and(4)friction,left
orright.Gravitationisbalancedbythenormalforce,andtheirtorquesbalanceaboutanyorigin.Wedontknowyetwhich
directionfrictionwillpoint.
First,imaginethatthesurfaceisfrictionless.Thenetforceisthendueexclusivelytothetension,producinganaccelerationto
theright.Thenettorqueaboutthespoolscenterisalsodueexclusivelytothetension,producingaclockwiseangular
acceleration.Thespoolwillstarttomovetotherightandalsorotateclockwise.Itwillberollingtotheright,andperhaps
slippingatthesametime.(Anobjectonlyrollswithoutslippingwhenitsrateofrotationandtranslationarejustrightsothe
contactpointhaszerovelocity.)
Now,addfrictionbackin.Alittlebitofstaticfrictionwillpreventthespoolfromslippingandcauseittorollonly;thisis

Page8.10

Chapter8
answer(1).(Ifthecontactpointstartstoslip,thefrictionforcewillopposethat,exertingacounteringtorque.)
IfFisverylarge,thespoolwillnotbeabletorollwithoutslipping,sincethe(static)frictionforcehasamaximumpossible
value.Inthatcase,thespoolwillslidetotherightwhilerotatingslightly:notanavailableanswer.
Answer(2)isimpossible,sincethenettorqueonthespoolcannotbezero.(Ifthespoolslipsatall,thetorquefromthe
frictionforcewillsupplement,notcounteract,thetorquefromthestring.)
Answer(3)isimpossible,sincethenetforceonthespoolcannotbezero.Ifthenetforcewerezero,thefrictionforcewould
havetopointtotheleftandhavethesamemagnitudeasthetension.Butifthespoolspins,thebottomsurfaceslidestothe
leftandthefrictionforcemustpointtotheright.
Answer(4)isimpossible,sinceitwouldrequireanetforcetotheleftandacounterclockwisenettorque,whichcannotboth
exist.(Whatdirectionwouldthefrictionforcepoint?)
KeyPoints:
Whentwoforcesarebalanced(samestrength,oppositedirections)andcolinear(havingthesamelineofaction),their
torquesaboutanyoriginbalance.
ur
r
Forrotationalproblems,and I and F net ma arebothuseful.Inotherwords,therotationalformofNewtons
secondlawdoesnotreplaceorsupersedeitslinearform.
Youcanreasonyourwaytoanswersbymakingassumptionsandthencheckingforcontradictions.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisthefirstofthreequestionsusingthissituation.Thegoalofthesetistosensitizestudentstothedependenceoftorqueon
thechoiceoforigin,andtothetacticofchoosingtheoriginsothatanunknownforceexertsnotorque.
Apowerfulpatternwithallthreeofthequestionsistohavestudentspredictwhattheybelievewillhappen,explainwhy,
thenobserveademonstration.
Thisquestionexistslargelytosetupthesubsequentones.Moststudentswillintuitivelypredictthecorrectmotion.Ifyour
classgenerallyagreesonanswer(1),werecommendmovingontothenextquestion,whereintuitionisnotsouseful.After
presentinganddiscussingtherestoftheset,youmaywanttoreturntothisoneandshowhoweasilyitcanbeanalyzedby
choosinganoriginatthecontactpoint.

Page8.11

Chapter8
QuestionE1.04b
Description:ReasoningandproblemsolvingwithlinearandrotationalformsofNewtonslawsinthecontextofrolling
withoutslipping.
Question
Aspoolhasstringwrappedarounditscenteraxleandissittingonahorizontalsurface.Ifthestringispulledinthehorizontal
directionwhentangenttothebottomoftheaxle,thespoolwill:

1. Rolltotheright
2. Notroll,onlyslidetotheright
3. Spinandslip,withoutmovingleftorright
4. Rolltotheleft
5. Noneoftheabove
6.

Themotioncannotbedetermined.

Commentary
Purpose:Toexplorethechoiceoforiginanditseffectonthetorque.
Discussion:Intuitively,itmaynotbeobviouswhatwillhappenhere.Pullingonthestringseemslikeitmightcausethespool
tounwind,thusrotatingcounterclockwiseandperhapsrollingtotheleft.Ontheotherhand,thestringpullstotheright,so
perhapsitwillcausethespooltorolltotheright(clockwise)alongthesurface.Amorecarefulanalysisisrequired.
Therearefourforcesonthespool:(1)gravitation,down;(2)normal,up;(3)tension,right;and(4)friction,leftorright.
Gravitationisbalancedbythenormalforce.Becausetheyarebalancedandcolinear,theirtorquesalsobalanceaboutany
origin.
Ifthespoolrollstotheleftwithoutslipping,thespoolscenterofmassacceleratestotheleft.Sincethetensionactstothe
right,thestaticfrictionforcemustacttotheleftandmusthavealargermagnitudesothatthenetforceactstotheleft.
However,ifthatweretruethenettorqueaboutthespoolscenterwouldbeclockwise,causingthespooltorotatetotheright.

Page8.12

Chapter8
Contradiction!
Sincewedontknowwhatdirectionthefrictionforcepoints,letschooseanoriginaboutwhichthefrictionforceexertsno
torque:thepointofcontactbetweenthespoolandsurface.Forthisorigin,theonlyforceexertinganonzerotorqueisthe
tensionforce,sothenettorqueisclockwiseandthespoolrotatestotherightrelativetothecontactpoint.Thismeansitrolls
totheright.Thereisnoreasonthespoolmustnecessarilysliporslide.Ifwepullgentlyenough,therewillbeenoughstatic
frictionsothatthespoolrollswithoutslipping.
Whydoesntthespoolunrolltotheleft?Becausealthoughthestringappliesatorqueinthecounterclockwisedirection,the
staticfrictionforceexertsalargertorqueintheclockwisedirection.(Ifweyankhardenoughonthestring,thespoolwill
overcomestaticfrictionandslidetotherightasitspinscounterclockwise.Thisisnottheintent,soitisnotanyofthe
answersprovided.)
KeyPoints:
Bychoosingyourorigincarefully,youcanavoiddealingwithtorquesduetoanunknownforce.
Thetorqueexertedbyaforcedependsontheoriginyoucalculateitabout.
Youdonotneedtochoosethecenteroftheobjectastheorigin.
ur
r
I istrue,valid,andusefulinadditionto,notinsteadof, F ma .Inotherwords,Newtonssecondlawinits
rotationalformdoesnotreplaceorsupersedeNewtonssecondlawinitslinearform.Botharevalidanduseful,andoften
bothareneededtoanalyzeasituation.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisthesecondofthreequestionsusingthissituation.Thegoalofthesetistosensitizestudentstothedependenceoftorque
onthechoiceoforigin,andalsotothestrategicchoiceoforigintoresolveconflictorinconsistency.Apowerfulpatternwith
allthreeofthequestionsistohavestudentspredictwhattheybelievewillhappen,explainwhy,thenobservea
demonstration(thepredictandobserveinstructionaltactic).Asawhole,thesetalsodemonstratesthecompareandcontrast
tacticbyvaryingonlyonefeaturefromquestiontoquestion.
Thisisacounterintuitivesituation.Moststudentswillhaveastrongintuitivebeliefthatthespoolshouldunrolltotheleft,
andthedemonstrationwillintrigueandmotivatethem.Itisimportant,however,tocollectexplanationswithoutcomment,
sincemostwillbefaultyinsomeway,andthenshowthedemonstration.Youcanexplaintheresultafteryouhaveshownthe
demonstration.Studentswillhavegreatdifficultybelievingyouifyoudiscussthesituationbeforedoingthedemonstration.
Duringthedemonstration,onlyagentletugonthestringisneededtocausethespooltorolltotheright.

Page8.13

Chapter8
Studentsmightthinkthatyouwillpullhard,whichmeansitwillmovetotherightwhileunwindingcounterclockwise.This
isnottheintent,sotheywillneedtoanswerNoneoftheabove.
Moststudentsautomaticallyusethecenterofthespoolasthedefaultorigin.Theymightnotrealizethattheycanplacethe
originanywheretheywant.
StudentsoftenabandonthelinearformofNewtonssecondlawwhentheystartlearningitsrotationalform.Theyoftenthink
thattherotationalformsupersedesand/orreplacesthelinearform.Theyareoftennotgivensufficientopportunitiestosee
thatsometimesbothareneeded,andthatthetworelationshipsarecompletelyseparateandindependent.Studentsalsooften
donotrealizeorfullyappreciatethattherotationalformisactuallyaninfinitenumberofrelationships,oneforeverypossible
origin.(Inpractice,therearealimitednumberofindependentrelationships.)
Evenafterobservingthedemonstration,manystudentswillnotunderstandhowthenetforcecanacttorightatthesametime
asthenettorqueaboutthecenterisclockwise.Thestaticfrictionforcemustbeonlyslightlysmallerthanthetensionforceso
thatitcanexertthelargertorqueaboutthecenterofthespool.

QuestionE1.04c
Description:ReasoningandproblemsolvingwithlinearandrotationalformsofNewtonslawsinthecontextofrolling
withoutslipping.
Question
Aspoolhasstringwrappedarounditscenteraxleandissittingonahorizontalsurface.Ifthestringispulledatanangleto
thehorizontalwhendrawnfromthebottomoftheaxle,thespoolwill:

1. Rolltotheright
2. Notroll,onlyslidetotheright
3. Spinandslip,withoutmovingleftorright
4. Rolltotheleft
Page8.14

Chapter8
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Itisimpossibletodeterminethemotion.
Commentary
Purpose:Toexplorethechoiceoforiginanditseffectonthetorque.
Discussion:Therearefourforcesonthespool:(1)gravitation,down;(2)normal,up;(3)tension,asshown;and(4)friction.
Gravitationandthenormalforceexertzerotorquesaboutanyoriginalongaverticallinethroughthecenterofthespool.
(Theynolongerexertbalancingtorques,becausetheyarenolongerequaltoeachotherinstrength.Thenormalforceis
smallerthantheweight,becausethetensionforcehasacomponentup.)Thus,whetherwechoosethecenterofthespoolor
thecontactpoint,thetorquesarezero.
Tensionexertsacounterclockwisetorqueaboutthecenterofthespool.Itishardtopredictwhatdirectionthefrictionforce
willpoint,andthereforewhatdirectionitstorqueaboutthecenterofthespoolwillbe.So,fromthisanalysisitisnotobvious
whatwillhappen.
Aswiththepreviousproblem,wecanchooseourorigintobeatthepointofcontactbetweenthespoolandsurface,sothat
frictionexertszerotorque.Aboutthisorigin,thenettorqueisexertedexclusivelybythetensioninthestring.Butinwhat
directionisthattorque?
Tofigurethatout,weneedtoknowthelineofactionofthetensionforce.Thelineofactionisastraightlinehavingthe
ur
sameorientationastheforceandpassingthroughthepointofapplicationoftheforce,asshown.Thetorquedueto F canbe
foundbytreatingitasthoughitisappliedanywherealongthelineofaction.Thus,thewaythegivendiagramisdrawn,the
torqueisclockwise.Thismeansthespoolwillrolltotheright.

However,theangleisleftunspecified.Ifwedontassumethedrawingistoscale,theanglecouldbeanything.Thereisan
angleforwhichthelineofactionpassesthroughthechosenorigin,inwhichcasethenettorqueonthespooliszero,thenet
forceistotheright,andthespoolwillslidetotherightwithoutspinning.

Page8.15

Chapter8
Iftheangleisevenlargerthanthis,sothatthelineofactionpassestotherightoftheorigin/contactpoint,thenettorqueis
counterclockwise.Thiswouldcausethespooltounrolltotheleft.Ifthetensionisvertical,thespoolwillalsounrolltothe
left.
Demonstrationscanconfirmalloftheseoutcomes.
Thus,themotionofthespooldependsupontheangle.Theangledrawninthefigurewillcausethespooltorolltotheright.
KeyPoints:
Thelineofactionisausefulconceptfordeterminingthedirectionofthetorqueexertedbyaforce.Eachforcehasits
ownlineofaction.Wecantreatthetorqueasthoughtheforceisappliedanywherealongthelineofaction.
Acleverchoiceoforigincanmaketorqueproblemsmucheasiertoanalyze.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthelastofthreequestionsusingthissituation.Thisquestiondriveshometheideathatthechoiceoforiginshouldbe
donewithsomestrategicthinkingandgoal.Italsoshowstheutilityofthelineofactionconcept.
Aphysicaldemonstrationisextremelyvaluablehere,sothatstudentscanseethattheangleofthetensionforcecritically
affectsthemotionofthespool.
Afamilyofdiagramsshowingthelineofactionfordifferentanglesofthetensionforcecanhelpstudentsunderstandthe
analysisandcometoabetterunderstandingoftorquesandlinesofaction.

QuestionE1.06a
Description:Reasoningwithforce,energy,andtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
Twoblockshangfromstringswoundarounddifferentpartsofadoublepulleyasshown.Assumingthesystemisnotin
equilibrium,whathappenstothesystemspotentialenergywhenitisreleasedfromrest?

Page8.16

Chapter8

1. Itremainsthesame.
2. Itdecreases.
3. Itincreases.
4. Itisimpossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheradiiofthetwopulleys
5. Itisimpossibletodeterminewithoutknowingtheratiooftheradiiofthetwopulleys
6. Itisimpossibletodetermineforsomeotherreason
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopqualitativereasoningandproblemsolvingskillsbyapplyingenergyideasinarotationaldynamics
context.
Discussion:Wedonotknowtheradiiofthetwopulleys,oreventheirratio,sowecannotpredictwhichblockwillfalland
whichwillrisewhenthesystemisreleasedfromrest.Toanswerthequestion,however,wedonotneedtoknowanyofthese
features.
Wedoknowthatthesystemisnotinequilibrium,whichmeansthatoneblockwillstarttofallandtheotherwillstartto
rise,andthedoublepulleywillbegintorotate.Thus,thekineticenergyofthesystemwillrise.
Wherewillthisenergycomefrom?Therearenoexternalforcesdoingworkonthesystem,soitcanonlycomefromthe
potentialenergyofthegravitationalinteractionbetweentheblocksandtheEarth.Ifthekineticenergyisincreasing,the
potentialenergymustdecreasesothattotalmechanicalenergywillbeconserved.
NotethatwearetreatingtheEarthaspartofthesystem.Properlyspeaking,gravitationalpotentialenergyisnotaproperty
ofanobjectsuchasablock,butratheroftheinteractionbetweentwoobjectsinthiscase,betweeneachblockandthe
Earth.(Thereisalsogravitationalpotentialenergybetweenthetwoblocksandbetweeneachandthedoublepulley,butthese
aretrulyminiscule.)IfwedidnottreattheEarthaspartofthesystem,wewouldnottalkaboutgravitationalpotential
energyinthisquestion.Instead,wewouldtalkabouttheworkdonebyexternalforces:thegravitationalforceoftheEarthon
eachoftheblocks.Thiswouldjustbeadifferentwayofdescribingthesituation,and(ifwewerecalculatingnumbers)would
producethesameresults.
KeyPoints:
Manyquestionscanbeansweredthroughqualitativereasoningfromgeneralprinciples,withoutnumericalcalculationsor
solvingforanything.
Ifthekineticenergyofasystemincreases,theneitherexternalforcesaredoingpositiveworkonthesystem,orthe

Page8.17

Chapter8
potentialenergyofaninteractionamongpartsofthesystemisdecreasing.
Tobeprecise,wetalkaboutthepotentialenergyofaninteractionbetweenobjects,notthepotentialenergyofanobject.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstoftwoquestionsonthissituation.Thisoneexploresqualitativereasoningwithenergyideas;thenextis
similarbutappliesforceideas.Althoughthetopicsofthesetwoquestionsareconservationofenergyandforces,theyare
usefulasbroaderintegratingquestionsthatteachstudentstousetheirinventoryofbasicphysicsprinciplesforreasoning
aboutvarioussituations.
Themostlikelystumblingblockforstudentswiththisproblemisthattheywillwanttosolveforthemotionandwillnotbe
ableto.Thatmakesitagoodcontextforteachingthevalueofqualitative,principlebasedreasoning.
Treatingthediagramasascaledrawingwillnothelpstudentsdeterminewhichwaythepulleyrotates,sincetheratioofthe
radiiisabout2:5,thesameastheratiooftheblockmasses.

QuestionE1.06b
Description:Reasoningwithforce,energy,andtorqueideasinthecontextofmechanicaladvantage.
Question
Twoblockshangfromstringswouldarounddifferentpartsofa2kgdoublepulleyasshown.Thepivotexertsanormalforce
FNsupportingthedoublepulley.Assumingthesystemisnotinequilibrium,whichstatementaboutFNistrueafterthe
systemisreleasedfromrest?(Useg=10N/kg.)

Page8.18

Chapter8

1.

FN=20N

2.

20N<FN<27N

3.

FN=27N

4.

FN>27N

5.

Itisimpossibletopredictwhatthenormalforceonthedoublepulleywillbe.

Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopqualitativereasoningandproblemsolvingskillsbyapplyingforceideasinarotationaldynamics
context.
Discussion:Wedonotknowtheradiiofthetwopulleys,oreventheirratio,sowecannotpredictwhichblockwillfalland
whichwillrisewhenthesystemisreleasedfromrest.Toanswerthequestion,however,wedonotneedtoknowanyofthese
features.
Wedoknowthatthecenterofmassofthesystemisfalling,andinfactisacceleratingdownward.Thismeansthatanetforce
inthedownwarddirectionmustbeactingonthesystem.Theonly(external)forcesaregravitationandthenormalforce
exertedbythepivot,whichmeansthenormalforcemustbesmallerthanthetotalweightofthesystem(27N).
Further,thedoublepulleyisnotaccelerating,sothenetforceonitmustbezero.Thereistensioninbothstringspulling
down,sothenormalforcemustbelargerthantheweightofthedoublepulley(20N).
Notethatthetensionsinthestringsarenot2Nand5N,theweightsoftheblocks.Forthefallingblock(whicheverthatturns
outtobe),thetensionwillbeslightlysmallerthantheweight;fortherisingblock,thetensionwillbeslightlylargerthanthe
weight.ThisisneededtosatisfyNewtonssecondlawappliedtoeachhangingmass.
Inthepreviousquestion,weconsideredtheEarthtobepartofthesystemwewereanalyzing.Inthisquestion,itismore
convenientnotto,butrathertotreatthegravitationalforceasanexternalforceactinguponasystemcomprisedofthedouble
pulley,ropes,andtwoblocks.Reasoningaboutthecenterofmassmotionofthesystem,iftheEarthwereincludedinthat
system,wouldbedifficult!
KeyPoints:
Manyquestionscanbeansweredthroughqualitativereasoningfromgeneralprinciples,withoutnumericalcalculationsor
solvingforanything.
Ifthecenterofmassofabodyorsystemisacceleratingevenifpartofitisheldinplacetheremustbeanonzeronet

Page8.19

Chapter8
externalforceactingononeormorecomponentsofsystem.
Ifthecenterofmassofabodyorsystemisnotaccelerating,allexternalforcesonthatbodyorsystemmustsumtozero.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondoftwoquestionsonthissituation.Thisoneexploresqualitativereasoningwithforceideas;theprevious
wassimilarbutappliedenergyideas.Althoughthetopicsofthesetwoquestionsareconservationofenergyandforces,
theyareusefulasbroaderintegratingquestionsthatteachstudentstousetheirinventoryofbasicphysicsprinciplesfor
reasoningaboutvarioussituations.Revisitingoldideasinnewcontextsisvaluable:itenrichesthenewcontextandhelps
studentscrosslinknewandoldideas.
Studentsmayhavedifficultyfocusingonthepivotandtheforcesitexerts.TheyarenotaccustomedtoapplyingNewtons
secondlaw(linear)tosituationsinvolvingpulleysandtorque.
Somestudentswillsaythattheforcesupportingthepulleyisequaltothepulleysweight,20N,ignoringthetensionspulling
down.Otherswillsaythatthetensionsare2Nand5N,sotheforcesupportingthesystemis27N.
Thissetoftwoquestionspresentsanexcellentopportunitytoholdahigherleveldiscussionaboutchoosingasystemas
partofstrategicproblemsolving:forexample,whyonewoulddecidetoincludetheEarthaspartofthesystemsometimes
butnotothers.
Notethattreatingthediagramasascaledrawingwillnothelpstudentsdeterminewhichmassfallsandwhichrises,sincethe
ratiooftheradiiisthesameastheratioofthehangingmasses(2:5).

QuestionE1.07
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbychoosinganoriginforstaticsproblems.
Question
AuniformrodoflengthL,massM,issuspendedbytwothinstrings.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueregardingthe
tensionsinthestrings?

Page8.20

Chapter8
1. T2=T1
2. T2=2.5T1
3. T2=0.6T1
4. T2=0.8T1
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Notenoughinformationtodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Topracticedeterminingtorquesinstaticsituations,onceagainmakingthepointthatagoodchoiceofpivotpoint
canmakeaproblemeasy.
Discussion:Aconsiderationofforcestellsusthatthetwotensionsmustadduptothebarsweight,inordertohavezeronet
forceintheydirection.Thus,wemustturntotorquestoanswerthis.Theremustbezeronettorqueaboutanypointonthe
barifthebaristoremainstatic.Thequestionis,whatchoiceofpivotpointwillmaketheproblemeasiest?
Sincethequestiondoesntrequireustoknowtheweight,choosingthecenterofmassasthepivotpointisadvantageous:
gravityexertsnotorqueaboutthatpoint.Then,ourequationthatstatesthesumofthetorquesequalszerowillrelatethetwo
tensions,providingtheanswerweseek.
Weneedtousethemarkingsontherodtodeterminewherethecenterofmassisandhowfareachstringisfromit.Wedont
knowtheunitshowlongeachsegmentisbutitdoesntmatter,sincewerelookingforaratiobetweenT1andT2.
Countingsegments,weseethatT2acts5unitsfromthecenterandT1acts3unitsaway,soT2mustbe3/5ofT1.Thus,answer
(3)isappropriate.
KeyPoints:
Lookforthemostconvenientoriginaboutwhichtocalculatetorques.
Usealltheinformationprovidedinaquestion,includingthediagram.
Ifyouthinkyouneedaquantitythatisnotgiven,defineavariableforitandproceed.Thevariablewilloftencancelout.
ForInstructorsOnly
IfanystudentschooseNotenoughinformation,wesuggestaskingthemwhatitistheywouldneedtoknowtomakethe
questionanswerable,andwhytheyneedit.Itslikelytheywanttoknowphysicaldimensionsforthelocationsofthestring.
Theymaynotrealizetheycancountsegmentstofindrelativedistances,ortheymaynotbecomfortableworkingwithratios
ratherthanactualdistances.

Page8.21

Chapter8
QuestionE1.08
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbyworkingwithforcesandtorquesinanontrivialstaticssituation.
Question
Auniformrodishingedtoawallandheldata30anglebyathinstringthatisattachedtotheceilingandmakesa90angle
torod.Whichstatement(s)mustbetrue?(Atleastoneofthemistrueandatleastoneisfalse.)

1. Thehingeforceispurelyvertical.
2. Thehingeforceispurelyhorizontal.
3. Thestringtensionisequaltothehingeforce.
4. Thestringtensionissmallerthantherodsweight.
5. 1and3aretrue.
6. 2and3aretrue.
7. 1and4aretrue.
8. 2and4aretrue.
9. 3and4aretrue.
10. Threeofthestatementsaretrue.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohelpyoulearntoreasonusingforcesandtorques.
Discussion:Therodisatrest,sothenetforceonitmustbezero,andthenettorqueaboutanyoriginmustalsobezero.This
yieldsmanypossiblerelationships,allofwhicharevalid,butonlysomeofwhichbringoutrelevantfeaturesofthissituation.
Inotherwords,wedonotneedtowritedowneveryvalidequationorrelationshiptoanswerthisquestion.Rather,thoughtful
choicesabouthowtoproceedwillyieldefficientresults.
Itisusefultoassumenothingaboutthehingeforceandtothinkofitashavingaverticalandahorizontalcomponent.These
componentscanbetreatedasindependentforces.(Weoftenseparateoneforceintotwoseparatecomponentforces,for
examplewhentreatingthecontactforcebetweentwosurfacesasanormalforceandafrictionforce.)

Page8.22

Chapter8
Letsfocusoneachstatementanddetermineitstruthorfalsehood.
Thehingeforceispurelyvertical.Thisstatementisfalse,becausethenetforceinthehorizontaldirectionmustbezero.The
tensionforcehasacomponentpullingtotheright,sothehingemustpulltotheleftwithanequalforce.
Thehingeforceispurelyhorizontal.Thisstatementisfalse,becausethenettorqueaboutthecenterofmassmustbezero.
Boththetensionforceandthehorizontalcomponentofthehingeforceexertcounterclockwisetorquesaboutthecenterof
massoftherod.Therefore,thehingemusthaveaverticalcomponenttoprovideabalancingclockwisetorque.
Thestringtensionisequaltothehingeforce.Thisstatementisfalse,sincethetwoforceshavedifferentdirections,withthe
hingepullingupandtotheleftandthetensionpullingupandtotheright.(Itturnsoutthatthetwoforcesdohavethesame
magnitude.)
Thestringtensionissmallerthantherodsweight.Thisstatementistrue,sincethenettorqueabouttheleftendoftherod
mustbezero.Thetorqueexertedbythehingeiszero(aboutthispoint),sothetensionmustbalancetheweight.Themoment
armislargerforthetension,sotheforcemustbesmaller.
KeyPoints:
Foranobjectatrest,allcomponentsofthenetforceandthenettorqueaboutanyoriginarezero.
Strategicchoicesofrelationshipsandoriginscanmakeanalysisandreasoningparticularlyefficient.
Toisolateanunknown,chooseanoriginsuchthatthetorqueduetotheotherunknown(s)iszero.Youcanconsiderthe
situationusingseveraldifferentoriginsifyouwant; I mustbetrueforallofthem.

ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionprovidesanexcellentopportunitytoexploreproblemsolvingapproachesandstrategies.Theequationsare
simple;findingthemostefficientuseofthoseequationsismoredifficult.
Studentscanbeeitherunawareoforoverwhelmedbythedecisionmakingneededtosolvestaticsproblems.Italllooksso
easywhentheinstructordoesit,yetwhenstudentsaredoinghomeworkorexams,itbecomesimpossible,largelybecause
theyhavenotpracticedtheskillofstrategicthinking.
Thekeytoevaluatingstatements1and2istofocusontheothercomponenttodetermineitsvalidity.Thatis,todetermineif
thehingeforceispurelyvertical,onemustfindoutwhetherthehorizontalcomponentiszero.(Studentssometimesthinkthat
hingesonlyexertverticalforces.)
Somegoodstudentsmightfigureoutthatthehingeforceandthetensionforcehavethesamemagnitude,sincetheir

Page8.23

Chapter8
horizontalcomponentsbalanceandtheirverticalcomponentseachsupporthalftheweightoftherod.Theymightnotrealize,
however,thatstatement3isaboutvectorequality,requiringmagnitudesanddirectionstobethesame.(Thisfallsintothe
categoryofstudentsgivingtherightanswertothewrongquestion.)

QuestionE1.09
Description:Problemsolvingwithforcesandtorquesinastaticscontext.
Question
Auniformrodoflength4L,massM,issuspendedbytwothinstrings,lengthsLand2Lasshown.Whatisthetensioninthe
stringattheleftendoftherod?

1. Mg
2. Mg/2
3. Mg/3
4. Mg/4
5. Noneoftheabove
Commentary
Purpose:Tohelpyoutounderstandthedefinitionoftorqueanditsapplicationtoastaticsituation.
Description:Thisisastaticsproblem:theobjecthaszerolinearaccelerationandzeroangularacceleration,sothenetforce
andthenettorqueonitmustbothbezero.Notethatatorqueisalwaysdeterminedaboutsomeorigin;thenettorqueonthe
objectaboutanyorigin,anywhereinspace,mustbezero.
Ifthenetforcemustbezero,thesumofthetensionsinthetwostringsmustbeMg,sothatthenetforceontherodiszero.So
ifthestringshaveequaltensions,thetensionineachmustbeMg/2.Butarethetensionsequal?
Sincetherodisuniform,itscenterofmassisatitsmiddle.Thisisaparticularlyconvenientchoiceoforigin,sincethetorque

Page8.24

Chapter8
duetogravitationiszeroaboutthispoint.However,wearefreechooseanypointinspaceastheorigintoanswerthis
question.
Letschoosethemiddleoftherodastheorigin.Eventhoughtherodisnotperfectlyhorizontal,themomentarmsforthetwo
tensionforcesareequal.Theyareequaltothehorizontaldistancefromthecenteroftherodtothepointofattachmentofthe
string(lessthan2L),whichisthesameforeachstring.Sincethenettorqueaboutanyoriginmustbezeroforanobjectat
rest,thetwotensionsmustexertbalancingtorques.Sincethemomentarmsarethesame,thetensionsmustbethesamealso.
Inotherwords,eachstringsupportshalftheweightoftherod.Thelengthsofthestringsdoesnotmatter.
Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemistochoosetheorigintobeattherightendoftherod.Thisisalsoastrategicchoice,
becausethenthetorqueduetothetensionintherightstringiszero.Twoforcesontherodexertnonzerotorques:thetension
intheleftstring,whichisthedesiredunknown,andgravitation.Themomentarmforthetensionistwiceaslargeasthe
momentarmforgravitation.(Remember,gravitationactsasthoughtheforceisexertedatthecenterofmass.)Asbefore,
sincetherodisatrest,thetwotorquesmustbalanceeachother.Therefore,sincethemomentarmforthetensionistwiceas
large,thetensionmustbehalfaslargeastheweightoftherod.
KeyPoints:
Forabodyinstaticequilibrium(i.e.,onethatisstationary),thenetforceonthebodyandthenettorqueonthebodyabout
anypointmustbothbezero.
Anyoriginmaybechosentoanalyzeandsolveaproblem,butthoughtful,strategicchoicesoforigincanmaketheanalysis
muchsimpler.
Themomentarmofaforceaboutanorigin,usedtodeterminethetorqueitexerts,istheshortestdistancefromthe
origintotheimaginarylineyougetbyextendingthelinealongwhichtheforceactstoinfinityinbothdirections.Itisnot
necessarilythedistancefromtheorigintothepointatwhichtheforceactsontheobject.
Gravitationactsasthoughtheforceisexertedatthecenterofmass.

ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofthesimpleststaticsituationswecancreate,yetstudentsoftencannotsortouttherelevantfeaturesbecauseof
theangleoftherod.Manyconcludeintuitivelythattheleftstringexertsthelargerforce,andthoughtsoftorque,centerof
mass,andmomentarmsareoftenneglected.
Studentsoftenhavedifficultyapplyingtheconceptofmomentarmtoasituationinwhichforcesareexertedatanangle
relativetotherodorobject.Adiagrammayhelpmanysortthisout.
Studentscanbeflusteredbyhavingtochoosewhichpointistheorigin.Theyfrequentlygethunguponmakingtheright

Page8.25

Chapter8
choice,notrealizingthatallchoicesarecorrectbutsomeareeasiertoworkwiththanothers.Itisusefultogivestudents
opportunitiestothinkaboutstrategicchoicesoforigin,andalsotohavestudentssolvetheproblemtwoormoretimeswith
differentorigins,asthiswillencouragecomparisonofapproaches.Ifstudentsonlyseeonechoiceforanygivensituation,
theywill(reasonablybutincorrectly)concludethatthereisonebest(andthereforeright)choicetoanyproblem.

QuestionE1.10a
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbychoosinganoriginfortorqueproblems.
Question
AuniformdiskwithmassMandradiusRsitsatrestonanincline30tothehorizontal.Astringiswoundaroundthedisk
andattachedtothetopoftheinclineasshown.Thestringisparalleltoincline.Whatisthetensioninthestring?

1. Mg
2. Mg/2
3. 2Mg/5
4. Mg/4
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourproblemsolvingskillsbyconsideringmultipleapproachestoaquestion,andexplorethe
significanceofwhereyouchooseyouroriginfortorquecalculations.
Discussion:Thereareoftenmultiplewaystosolveaproblem,andpartoflearningtodophysicswellislearningtoselect
theeasiestapproachtoagivenproblem.Thisstaticsquestionisconceptuallystraightforwardtoanswer,butthealgebracan
berelativelysimpleorcomplicateddependingonthecoordinatesystemyouchoose.

Page8.26

Chapter8
Theunknownforcesactingonthediskarethetensionforceofthestringthatweseek,andthenormalandfrictionforcesof
theplane.Weknowthedirectionofeachoftheseandthelocationatwhichitactsonthedisk,butnotitsmagnitude.Gravity,
whosemagnitudeanddirectionweknow,alsoactsonthedisk.So,wehavethreeunknowns:themagnitudesofthetension,
normal,andfrictionforces.Wethereforeneedthreeindependentequationsinordertosolveforthem.Sincethediskis
stationary,weknowitisnotacceleratinginthexorydirections,andthatitisnotrotatingaboutanypivotpointwechoose
toconsider.Thismeansthatthenetforceinthexdirectioniszero,thenetforceintheydirectioniszero,andthenettorque
aboutanypointiszero.Bywritingeachofthesestatementsintermsoftheactualforces(andtrigonometricfunctionsofthe
inclineangle),wegetthreeequations,andallwehavetodoiseliminatethevariableswedontcareaboutandsolveforthe
tension.Thisisaclassicstaticsproblem.
Thequestionis,inordertofindthetension,whatchoiceofcoordinatesystemandpivotpointisbest?Anychoicewillwork,
butsomewillleadtoratheruglyalgebra.Howtochoose?
Ifwechoosethepivotpointforourtorqueequationtobeatthepointofcontactbetweenthediskandincline,thenneitherthe
normalnorfrictionforcesexertanytorque(sincebothactatthepivotpointitself).So,theonlytwotorquesareduetogravity
andthestringtension;theonlyunknownisthemagnitudeofthetension,andwecansolvethisoneequationforthetension.
Simple!Wedontneedtousethetwoforceequationsorsolveforthefrictionornormalforcesatall.
Thetensionexertsatorqueof2RToutofthepage.Theweightactsatthecenterofthedisk,andthecomponentoftheweight
perpendiculartothevectorfrompivotpointtothecenterofthediskisMgsin(thecomponentparalleltotheplane),sothe
weightexertsatorqueofMgRsinintothepage.Thus, 2 RT MgR sin ,and T Mg 2 sin .Thesineof30is1/2,
soanswer(4)iscorrect.
Hadwechosenadifferentpivotpoint,thesystemofequationswedhavetosolvewouldbesignificantlymorecomplex.

KeyPoints:
Forabodyinstaticequilibrium,theforcesonitmustaddtozero(vectorsum,i.e.,alongallaxes),andthetorquesmust
addtozeroaboutanypivotpointyouchoose.
Choosingtheorientationofyourcoordinateaxesandthepivotpointforyourtorqueequationcanmakethealgebraofa
problemeasierorharder.
Itsgenerallywisetochooseapivotpointwhereasmanyforcesaspossible,especiallyunknownonesyouarentinterested
insolvingfor,exertnotorque:thatis,theforcesactatthatpoint,oralongalinethatpassesthroughthepoint.

ForInstructorsOnly

Page8.27

Chapter8
Inthisquestion,theissueisnotsomuchwhichanswerisrightaswhatapproachprovidestheeasiestpathtoit.Many
studentswillplacetheirpivotpointatthecenterofthediskorperhapswherethestringattachestothedisk,andthendive
intotwo(orthree)equationsintwo(orthree)unknowns(dependingontheirchoiceofcoordinatesystem).Whenthesimple
solutiondescribedaboveisrevealedduringdiscussion,agooddealofforeheadsmackingoccurs,andthepointistakento
heart.
Wefindthattalkingexplicitlyaboutproblemsolvingstrategiesandprovidingquestionswithmultipleapproaches,some
clearlysuperiortoothers,helpsstudentstobecomemoreeffective,efficient,andawareproblemsolvers.

QuestionE1.10b
Description:Developingproblemsolvingskillsbychoosinganoriginfortorqueproblems.
Question
AuniformdiskwithmassMandradiusRsitsatrestonanincline30tothehorizontal.Astringiswoundarounddiskand
attachedtotopofinclineasshown.Thestringisparalleltoincline.Thefrictionforceactingatthecontactpointis:

1. Mg/2,downtheincline
2. Mg/2,uptheincline
3. Mg/4,uptheincline
4. Mg/0.86,downtheincline
5. Noneoftheabove
6. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourproblemsolvingskillsbyconsideringmultipleapproachestoaquestion,andtoexplorethe
significanceofwhereyouchooseyouroriginfortorquecalculations.

Page8.28

Chapter8
Discussion:Thisquestionisalmostidenticaltothelastone(19a),exceptitasksforthemagnitudeofthefrictionforcerather
thanthetension.Itcanbesolvedjustaseasilyasthatproblem,bychoosingapivotpointwherethestringmeetsthedisk(so
thetensionandnormalforcesexertnotorque),settingupthetorqueequation,andsolvingforthefrictionforce.
However,havingansweredthepreviousquestion,wecansolvethisoneevenmoresimply.Weknowthatthenetforceonthe
diskiszero.Considerforcesactingparalleltotheincline.TheweightcomponentdowntheplaneisMgsin=Mg/2,andthe
tensionforceuptheplaneisonehalfthat(Mg/4),aswefoundlastquestion.So,ifthereistobenonetforcealongtheplane,
frictionmustexertaforceequaltotension(Mg/4)uptheplane,sothattogethertensionandfrictioncanbalancetheparallel
componentoftheweight.Usingwhatwefoundlastquestion,wecananswerthisoneinourheadswithnosignificantalgebra
atall.
Itmightbothersomestudentsthatthefrictionforceactsupwardalongtheplane.Imaginewhatwouldhappeniftheplane
werefrictionless:thebottomofthediskwouldslipforwarddowntheplane,slidingoutfromunderthepointattachedtothe
string.Thus,frictionmustopposethismotionbypointinguptheplane.
KeyPoints:
Again,thinkcarefullybeforedivingintoacalculation.Youmightalreadyknowenough,orbeabletoreasonenough,to
answeraquestionwithoutgettingintothealgebra.Worksmarter,notharder.
Themoralofthesequestionsisntjusttochoosethebestpivotpointforastaticsproblem.Itstouseallyourinformation
andknowledgetochoosetheeasiestwaytoansweraquestion.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionismeanttofollow19a.Wesuggestthoroughlydiscussing19abeforebeginningthisone.Somestudentswill
nothavetakenthepointof19a,andwillonceagainwadeintomultipleequationsinmultipleunknowns.Somewillhave
takenthespecificmoralaboutchoosingapivotpointcarefully,andwillrepeatthatapproachherebetter,butnotideal.Few
arelikelytousewhattheyfoundlastquestiontoreasontheanswer,asoutlinedabove.
Westronglysuggestdrawingafreebodydiagramofthedisktosupporttheargumentabove.Notonlydoesthishelpsome
studentsgrasptheargument,butitcommunicatesbyexamplethatgraphicalrepresentationssuchasfreebodydiagramsare
usefulproblemsolvingtoolsthatshouldbepartofstudentsworkingtoolkit.

QuestionE2.01
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumforlinear,circular,andspinningmotion.

Page8.29

Chapter8
Question
Whichsituationhastheleastmagnitudeofangularmomentumabouttheorigin?
A. A2kgmasstravelsalongtheliney=3mwithspeed1.5m/s.
B. A1kgmasstravelsinacircleofr=4.5mabouttheoriginwithspeed2m/s.
C. AdiskwithI=3kgm2rotatesaboutitscenter(onorigin)with=3rad/s.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. BothAandB
5. BothAandC
6. BothBandC
7. Allhavethesamemagnitudeangularmomentum.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofangularmomentumandconfrontacommonmisconceptionthatobjectstravelingin
astraightlinemusthavezeroangularmomentum.
ur r r
r
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofapointlikeobjectisdefinedby L r p ,where r isthevectorfromtheorigin
r
(aboutwhichangularmomentumisbeingdetermined)totheobject,and p istheobjectsmomentum.Forarigidobject
rotatingaboutanaxis,wecanusethistoderiveanexpressionfortheobjectstotalangularmomentum: L I ,whereIis
themomentofinertiaoftheextendedobjectabouttherotationaxisandisitsangularvelocityaboutthataxis.
IfwesimplyapplythefirstformtosituationAwefindthattheangularmomentumhasamagnitudeof 9kg m 2 /s2 .Note
thatanobjectdoesnotneedtoberotatingortravelinginacurvetohavenonzeroangularmomentum;itmerelyneedsa
nonzerovelocitythatisntpurelyradial(towardsorawayfromtheorigin).
Ifthisbothersyou,imaginethatthemassinsituationAstrikesandstickstoastationarydiskfreetorotateaboutanaxisat
theorigin.Whatwillhappen?Thediskwiththemassstucktoitwillbegintorotateabouttheaxis.Thefinalsituationclearly
hasnonzeroangularmomentum.Fortheprincipleofconservationofangularmomentumtohaveanymeaning,theinitial
situationthemassmovinginastraightlinemustalsohavenonzeroangularmomentum.
Similarly,wecanapplythefirstformtosituationBtofindanangularmomentumof 9kg m 2 /s2 .Alternatively,wecanuse

Page8.30

Chapter8
thesecondformdeterminingtheangularvelocityfromthespeedandthecirclescircumference,andusing I mR 2 asthe
momentofinertiaofapointmassadistanceRfromtheaxis.Wewillgetthesameanswer.
ApplyingthesecondformtosituationCalsoyieldsanangularmomentumof 9kg m 2 /s2 .Thus,thebestansweris(7).
KeyPoints:
ur r r
Angularmomentumisdefinedby Lr p forapointmass.
Thetotalangularmomentumofarigid,rotatingobjectcanbedeterminedusing L I .
Amassdoesnotneedtoberotatingorspinningtohavenonzeroangularmomentum.Translatingpasttheoriginanonzero
distanceawayissufficient.
ForInstructorsOnly
Answer(1)iscommon,andrevealstheprevalentmisconceptionthatobjectstravelingalongastraightlinehavenoangular
momentum.
Answer(4)revealsthelessprevalentmisconceptionthatonlynonpoint,rotatingobjectscanhaveanonzeroangular
momentum.
Theotherincorrectanswersaremerelydistractors.
Thisisagoodproblemforstressingthattheangularmomentumofanobjectdependsononeschoiceoforigin.Themass
movinglinearlyinsituationAwouldhavenoangularmomentumifonechoseanorigindirectlyalongitspath,ratherthanoff
totheside.

QuestionE2.02a
Description:Exploringstudentthinkingaboutrotationalmotionandangularmomentumconservation.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofarotatingdiskholdingarock.Thediskrotatesfreelywithoutfriction.Iftherockisdropped
attheinstantshown,whichoftheindicatedpathsmostnearlyrepresentsthepathoftherockasseenfromabovethedisk?

Page8.31

Chapter8

1. Path(1)
2. Path(2)
3. Path(3)
4. Path(4)
5. Path(5)
6. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:TocheckyourunderstandingofNewtonsfirstlawinarotationalcontext.
Discussion:Weinterprettheworddropinthequestionstatementtomeanthattherockisreleasedwithoutdeliveringany
impulsetoit.
Attheinstantshown,therocksvelocityisstraightforward,tangentialtothedisk:direction(2).Whentherockisreleased,
theonlyforcesactingontherockaregravityandairresistance.Gravitywillaccelerateitdownwards(intothepage,asseen
fromabove),andairresistancewilltendtoslowitdownbutnotchangeitsdirection.Thus,therearenoforcesthatprovidean
accelerationtotheleftorright,andtherockmustcontinuealongpath(2)asseenfromabove.(Seenfromtheside,therock
wouldfollowaparabolaasitcontinuestravelingforwardwhileacceleratingdownward.)ThisisaconsequenceofNewtons
firstlaw:anobjectmaintainsitsexistingvelocityspeedanddirectionunlessanexternalforceactsuponit.
Youmaythinkthatthevelocityoftherockbeforeitisdroppediscurved.Weoftenuseacurvedarrowtorepresentthe
angularvelocityofsomething,butthisdoesnotmeanthatthe(linear)velocityiscurved.Velocityisalwaysavector
representingthespeedanddirectionofanobjectatonepointintime,andcanbeindicatedbya(straight)arrow.Iftheobject
followsacurvedpath,thevelocityatanypointistangenttothecurve.
Path(3)mightbewhatthetrajectoryoftherockwouldlookliketothechildwhodroppedit.Inotherwords,thechildis
movingawayfromthepathoftherock,andtherefore,therocklookslikeitiscurvingaway.Thisisanillusion,however,
becausethechildisaccelerating(movinginacircle);thechildsframeofreferenceisanoninertial(invalid)frame.
Youmightthinkthattherocktravelsalongpath(1),thatthevelocitychangesdirectionbecausetherockexperiencesa
centripetalacceleration,andthatthisaccelerationiscausedbythecentripetalforce.Centripetalforceisnotarealforce.
Rather,itisacomponentofthenetforce.Thecentripetalforceiswhatevercomponentpointsradiallyinwardwhenallthe
actualforces,causedbyinteractionswithotherobjects,aresummed.Inthissituation,theonlyforcesactingontherockafter
itisreleasedaregravityandairresistance,sothenetforcehasnocomponentintheradialdirection.Thus,thecentripetal
forceiszero.

Page8.32

Chapter8
Youmightthinkthattherocktravelsalongpaths(3),(4),or(5)becauseitisacteduponbythecentrifugalforce.Thereis
nosuchforce.Centrifugalforceisanillusionexperiencedwithinanaccelerated(noninertial)referenceframe.Tothechild,
itfeelslikesomethingispullingtherockoutwardfromherhand;thatistheillusorycentrifugalforce.Inreality,therocks
inertiaisjustcarryingitinastraightlineaccordingtoNewtonsfirstlaw,andthechildmustexertaforceradiallyinwardon
ittomakeittravelinacircle(untilshedropsit).
KeyPoints:
Newton'sfirstlawsaysthatanobjecttravelswithconstantvelocityunlessaforceactsuponittochangeitsspeedand/or
direction.
Anobjecttravelsalongacircularpathonlyifsomeinteractionwithanotherobjectpullsittowardsthecenterofthatcircle;
whenthatinteractionceases,theobjectstopsmovinginacurveandcontinuesinastraightline.
Centripetalforceisnotarealforceliketension,gravity,andthelike,butisawayoftalkingaboutonecomponentofthe
sumofallforces.
Centrifugalforceisanillusionexperiencedinanacceleratingreferenceframe,notarealforce.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreequestionsaboutthissituation.Laterquestionsexploreconservationofangularmomentumand
energy;thisquestionsetsthoseupbyclarifyingthesituation,establishingstudentsunderstandingoftherocksactual
trajectory.ItalsoprovidesavaluablerefresheronNewtonsfirstlawandrevealsstubbornmisconceptionsaboutcircular
motion.
Youmaybesurprisedbyhowmanymisconceptionsthisquestioncanreveal,andhowtenaciouslystudentsclingtothem.
Thisquestion,andothersintegratingrotationalandlinearideas,deserveextendeddiscussiontime.
Tostimulateproductivediscussion,youmaywishtoposequestionssuchas:Whatpathwouldthechildsee?Whatisthe
velocityoftherockjustbeforeandjustafteritisdropped?Whatwouldthepathoftherockhavebeenifthechildcontinued
toholdit?Doyouexpectthepathtobethesameordifferentwhenthechilddropsit?

QuestionE2.02b
Description:Exploringstudentthinkingaboutrotationalmotionandangularmomentumconservation.
Question

Page8.33

Chapter8
Achildisstandingattherimofafreelyrotatingdiskholdingarock.Thediskrotateswithoutfriction.Therockisdroppedat
theinstantshown.Asaresultofdroppingtherock,whathappenstotheangularvelocityofthechildanddisk?

1. Increases
2. Staysthesame
3. Decreases
4. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Tocheckyourunderstandingofangularmomentumandrotationalinertia.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenthesystemexperiencesnonettorque.Whenthechild
dropstherock,noexternalforcesareactingonthechildanddiskthatcouldexertanettorque,sotheangularmomentumof
thechildanddiskmustremainconstant.(Internalforcescannotexertanettorque.)Thus,theirangularvelocitycannot
change.
Toputitanotherway,intheprocessofdroppingtherock,noangularimpulseisdeliveredtothechildanddisk,sonochange
inangularmomentumoccurs.
KeyPoints:
Ifasystemexperiencesnonettorque,itsangularmomentumwillremainconstant.
Onlyforcesexternaltoasystemcanexertanetforceoranettorqueonit.
Ifasystemsangularmomentumdoesnotchangeanditsmassdistributionremainsconstant,itsangularvelocitymustalso
remainconstant.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreequestionsaboutthissituation.Thefirstquestionestablishedthetrajectoryoftherockfollowingits
release;thisoneestablishesthebehaviorofthechildanddiskwhentherockisdropped.

Page8.34

Chapter8
Thisquestionmakesagoodcontextfordiscussingtheconceptofangularimpulse.
Studentsmayconfusethemselvesonthisquestionbyapplyingangularmomentumconservationincorrectly.Theymay,for
example,believethattheangularmomentumofthediskchildrocksystemmustbeconstant,andthattherockhasnoangular
momentumafteritisreleased,sotheangularmomentumofthediskandchildmustincrease.Thisconfusionmaybe
addressedinthecontextofdiscussionaboutthenextquestionintheset.

QuestionE2.02c
Description:Linkingandrelatingenergyandangularmomentumconservationforrotationalmotion.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofafreelyrotatingdiskholdingarock.Thediskrotateswithoutfriction.Therockisdroppedat
theinstantshown.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheprocessofdroppingtherock?

1. Angularmomentumisconserved,mechanicalenergyincreases.
2. Angularmomentumisconserved,mechanicalenergydecreases.
3. Angularmomentumincreases,mechanicalenergyisconserved.
4. Angularmomentumdecreases,mechanicalenergyisconserved.
5. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyareconserved.
6. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyincrease.
7. Angularmomentumdecreases,mechanicalenergyincreases.
8. Angularmomentumincreases,mechanicalenergydecreases.
9. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergydecrease.
10. Theconservedquantitiescannotbedetermined.

Commentary

Page8.35

Chapter8
Purpose:Todevelopyourunderstandingofenergyandangularmomentumconservationinarotationalcontext.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhennonettorqueactsonit.Anettorquemustcomefrom
externalforces,sinceinternalinteractionscannotapplyanetforceoranettorque.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhennoexternalforcesornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.(If
conservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotentialenergy,butthetotalmechanicalenergy
remainsconstant.Ifconservativeexternalforcesdowork,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotential,butthepotentialenergy
gainedorlostisnotpartofthesystem.)
Ifwetakethesystemtobetherock,thechild,andthemerrygoround,andweinterpretdroptomeanthatthechild
releasestherockwithoutdoinganyworkonit,thenthereisnonettorqueonthesystemandalsonoworkdoneby
nonconservativeforces.Thus,bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyareconserved.
Inthepreviousquestion,weestablishedthattheangularmomentumandangularvelocityofthechildanddiskdonotchange
whentherockisdropped.Ifthetotalangularmomentumofthediskchildrocksystemisalsoconserved,thentherockitself
musthavethesameangularmomentumbeforeandafteritisreleased.Thisispossiblebecauseanobjectmovinginastraight
linecanhavenonzeroangularmomentumaboutapointthatisnotonthatline.(Refertothedefinitionofangularmomentum
intermsoflinearmomentumtoseewhy.)
Notethatastherockisfalling,itskineticenergyisincreasingduetothegravitationalforceoftheEarth.Therefore,ifthe
Earthisnotpartofthesystemunderconsideration,thesystemsmechanicalenergydoesincreasewhiletherockisfalling
towardstheground.However,thisisaftertheprocessthequestionasksabout.

KeyPoints:
Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenevernonettorqueisexerteduponit.
Onlyexternalforcescanexertanettorque.
Anobjectmovinginastraightlinecanhaveangularmomentumaboutapointnotonthatline.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhenevernoexternalornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.
Whetherangularmomentumormechanicalenergyisconservedforasystemdependswhatoneincludesinthesystem.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthelastofthreequestionsinvolvingthissituation.Questions69acaskaboutsimilarsituationsinwhichthechild

Page8.36

Chapter8
throwstherockradiallyortangentiallyratherthandroppingit.Byusingthesetwoquestionsetstogether,youcandraw
studentsattentiontothesignificanceofthatfacet.
Somestudentswillsaythatmechanicalenergyand/orangularmomentumislostwhentherockisdroppedbecauseitisno
longerpartofthesystem.
Studentsgenerallyunderstandangularmomentumasspinningorrotating,andhavegreatdifficultyunderstandinghow
somethingmovinginastraightlinecanhavenonzeroangularmomentum.Reconcilingtheirintuitionandconceptofangular
ur r r
momentumwith Lr p (thedefinitionofangularmomentum)willbedifficult.Itmaybehelpfultomakeaconnectionby
consideringtheconstituentparticlesofanextended,rigid,rotatingbody.
Tostimulateproductivediscussion,youmaywishtoposequestionssuchas:Whatisthesystembeforetherockis
dropped?Howaboutafterwards?Whatexactlyistheprocesswearelookingat?Whendoesitstartandend?Doestherock
haveangularmomentum(ormechanicalenergy)justbeforeitisdropped?Howaboutjustafterwards?Ifenergyislost,
whathappenstoit?Ifangularmomentumchanges,whattorquesactonthesystemtochangeit?

QuestionE2.03a
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumandenergyinrotationalmotion(setup:addressingvelocity
vectoraddition).
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofadiskholdingarock.Thediskrotatesfreelywithoutfriction.Attheinstantshown,thechild
throwstherockradiallyoutward.Whichoftheindicatedpathsmostnearlyrepresentsthetrajectoryoftherockasseenfrom
above?

Page8.37

Chapter8
1. Path(1)
2. Path(2)
3. Path(3)
4. Path(4)
5. Path(5)
6. Noneoftheabove
7. Cannotbedetermined
Commentary
Purpose:Torevisitvelocityandvectoradditioninthecontextofrotationalmotion.
Discussion:Justbeforetherockisthrown,itismovinginacircle,anditsinstantaneouslinearvelocitypointsdirectlyupthe
page(tangentialtothecircleofmotion).Ifthechildmerelydroppedtherock,itwouldcontinueinastraightlinealongpath
(2).However,whenthechildthrowstherockradiallyoutwards,shedeliversanimpulseindirection(5),soitnowhasa
velocitycomponentinthatdirectionaswellasitsoriginalvelocitycomponentindirection(2).Asaresult,therockmovesin
direction(4).
Afterithasbeenreleased,therockexperiencesnoforcesexceptgravityandairresistance,andneitherofthoseactina
directionthatwouldchangeitsdirectionleftorright.So,seenfromabove,therockcontinuesalongpath(4).
Youmaybetemptedtoputyourselfintheframeofthechild,toimaginethrowingordroppingtherock.Thisisdangerous,
becausetheframeofthechildisacceleratingandisnotaproperinertialreferenceframe.Newtonslawsdonotholdina
noninertialframe,soitisbesttoavoidusingonetoanalyzesituations.
KeyPoints:
Atanypointintime,anobjecttravelingalongacurvedpathhasalinearvelocitytangentialtothecurve.
Ifanobjectismovinginonedirectionandreceivesanimpulseinanotherdirection,itsresultingmotionwillbea
combinationofthosetwodirections.(Theexactdirectioncanbefoundfromthevectoradditionofitsoriginalmomentum
andtheappliedimpulse.)
Anobjectdoesnotcontinuemovingalongacurvewhentheforcecausingittofollowthatcurvehasceased.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreerelatedquestions.ThissetissimilartoQuestions68acandisintendedtofollowthem.

Page8.38

Chapter8
Somestudentsmayanswer(5)becausetheyinterpretthequestiontomeanthattherockisthrownsothatittravelsdirectly
outward.Indiscussingandresolvingthisambiguity,studentscanlearnmorethanifthemisinterpretationhadbeenprevented
bycarefulproblemwording.
Studentsmayalsochoose(5)becausetheythinkoftherockasatrestbeforeitisthrown,lookingatitfromthechilds
frame.
Presentingstudentswithananalogoussituationmaybehelpful.Forexample,imagineaballrollingalongthefloorinone
directionandreceivingakicksideways.Whatdirectiondoesitrollafterthekick?(Thisissuitableforademonstration.)
Additionalquestionstoaskduringdiscussion:Whatistheradialcomponentofthevelocityiftherockfollowspath(2)?Isit
possibletothrowtherockinsuchawaythatitfollowspath(5)?

QuestionE2.03b
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumandenergyinrotationalmotion.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofarotatingdisk,andthrowsarockradiallyoutwardattheinstantshown.Thediskrotates
freelywithoutfriction.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaboutthediskchildrocksystemastherockisthrown?

1. Angularmomentumisconserved;mechanicalenergyincreases.
2. Angularmomentumisconserved;mechanicalenergydecreases.
3. Angularmomentumincreases;mechanicalenergyisconserved.
4. Angularmomentumdecreases;mechanicalenergyisconserved.
5. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyareconserved.
6. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergyincrease.
7. Angularmomentumdecreases;mechanicalenergyincreases.

Page8.39

Chapter8
8. Angularmomentumincreases;mechanicalenergydecreases.
9. Bothangularmomentumandmechanicalenergydecrease.
10. Theconservedquantitiescannotbedetermined.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofenergyandangularmomentumconservationinarotationalcontext.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhennonettorqueactsonit.Anettorquemustcomefrom
externalforces,sinceinternalinteractionscannotapplyanetforceoranettorque.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhennoexternalforcesornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.(If
conservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotentialenergy,butthetotalmechanicalenergy
remainsconstant.Ifconservativeexternalforcesdowork,kineticenergyisexchangedforpotential,butthepotentialenergy
gainedorlostisnotpartofthesystem.)
Anyforcesbetweenthechildandrockduringtheactofthrowingareinternaltothesystem,andthereforecannotexerta
torqueonthesystem.Nootherforcesarepresentthatcanexertatorque,sononettorqueexists,andthesystemsangular
momentumisconserved.(Aftertherockisthrown,itstillhasangularmomentumeventhoughitistravelinginastraight
line.)
Internalforcesbetweenthechildandrockaredoingwork,however.Thekineticenergyoftherockincreases.Furthermore,
thesearenonconservativeforces,andsothetotalmechanicalenergyofthesystemincreasesduringthethrowing.
KeyPoints:
Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenevernonettorqueisexerteduponit.
Onlyexternalforcescanexertanettorque.
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisconservedwhenevernoexternalornonconservativeinternalforcesdoworkonit.
Nonconservativeinternalforcescandoworkonandincreasethemechanicalenergyofasystem.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreerelatedquestions.ItisparalleltoQuestionE2.02c,butforathrownratherthandroppedrock.
Studentswhoanswerthatmechanicalenergyisconserved(3),(4),or(5)maybeexpressingtheirbeliefthatenergyis
alwaysconserved,withoutappreciatingthatthisdoesnotrequirethemechanicalenergyofaparticularsystemtoalwaysbe

Page8.40

Chapter8
conserved.Leadingthesestudentstorealizethatthekineticenergyofthemovingrockcomesfromchemicalenergyinthe
tissuesofthechildsmuscles,whichisnotconsideredmechanicalenergy,maybehelpful.
Otherstudentswhoanswerthatmechanicalenergyisconservedmaynotrealizethatinternalforcescandoworkonthe
system.Discussinganalogoussituationsmaybehelpful:forexample,anacceleratingbicycleorautomobile,inwhich
internalforcesprovidetheenergy(butstaticfrictionprovidestheimpulse).
Studentswhoanswerthatmechanicalenergydecreases(2),(8),or(9)maythinkthatthethrownrockisnolongerpartof
thesystem,andsoitskineticenergyisremovedfromthesystemsmechanicalenergy.
Studentsmaybesurprisedtoencounterasystemwhosemechanicalenergyincreases;mostoftheirexperienceiswithforces
thatdissipate,ratherthanadd,energy.
AdditionalQuestions:
1. Iftherockisthrowninsteadindirection(2),(a)wouldtheangularmomentumofthesystemincrease,decrease,orstay
thesame,and(b)wouldtheangularmomentumoftherockincrease,decrease,orstaythesame?
2. Thechildthrowstherocksuchthatitismovingindirection(5)withthesamespeedasbefore.(a)Explainhowthisis
possible.(b)Whatistheangularmomentumoftherockafterwards?(c)Whatquantitiesmustchangeforthediskchild
systemduringthisprocess?Howdotheychange?Explain.

QuestionE2.03c
Description:Developingunderstandingofangularmomentumandenergyinrotationalmotion.
Question
Achildisstandingattherimofarotatingdiskholdingarock,andthrowsarockindirection(2)attheinstantshown.The
diskrotatesfreelywithoutfriction.Whathappenstotheangularspeedofthedisk?

Page8.41

Chapter8
1. Increases
2. Remainsthesame
3. Decreases
4. Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneandrelatetheconceptsofangularvelocity,angularmomentum,angularimpulse,andtorque.
Discussion:Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhennonettorqueactsonit.Anettorquemustcomefrom
externalforces,sinceinternalinteractionscannotapplyanetforceoranettorque.Forthesystemconsistingofthedisk,
child,androck,anyforcesbetweenthechildandrockduringtheactofthrowingareinternalandcannotexertanettorqueon
thesystem(asawhole).Ifnonettorqueexists,noangularimpulseisdelivered,sotheangularmomentumofthesystem
cannotchange.
However,thisdoesnottelluswhethertheangularvelocityofthediskandchildchanges.Letsconsiderthesystem
consistingofthediskandchild,butnottherock.Duringtheactofthrowing,thechildmustexertaforceontherockinthe
directiontherockisbeingthrown:direction(2).AccordingtoNewtonsthirdlaw,therockmustbeexertingaforceofequal
magnitudeonthechildshand,pointingbackintheoppositedirection.Asfarasthechildanddiskareconcerned,thisisan
externalforce,andexertsatorqueintheclockwisedirection.Thistorquecausesanangularimpulse,changingtheangular
momentumofthechildanddisk.Sincethetorqueisintheoppositedirectionoftherotation,theangularvelocityofthedisk
andchilddecrease.
Howisitpossiblefortheangularmomentumofthechildanddisktodecreaseiftheangularmomentumofthechild,disk,
androcktogetherisconserved?Becausetheangularmomentumoftherockincreasesasitisthrown.Recallthatanobject
travelinginastraightlinecanhavenonzeroangularmomentumaboutapointnotonthatline,accordingtothedefinitionof
ur r r
angularmomentum L r p .Therockslinearmomentumincreasesasitisthrown,soitsangularmomentumaboutthe

centerofthediskdoesaswell.
KeyPoints:
Theangularmomentumofasystemisconservedwhenevernonettorqueisexerteduponit.
Onlyexternalforcescanexertanettorqueonasystem.
Anobjecttravelinginastraightlinehasnonzeroangularmomentumaboutapointnotonthatline.
Choosingyoursystemwiselymakesanalyzingsituationsandansweringquestionseasier.

Page8.42

Chapter8
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthethirdofthreerelatedquestions.Thisquestiondiffersfromtheothersinthattherockisthrowntangentiallyrather
thanradially,drawingstudentsattentiontothesignificanceofthatchange.
Thisquestionisusefulforrelatingseveraldifferentconcepts:force,torque,momentum,angularmomentum,impulse,
angularimpulse,velocity,andangularvelocity.Weencourageyoutoleadadiscussionthatexploresthesituationand
questionfrommanyangles,helpingstudentstofittheseideastogetherandresolveapparentcontradictions.
Forexample,manystudentswillstillmostlikelyhavedifficultywiththeideathatanobjecttravelinginastraightlinecan
haveangularmomentum,butthatiscrucialtounderstandinghowthesystemasawholecanconserveangularmomentum
whenthediskandchildalonedonot.
Manystudentsmaychoosethecorrectanswerbasedonintuitionorvagueheuristicreasoning,andshouldbeencouragedto
formalizeordefendthiswithrigorousanalysis.
Notethatthekineticenergyofthesystemhasincreased,eventhoughtheangularspeedofthediskchildsystemhas
decreased.

QuestionE2.04

Description:Relatingangularmomentumtokineticenergyforrotation.
Question
Aniceskaterbeginsaspininthemiddleofalargerink,butthenstartstospinfasterbypullingherarmsin.Whichofthe
followingstatementsistrue?
1. Bothkineticenergyandangularmomentumareconserved.
2. Kineticenergyisconserved;angularmomentumincreases.
3. Kineticenergyisconserved;angularmomentumdecreases.
4. Kineticenergyincreases;angularmomentumisconserved.
5. Kineticenergydecreases;angularmomentumisconserved.
6. Bothkineticenergyandangularmomentumincrease.
7. Kineticenergyincreases;angularmomentumdecreases.
8. Kineticenergydecreases;angularmomentumincreases.

Page8.43

Chapter8
9. Bothkineticenergyandangularmomentumdecrease.
10. Impossibletodetermine

Commentary
Purpose:Toimproveyourunderstandingofconservationlawsandinternalforces.
Discussion:Ifwetreattheiceasfrictionless,onlytwoexternalforcesactontheskater:gravitation(down)duetotheEarth
andanormalforce(up)duetotheice.Neitheroftheseexertsatorqueabouttheskaterscenterofmass,soherangular
momentumisconserved.Bypullinginherarms,however,shehasdecreasedherrotationalinertia,soherangularvelocity
mustincrease: L I .
Herkineticenergy,however,mustincrease.Ifangularmomentumisconserved, I11 I 2 2 .Thismeansthatifher
rotationalinertiaIhasdecreasedbyafactorwellcallf(sothatI2=I1/f),herangularspeedmustincreasebythatsamefactor:

2 f 1 .Herkineticenergymustthereforeincreasebyafactoroff: K 2 I 2 22 2 f I112 2 fK 1 .
Wheredoestheadditionalenergycomefrom?Astheskaterpullsherarmsin,sheisapplyingaforcethroughadisplacement
andthusdoingworkonthesystem.Sheisconvertingchemicalenergystoredinherbodytokineticenergy.
KeyPoints:
Ifasystemexperiencesnonetexternaltorque,itsangularmomentumdoesnotchange.
Internalforcescandoworkonasystemandincreaseitskineticenergy.
Angularmomentumcanremainconstantwhileangularspeedincreases(ordecreases),ifrotationalinertiadecreases(or
increases)bythesamefactor.
Ifangularspeedchangesbutangularmomentumdoesnot,kineticenergyfromrotationmustalsochange.
ForInstructorsOnly
Studentswhoindicatethatangularmomentumdecreases(3),(7),or(9)maybetakingfrictionintoaccount.Theyarenot
incorrect;theyaremerelynotmakingtheexpectedassumption.
Studentsmayclaimthatangularmomentumincreases(2),(6),or(8)becausetheyassociatelargerangularspeedwith
largerangularmomentum,ignoringtheroleofrotationalinertiaornotrealizingthatitdecreasessufficientlyinthissituation.

Page8.44

Chapter8
Somestudentsmaycorrectlybelievethatkineticenergyincreases,butwithoutunderstandinghowthisarisesfromthe
interplaybetweenIand.
Studentsindicatingthatkineticenergydecreases(5),(8),or(9)maythinkthatkineticenergywouldbeconservedexcept
fortheeffectoffriction.

QuestionF1.03a
Description:Integratingenergyandangularmomentumideasbyconsideringprojectilemotioninauniversalgravitation
context.
Question
Twomassesm1andm2,havingm1>m2,arelaunchedwiththesamespeedinthedirectionA.Whichmassreachesthegreatest
height?

1. m1
2. m2
3. Bothreachthesameheight.
Commentary
Purpose:Toextendyourunderstandingofenergyconservationandprojectilemotionintotherealmofuniversal
gravitation.
Discussion:Undertheassumptionsoflocalgravity,themaximumheightaprojectilereachesdoesnotdependonthe
objectsmass,onlyonitslaunchdirectionandspeed.Thisprobleminquireswhetherthatisalsotrueunderuniversal
gravitation,thusstimulatingyoutogeneralizeyourunderstandingofprojectilemotionandworkwithuniversalgravitation
ideas.

Page8.45

Chapter8
Assumingeachprojectileslaunchspeedislessthanitsescapevelocity,itwillrisestraightup,graduallyslow,stop
momentarily,andfallbackdown.Itsmaximumheightthusoccurswhenthekineticenergyiszero.Initially,aprojectilehas
somepositivekineticenergyandsomenegativepotentialenergy.(Underuniversalgravitation,allgravitationalpotential
energyisnegative;thecloseroneistothesourceofattraction,themorenegativeitbecomes.)Atthehighestpoint,ithasonly
negativepotentialenergy.Sinceallforcesareconservative,totalmechanicalenergyisconserved,initialenergyisequalto
finalenergy,andbywritingtheappropriateexpressionsforkineticandpotentialenergy,wecansolvefortheprojectiles
height.
Wedont,however,actuallyhavetosolvefortheheighthere.Notethattheexpressionsforkineticandpotentialenergyare
bothproportionaltotheprojectilesmassm:K=mv2/2andU=GmMEarth/r.Thus,themasscancelsoutoftheequation,
meaningthatthemaximumheightachievedisindependentofthemass.(Thesameargumentappliestotheanalogous
probleminlocalgravitation,thoughtheequationforpotentialenergyisdifferent.)
Itmaybetemptingtoarguequalitativelythattheheavierobjecthasmoreinitialkineticenergy,andthereforewillhavemore
finalpotentialenergy,andthusmustgohigher;thisargumentoverlooksthefactthattheheavierobjectalsorequiresmore
energytoreachagivenheight.
KeyPoints:
Objectmassesoftendropoutofgravitationalproblems,forbothlocalanduniversalgravitation.
Understandingthereasoningbehindfactsandderivedresultshelpsyoutoknowwhethertheyarevalidinnew
circumstances(e.g.,universalgravitationvs.localgravitation).
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionisanexampleoftheextendthecontextpattern,presentingafamiliarquestioninanovelcircumstance:inthis
case,acommonprojectilemotionquestioninasituationrequiringuniversalratherthanlocalgravitation.
Donotstopafterfindingoutwhetherstudentsprovidethecorrectanswer;perseveretofindouttheirreasoning.Some
studentswillgettherightanswerbyerroneouslyapplyingthesquarerootof2ghorsimilarrulesmemorizedduringlocal
gravitation,andthismustbedetectedandchallenged.

QuestionF1.03b
Description:Integratingenergyandangularmomentumideasbyconsideringprojectilemotioninauniversalgravitation
context.

Page8.46

Chapter8
Question
Twomassesm1andm2,havingm1>m2,arelaunchedwiththesamespeedinthedirectionB.Whichmassreachesthegreatest
height?

1. m1
2. m2
3. Bothreachthesameheight.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohelpyouintegrateangularmomentumandenergyideasinuniversalgravitationproblems.
Discussion:Inthepreviousquestion,aprojectilelauncheddirectlyupwardsreacheditsapogee(maximumheight)whenits
speedwaszero.Inthisquestion,theprojectilesarelaunchedatanangleandthereforehaveanonzerospeedevenatapogee.
Inordertoapplytheprincipleofconservationofenergytofindthemaximumheight,weneedtoknowhowmuchkinetic
energyeachprojectilewillhaveatthetop.
Ifweweredoingthisproblemwithlocalgravity(aflatearthwithconstantgravitationalforce),thetrajectoryofaprojectile
wouldbeaparabola,thehorizontalcomponentofthevelocitywouldbeconstant,andbyfindingtheinitialhorizontal
velocitywewouldknowitatalltimesandcouldfindthekineticenergyatapogee(whentheverticalcomponentofthe
velocityiszero).Withthisproblem,however,theprojectilewillfollowanellipticalorbitratherthanaparabola,andthe
horizontalvelocity(inacoordinatesystemfixedatthelaunchpoint)isnotconstant.
Whatisconstant?Theangularmomentumoftheprojectilearoundthecenteroftheearthisconserved,sincetheonlyforce
actinguponitiscentral(pointstowardthecenteroftheearth)andthusexertsnotorque.Wecanrelatetheangular
ur
r r
r
r
momentumtothehorizontal(tangential)velocitycomponentvtasfollows: L r p r m v mr vt .Sincethe

Page8.47

Chapter8

kineticenergyatapogeeKais mvt2 2 (sincetheradialcomponentofvelocityvriszero),wecanwriteKaintermsofthe

2
2
angularmomentum: K a L 2mra (whereraistheradiusoftheprojectileitsheightabovethecenteroftheearthat

apogee).
Sincetheangularmomentumisconstant,wecanfinditsvalueatthemomentoflaunch: L mr vt mRE v0 cos where
isthelaunchangle(abovehorizontal)andv0thelaunchspeed.Now,ifwesubstitutethisintoourexpressionforKa,weget

K a mRE2 v02 cos2 2r 2 .Inotherwords,wefindthatthekineticenergyatapogeeisproportionaltotheprojectiles


mass.
Sincekineticenergyatlaunchandpotentialenergyatlaunchandapogeeareallalsoproportionaltothemass(asdiscussedin
thepreviousquestion),masscancelsoutoftheconservationofenergyequation,andwefindthatthemaximumheightdoes
notdependonmass.Thus,bothprojectilesmustreachthesamemaximumheight.Inotherwords,thesameargumentapplies
tothisquestionastothepreviousone,butinthiscasewehadtodoalittlemoreworktodemonstratethattheargumentdoes
apply.
Intuitionmightsuggesttoyouthatthemassdoesnotmatter,butpartofphysicsislearningtobackupyourintuitionwitha
solidargument.
KeyPoints:
Fororbitproblemsanduniversalgravitation,muchofwhatyouvelearnedaboutparabolictrajectoryproblemsdoesnot
apply,orappliesonlywithsignificantmodification.
Angularmomentumisapowerfulconceptforreasoningaboutgravitationandorbitproblems.
Foranorbitingbody,acertainamountofenergyislockedupinpreservingthebody'sangularmomentumandcannotbe
convertedtopotentialenergy;therestoftheenergymovesbetweenpotentialandkineticastheobjectorbitsfartherfrom
andthenclosertotheobjectattractingit.
ForInstructorsOnly
This,onceagain,isanexampleofextendingthecontext:theproblemisidenticalto6a,exceptfortheinitiallaunch
directionoftheprojectiles;itthusfocusesstudentsattentiononthesignificanceofhavinganinitialhorizontalcomponent.
Asbefore,studentsmayveryeasilyselectthecorrectanswerbasedonincorrectorinsufficientreasoning;thepointofthis
questionisthereforetomotivatediscussionaboutwhythatansweriscorrect.PlayingtheDevilsAdvocatecanbeuseful
here.

Page8.48

Chapter8
Thisisahardquestion,butitprovidesfertilegroundforexploringtheapplicationofenergyandangularmomentumideasto
universalgravitationandorbitproblems.Itcanserveastheanchorandmotivatorforanextendedexplorationofthetopics.

QuestionF1.03c
Description:Integratingenergyandangularmomentumideasbyconsideringprojectilemotioninauniversalgravitation
context.
Question
AmassmislaunchedfromthesurfaceoftheEarthwithspeedv.Thediagramshowsthreepossiblelaunchdirections;order
themaccordingtothemaximumheighttheprojectilewillreach,fromgreatestheighttoleastheight.

1. A=B=C
2. A<B=C
3. A<B<C
4. A<C<B
5. A>B=C
6. A>B>C
7. A>C>B
8. B>A>C
9. B>A=C
10.

Notenoughinformation

Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourunderstandingoftheroleangularmomentumplaysinthemotionofanobjectunderuniversal
gravitation.

Page8.49

Chapter8
Discussion:Ifyouunderstoodthereasoningbehindthepreviousquestion,thisoneshouldbefairlystraightforward:the
questioncomparesprojectileswithdifferentlaunchdirectionsratherthanwithdifferentmasses,buttheideasarethesame.
Angularmomentummustbeconserved;themoreangularmomentumaprojectilehas,themorekineticenergyislockedup
preservingthatangularmomentumandthelessisavailabletoconverttogravitationalpotentialenergy,sothelowerthe
projectilesmaximumheightwillbe.AprojectilelaunchedindirectionAhasnoangularmomentumaboutthecenterofthe
Earth;thatpathmustthereforeproducethegreatestmaximumheight.DirectionCwillproducethegreatestangular
momentum,andsowillcausetheleastmaximumheightofthethreepaths.Thus,A>B>Cisthebestranking.
KeyPoints:
Angularmomentumisapowerfulconceptforreasoningaboutgravitationandorbitproblems.
Foranorbitingbody,acertainamountofenergyislockedupinpreservingthebodysangularmomentumandcannotbe
convertedtopotentialenergy;therestoftheenergymovesbetweenpotentialandkineticastheobjectorbitsfartherfrom
andthenclosertotheobjectattractingit.
ForInstructorsOnly
Askingstudentstorankordersituationsaccordingtosomequantityisagoodwaytofosterqualitativeanalysisskillsand
checkforconceptualunderstandingofanidea.
Ifstudentsseemtobecomfortablewiththisproblem,youmightchallengethembyaskingtorankordertheescapevelocity
requiredforthethreelaunchdirections.Theescapevelocityisinfactthesameforallthree,buttostudentsthiscanseemto
contradictthereasoningtheyvejustusedforthisquestion.Exploringandresolvingtheapparentcontradictionpushes
studentstofurtherrefinetheirunderstandingofescapevelocityandtherelationshipbetweenangularmomentumandenergy
inorbitproblems.
QUICKQUIZZES
1.

(d).Alargertorqueisneededtoturnthescrew.Increasingtheradiusofthescrewdriverhandleprovidesagreater
leverarmandhenceanincreasedtorque.

2.

(b).Sincetheobjecthasaconstantnettorqueactingonit,itwillexperienceaconstantangularacceleration.Thus,
theangularvelocitywillchangeataconstantrate.

3.

(b).Thehollowcylinderhasthelargermomentofinertia,soitwillbegiventhesmallerangularaccelerationand
takelongertostop.

Page8.50

Chapter8
4.

(a).Thehollowspherehasthelargermomentofinertia,soitwillhavethehigherrotationalkineticenergy.

5.

(c).Applyconservationofangularmomentumtothesystem(thetwodisks)beforeandaftertheseconddiskis
addedtogettheresult: I11 I1 I 2 .

6.

(a).EarthalreadybulgesslightlyattheEquator,andisslightlyflatatthepoles.Ifmoremassmovedtowardsthe
Equator,itwouldessentiallymovethemasstoagreaterdistancefromtheaxisofrotation,andincreasethemoment
ofinertia.Becauseconservationofangularmomentumrequiresthat z I z constant ,anincreaseinthemoment
ofinertiawoulddecreasetheangularvelocity,andslowdownthespinningofEarth.Thus,thelengthofeachday
wouldincrease.

ANSWERSTOMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONS
1.

rF sin 0.500m 80.0N sin 60.0 36.4N m whichischoice(a).

2.

Usingtheleftendoftheplankasapivotandrequiringthat
0 gives mg 2.00m F2 3.00m 0 ,or

F2

2 20.0kg 9.80 m s2
2 mg

3
3

131N

sochoice(d)isthecorrectresponse.
3.

2
Assumingauniform,soliddisk,itsmomentofinertiaaboutaperpendicularaxisthroughitscenteris I MR 2 ,

so I gives

2 40.0N m
2

5.00 rad s2
2
2
MR
25.0kg 0.800m

andthecorrectansweris(b).
4.

Forauniform,solidsphere,

Page8.51

Chapter8

2 MR 2

and E

2 rad
1d

7.27 10 5 rad s

1d 8.64 10 s

so

24
6
1
1 2 5.98 10 kg 6.38 10 m
KEr I E2
2
2
5

7.27 105 rad s

yielding KEr 3 1029 J ,making(a)thecorrectchoice.


5.

Inorderforanobjecttobeinequilibrium,itmustbeinbothtranslationalequilibriumandrotationalequilibrium.
r
ur
Thus,itmustmeettwoconditionsofequilibrium,namely F net 0 and net 0 .Thecorrectansweristherefore
choice(d).

6.

Inarigid,rotatingbody,allpointsinthatbodyrotateabouttheaxisatthesamerate(orhavethesameangular
velocity).Thecentripetalacceleration,tangentialacceleration,linearvelocity,andtotalaccelerationofapointin
thebodyallvarywiththedistancethatpointisfromtheaxisofrotation.Thus,theonlycorrectchoiceis(b).

7.

Themomentofinertiaofabodyisdeterminedbyitsmassandthewaythatmassisdistributedabouttherotation
axis.Also,thelocationofthebodyscenterofmassisdeterminedbyhowitsmassisdistributed.Aslongasthese
qualitiesdonotchange,boththemomentofinertiaandthecenterofmassareconstant.From=I,weseethat
whenabodyexperiencesaconstant,nonzerotorque,itwillhaveaconstant,nonzeroangularacceleration.
However,sincetheangularaccelerationisnonzero,theangularvelocity(andhencetheangularmomentum,L=
I)willvaryintime.Thecorrectresponsestothisquestionarethen(b)and(e).

8.

Whenobjectstraveldownrampsofthesamelength,theonewiththegreatesttranslationalkineticenergyatthe
bottomwillhavethegreatestfinaltranslationalspeed(and,hence,greatestaveragetranslationalspeed).Thismeans
thatitwillrequirelesstimetotravelthelengthoftheramp.Oftheobjectslisted,allwillhavethesametotal
kineticenergyatthebottom,sincetheyhavethesamedecreaseingravitationalpotentialenergy(duetotheramps
havingthesameverticaldrop)andnoenergyhasbeenspentovercomingfriction.Alloftheblockskineticenergy
isintheformoftranslationalkineticenergy.Oftherollingbodies,thefractionoftheirtotalkineticenergythatisin
thetranslationalformis

Page8.52

Chapter8

KEt

KEt KEr

1
M v2
2
1
M v2 12
2

I2

1
1 I M v

1
1 I MR 2

SincetheratioI/MR2equals2/5forasolidballand2/3forahollowsphere,theballhasthelargertranslational
kineticenergyatthebottomandwillarrivebeforethehollowsphere.Thecorrectrankingsofarrivaltimes,from
shortesttolongest,isthenblock,ball,sphere,andchoice(e)isthecorrectresponse.
9.

PleasereadtheanswertoQuestion8above,sincemostofwhatissaidtherealsoappliestothisquestion.Thetotal
kineticenergyofeitherthediskorthehoopatthebottomoftherampwillbeKEtotal=Mgh,whereMisthemassof
thebodyinquestionandhistheverticaldropoftheramp.Thetranslationalkineticenergyofthisbodywillthenbe
KEt=fKEtotal=fMgh,wherefisthefractiondiscussedinQuestion8.Hence, M v2 2 f M gh andthe
translationalspeedatthebottomis v

2 fgh .

Sincef=1/(1+1/2)=2/3forthediskandf=1/(1+1)=1/2forthehoop,weseethatthediskwillhavethegreater
translationalspeedatthebottom,andhence,willarrivefirst.Noticethatboththemassandradiusoftheobjecthas
canceledinthecalculation.Ourconclusionisthenindependentoftheobjectsmassand/orradius.Therefore,the
onlycorrectresponseischoice(d)
10.

Theratioofrotationalkineticenergytothetotalkineticenergyforanobjectthatrollswithoutslippingis
KEr
KEr

KEtotal
KEt KEr

1
I 2
2
1
M v 2 12
2

I 2

1
M v

1
MR 2
I

Forasolidcylinder,I=MR2/2andthisratiobecomes
KEr
1
1

KEtotal
21
3

sothecorrectansweris(c).
11.

Ifacaristoreachthebottomofthehillintheshortesttime,itmusthavethegreatesttranslationalspeedatthe
bottom(andhence,greatestaveragespeedforthetrip).Tomaximizeitsfinaltranslationalspeed,thecarshouldbe
designedsoasmuchaspossibleofthecarstotalkineticenergyisintheformoftranslationalkineticenergy.This
meansthattherotatingpartsofthecar(i.e.,thewheels)shouldhaveaslittlekineticenergyaspossible.Therefore,
themassofthesepartsshouldbekeptsmall,andthemasstheydohaveshouldbeconcentratedneartheaxlein
ordertokeepthemomentofinertiaassmallaspossible.Thecorrectresponsetothisquestionis(e).

Page8.53

Chapter8
12.

Pleasereviewtheanswersgivenaboveforquestions8and9.Intheanswertoquestion9,itisshownthatthe
translationalspeedatthebottomofthehillofanobjectthatrollswithoutslippingis v

2 fgh wherehisthe

verticaldropofthehillandfistheratioofthetranslationalkineticenergytothetotalkineticenergyoftherolling
body.Forasolidsphere, I 2 MR 2 5 ,sotheratiofis

1
1 I

MR 2

1
1

125
1.4

andthetranslationalspeedatthebottomofthehillis v

2 gh 1.4 Noticethatthisresultisthesameforall

uniform,solid,spheres.Thus,thetwosphereshavethesametranslationalspeedatthebottomofthehill.Thisalso
meansthattheyhavethesameaveragespeedforthetrip,andhence,bothmakethetripinthesametime.The
correctanswertothisquestionis(d).
13.

Sincetheaxleoftheturntableisfrictionless,noexternalagentexertsatorqueaboutthisverticalaxisofthemouse
turntablesystem.Thismeansthatthetotalangularmomentumofthemouseturntablesystemwillremainconstant
atitsinitialvalueofzero.Thus,asthemousestartswalkingaroundtheaxis(anddevelopinganangular
momentum, Lmouse I m m ,inthedirectionofitsangularvelocity),theturntablemuststarttoturnintheopposite
directionsoitwillpossessanangularmomentum, Ltable I t t ,suchthat
Ltotal Lmouse Ltable I m m I t t 0 .Thus,theangularvelocityofthetablewillbe t I m It m .
Thenegativesignmeansthatifthemouseiswalkingaroundtheaxisinaclockwisedirection,theturntablewillbe
rotatingintheoppositedirection,orcounterclockwise.Thecorrectchoiceforthisquestionis(d).

ANSWERSTOEVENNUMBEREDCONCEPTUALQUESTIONS
2.

Ifthebaris,say,sevenfeetabovetheground,ahighjumperhastolifthiscenterofgravityapproximatelytoa
heightofsevenfeetinordertoclearthebar.Atallpersonalreadyhashiscenterofgravityhigherthanthatofa
shortperson.Thus,thetallerathletehastoraisehiscenterofgravitythroughasmallerdistance.

4.

Theleverarmofaparticularforceisfoundwithrespecttosomereferencepoint.Thus,anoriginforcalculating
torquesmustbespecified.However,foranobjectinequilibrium,thecalculationofthetotaltorqueisindependent
ofthelocationoftheorigin.

6.

Thecriticalfactoristhetotaltorquebeingexertedaboutthelineofthehinges.Forsimplicity,weassumethatthe

Page8.54

Chapter8
paleontologistandthebotanistexertequalmagnitudeforces.Thefreebodydiagramoftheoriginalsituationis
shownontheleftandthatforthemodifiedsituationisshownontherightinthesketchesbelow:

Inorderforthetorqueexertedonthedoorinthemodifiedsituationtoequalthatoftheoriginalsituation,itis
necessarythatFd=Fd0+F(8cm)ord=d0+8cm.Thus,thepaleontologistwouldneedtorelocateabout8cm
fartherfromthehinge.

8.

10.

Aftertheheadcrossesthebar,thejumpershouldarchhisbacksotheheadandlegsarelowerthanthemidsection
ofthebody.Inthisposition,thecenterofgravitymaypassunderthebarwhilethemidsectionofthebodyisstill
abovethebar.Asthefeetapproachthebar,thelegsshouldbestraightenedtoavoidhittingthebar.

12.

(a)

Considertwopeople,attheendsofalongtable,pushingwithequalmagnitudeforcesdirectedinopposite
directionsperpendiculartothelengthofthetable.Thenetforcewillbezero,yetthenettorqueisnotzero.

(b)

Considerafallingbody.Thenetforceactingonitisitsweight,yetthenettorqueaboutthecenterofgravity
iszero.

14.

Asthecatfalls,angularmomentummustbeconserved.Thus,iftheupperhalfofthebodytwistsinonedirection,
somethingmustgetanequalangularmomentumintheoppositedirection.Rotatingthelowerhalfofthebodyin
theoppositedirectionsatisfiesthelawofconservationofangularmomentum.

PROBLEMSOLUTIONS

Page8.55

Chapter8
8.1

Sincethefrictionforceistangentialtoapointontherimofthewheel,itisperpendiculartotheradiusline
connectingthispointwiththecenterofthewheel.Thetorqueofthisforceabouttheaxisthroughthecenterofthe
wheelisthen=rfsin90.0=rf,andthefrictionforceis

8.2

76.0N m

217N
r
0.350m

Thetorqueoftheappliedforceis=rFsin.Thus,ifr=0.330m,=75.0,andthetorquehasthemaximum
allowedvalueofmax=65.0Nm,theappliedforceis

8.3

max
65.0N m

204N
r sin
0.330m sin 75.0

FirstresolvealloftheforcesshowninFigureP8.3intocomponentsparalleltoandperpendiculartothebeamas
showninthesketchbelow.

(a)

O 25N cos 30 2.0m

or

(b)

10N sin 20 4.0m

30N m

0=30Nmcounterclockwise

C 30N sin 45 2.0m

10N sin 20 2.0m

36N m

orc=30Nmcounterclockwise

8.4

2
3
Theleverarmis d 1.20 10 m cos 48.0 8.03 10 m ,andthetorqueis

Page8.56

Chapter8

Fd 80.0N 8.03 10 3 m 0.642N mcounterclockwise

8.5

(a)

Fg lever arm mg l
sin

3.0kg 9.8 m s2 2.0m sin 5.0 5.1N m

(b)

Themagnitudeofthetorqueisproportionaltothesin,whereistheanglebetweenthedirectionofthe

forceandthelinefromthepivottothepointwheretheforceacts.Notefromthesketchthatthisisthesameasthe
an

glethependulumstringmakeswiththevertical.
Sincesinincreasesasincreases,thetorquealsoincreaseswiththeangle.

8.6

Theobjectisinbothtranslationalandrotationalequilibrium.Thus,wemaywrite:
Fx 0 Fx Rx 0

Fy 0 Fy Ry Fg 0
and

O 0 Fy l cos Fx l sin Fg cos 0


2

8.7

Requiringthat=0,usingtheshoulderjointatpointOasapivot,gives

Page8.57

Chapter8

Ft sin 12.0 0.080m 41.5N 0.290m 0 or Ft 724N


Then Fy 0

Fsy 724N sin 12.0 41.5N = 0 ,yielding Fsy 109N

Fy 0 gives Fsx 724N cos 12.0 = 0 ,or Fsx 708N


Therefore,

Fs

8.8

(a)

Fsx2 Fsy2

708N 2 109N 2

716N

Sincethebeamisinequilibrium,wechoosethecenter
asourpivotpointandrequirethat
center FSam 2.80m FJoe 1.80m 0
or
FJoe 1.56 FSam

[1]

Fy 0 FSam FJoe 450N

[2]

Also,

SubstituteEquation[1]into[2]togetthefollowing:

FSam 1.56 FSam 450N

or

FSam

450N
176N
2.56

Then,Equation[1]yields FJoe 1.56 176N 274N .


(b)

IfSammovesclosertothecenterofthebeam,hisleverarmaboutthebeamcenterdecreases,sotheforce
FSam mustincrease tocontinueapplyingaclockwisetorquecapableofoffsettingJoescounterclockwise
torque.Atthesametime,theforce FJoe woulddecrease sincethesumofthetwoupwardforcesequalthe
magnitudeofthedownwardgravitationalforce.

Page8.58

Chapter8
(c)

IfSammovestotherightofthecenterofthebeam,historqueaboutthemidpointwouldthenbe
counterclockwise.Joewouldhavetoholddownonthebeaminordertoexertanoffsettingclockwisetorque.

8.9

Requirethat=0aboutanaxisthroughtheelbowandperpendiculartothepage.Thisgives

25.0cm + 8.00cm FB cos 75.0 8.00cm

2.00kg 9.80 m s 2
or

FB

8.10

19.6N 33.0cm
8.00cm cos 75.0

312N

Sincethebaremeterstickbalancesatthe
49.7cmmarkwhenplacedonthefulcrum,the
centerofgravityofthemeterstickislocated49.7cm
fromthezeroend.Thus,theentireweightofthemeter
stickmaybeconsideredtobeconcentratedatthispoint.
Thefreebodydiagramofthestickwhenitisbalanced
withthe50.0gmassattachedatthe10.0cmmarkisas
givenattheright.
RequiringthatthesumofthetorquesaboutpointObezeroyields
50.0g g

39.2cm 10.0cm

M g 49.7cm 39.2cm 0

or
39.2cm 10.0cm
M 50.0g
139g
49.7cm 39.2cm

8. 11

Considertheremainingplywoodtoconsistoftwo
parts:A1isa4.00ftby4.00ftsectionwithcenterofgravity
locatedat(2.00ft,2.00ft),whileA2isa2.00ftby4.00ftsectionwith
centerofgravityat(6.00ft,1.00ft).Sincetheplywoodisuniform,its
massperareaisconstantandthemassofasectionhaving
areaAism=A.Thecenterofgravityoftheremaining

Page8.59

Chapter8
plywoodhascoordinatesgivenby

6.00ft

xcg

16.0ft 2 2.00ft 8.00ft 2


mi xi
A1 x1 A2 x2

mi
A1 A2
16.0ft 2 8.00ft 2

ycg

16.0ft 2 2.00ft 8.00ft 2 1.00ft


mi yi
A1 y1 A2 y2

1.67ft
mi
A1 A2
16.0ft 2 8.00ft 2

3.33ft

and

8.12

(a)

Mg 90.0kg 9.80 m s2 882N


(b)

mg 55.0kg 9.80 m s2 539N

Thewomanisatx=0whenn1isgreatest.Withthislocationofthewoman,thecounterclockwisetorque
aboutthecenterofthebeamisamaximum.Thus,n1mustbeexertingitsmaximumclockwisetorqueabout
thecentertoholdthebeaminrotationalequilibrium.

(c)

n1=0Asthewomanwalkstotherightalongthebeam,shewilleventuallyreachapointwherethebeamwill
starttorotateclockwiseabouttherightmostpivot.Atthispoint,thebeamisstartingtoliftupoffoftheleft
mostpivotandthenormalforceexertedbythatpivotwillhavediminishedtozero.

(d)

Whenthebeamisabouttotip,n1=0andFy=0,gives0+n2Mgmg=0,or
n2 Mg mg 882N 539N 1.42 103 N

(e)

Requiringthat

rightmost 0
pivot

whenthebeamisabouttotip(n1=0)gives

4.00m x mg 4.00m 3.00m Mg 0

Page8.60

Chapter8
or mg x 1.00m Mg 4.00m mg ,and

x 1.00m

M
4.00m
m

Thus,

x 1.00m

(f)

90.0kg
55.0kg

4.00m 5.64m

Whenn1=0andn2=1.42103N,requiringthat

left 0

end

gives

0 539N x 882N 3.00m 1.42 10 3 N 4.00m 0


or

3.03 103 N m
5.62N
539N

which,withinlimitsofroundingerrors,isthesameastheanswertopart(e).

8.13

Requiringthat xcg mi xi mi 0 gives

5.0kg 0 3.0kg 0 4.0kg 3.0m 8.0kg x


5.0 3.0 4.0 8.0 kg

or8.0x+12m=0whichyieldsx=1.5m
Also,requiringthat ycg mi yi mi 0 gives

5.0kg 0 3.0kg 4.0m 4.0kg 0 8.0kg y


5.0 3.0 4.0 8.0 kg
or8.0y+12m=0yieldingy=1.5m

Page8.61

Chapter8
Thus,the8.0kgobjectshouldbeplacedatcoordinates(1.5m,1.5m).
8 .14

(a)

Asthewomanwalkstotherightalongthebeam,
shewilleventuallyreachapointwherethebeamwillstart
torotateclockwiseabouttherightmostpivot.Atthispoint,
thebeamisstartingtoliftupoffoftheleftmostpivotandthe
normalforce,n1,exertedbythatpivotwillhavediminishedto
zero.
Then, Fy 0 0 mg Mg n2 0 ,or
n2 m M g

(b)

Whenn1=0andn2=(m+M)g,requiringthat

0 mg x Mg

(c)

left 0
end

L
mg Mg l 0
2

gives

M
M

x 1 l
L

2 m
m

or

Ifthewomanistojustreachtherightendofthebeam(x=L)whenn1=0andn2=(m+M)g(i.e.,thebeamis
readytotip),thentheresultfromPart(b)requiresthat

M
M

L 1 l
L or

2 m
m

8.15

1 M 2m
1 M m

m M 2
L

m M

Ineachcase,thedistancefromthebartothecenterofmassofthebodyisgivenby

xcg

marms xarms mtorso xtorso mthighs xthighs mlegs xlegs


mi xi

mi
marms mtorso mthighs mlegs

wherethedistancexforanybodypartisthedistancefromthebartothecenterofgravityofthatbodypart.Ineach
case,weshalltakethepositivedirectionfordistancestorunfromthebartowardthelocationofthehead.
Notethat mi 6.87 33.57 14.07 7.54 kg 62.05kg .

Page8.62

Chapter8
WiththebodypositionedasshowninFigureP8.15b,thedistancesxforeachbodypartiscomputedusingthe
sketchgivenbelow:

xarms rcg

arms

0.239m

xtorso l arms rcg

torso

0.548m + 0.337m 0.885m

xthighs l arms l torso rcg

thighs

0.548 + 0.601+ 0.151 m 1.30m

xlegs l arms l torso l thighs rcg

legs

0.548 + 0.601+ 0.374 + 0.227 m 1.75m

Withthesedistancesandthegivenmasseswefind
xcg

62.8kg m
1.01m
62.05kg

WiththebodypositionedasshowninFigureP8.15c,weusethefollowingsketchtodeterminethedistancexfor
eachbodypart:

xarms rcg

arms

0.239m

xtorso l arms rcg

torso

0.548m 0.337m 0.211m

xthighs l arms l torso rcg

thighs

0.548 0.601 0.151 m 0.204m

xlegs l arms l torso l thighs rcg

legs

0.548 0.601 0.374 0.227 m 0.654m

Page8.63

Chapter8
Withthesedistances,thelocation(relativetothebar)ofthecenterofgravityofthebodyis
xcg
8.16

0.924kg m
0.015m 0.015mtowardsthehead
62.05kg

Withthecoordinatesystemshownbelow,thecoordinatesofthecenterofgravityofeachbodypartmaybe
computed:

ycg,arms l arms rcg

xcg,arms 0

xcg,torso rcg

torso

0.337m

ycg,torso 0

ycg,thighs rcg

xcg,thighs l torso rcg

thighs

cos 60.0 0.676m

xcg,legs l torso l thighs cos 60.0 rcg

legs

1.02m

thighs

arms

0.309m

sin 60.0 0.131m

ycg,legs l thighs sin 60.0 0.324m

WiththesecoordinatesforindividualbodypartsandthemassesgiveninProblem8.15,thecoordinatesofthe
centerofmassfortheentirebodyarefoundtobe

xcg

marms xcg,arms mtorso xcg,torso mthighs xcg,thighs mlegs xcg,legs


marms mtorso mthighs mlegs

28.5kg m
0.459m
62.05kg

6.41kg m
0.103m
62.05kg

and

ycg

marms ycg,arms mtorso ycg,torso mthighs ycg,thighs mlegs ycg,legs


marms mtorso mthighs mlegs

Page8.64

Chapter8
8.17

Thefreebodydiagramforthespineisshownbelow.

Whenthespineisinrotationalequilibrium,thesumofthetorquesabouttheleftend(pointO)mustbezero.Thus,

2 L
L
Ty
350N
3

200N L 0

Yielding Ty T sin 12.0 562N .

Thetensioninthebackmuscleisthen T

562N
= 2.71 103 N 2.71kN .
sin 12.0

Thespineisalsointranslationalequilibrium,so Fx 0 Rx Tx 0 andthecompressionforceinthe
spineis
Rx Tx T cos 12.0 = 2.71kN cos12.0 2.65kN
8.18

Inthefreebodydiagramofthefoot
givenattheright,notethattheforce
ur
R (exertedonthefootbythetibia)hasbeen
replacedbyitshorizontalandvertical
components.Employingbothconditionsof
equilibrium(usingpointOasthepivotpoint)
givesthefollowingthreeequations:
Fx 0 R sin 15.0 T sin 0

Page8.65

Chapter8
or

T sin
sin 15.0

[1]

Fy 0 700N R cos 15.0 T cos 0


O 0 700N 18.0cm cos

[2]

T 25.0cm 18.0cm 0

or
T=(1800N)cos

[3]

SubstitutingEquation[3]intoEquation[1]gives
1 800N
R
sin cos
sin 15.0

[4]

SubstitutingEquations[3]and[4]intoEquation[2]yields

1 800N
sin cos 1 800N cos2 700N
tan 15.0

whichreducesto:sincos=(tan15.0)cos2+0.1042.
Squaringthisresultandusingtheidentity sin 2 1 cos2 gives
tan 2 15.0 1 cos 4

2 tan 15.0 0.104 2

1 cos 2 0.104 2

Inthislastresult,letu=cos2andevaluatetheconstantstoobtainthequadraticequation

1.071 8 u2 0.944 2 u 0.010 9

Thequadraticformulayieldsthesolutionsu=0.8693andu=1.0117.
Thus,

cos 1

0.869 3 21.2 or cos 1

0.011 7 83.8

Page8.66

Chapter8
Weignorethesecondsolutionsinceitisphysicallyimpossibleforthehumanfoottostandwith
thesoleinclinedat83.8tothefloor.Wearetheleftwith:=21.2.
Equation[3]thenyields
T 1 800N cos 21.2 1.68 103 N
andEquation[1]gives

8.19

1.68 103 N sin 21.2


sin 15.0

2.34 103 N

Considerthetorquesaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepagethroughtheleftendoftherod.

0 T

100N 3.00m 500N 4.00m


6.00m cos 30.0

T 443N
Fx 0 Rx T sin 30.0 443N sin 30.0
Rx=221Ntowardtheright
Fy 0 Ry T cos 30.0 100 N 500 N 0
Ry=600N(443N)cos30.0=217Nupward
8.20

Considerthetorquesaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepagethroughtheleftendofthescaffold.
0T1 0 700N 1.00m 200N 1.50m T2 3.00m 0
Fromwhich,T2=333N.

Page8.67

Chapter8
Then,fromFy=0,wehave
T1+T2700N200N=0
or
T1=900NT2=900N333N=567N
8.21

Considerthetorquesaboutanaxis
perpendiculartothepageandthrough
theleftendoftheplank.
=0gives

700N 0.500m 294N 1.00m T1 sin 40.0 2 .00m 0


orT1=501N.
Then, Fx 0 gives T3 T1 cos 40.0 0 ,or
T3 501N cos 40.0 384N
From Fy 0 , T2 994N T1 sin 40.0 0 ,
or T2 994N 501N sin 40.0 672N .

8.22

(a)

Seethediagrambelow

(b)

Ifx=1.00m,then

Page8.68

Chapter8
leftend 0 700N 1.00m 200N 3.00m

80.0N 6.00m T sin 60.0 6.00m 0

givingT=434N.
Then, Fx 0H T cos 60.0 0 ,or H 343N cos 60.0 172N
and Fy 0V 980N + 343N sin 60.0 0 ,orV=683N.
(c)

Whenthewireisonthevergeofbreaking,T=900Nand
leftend 700N xmax 200N 3.00m

80.0N 6.00m 900N sin 60.0

6.00m

whichgivesxmax=5.14m
8.23

Therequireddimensionsareasfollows:
d1 4.00m cos 50.0 2 .57m
d2 d cos 50.0 0.643 d
d3 8.00m sin 50.0 6.13m

Fy 0 yields F1 200N 800N = 0 ,orF1=1.00103N.


Whentheladderisonthevergeofslipping,

fs max

s n s F1

or

f 0.600 1.00 103 N 600N

Then,Fx=0givesF2=600Ntotheleft.
Finally,usinganaxisperpendiculartothepageandthroughthelowerendoftheladder=0,gives
(200N)(2.57m)(800N)(0.643)d+(600N)(6.13m)=0
or

Page8.69

Chapter8

8.24

3.68 103 550 N m


0.643 800N

6.15m whentheladderisreadytoslip

(a)

(b)

Thepointofintersectionoftwounknownforcesisalwaysagoodchoiceasthepivotpointinatorquecalcu
lation.Doingthiseliminatesthesetwounknownsfromthecalculation(sincetheyhavezeroleverarmsabout
thechosenpivot)andmakesit.easiertosolvetheresultingequilibriumequation.

(c)

hinge 0 0 0 mg
cos T L sin 0
2

(d)

Solvingtheaboveresultforthetensioninthecablegives

mg 2 L cos
L sin

mg
2 tan

or

16.0kg 9.80 m s2
2 tan 30.0

136N

Fy 0 Fy mg 0

(e)

Fx 0 Fx T 0

(f)

Solvingtheaboveresultsforthecomponentsofthehingeforcegives
Fx=T=136N

and

and

Fy mg 16.0kg 9.80 m s2 157N

Page8.70

Chapter8
(g)

Attachingthecablehigherupwouldallowthecabletobearsomeoftheweight,therebyreducingthestress
onthehinge.Itwouldalsoreducethetensioninthecable.

8.25

Considerthefreebodydiagramofthe
materialmakingupthecenterpointin
theropegivenattheright.Sincethis
materialisinequilibrium,itisnecessary
tohaveFx=0andFy=0,giving
Fx 0: T2 sin T1 sin 0
orT2=T1,meaningthattheropehasauniformtensionTthroughoutitslength.

Fy 0:

T cos T cos 475N 0

where

cos

0.500m

6.00m 2 0.500m 2

andthetensionintherope(forceappliedtothecar)is

475N
475N
T

2 cos
8.26

6.00m 2 0.500m 2
2 0.500m

2.86 103 N 2.86kN

(a)

(b)

or

lower 0 0 0 mg
cos T L sin 0
2

end

mg cos
mg

cot

2 sin
2

Page8.71

Chapter8

(c)

Fx 0 T s n 0

or

Fy 0 n mg 0

T s n

[1]

n mg

[2]

SubstituteEquation[2]into[1]toobtainT=smg.
(d)

Equatetheresultsofparts(b)and(c)toobtains=cot/2
Thisresultisvalidonlyatthecriticalanglewherethebeamisonthevergeofslipping
(i.e.,wherefs=(fs)maxisvalid.)

(e)

Atanglesbelowthecriticalangle(where fs

fs max isvalid),thebeamwillslip.Atlargerangles,the

staticfrictionforceisreducedbelowthemaximumvalue,anditisnolongerappropriatetouse s inthe
calculation.
8.27

Considerthetorquesaboutanaxisperpendicular
tothepageandthroughthepointwheretheforce
ur
T actsonthejawbone.
0(50.0N) (7.50cm) R (3.50cm) 0 ,which
yields R 107N .
Then, Fy 0 50.0N + T 107N 0 ,or T 157N .

8.28

Observethatthecableisperpendiculartotheboom.Then,using=0foranaxisperpendiculartothepageand
throughthelowerendoftheboomgives
L

3
1.20kN
cos 65 T
L 2.00kN L cos 65 0
2

4
or.T=1.47kN
From Fx 0 , H T cos 25 1.33kNtotheright
andFy=0gives

Page8.72

Chapter8
V=3.20kNTsin25=2.58kNupward

8.29

First,weresolveallforcesintocomponentsparalleltoand
perpendiculartothetibia,asshown.Notethat=40.0and
wy=(30.0N)sin40.0=19.3N
Fy=(12.5N)sin40.0=8.03N
and
Ty=Tsin25.0

Using=0foranaxisperpendiculartothepageand
throughtheupperendofthetibiagives

T sin 25.0

d
d
19.3N 8.03N d 0
5
2

orT=209N.
8.30

Whenx=xmin,therodisonthevergeofslipping,so
f

fs max

s n 0.50 n

From Fx 0 , n T cos 37 0, or n 0.80 T .Thus,


f 0.50 0.80 T 0.40 T
From Fy 0 , f T sin 37 2 w 0, or
0.40 T 0.60 T 2 w 0 ,giving T 2 w
Using=0foranaxisperpendiculartothepageandthroughtheleftendofthebeamgives

Page8.73

Chapter8
w xmin w 2.0m 2 w sin 37

8.31

4.0m

0 ,whichreducestoxmin=2.8m.

2
Themomentofinertiaforrotationsaboutanaxisis I mi ri ,whereriisthedistancemassmiisfromthataxis.

(a)

Forrotationaboutthexaxis,

I x 3.00kg 3.00m 2 .00kg 3.00m


2

2.00kg 3.00m 4.00kg 3.00m


2

(b)

99.0kg m 2

44.0kg m 2

Whenrotatingabouttheyaxis,

I y 3.00kg 2 .00m 2 .00kg 2 .00m


2

2.00kg 2.00m 4.00kg 2.00m


2

(c)

ForrotationsaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepagethroughpointO,thedistanceriforeachmassis

ri

2 .00m 2 3.00m 2

13.0 m

Thus,

IO 3.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 kg 13.0m 2 143kg m 2


8.32

Therequiredtorqueineachcaseis=I.Thus,

x I x 99.0kg m 2 1.50 rad s2 149N m


y I y 44.0kg m 2 1.50 rad s2 66.0N m
and

O IO 143kg m 2 1.50 rad s2 215N m

Page8.74

Chapter8

8.33

net I I

(b)

Forasolidcylinder,I=Mr2/2,so

8.34

net
0.330m 250N 87.8kg m 2
rF sin 90

0.940 rad s2

(a)

2 87.8kg m 2
2I

r2
0.330m 2

1.61 103 kg

(c)

0 t 0 0.940 rad s2 5.00s 4.70 rad s

(a)

I 2 I disk I cylinder 2 MR 2 2 mr 2 2 or I MR 2 mr 2 2

(b)

g=0Sincethelineofactionofthegravitationalforcepassesthroughtherotationaxis,ithaszeroleverarm

aboutthisaxisandzerotorque.
(c)

Thetorqueduetothetensionforceispositive.Imaginegrippingthecylinderwithyourrighthandso
yourfingersonthefrontsideofthecylinderpointupwardinthedirectionofthetensionforce.Thethumbof
r
ur
yourrighthandthenpointstowardtheleft(positivedirection)alongtherotationaxis.Because I ,the
torqueandangularaccelerationhavethesamedirection.Thus,apositivetorqueproducesa
positiveangularacceleration.Whenreleased,thecenterofmassoftheyoyodropsdownward,inthe
negativedirection.Thetranslationalaccelerationisnegative.

(d)

Since,withthechosensignconvention,thetranslationalaccelerationisnegativewhentheangularaccelera
tionispositive,wemustincludeanegativesignintheproportionalitybetweenthesetwoquantities.Thus,we
write:a=ror=a/r

(e)

Translation:
Fy mtotal a T 2 M m g 2 M m a

(f)

[1]

Rotational:
I rT sin 90 I or rT I

Page8.75

[2]

Chapter8
(g)

Substitutetheresultsof(d)and(a)intoEquation[2]toobtain

mr 2 a

a r

T I I
MR 2

r
2

r2

R
T M
r

or

m
as
2

SubstitutingEquation[3]into[1]yields

or

M R r m 2 a 2 M m g 2 M m a

8.35

2 2.00kg 1.00kg

9.80 m s2

2M m g

2 M M R r 3m 2
2

(h)

(i)

2
2
FromEquation[1], T 2 M m g a 5.00kg 9.80 m s 2.72 m s 35.4N .

(j)

y 0 t at 2 2 t

(a)

Considerthefreebodydiagramsofthecylinderand

2 2.00kg 2.00kg 10.0 4.00 3 1.00kg 2


2

2.72 m s2

2 y
a

2 1.00m

2.72 m s2

0.857s

mangivenattheright.Notethatweshalladoptasign
conventionwithclockwiseanddownwardasthepositive
directions.Thus,bothaandarepositiveintheindicated
directionsanda=r.WeapplytheappropriateformofNewtons
secondlawtoeachdiagramtoobtainthefollowing:
RotationofCylinder: I rT sin 90 I , or T I r,
so

1 1
a
Mr 2

r
r 2

and

1
Ma
2

Page8.76

[1]

[3]

Chapter8
Translationofman:
Fy ma mg T ma

T m g a

or

[2]

1
EquatingEquations[1]and[2]gives 2 Ma m g a ,or

(b)

75.0kg 9.80 m s2
mg

m M 2
75.0kg+ 225kg 2

3.92 m s2

Froma=r,wehave
a
3.92 m s2

9.80 rad s2
r
0.400m

(c)

Astheropeleavesthecylinder,themassofthecylinderdecreases,therebydecreasingthemomentofinertia.
Atthesametime,theweightoftheropeleavingthecylinderwouldincreasethedownwardforceactingtan
gentialtothecylinder,andhenceincreasethetorqueexertedonthecylinder.Bothoftheseeffectswillcause
theaccelerationofthesystemtoincreasewithtime.(Theincreasewouldbeslightinthiscase,giventhe
largemassofthecylinder.)

8.36

Theangularaccelerationis ( f i ) t ( i t ) since f 0
Thus,thetorqueis I (I i t ) .But,thetorqueisalso=fr,sothemagnitudeoftherequired
frictionforceis

12kg m 2 50 rev min 2 rad 1min


I i

21N

1rev

r t
60s
0.50m 6.0s

Therefore,thecoefficientoffrictionis

8.37

(a)

f
21N

0.30
n
70N

F r 0.800N 30.0m 24.0N m

Page8.77

Chapter8

8.38

24.0N m

0.0356 rad s2
2
2
I
mr
0.750kg
30.0m

(b)

(c)

a t r 30.0m 0.0356 rad s2 1.07 m s 2

I MR 2 1.80kg 0.320m 0.184kg m 2


2

net applied resistive I ,or F r f R

yielding

8.39

(a)

(b)

I f R
r

0.184kg m 2 4.50 rad s2 120N 0.320m


4.50 10 2 m

0.184kg m 2 4.50 rad s2 120N 0.320m


2.80 10 2 m

872N

1.40kN

1
1
2
MR 2 150kg 1.50m 169kg m 2
2
2

and

f i
t

0.500 rev s 0
2 .00s

2 rad

rad s2

1rev
2

Thus, F r I gives

8.40

(a)

rad
2
1.50m

169kg m 2

s2

177N

ItisnecessarythatthetensionsT1andT2bedifferentin
ordertoprovideanettorqueabouttheaxisofthepulley

Page8.78

Chapter8
andproduceandangularaccelerationofthepulley.
Sinceintuitiontellsusthatthesystemwillacceleratein
thedirectionsshowninthediagramsattheright
whenm2>m1,itisnecessarythatT2>T1.
(b)

Weadoptasignconventionforeachobjectwiththepositive
directionbeingtheindicateddirectionoftheaccelerationofthat
objectinthediagramsattheright.Then,applyNewtons
secondlawtoeachobject:
or

T1 m1 g a

[1]

For m2 : Fy m2 a m2 g T2 m2 a m2 or

T2 m2 g a

[2]

For M : I rT2 rT1 I

T2 T1 I r

[3]

For m1 : Fy m1a T1 m1g m1a

or

SubstituteEquations[1]and[2],alongwiththerelations I Mr 2 2 and a r ,intoEquation[3]toobtain

m2 g a m1 g a

Mr 2 a
Ma

2r r
2

M
a m2 m1 g
m1 m2 2

or

and

(c)

m2

m1 g

m1 m2 M 2

20.0kg 10.0kg 9.80 m s2


20.0kg 10.0kg + 8.00kg 2

2.88 m s2

2
2
FromEquation[1]: T1 10.0kg 9.80 m s 2.88 m s 127N .

2
2
FromEquation[2]: T2 20.0kg 9.80 m s 2.88 m s 138N .

8.41

Theinitialangularvelocityofthewheeliszero,andthefinalangularvelocityis

v
50.0 m s

40.0 rad s
r
1.25m

Page8.79

Chapter8
Hence,theangularaccelerationis

f i

40.0 rad s 0
83.3 rad s2
0.480s

Thetorqueactingonthewheelis fk r ,so I gives

110kg m 2 83.3 rad s2


I

r
1.25m

fk

7.33 103 N

Thus,thecoefficientoffrictionis

8.42

(a)

fk
7.33 103 N

0.524
n
1.40 10 4 N

Themomentofinertiaoftheflywheelis

1
1
2
MR 2 500kg 2 .00m 1.00 103 kg m 2
2
2

andtheangularvelocityis

rev 2 rad
1min

5000

1rev
60s

min

524 rad s

Therefore,thestoredkineticenergyis

KEstored

(b)

1
1
I2
1.00 103 kg m 2
2
2

524 rad s 2

A10.0hpmotorsuppliesenergyattherateof

746W
7.46 10 3 J s
1hp

P 10.0hp

Page8.80

1.37 10 8 J

Chapter8
Thetimetheflywheelcouldsupplyenergyatthisrateis

8.43

KEstored

1.37 108 J
1.84 10 4 s 5.10h
7.46 103 J s

Themomentofinertiaofthecylinderis

1
1 w
1
800N
MR 2 R 2
2
2 g
2 9.80 m s2

1.50m 2

91.8kg m 2

Theangularaccelerationisgivenby

50.0N 1.50m 0.817 rad s2

F R

I
I
91.8kg m 2

Att=3.00s,theangularvelocityis

2
i t 0 0.817 rad s 3.00s 2 .45 rad s

andthekineticenergyis
KErot

8.44

(a)

1
1
I2
91.8kg m 2
2
2

2.45 rad s 2

276J

Hoop:

I MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m

SolidCylinder:

1
1
2
MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m 0.127kg m 2
2
2

SolidSphere:

2
2
2
MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m 0.102kg m 2
5
5

Thin,Spherical,Shell:

2
2
2
MR 2 4.80kg 0.230m 0.169kg m 2
3
3

Page8.81

0.254kg m 2

Chapter8
(b)

WhendifferentobjectsofmassMandradiusRroll
withoutslipping a R downaramp,theonewiththelargest
translationalaccelerationawillhavethehighest
translationalspeedatthebottom.Todeterminethe
translationalaccelerationforthevariousobjects,
considerthefreebodydiagramattheright:
Fx Ma Mg sin f Ma

[1]

I f R I a R or f Ia R 2

[2]

SubstituteEquation[2]into[1]toobtain

Mg sin Ia

R2

Ma

or

Mg sin
M I R2

SinceM,R,garethesameforalloftheobjects,weseethatthetranslationalacceleration(andhencethe
translationalspeed)increasesasthemomentofinertiadecreases.Thus,theproperrankingsfromhighestto
lowestbytranslationalspeedwillbe:
Solidsphere;solidcylinder;thin,spherical,shell;andhoop
(c)

Whenanobjectrollsdowntherampwithoutslipping,thefrictionforcedoesnoworkandmechanicalenergy
isconserved.Then,thetotalkineticenergygainedequalsthegravitationalpotentialenergygivenup:
KEr KEt PEg Mgh and KEr Mgh

1
2

M v2 ,wherehistheverticaldropoftherampand

isthetranslationalspeedatthebottom.SinceM,g,andharethesameforalloftheobjects,therotational
kineticenergydecreasesasthetranslationalspeedincreases.Usingthisfact,alongwiththeresultofPart(b),
weranktheobjectsfinalrotationalkineticenergies,fromhighesttolowest,as:
hoop;thin,spherical,shell;solidcylinder;andsolidsphere
8.45

(a)

Treatingtheparticlesontheendsoftherodaspointmasses,thetotalmomentofinertiaoftherotating
systemis I I rod I 3 I 4 mrod L2 12 m3 (L 2)2 m4 ( L 2)2 .Ifthemassoftherodcanbeignored,
thisreducesto

Page8.82

Chapter8

I 0 m3 m4

L
2

3.00kg 4.00kg 0.500m

1.75kg m 2

andtherotationalkineticenergyis
KEr

(b)

1
1
I2
1.75kg m 2
2
2

2.50 rad s 2

5.47J

Iftherodhasmass mrod 2.00kg

1
2.00kg 1.00m 2 1.75kg m 2 1.92kg m 2
12

and

KEr

8.46

1
1
I2
1.92kg m 2
2
2

2.50 rad s 2

6.00J

Usingconservationofmechanicalenergy,

KE

trans

KErot PEg

KEtrans KErot PE g

or
1
1
M vt2 I 2 0 0 0 M g L sin
2
2
Since I 2 5 M R 2 forasolidsphereand v t R whenrollingwithoutslipping,thisbecomes

1
1
M R 2 2 M R 2 2 M g L sin
2
5
andreducesto

8.47

(a)

10 gL sin

7 R2

10 9.8 m s2

6.0m sin 37

7 0.20m

36 rad s

Assumingthediskrollswithoutslipping,thefrictionforcebetweenthediskandtherampdoesnowork.In

Page8.83

Chapter8
thiscase,thetotalmechanicalenergyofthediskisconstantwiththevalue
E KEi ( PE g )i 0 Mgh MgL sin .Whenthediskgetstothebottomoftheramp, PEg 0 and
KE f KEt KEr E MgL sin .Also,sincethediskdoesnotslip, v R and

KEr

1
1 1
v
I 2 MR 2
R
2
2 2

1 1 2

Mv
2 2

1
KEt
2

Then,

KEtotal KEt

1
KEt E MgL sin or
2

3 1

M v 2 M gL sin

2 2

and

(b)

(a)

4 9.80 m s2

4.50m sin 15.0


3

3.90 m s

Theangularspeedofthediskatthebottomis

8.48

4 gL sin

v
3.90 m s

15.6 rad s
R
0.250m

Assumingthesolidspherestartsfromrest,andtakingy=0atthelevelofthebottomoftheincline,thetotal

mechanicalenergywillbesplitamongthreedistinctformsofenergy E PE g
downtheincline.Theseare

rotationalkineticenergy,

1
I 2
2

translationalkineticenergy,

1
mv 2
2

Page8.84

mgh asthesphererolls

Chapter8
and
gravitationalpotentialenergy,mgy
whereyisthecurrentheightofthecenterofmassofthesphereabovethelevelofthebottomoftheincline.
(b)

Theforceofstaticfriction,exertedonthespherebytheinclineanddirecteduptheincline,exertsatorque
aboutthecenterofmassgivingthesphereanangularacceleration.

(c)

KEt
I

2
5

1
2

M v2 and KEr

1
2

I 2 where v R (sincethesphererollswithoutslipping)and

MR 2 forasolidsphere.Therefore,

2 MR 2 5 2
KEr
I 2 2
2 MR 2 2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
KEt KEr
Mv 2 I 2
7
5 MR 2 MR
M R 2 MR 5

8.49

Using Wnet KE f KEi

8.50

1
2

2 Wnet

I 2f 0 ,wehave

2 F s

2 5.57N 0.800m
4.00 10 4 kg m 2

Theworkdoneonthegrindstoneis Wnet F s F r

149 rad s

F r

1
1
2
2
Thus, Wnet 2 I f 2 I i ,or

25.0N m 15.0rev

2 rad

1rev

1
0.130kg m 2 2f
2

Thisyields
rad 1rev

f 190
30.3 rev s

s 2 rad

Page8.85

Chapter8

8.51

(a)

KEtrans

KErot
(b)

(c)

8.52

1
1
2
mvt2 10.0kg 10.0 m s 500J
2
2

1 2
1 1
v 2
I mR 2 t2
R
2
2 2
1
1
2
mvt2 10.0kg 10.0 m s 250J
4
4

KEtotal KEtrans KErot 750J

Asthebucketdrops,itlosesgravitationalpotentialenergy.Thespool
gainsrotationalkineticenergyandthebucketgainstranslationalkinetic
energy.Sincethestringdoesnotsliponthespool, r whereristhe
radiusofthespool.Themomentofinertiaofthespoolis I

1
2

Mr 2 ,

whereMisthemassofthespool.Conservationofenergygives

KE

KEr PEg

KEt KEr PEg

1
1
m 2 I 2 mgy f 0 0 mgyi
2
2
or

1
1 1

2
m r Mr 2 2 mg yi y f

2
2 2

Thisgives

2 mg yi y f

m 12 M r 2

2 3.00kg 9.80 m s2
3.00kg+

1
2

4.00m

5.00kg 0.600m 2

Page8.86

10.9 rad s

Chapter8
8.53

(a)

Thearmconsistsofauniformrodof10.0mlengthandthemassoftheseatsatthelowerendisnegligible.
Thecenterofgravityofthissystemisthenlocatedatthe
geometriccenterofthearm,located5.00mfromtheupperend.
Fromthesketchattheright,theheightofthecenterofgravityabovethezerolevelis
ycg 10.0m 5.00m cos .

(b)

When 45.0 , ycg 10.0m 5.00m cos 45.0 6.46m


and

PEg mgycg 365kg 9.80 m s2


(c)

6.46m

2.31 10 4 J

Intheverticalorientation,=0andcos=1,giving
ycg 10.0m 5.00m 5.00m .Then,

PEg mgycg 365kg 9.80 m s2


(d)

5.00m

1.79 10 4 J

Usingconservationofmechanicalenergyasthearmstarts
fromrestinthe45orientationandrotatesabouttheupper
endtotheverticalorientationgives

1
I 2 mg ycg
2 end f

0 mg ycg

or

2 mg ycg ycg
i
f

I end

Foralong,thinrod: I end mL2 3 .Equation[1]thenbecomes

2 m g ycg ycg
i
f

2
mL 3

6 9.80 m s2

6 g ycg

6.46m 5.00m

10.0m 2

cg f

L2
0.927 rad s

Then,from r ,thetranslationalspeedoftheseatsatthelowerendoftherodis

Page8.87

[1]

Chapter8

10.0m 0.927 rad s 9.27 m s

8.54

8.55

(a)

L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m

(b)

1
1

2
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m 35.0 rad s 1.36 kg m 2 s
2

(c)

2
2

2
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m 35.0 rad s 1.09 kg m 2 s
5

(d)

2
2

2
L I MR 2 2.40kg 0.180m 35.0 rad s 1.81 kg m 2 s
3

(a)

TherotationalspeedofEarthis

35.0 rad s

2.72 kg m 2 s

2 rad
1d

7.27 10 5 rad s

1d 8.64 10 4 s

Lspin I sphere E
M R2 E
5 E E

2
2

5.98 1024 kg 6.38 106 m
5

(b)

7.27 10 5 rad s

ForEarthsorbitalmotion,

orbit

2 rad
1y

1.99 10 7 rad s

1y 3.156 10 s

andusingdatafromTable7.3,wefind

Page8.88

7.08 10 33 J s

Chapter8

2
Lorbit I point orbit M E Rorbit
orbit

5.98 1024 kg 1.496 1011 m

8.56

(a)

2 1.99 10 7 rad s

2.67 10 40 J s

Yes,thebullethasangularmomentumaboutanaxisthroughthe
hingesofthedoorbeforethecollision.Considerthesketchat
theright,showingthebullettheinstantbeforeithitsthedoor.The
physicalsituationisidenticaltothatofapointmassmgmovingin
acircularpathofradiusrwithtangentialspeedt=i.Forthat
situationtheangularmomentumis

Li I i i mB r 2 i mB r i
r

andthisisalsotheangularmomentumofthebulletabouttheaxis
throughthehingeattheinstantjustbeforeimpact.
(b)

No,mechanicalenergyisnotconservedinthecollision.Thebulletembedsitselfinthedoorwiththetwo
movingasaunitafterimpact.Thisisaperfectlyinelasticcollisioninwhichasignificantamountofmechanic
calenergyisconvertedtootherforms,notablythermalenergy.

(c)

Applyconservationofangularmomentumwith Li mB r i asdiscussedinpart(a).Afterimpact,
L f I f f I door I bullet f

1
2

M door L2 mB r 2 f whereL=1.00m=thewidthofthedoor

andr=L10.0cm=0.900m.Then,

L f Li f

m B r i

1
M door L2 mB r 2
3

0.005kg 0.900m 1.00 103 m s

1
18.0kg 1.00m 2 0.005kg 0.900m 2
3

yielding f 0.749 rad s .


(d)

Thekineticenergyofthedoorbulletsystemimmediatelyafterimpactis

KE f

1
1 1
2
2
I 2 18.0kg 1.00m 0.005kg 0.900m
2 f f
2 3

Page8.89

0.749 rad s 2

Chapter8

or

KE f 1.68J .

Thekineticenergy(ofthebullet)justbeforeimpactwas

KEi

8.57

1
1
mB i2 0.005kg 1.00 10 3 m s
2
2

2.50 10 3 J

Eachmassmovesinacircularpathofradiusr=0.500m/saboutthecenteroftheconnectingrod.Theirangular
speedis

5.00 m s

10.0 m s
r
0.500m

Neglectingthemomentofinertiaofthelightconnectingrod,theangularmomentumofthisrotatingsystemis
L I m1r 2 m2 r 2 4.00kg 3.00kg 0.500m
8.58

10.0 rad s

17.5J s

Usingconservationofangularmomentum, Laphelion L perihelion .

2
2
Thus, mra a mrp p .Since=1/ratbothaphelionandperihelion,thisisequivalentto

mra2 a

ra mrp2 p rp ,giving

rp
0.59A.U.
a p
54 km s 0.91 km s
35A.U.

ra

8.59

Theinitialmomentofinertiaofthesystemis

2
I i mi ri2 4 M 1.0m

M 4.0m 2

Themomentofinertiaofthesystemafterthespokesareshortenedis

2
I f m f rf2 4 M 0.50m

M 1.0m 2

Page8.90

Chapter8
Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,or

I i
i 4 2.0 rev s 8.0 rev s
I f

8.60

Fromconservationofangularmomentum: I child I m g r

f I child I m g r i
i

2
where I m g r 275kg m istheconstantmomentofinertiaofthemerrygoround.

Treatingthechildasapointobject, I child mr 2 whereristhedistancethechildisfromtherotationaxis.


Conservationofangularmomentumthengives

25.0kg 1.00m 2 275kg m 2


mri2 I m g r


i
2
25.0kg 2.00m 2 275kg m 2
mrf I m g r

14.0 rev min

or

f 11.2

8.61

rev
min

2 rad 1min

1.17 rad s
1rev
60.0s

Themomentofinertiaofthecylinderbeforetheputtyarrivesis

Ii

1
1
2
M R 2 10.0kg 1.00m 5.00kg m 2
2
2

Aftertheputtystickstothecylinder,themomentofinertiais
I f I i mr 2 5.00kg m 2 0.250kg 0.900m

5.20kg m 2

ConservationofangularmomentumgivesIff=Iii,or
I i
5.00kg m 2
7.00 rad s 6.73 rad s
i
5.20kg m 2

I f

Page8.91

Chapter8
8.62

Thetotalmomentofinertiaofthesystemis

I total I masses I student 2 mr 2 3.0kg m 2


2

2
2
Initially,r=1.0m,and I i 2 3.0kg 1.0m 3.0kg m 9.0kg m .

Afterward,r=0.30m,so
2
I f 2 3.0kg 0.30m 3.0kg m 2 3.5kg m 2

(a)

Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,or
I i
9.0kg m 2
0.75 rad s 1.9 rad s
i
3.5kg m 2

I f

(b)

8.63

KEi

1
1
2
I 2
9.0kg m 2 0.75 rad s 2.5J
2 i i
2

KE f

1
1
2
I 2
3.5kg m 2 1.9 rad s 6.3J
2 f f
2

Theinitialangularvelocityofthepuckis

t i
ri

0.800 m s
rad
2 .00
0.400m
s

Sincethetensioninthestringdoesnotexertatorqueabouttheaxisofrevolution,theangular
momentumofthepuckisconserved,orIff=Iii.
Thus,

I i
mr i2
0.400m
i
i
2

0.250m
I f
mr f

2 .00 rad s

Thenetworkdoneonthepuckis

Page8.92

5.12 rad s

Chapter8

Wnet KE f KEi

1
1
1
I f 2f I i i2 mrf2 2f mri2 i2

2
2
2

m 2 2
r r 2 2
2 f f i i

or

0.120kg

Wnet

0.250m 2 5.12 rad s 2 0.400m 2 2 .00 rad s 2

Thisyields Wnet 5.99 10 2 J .

8.64

2
2
Foroneofthecrew, Fc m ac becomes n m vt /r mr i .Werequiren=mg,sotheinitialangular

velocitymustbe i

g/ r .Fromconservationofangularmomentum, I f f I i i or f ( I i / I f ) i .Thus,

theangularvelocityofthestationduringtheunionmeetingis

I i

I f

5.00 108 kg m 2 150 65.0kg 100m 2


g


r
5.00 108 kg m 2 50 65.0kg 100m 2

g
g
1.12
r
r

Thecentripetalaccelerationexperiencedbythemanagersstillontherimis

ac r 2f r 12.3 m s2 1.12

8.65

(a)

g
2
1.12 9.80 m s 2 12.3 m s 2
r

Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,so

I i

I1
o
i
I
I
1 I 2

(b)

KE f

I1
I1
1
1
1

I f 2f I1 I 2
o2
I1 o2

2
2
I1 I 2
I1 I 2 2

or

Page8.93

I1

KEi
I1
I2

Chapter8

KE f
KEi

I1
I1 I 2

Sincethisislessthan1.0,kineticenergywaslost.
8.66

Theinitialangularvelocityofthesystemis

rev 2 rad

i 0.20
0.40 rad s


s
1rev

Thetotalmomentofinertiaisgivenby

I I man I cylinder mr 2

1
1
2
M R 2 80kg r 2 25kg 2 .0m
2
2

Initially,themanisat r 2 .0m fromtheaxis,andthisgives I i 3.7 10 2 kg m 2 .Attheend,whenr=1.0,


2
2
themomentofinertiais I f 1.3 10 kg m .

(a)

Fromconservationofangularmomentum,Iff=Iii,or

I i
3.7 102 kg m 2
0.40 rad s 1.14 rad s 3.6 rad s
i
1.3 10 2 kg m 2

I f

(b)

Thechangeinkineticenergyis KE

KE

1
I
2 f

2f 12 I f i2 ,or

1
rad

1.3 102 kg m 2 1.14

2
s

1
rad

3.7 10 2 kg m 2 0.40

s
2

or KE 5.4 10 2 J .Thedifferenceistheworkdonebythemanashewalksinward.

8.67

(a)

Thetableturnscounterclockwise,oppositetothewaythewomanwalks.Itsangularmomentumcancelsthat
ofthewomansothetotalangularmomentummaintainsaconstantvalueof Ltotal Lwoman Ltable 0 .

Page8.94

Chapter8
Sincethefinalangularmomentumis Ltotal I w w I t t 0 ,wehave
I
mw r 2 w

wr
m
t w w

w

r
I t
It

I t

or
60.0kg 2 .00m

500kg m 2

1.50 m s

0.360 rad s

Hence, table 0.360 rad s counterclockwise .

(b)

Wnet KE KE f 0

Wnet

8.68

(a)

1
1
mw2 I t t2
2
2

1
1
60.0kg 1.50 m s 2 2 500kg m 2 0.360 rad s 2 99.9J
2

Inthesketchattheright,chooseanaxisperpendicularto
thepageandpassingthroughtheindicatedpivot.Then,
ur
with=30.0,theleverarmoftheforce P isobservedtobe

5.00cm
5.00cm

5.77cm
cos
cos 30.0

and=0gives
P 5.77cm 150N 30.0cm 0
so

(b)

150N 30.0cm
5.77cm

780N

Fy 0 n P cos 30.0 0 ,giving

Page8.95

Chapter8
n P cos 30.0 780N cos30.0 675N
Fx 0 f F P sin 30.0 0 ,or
f P sin 30.0 F 780N sin 30.0 150N 240N
Theresultantforceexertedonthehammeratthepivotis

f 2 n2

240N 2 675N 2

716N

at tan 1 (n/f ) tan 1 (675N/240N) 70.4 ,or


r
R 716Nat70.4abovethehorizontaltotheright

8.69

(a)

Sincenohorizontalforceactsonthechildboatsystem,thecenterofgravityofthissystemwillremainsta
tionary,or

xcg

mchild xchild mboat xboat


constant
mchild mboat

Themassesdonotchange,sothisresultbecomesmchildxchild+mboatxboat=constant.
Thus,asthechildwalkstotheright,theboatwillmovetotheleft.
(b)

Measuringdistancesfromthestationarypier,withawayfromthepierbeingpositive,thechildisinitiallyat
(xchild)i=3.00mandthecenterofgravityoftheboatisat(xboat)i=5.00.Attheend,thechildisattheright
endoftheboat,so(xchild)f=(xboat)f+2.00m.Sincethecenterofgravityofthesystemdoesnotmove,
wehave mchild xchild mboat xboat f mchild xchild mboat xboat i ,or
mchild xchild f mboat xchild f 2.00m mchild 3.00m mboat 5.00m

and

xchild f

mchild 3.00m mboat 5.00m 2.00m


mchild mboat

Page8.96

Chapter8

xchild f
(c)

40.0kg 3.00m 70.0kg 5.00m 2.00m


40.0kg 70.0kg

Whenthechildarrivesattherightendoftheboat,thegreatestdistancefromthepierthathecanreachis
xmax xchild f 1.00m 5.55m 1.00m 6.55m

Thisleaveshim0.45mshortofreachingthe

turtle.
8.70

(a)

Considerthefreebodydiagramoftheblockgivenat
theright.Ifthe+xaxisisdirecteddowntheincline,
Fx=maxgives
mg sin 37.0 T m at ,or T m g sin 37.0 at

T 12.0kg 9.80 m s2 sin 37.0 2.00 m s2


46.8N
(b)

Now,considerthefreebodydiagramofthepulley.
Chooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassing
throughthecenterofthepulley,=Igives
a t
T r I
r
or

46.8N 0.100m
T r 2
I

at
2.00 m s2

(c)

8.71

5.55m

0.234kg m 2

2.00 m s2
a
i t 0 t t
2.00s 40.0 rad s
r
0.100m

Iftheladderisonthevergeofslipping, f

fs max

s n atboththe

floorandthewall.

Page8.97

Chapter8
FromFx=0,wefindf1n2=0,or
n2=sn1

[1]

Also,Fx=0givesn1w+sn2.=0
UsingEquation[1],thisbecomes

n 1 w s s n1 0
or
w
w

0.800 w
1 s2
1.25

n 1

[2]

Thus,Equation[1]gives
n2 0.500 0.800 w 0.400 w

[3]

Chooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassingthroughthelowerendoftheladder.Then,=0yields

cos n2 L sin f2 L cos 0


2

Makingthesubstitutionsn2=0.400wand f 2 s n2 0.200 w ,thisbecomes

cos 0.400 w L sin 0.200 w L cos 0


2

andreducesto

0.500 0.200
cos

0.400

sin

Hence,tan=0.750and=36.9.
8.72

Page8.98

Chapter8
Wetreateachastronautasapointobject,m,movingatspeedvinacircleofradiusr=d/2.Thenthetotalangular
momentumis


L I1 I 2 2 mr 2
r

(a)

2 m r

Li 2mi ri 2 75.0kg 5.00 m s 5.00m


Li 3.75 103 kg m 2 s

(b)

KEi

1
1
1

m1 12i m2 22i 2 mi2


2

2
2

KEi 75.0kg 5.00 m s

8.73

1.88 10 3 J= 1.88kJ

(c)

Angularmomentumisconserved: L f Li 3.75 103 kg m 2 s .

(d)

(e)

2
KE f 2 m 2f 75.0kg 10.0 m s 7.50kJ
2

(f)

Wnet KE f KEi 5.62kJ

(a)

d
Li 2 M
2

(b)

KEi 2 M i2 M 2
2

Lf

2 mrf

3.75 103 kg m 2 s
10.0 m s
2 75.0kg 2.50m

Md

Page8.99

Chapter8

8.74

(c)

L f Li M d

(d)

(e)

2
KE f 2 M 2f M 2 4 M 2
2

(f)

Wnet KE f KEi 3 M 2

Lf

2 Mrf

Md
2
2 M d 4

Chooseanaxisthatisperpendiculartothepage
andpassingthroughtheleftendofthescaffold.
Then=0gives
750N 1.00m 345N 1.50m
500N 2 .00m 1000N 2 .50m
TR 3.00m 0
or
TR 1.59 103 N= 1.59kN
Then,
Fy 0TL 750 345 500 1000 N 1.59 10 3 N 1.01kN

8.75

(a)

Fromconservationofangularmomentum, L f I f f I i i Li ,or

I
i i
I f

2
5
2
5

i
MRi2
R
i

2
MR f
R f

1.50 10 9 m
i
15.0 103 m

giving

Page8.100

0.010 0 rev d

Chapter8

f 1.00 108

(b)

rev 2 rad
1 d
7.27 103 rad s

4 s
8.64

10
d 1 rev

t f

R f f 15.0 103 m 7.27 10 3 rad s 1.09 10 8 m s (whichisaboutonethirdthe

speedoflight).
8.76

(a)

TakingPEg=0atthelevelofthehorizontalaxispassing
throughthecenteroftherod,thetotalenergyoftherod
intheverticalpositionis

E KE PEg

0 m1g L m2 g L

(b)

m1

m2 gL

IntherotatedpositionofFigureP8.76b,therodis
inmotionandthetotalenergyis

E KEr PE g

1
I 2 m1gy1 m2 gy2
2 total

FigureP8.76

1
m L2 m2 L2 2 m1 g L sin m2 g L sin
2 1

or

(c)

m1 m2 L2 2
2

m1 m2 gL sin

Intheabsenceofanynonconservativeforcesthatdoworkontherotatingsystem,thetotalmechanicalenergy
ofthesystemisconstant.Thus,theresultsofparts(a)and(b)maybeequatedtoyieldanequationthatcanbe
solvedfortheangularspeed,,ofthesystem asafunctionofangle.

(d)

Intheverticalposition,thenettorqueactingonthesystemiszero,net=0.Thisisbecausethelinesofaction
ofbothexternalgravitationalforces(m1gandm2g)passthroughthepivotandhencehavezeroleverarms
abouttherotationaxis.Intherotatedposition,thenettorque(takingclockwiseaspositive)is

Page8.101

Chapter8

net m1 g L cos m2 g L cos

m1 m2 gL cos

Notethatthenettorqueisnotconstantasthesystemrotates.Thus,theangularaccelerationoftherotating
system,givenby=net/I,willvaryasafunctionof.Sinceanettorqueofvaryingmagnitudeactsonthe
system,theangularmomentumofthesystemwillchangeatanonuniformrate.
(e)

Intherotatedposition,theangularaccelerationis

8.77

net
m1 m2 gL cos

I
m1L2 m2 L2

m1 m2 g cos
m1 m2 L

Letmpbethemassofthepulley,m1bethemassoftheslidingblock,andm2bethemassofthecounterweight.

(a)

Themomentofinertiaofthepulleyis I

1
m R 2 anditsangularvelocityatanytimeis,=/Rpwhere
2 p p

isthelinearspeedoftheotherobjects.Thefrictionforceretardingtheslidingblockis
fk k n k m1 g
Choose PEg 0 atthelevelofthecounterweightwhentheslidingobjectreachesthesecondphotogate.
Then,fromtheworkenergytheorem,

Wnc KEtrans KErot PEg

fk s

KEtrans KErot PEg

2f
1
2 1 1 m R 2
m

2 f
R 2p
2 1
2 2 p p

1
1 1
2
m1 m2 i2 m p R p2 i2 m2 gs

R p
2
2 2

or
1
2

1
1
1
2f m1 m2 mp i2 m2 gs k m1 g s
m1 m2 2 m p

2
2

Thisreducesto

Page8.102

Chapter8

i2

2 m2 k m1 gs
1
m1 m2 m p
2

andyields

8.78

m
0.820 s

vf

2 0.208kg 9.80 m s2 0.700m


1.45kg

1.63 m s

1.63 m s
54.2 rad s
0.030 0m

(b)

(a)

Theframeandthecenterofeachwheelmovesforwardat=3.35m/sandeachwheelalsoturnsatangular

Rp

speed=/R.ThetotalkineticenergyofthebicycleisKE=KEt+KEr,or

1
1

m frame 2 mwheel 2 2
I wheel 2
2

1
1
2

m frame 2 mwheel 2
mwheel R 2 2
2
2
R

KE

Thisyields
KE

(b)

1
m
3 mwheel v 2
2 frame
1
8.44kg 3 0.820kg
2

3.35 m s 2

61.2J

Sincetheblockdoesnotslipontheroller,itsforwardspeedmust
equalthatofpointA,theuppermostpointontherimoftheroller.
r
r
Thatis, v AE where v AE isthevelocityofArelativetoEarth.
Sincetherollerdoesnotslipontheground,thevelocityofpointO
(therollercenter)musthavethesamemagnitudeasthetangential
speedofpointB(thepointontherollerrimincontactwiththe

Page8.103

Chapter8
r
ground).Thatis, v OE R O .Also,notethatthevelocityofpointArelative
r
totherollercenterhasamagnitudeequaltothetangentialspeedR,or v AO R O .
r
r
r
FromthediscussionofrelativevelocitiesinChapter3,weknowthat v AE v AO v OE .Sinceallofthese
r
r
r
velocitiesareinthesamedirection,wemayaddtheirmagnitudesgetting v AE v AO v OE ,or

O O 2O 2 R .
ThetotalkineticenergyisKE=KEt+KEr,or
1
1

mstone 2 2 mtree 2

2
2
2

1
1
1

mstone mtree 2 mtree R 2

2
4
2

KE

Thisgives KE

KE

8.79

I 2
2 tree

2
4 R 2

1
3

mstone mtree 2 ,or

2
4

1
3

844kg 82.0kg

2
4

0.335 m s 2

50.8J

Weneglecttheweightoftheboardandassumethat
thewomansfeetaredirectlyabovethepointofsupport
bytherightmostscale.Then,thefreebodydiagram
forthesituationisasshownattheright.

From Fy 0 ,wehave Fg1 Fg 2 w 0 ,or w 380N 320N=700N .


ChooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassingthroughpointP.
Then 0 gives w x Fg1 2 .00m 0 or

Fg1 2.00m
w

380N 2.00m
700N

1.09m

Page8.104

Chapter8
8.80

ChoosePEg=0atthelevelofthebaseoftheramp.Then,conservationofmechanicalenergygives

KE

trans

KErot PEg

KEtrans KErot PEg


1
1
0 0 mg s sin m i2 mR 2 i
R
2
2

or

i2
R 2 i2
3.0m 3.0 rad s 24m
s

g sin
gsin
9.80 m s2 sin 20
2

8.81

Chooseanaxisperpendiculartothepageandpassing
throughthecenterofthecylinder.Then,applying=I
tothecylindergives

1 2 at
1
M R 2
MR
or T M at
2

2 R

2T R

[1]

NowFy=mayapplytothefallingobjectstoobtain

2m g 2 T
(a)

T
2 m at or at g m

[2]

SubstitutingEquation[2]into[1]yields

M g M

T
4
4 m

Page8.105

Chapter8

whichreducesto T

(b)

FromEquation[2]above,

at g

8.82

(a)

M mg
M 4m

1 M mg
Mg
g

m M 4 m
M 4m

4 mg
M 4m

Asmooth(thatis,frictionless)wallcannotexertaforceparalleltoitssurface.Thus,theonlyforcetheverti
calwallcanexertontheupperendoftheladderisahorizontalnormalforce.

(b)

Considerthefreebodydiagramoftheladdergivenatthe
right.Iftherotationaxisisperpendiculartothepageand
passingthroughthelowerendoftheladder,thelever
r
armofthenormalforce n 2 thatthewallexertsonthe
upperendoftheladderis
d2=Lsin

(c)

r
Theleverarmoftheforceofgravity, ml g ,actingontheladderis
dl L 2 cos

(d)

L cos

Refertothefreebodydiagramgiveninpart(b)ofthissolutionandmakeuseofthefactthattheladderisin
bothtranslationalandrotationalequilibrium.

Fy 0 n1 ml g m p g 0 or n1 ml m p g

Whentheladderisonthevergeofslipping, f1

f1 max

s n1 s ml m p g .

Then Fx 0 n2 f1 ,or n2 s ml m p g .
Finally, 0 n2 L sin ml g ( L /2) cos m p gx cos 0 wherexisthemaximumdistance

Page8.106

Chapter8
thepaintercangouptheladderbeforeitwillstarttoslip.Solvingforxgives

cos
m

m l
s l 1 L tan
L
m p g cos
mp

2 m p

n2 L sin ml g

andusingthegivennumericaldata,wefind
30kg
30kg
x 0.45
1 4.0m tan 53

80kg
2 80kg
8.83

4.0m

2.5m

Thelargemass(m1=60.0kg)movesin
acircularpathofradiusr1=0.140m,whilethe
radiusofthepathforthesmallmass(m2=0.120kg)is
r2 l r1
3.00m 0.140m 2.86m
Thesystemhasmaximumangularspeed
whentherodisintheverticalpositionas
shownattheright.
WetakePEg=0atthelevelofthehorizontal
rotationaxisanduseconservationofenergytofind:

KE f PEg

KEi PEg

1
1
2
2
I1 max
I 2 max
m2 gr2 m1 gr1 0 0

Approximatingthetwoobjectsaspointmasses,wehave I1 m1r12 and I 2 m2 r22 .Theenergyconservation

1
2
2
2
equationthenbecomes 2 m1r1 m2 r2 max m1r1 m2 r2 g andyields

max

2 m1r1 m2 r2 g
m1r12 m2 r22

2 60.0kg 0.140m 0.120kg 2.86m

60.0kg 0.140m 2 0.120kg 2.86m 2

or max 8.56 rad s .Themaximumlinearspeedofthesmallmassobjectisthen

2 max

9.80 m s

r2 max 2.86m 8.56 rad s 24.5 m s

Page8.107

Chapter8
8.84

(a)

Notethatthecylinderhasbothtranslationalandrotational
motion.Thecenterofgravityacceleratesdownwardwhile
thecylinderrotatesaroundthecenterofgravity.Thus,we
applyboththetranslationalandtherotationalformsof
Newtonssecondlawtothecylinder:
Fy ma y T mg m a
or
T m g a

[1]

I Tr I a r

Forauniform,solidcylinder, I

1
mr 2 soourlastresultbecomes
2

mr 2 a
2T
or a
2
r
m

Tr

[2]

SubstitutingEquation[2]intoEquation[1]givesT=mg2T,andsolvingforTyieldsT=mg/3.
(b)

FromEquation[2]above,

2T
2 mg

2g 3

m
m 3

(c)

2
2
Consideringthetranslationalmotionofthecenterofgravity, y 0 y 2 a y y gives

2 g
0 2 h

4 gh 3

UsingconservationofenergywithPEgatthefinallevelofthecylindergives

KE

KEr PEg

KEt KEr PEg or 1 m 2


y
i
2

Page8.108

1
2

I 2 0 0 0 mgh

Chapter8

Since

y r and I

yielding y

8.85

1
2

mr

2 ,thisbecomes

2
1
1 1
y
m 2y m r 2
mgh ,or 3 m 2 mgh
y
r 2
2
2 2

4 gh 3 .

Consideringtheshoulderjointasthepivot,thesecond
conditionofequilibriumgives
0

w
70cm Fm sin 45 4.0cm 0
2

or

Fm

w 70cm

2 4.0cm sin 45

12.4 w

Recallthatthisisthetotalforceexertedonthearmbyasetoftwomuscles.Ifweapproximatethatthetwomuscles
ofthispairexertequalmagnitudeforces,theforceexertedbyeachmuscleis

Feach

muscle

8.86

Fm
12.4 w

6.2 w 6.2 750N 4.6 103 N 4.6kN


2
2

Observethatsincethetorqueopposingtherotationalmotionofthegymnastisconstant,theworkdoneby
nonconservativeforcesasthegymnastgoesfromposition1toposition2(anangulardisplacementof/2rad)will
bethesameasthatdonewhilethegymnastgoesfromposition2toposition3(anotherangulardisplacementof /2
rad).
ChoosePEg=0atthelevelofthebar,andletthedistancefromthebartothecenterofgravityoftheoutstretched

bodybereg.Applyingtheworkenergytheorem, Wnc KE PE g
position1toposition2gives

Page8.109

KE PE g

,totherotationfrom

Chapter8

Wnc 12

I 22 0 0 mgrcg or Wnc
12

1
2

1
2

I 22 mgrcg

[1]

Now,applytheworkenergytheoremtotherotationfromposition2toposition3toobtain

Wnc 23

1
2

I 32 mg rcg

1
2

I 22 0 or Wnc
23

1
2

I 32

1
2

I 22 mgrcg

[2]

Sincethefrictionaltorqueisconstantandthesetwosegmentsofthemotioninvolveequalangulardisplacements,

Wnc 23
1
2

Wnc 12 .Thus,equatingEquation[2]toEquation[1]gives
I 32

1
2

I 22 mgrcg

whichyields 32 2 22 ,or 3

8.87

(a)

1
2

I 22 mgrcg
2 2

2 4.0 rad s 5.7 rad s .

Freebodydiagramsforeachblockandthe
pulleyaregivenattheright.Observethat
theangularaccelerationofthepulleywillbe
clockwiseindirectionandhasbeengivena
negativesign.Since I ,thepositive
sensefortorquesandangularacceleration
mustbethesame(counterclockwise).
Form1: Fy ma y T1 m1g m1 a
T1 m1 g a [1]
Form2:
Fx ma x T2 m2 a

[2]

Forthepulley: I T2 r T1r I a r or

Page8.110

Chapter8

I
T1 T2 2 a
r

[3]

SubstituteEquations[1]and[2]intoEquation[3]andsolveforatoobtain

m1 g

I r 2 m1 m2

or

(b)

4.00kg 9.80 m s2
0.500kg m 2 0.300m 2 4.00kg

3.12 m s2

3.00kg

2
2
Equation[1]abovegives: T1 4.00kg 9.80 m s 3.12 m s 26.7N ,

2
andEquation[2]yields: T2 3.00kg 3.12 m s 9.37N .

8.88

(a)
(b)

Fy 0 nF 120N mmonkey g 0

nF 120N 10.0kg 9.80 m s2 218N

(c)

Whenx=2L/3,weconsiderthebottomendoftheladderasourpivotandobtain
L

2L

bottom 0 120N
cos 60.0 98.0N
cos 60.0 nW L sin 60.0 0
end
2

or
60.0N 196 3 N cos 60.0
nW
72.4N
sin 60.0
Then,

Page8.111

Chapter8

Fx 0 T nW 0 or T nW 72.4N

(d)

Whentheropeisreadytobreak, T nW 80.0N .Then

bottom 0
end

yields

120N
cos 60.0 98.0N x cos 60.0 80.0N L sin 60.0 0
2

or
80.0N sin 60.0 60.0N cos 60.0 L
x
0.802 L 0.802 3.00m 2.41m
98.0N cos 60.0
(e)

Ifthehorizontalsurfacewereroughandtheroperemoved,ahorizontalstaticfrictionforcedirectedtoward
thewallwouldactonthebottomendoftheladder.Otherwise,theanalysiswouldbemuchaswhatisdone
above.Themaximumdistancethemonkeycouldclimbwouldcorrespondtotheconditionthatthefriction
forcehaveitsmaximumvalue, s nF ,soyouwouldneedtoknowthecoefficientofstaticfrictiontosolve
part(d).

Page8.112

You might also like