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SEMESTER IV
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Structure of electric power system Various levels Generation, Transmission and distribution
HVDC and EHV AC transmission Comparison of economics of transmission Technical
performance and reliability Application of HVDC transmission system FACTS (qualitative
treatment only) TCSC SVC STATCOM UPFC
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Parameters of single and three phase transmission lines with single and double circuits
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of solid, stranded and bundled conductors Symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing
Transposition Application of self and mutual GMD Skin and proximity effects Interference with neighboring communication
circuits Typical configuration Conductor types and electrical parameters of 400, 220, 110, 66 and 33 kV lines
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Classification of lines Short, medium and long line Equivalent circuits, attenuation constant
Phase constant Surge impedance Transmission efficiency and voltage regulation Real and
reactive power flow in lines Power-angle diagram Surge-impedance loading Loadability
limits based on thermal loading Angle and voltage stability considerations Shunt and series
compensation Ferranti effect and corona loss
UNIT IV INSULATORS AND CABLES
Insulators Types Voltage distribution in insulator string and grading Improvement of string
efficiency Underground cables Constructional features of LT and HT cables Capacitance
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Dielectric stress and grading Thermal characteristics
UNIT V SUBSTATION GROUNDING SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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Types of substations Bus-bar arrangements Substation bus schemes Single bus scheme
Double bus with double breaker Double bus with single breaker Main and transfer bus Ringbus Breaker-and-a-half with
two main buses Double bus-bar with bypass isolators Resistanceof grounding s ystems Resistance of driven rods, resistance of
grounding point electrode Grounding grids Design principles of substation grounding system Neutral grounding
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L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXT BOOKS
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REFERENCES
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Structure of electric power system Various levels Generation, Transmission and distribution
HVDC and EHV AC transmission Comparison of economics of transmission Technical
performance and reliability Application of HVDC transmission system FACTS (qualitative
treatment only) TCSC SVC STATCOM UPFC
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INTRODUCTION
HVDC
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High voltage direct current (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power over long
distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids. When electrical energy is required
to be transmitted over very long distances, it is more economical to transmit using direct current
instead of alternating current
EHV AC transmission
Hydro-electric and coal or oil-fired stations are located very far from load centres for various
reasons which requires the transmission of the generated electric power over very long
distances.
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This requires very high voltages for transmission. The very rapid strides taken by
development
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carried
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control and cable insulation and can offer many new transmission opportunities as has been
demonstrated by actual projects above. It offers a lot of possibilities to enhance the power
systems.
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Wind power, even big parks, can easily be connected to the grid. In many cases HVDC Light
can give new opportunities to trade electric energy in the new deregulated markets.
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As HVDC Light has been developed to minimise environmental impact and impact on the
connecting grids, the licence procedure is generally more favourable than more traditional
solutions.
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FACTS:
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inductive current.
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Maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage).
Thyristor-based Controllers
Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
STATCOM
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Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the FACTS devices, which can control
power system parameters such as terminal voltage, line impedance and phase angle. Therefore, it
can be used not only for power flow control, but also for power system stabilizing cont rol.
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UNIT-I
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PART-A
(2)
(2)
(2)
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4. W hat are the various components of power supply system?
(2)
(2)
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6. W hat are the different operating voltages used for generation, primary and
(2)
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PART-B
(8)
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2. (i) Draw and explain the structure of modern power systems with typical
voltage levels
(ii) W hat is the highest voltage level available in India?
(13)
(3)
3. (i) Explain the effect of high voltage on volume of copper and on efficiency. (8)
(ii) Explain why the transmission lines are 3 phase 3-wire circuits while
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(8)
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(6)
(ii) W hat are the AC transmission and distribution level voltages we have in
(6)
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(iii) W hat are the different kinds of DC links? Draw relevant diagrams.
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India?
5. (i) Explain why EHV transmission is preferred? W hat are the problems
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(ii) W ith neat schematic, explain the principle of HVDC system operation.
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(8)
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(8)
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UNIT II TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
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Parameters of single and three phase transmission lines with single and double circuits
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of solid, stranded and bundled conductors Symmetrical
and unsymmetrical spacing Transposition Application of self and mutual GMD Skin and
proximity effects Interference with neighboring communication circuits Typical configuration
Conductor types and electrical parameters of 400, 220, 110, 66 and 33 kV lines
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L and C are due to the effects of magnetic and electric fields around the conductor
Overhead transmission line
ANSI voltage standard: 69kV, 115kV, 138kV, 161kV,
230kV, 345kV, 500kV, 765kV line-to-line
bundling: use more than one conductor per phase, usually used at voltage > 230kV
advantage of bundling: increase effective radius of line conductor, reduce electric field strength and
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reduces corona power loss, audio loss and radio interference, and reduces line reactance
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LINE
R ES I S T A N C E
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Transmission line resistance
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by Rdc=l/A
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current density is greatest at surface of the conductor, this is called skin effect, therefore, Rac > Rdc
magnetic field density: Hx=Ix/2x, x is the radius of circle, Ix induces magnetic field density Hx
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I N T ER N A L
INDUCTANCE
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Derivation of internal inductance Lint
consider the flux linked by the portion x r of current
Ia
flowing inside a cylinder of radius x, the magnetic intensity:
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therefore
2xH x
x
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I,
Ia =
Since
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= I enclosed
H dl
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since current flowing into the circuit of x is only a fraction of Ia, the effective turn is equivalent to the fraction
N = x2/r2
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I N T ER N A L
INDUCTANCE
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3
x dx
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Lint=o/8=(1/2)10-7 H/m
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EXT E R N A L
INDUCTANCE
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Derivation of external inductance Lext
consider Hx external to conductor at x>r, since the circle at radius x enclose entire current, Ix=I (
see Fig.4.4 ): Bx =o Hx= oI/2x
the entire current I is linked by the flux outside the conductor, dx=dx = Bxdx*1=oI/(2x)*dx
ln
D2
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= 2 10
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D2 1
dx
D1 x
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H/ m
W b/ m
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UNIT- II
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PART-A
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PART-B
(16)
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2. Derive an expression for capacitances of a single phase transmission system
and discuss the effect of earth on capacitance with suitable equation.
(16)
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(8 )
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neutral.
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(8)
(8)
(4)
ii) Derive the expression for capacitance of a double circuit line for hexagonal
spacing.
(8)
(4)
7. i) Explain clearly the skin effect and the proximity effects when referred to
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(8)
overhead lines.
ii) W rite a short note on the inductive interference between power and
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(8)
communication lines.
8. i) Derive the expression for the capacitance per phase of the 3 double circuit
(8)
ii) A 3 overhead transmission line has its conductors arranged at the corners
of an equilateral triangle of 2m side. Calculate the capacitance of each line
(8)
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horizontal plane spaced 8 metres apart. The height of all conductors above the
earth is 13 metres. The diameter of each conductor is 2.6 cm. the line is
( 1 6)
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inductance.
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10. Discuss the concept of GMR and GMD in the calculation of transmission line
(16)
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Insulators:
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Design
Cap and pin insulator string (the vertical string of discs)
on a 275 kV suspension pylon.
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Cables
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UNIT-IV
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PART-A
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(2)
(2)
(2)
4. List out various types of insulators used for overhead transmission lines.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
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PART-B
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1. Discuss any two methods to increase the value of string efficiency, with
suitable sketches.
(16)
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(8)
ii) In a 3-unit insulator, the joint to tower capacitance is 20% of the capacitance
of each unit. By how much should the capacitance of the lowest unit be
increased to get a string efficiency of 90%. The remaining two units are left
unchanged.
(8)
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stress in a single core cable.W here is the stress maximum and minimum?(8)
ii) A single core 66kv cable working on 3-phase system has a conductor
diameter of 2cm and sheath of inside diameter 5.3cm. If two inner sheaths
are introduced in such a way that the stress varies between the same
maximum and minimum in the three layers find:
a) position of inner sheaths
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5. i) Draw the schematic diagram of a pin type insulator and explain its
function.
(8)
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insulators. The potential across top unit (i.e. near the tower) and the middle
unit are 8kV and 11kV respectively. Calculate,
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a) The ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to the self capacitance of
(4)
b) Line Voltage
(2)
c) String Efficiency
(2)
6. i) Describe with the neat sketch, the construction of a 3 core belted type
cable.
(8)
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7. i) W hat are the various properties of insulators? Also briefly explain about
(8)
ii) Calculate the most economical diameter of a single core cable to be used
on 132kV, 3 phase system. Find also the overall diameter of the insulation,
if the peak permissible stress does not exceed 60kV/cm. also derive the
(8)
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ii) A string of 4 insulator units has a self capacitance equal to 4 times the pin to
(8)
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b) String efficiency
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ii) W ith a neat diagram, explain the strain and stay insulators.
(4)
(4)
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(8)
(8)
(8)
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Double bus with double breaker Double bus with single breaker Main and transfer bus Ring
bus Breaker-and-a-half with two main buses Double bus-bar with bypass isolators
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grounding
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UNIT-V
PART-A
(2)
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1. W hat is substation?
(2)
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1. W ith a neat sketch explain double bus with double breaker and double bus
with single breaker. State their advantages and disadvantages.
( 16 )
(16)
( 16 )
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(4)
I. Sub mains
(12)
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