Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BASIC PRINCIPLES
OF STRUCTURAL CONTROL
where : xt = x + x g
m&x& dx + cx&dx + F
0
where : dx
d = dx
d t dx
d g = x&t dt dx
d g
t
t
t
t
t
1 2
m
x
dx
=
m
x
x
dt
m
x
dx
=
m
x
d
x
m
x
dx
=
m
x
(
t
)
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
t
t
t
t
g
t
t
t
g
t
0
0
0
0
0
0 m&x&t dxg
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
1 2
mx&t (t ) + cx&dx + FR dx + Cdx = m&x&t dx g + Fdx
0
0
0
0
0
2
E K (t ) + E (t ) + [E E (t ) + E H (t )] + E IC (t ) = E IS (t ) + E IF (t )
E + E H + E IC = E IS + E IF
DESIGN STRATEGIES
S
F
Reduce energy input E I + E I
PASSIVE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
FEEDBACK
EXCITATION
STRUCTURE
RESPONSE
COMPUTER
ENERGY
SOURCE
ACTIVE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
SENSORS
FEEDFORWARD
EXCITATION
SENSORS
FEEDBACK
STRUCTURE
RESPONSE
COMPUTER
SMALL
ENERGY
SOURCE
SENSORS
SEMI-ACTIVE
PROTECTION SYSTEM
FEEDFORWARD
EXCITATION
SENSORS
FEEDBACK
STRUCTURE
RESPONSE
EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS
Stress-strain plot
Dependence on temperature
Original drawings
EXAMPLES OF
ISOLATION SYSTEMS
Corpo alto
(8 piani)
X
Corpo basso
(3 piani)
Struttura intelaiata in c.a.
2 blocchi di altezza 12.6 m e 32.6 m
Pianta quadrata di lati 150 x 148 m
Mescola
normale
Mescola
dura
15.5
15.5
350
300
Modulo di taglio
0.800.12
((N/mm2)
Smorzamento
viscoso
equivalente (%)
Diametro
isolatore
(mm)
600
650
800
1.400.21
2.00
15
15
HDRB 650
1.60
Numero di
isolatori
Rigidezza
orizzontale Kh
(kN/mm)
Rigidezza
verticale Kv
(kN/mm)
Rapporto di
rigidezza
Kv/Kh
122
108
97
11.51
51
2.98
4.89
1802
2472
3949
1195
830
808
Propriet
meccaniche
Resistenza a
compressione
(N/mm2)
Deformazione
ultima
(%)
1 20
1.20
HDRB 800
0.80
0.40
HDRB 600
0.00
0.00
0.20
Modalit posizionamento
Isolatori e relative connessioni
Impianti
tecnologici
0.40
0.60
Shear deformation ()
0.80
1.00
1.20
structural design
g by
y Riccardo Morandi
in the years 1966-68 the underground part
was built (foundations and crypt)
construction of the Upper Temple
began at the end of the Eighties
(capacity 11.000 persons)
inaugurated
i
t d iin 1994 b
by P
Pope JJ. P
Paulus
l II
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
De ice characteristics
Device
characteristics:
Nnom = 11000 kN
Nmax = 14000 kN
max = 0,01 rad
srad = 200 mm
stan = 150 mm
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
SCHEME OF DOME
RESTRAINTS
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
H t
Hysteresis
i cycles
l on a couple
l off moons
sickle
i kl d
dampers ((v = 2 mm/s;
/ s = 150 mm))
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
Se(T) [m/s ]
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
periodo [s]
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
4.5
70
60
50
40
30
AFTER
ISOLATION
Bending moment
radial direction
19252 kN-m
3068 kN-m
Bending moment
tangential direction
99124 kN-m
2235 kN-m
Shear
Sh
radial direction
25714 kN
582 kN
Shear
tangential direction
4699 kN
748 kN
10
0
-10
-20
0
10
15
20
25
tempo [s]
70
BEFORE
ISOLATION
20
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
0
10
15
20
25
tempo [s]
G. Serino, M. Spizzuoco, M.R. Marsico The Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime in Siracusa as recent application
EXAMPLES OF
TUNED MASS / LIQUID DAMPERS
Amplification factor as a
function of
Yokohama
Marine Tower
EXAMPLES OF
ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS
EXAMPLES OF
SEMI ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS
SEMI-ACTIVE
displac
cement
time
displacement
between plates ends
Semi-active
Semi
active brace
Maxwellll element
M
l
with
ih
bi-state viscous damping
(t)
xs(t)
c(t)
Control algorhythm
if
if
Experimental
p
Research
(call published on Int. Journ. on Earthq. Engng. and Struct. Dynamics - June 1996 issue)
Title of research:
Proposer:
Research team:
Host Laboratory:
Structural Dynamics Testing Laboratory - ISMES spa - via Pastrengo 9 - 24068 Seriate, BG (I)
Use of equipment:
approx. 15 days
Length of stay:
Connected industry: FIP INDUSTRIALE spa - via Scapacchi 41 - 35030 Selvazzano, PD (I)
f(t)
5
P
3
7
1
47 MPa
4
P
6
3
lower mobile
steel restraint
Implementation
p
of semi-active control system
y
National
N
ti
l Instruments
I t
t
PCI-MIO-16XE-50
acquisition board
((16 channels,,
20 KS/s sampling rate,
16 bit resolution,
PCI bus)
24V D
DC
5V DC
C - Contro
ol Signal
Displacement
transducer
Electrovalve
operations
IBM Compatible
P200MMX
personal Computer
earthquake: El Centro -6 dB
20
displa
acement [mm
m]
uncontrolled
passive
semiactive
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
0
time [s]
[ ]
10
earthquake: Tolmezzo -8 dB
displacement [m
mm]
20
uncontrolled
passive
semiactive
i i
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
2
10
time [s]
12
El Centro NS
Displaacement [mm]
25
Uncontrolled
Best passive
SA E
Energy
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
2
disp
placement
Control algorhythm:
Time [s]
T
top mass displacement
piston displacement
time
reduction of efficiency
displacem
ment
di l
displacement
t
between plates ends
displacement
between plates ends
Opening
p
g at p
peak displacement
p
tests
control delay
opening delay
closing delay
45
Displaacement [mm
m] / Voltage [[V
displacement between
plates ends (xb - xp)
25
15
1.76
-5
1.78
1.80
t1
t2
t3
1.82
1.84
t4
t5
1.86
Time [s]
Delays
y measured during
g the tests
80
70
60
closing
50
40
30
20
opening
10
control
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
SPACE
S
C
Project
Contract EVG1-CT-1999-00016
SPACE
Project
SPACE
Project
Experimental apparatus
LVDT D8
LVDT D2
L d cellll
Load
Accelerometer
Load cell
Actuator D4
A7
V5 I6
Shaking table
F3
Power Supply
PC Processor
Oscilloscopy
DAQ board
Labview
Real-Time
Test: 3 Hz 20mm
SEMI-ACTIVE BRACE
Elastic Brace
kb
fy(t)
mb
cd(t)
Bingham Model
Si l model
Simple
d l ffor the
th MR bracing
b i system
t
Energy
gy Algorithm
g
I (t ) = I max
I (t ) = I min
if
if
f (t )&(t ) 0
f (t )&(t ) < 0
EXAMPLES OF
HYBRID CONTROL SYSTEMS
Hybrid
y
system:
y
Multi-stage
g Pendulum ((Mitsubishi))
Footbridge Forchheim
Cable-stayed bridge construction across the Main-Donau-Kanal
Bridge data:
Steel structure
8 stay cables
Timber footpath
Total length 117,50 m
Deck width 4,25 m
1st eigenfrequencies:
1,2 - 3,5 Hz
Footbridge Forchheim
Installation of a TMD for control of pedestrian induced vibrations
Excitation
Reduction of
of vertical
vertical vibrations
vibrations
st eigenmode ff=1,24
(2
f=2,86
2,86 Hz)
(1nd
1,24
Walking
Running
pedestrians
Main-Donau-Kanal
Installation
a a o of
o Installation
Ianstallation of a portable TMD
fixed passiveTMD
for testing the new MR damper
Possibility:
y First p
practical application
pp
and verification of a semi-active TMD
Footbridge Forchheim
Magnetorheological damper and portable TMD
Footbridge Forchheim
Test with 5 researchers running at 2.8 Hz