Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Approved
May, 1988
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks and sincere
gratitude to the chairman of my committee. Dr. Kishor C.
Mehta, for his guidance, everlasting inspiration, constant
encouragement and patience in teaching me throughout my
graduate study program.
Special thanks are extended to Mr. Leon Kempner, Jr. for his
assistance in providing the field data details of the BPA
project and encouragement.
11
Ill
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11
ABSTRACT
vi
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
Objectives
' 5
6
7
Response
Mean Response
Fluctuating Response
Aerodynamic Admittance Function
Mechanical Admittance Function
Peak Factor
Wind Characteristics
Mean Wind Speed
Mean Wind Profile
Turbulence Characteristics
Turbulence Intensity
Gust Spectrum
Davenport Analytical Model
Conductor Damping Ratio
Conductor Fundamental Frequency
III. FIELD DATA
Description of Test Site
Instrumentation
Data Accjuisition
Recording Procedure
Description of Recordings
IV
8
10
12
16
19
20
24
24
25
28
30
31
34
37
38
39
41
43
47
48
50
52
53
60
65
68
74
80
85
90
91
92
94
104
104
108
115
115
123
127
130
134
138
ABSTRACT
Conductors are long, slender, flexible, and wind
sensitive structures.
Bonneville Power
VI
The response
Comparison of
the analytical model with field data reveals that the model
underestimated background response and overestimated
resonant response.
Results of these data analyses are used to improve the
analytical model to predict conductor response in extreme
wind.
VI1
LIST OF TABLES
1. Typical Values for Gradient Height and Power-Law
Exponent (ANSI, 1982)
28
31
40
49
55
57
64
8. Turbulence Intensity
66
78
82
95
96
97
99
100
116
117
118
Vlll
122
124
125
126
129
IX'
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Fluctuations of Wind Speed
13
15
22
26
42
44
45
59
61
63
70
76
86
93
102
103
110
112
XI
114
119
128
133
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Wind
Probably no other
Wind loads
Under
Mean + Sigma
a
Mean
a
a>
o
Mean - Sigma
Q.
en
Time (minutes)
Figure 1:
c
o
a.
a>
o
t5
a
c
o
O
Time (minutes)
Figure 2:
fluctuating response.
in subsecjuent chapters.
Because of
(1) to assess
Determination of
CHAPTER II
STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
A review of each of
8
response data for a specific design objective such as
determination of the span factor or the gust response
factor.
The transverse
The the
For a time
ft = R + g aj^
(2.1)
10
depends on wind characteristics such as the turbulence
intensity and structural characteristics such as the
damping, frecjuency, shape,., etc.
Mean Response
The mean response of conductors is obtained from the
mean wind pressure acting at the effective height of the
conductors.
(2.2)
F,
at sea level,
V = mean wind speed at the effective conductor
height, and
C^ = conductor force coefficient.
L =
d =
conductor diameter.
(2.3)
11
The mean response of a conductor depends on the mean
wind speed and the aerodynamic relationship in terms of
conductor force coefficient.
in ecjuation 2.2 to a
In most cases, the force
where
(2.4)
\x
= wind speed,
d = conductor diameter,
-5
-2
^1 = dynamic viscosity of air, 1.79x10
N-sec m
at 60F, at sea level, and
p = mass density of air.
12
A plot of force coefficient versus Reynolds Number is
shown in Figure 3.
As indicated in Figure
These
13
Conductor diameter (in)
Curve
Source
1
2
3
4
5
1.125
0.770
1.695
1.108
1.602
1.2
1
1
>
o
o
o
o
to
(D\
\
w
0.9
o
P
^^-
\^
(1)
0.8
\
\
B
o
/
0.7
\ \
c
o
O
0.6
0.5
Figure 3:
14
the wind and conductor response are represented by a
spectrum.
Therefore, it represents a
The
value of the response, CT^, from the area under the response
spectrum.
15
Gust Spectrum
-2/3
Aerodynamic Admittance
Force Spectrum
logl
CO
Mechanical Admittance
Response Spectrum
Figure 4:
16
multiplying the RMS value by a statistical peak factor, g.
The peak response ft, is the addition of the mean response,
R, and the fluctuating response, <3 ^r^, as indicated in
ecjuation 2.1.
Field measurements of wind and conductor response
provide gust and conductor response spectra.
Appropriate
In addition,
Theoretical
F = [i. p (V + u ) ^ C^i A
where
F = transverse force,
p = mass density of air.
(2.5)
17
V = mean wind speed,
u
= area of exposure.
Then
(2.6)
2
If the term of the order u is neglected, the mean and
fluctuating forces can be separated as
1 p V
-2 C^ A
F = -i.
(2.7)
F' = p V u C^ A.
(2.8)
and
S^(f)
(2.9)
or
_2
Sp(f) = ^ S^(f).
V
(2.10)
18
Ecjuation 2.10, is valid over the range of frecjuencies
contained in the gust spectrum provided all effects remain
perfectly correlated.
Sp(f) = ^
X^(f) S^(f)-
(2.11)
It accounts
The
A large gust
In general,
19
of interest for the effects of winds on conductors.
This
The aerodynamic
In this study
(2.12)
2
For a single
^
2
(2.13)
2
f
o
20
where f^ = fundamental frecjuency,
C = damping ratio, and
k = spring constant.
The form of the mechanical admittance function is
illustrated in Figure 4.
One of the
experiments.
Peak Factor
Another important component in ecjuation 2.1 is the
statistical peak factor, g.
21
corresponding to the peak response occurring in time period,
T, can be approximated as:
0.577
^-^''
g = V2 In yT +
(2.14)
V2 In yT
Where
The average
22
Up-Crossings
time, t
Figure 5:
(2.15)
23
P^""'^) =
?nn\
.2
exp[-JL--^l
X
(2.16)
2
where a
= mean scjuare of x,
and
2
a = mean scjuare of x.
There is no covariance term a
1 "^x
x^
N (^) = ^ ^ e x p { - ^ l .
2" ^x
2al
(2.17)
1969):
N
= f
x^
expl-^l-
(2.18)
2^x
The cumulative probability distribution in terms of
upcrossings can be stated as
-*
P(>x) = EJ2LL
^o
2
= exp{--^l.
2ol
(2.19)
24
The upcrossing rate formulation is for a narrow band
vibration process.
Wind
A shorter
25
The length of the record for which the mean value and
the RMS value of wind speed are determined is somewhat
arbitrary.
These
26
I*
;!
xtrum
Energy
2S.
1.
1
1
ii
1 t
1 *
ii
!;
u.
Ivctevh
Ikiun
n
1
to-
lOUUO
1
t
1
11 yt \uHK.I i;yck
ArniM.!
*-fi*r
M;ruiii*irar<tlu|Hal ruifc
r ' . . . t l l . ( m.^ ' llMlVtlMIHI
Figure 6:
surface.
Scnutliufn.!
MkiunwicafolofivJ ruifc
IfKMtl
27
above ground (Simiu, 1984).
Power-law
In
The mean
Iil = (-?-)"
(2.20)
= power-law exponent.
28
Code of Canada (NRCC, 1980).
TABLE 1
Typical Values for Gradient Height and Power-Law Exponent
(ANSI, 1982)
Terrain
Category
Gradient
He ight(ft)
Z
g
700
Coastal Areas
Power Law
Exponent
a
0.10
900
0.14
Forest/Suburban
1200
0.22
City Centers
1500
0.33
Open Farmland
Turbulence Characteristics
The fluctuating part of wind is termed as the
turbulence.
29
known as convective turbulence.
The extreme
In a neutrally
For
Of these two,
It
A complete representation of
response of structures.
30
Turbulence Intensity
Turbulence intensity is a measure of the gustyness of
the wind.
It is expressed as
T^ = - ^
V
where T
(2.21)
= turbulence intensity,
higher for records which have lower mean wind speeds than
for records that have high wind speeds for the same terrain.
The turbulence intensity is strongly related to the terrain
roughness; a greater turbulence is caused by a rougher
terrain (refer to Table 2 ) .
A decrease in turbulence
31
TABLE 2
Typical Values for Turbulence Intensity and Surface Drag
Coefficient (Kempner, 1982)
Terrain
Category
Surface Drag
Coefficient
Turbulence
Intensity
Coastal Areas
0. 001
T
L
u
0. 07
Open Farmland
0. 005
0. 12
Forest/Suburban
0. 015
0. 22
City Centers
0. 050
0. 39
Gust Spectrum
A randomly fluctuating phenomenon such as wind speed
can be conceived of as the superposition of a large number
of harmonic fluctuations with frecjuencies ranging from zero
to infinity.
32
'Power Spectral Density (PSD).' The PSD at any particular
frecjuency, f, may be considered as the average fluctuating
wind power passing a fixed point when the wind as a random
process is filtered by a narrow band filter centered at f.
In the dynamic analysis of structures subjected to gust
loading, significant dynamic amplification of the response
may occur at a resonant frequency, i.e., when the natural
frecjuencies of vibration of the structure and of the wind
match (Simiu, 1985).
33
velocity.
v>
>0.5) is given
V
as:
f S(f)
^
= A f h '^
V
^*
(2.22)
34
conditions, A=0.3 and n=2/3 are suggested by Kaimal.
Ecjuation 2.22 is useful for describing the gust
spectrum in the high frecjuency range (low wave lengths) and
for heights limited to the first few tens of meters.
Kaimal
Davenport's model
35
(2.23)
^R = ^c ^ ^c
where B = the mean scjuare background response, and
R = the mean scjuare resonant response.
Ecjuations for
B_ = e^
c P
E^
2
Rc = 6^
c P
2
E^
where
(2.24)
1 + 0.81(-ii-l
^s
0.323A h. 1 , ^o ^,-(n-H)
(2.25)
f7
36
the conductor; which is twice the turbulence
intensity,
Lg = transverse scale of turbulence,
C^ = conductor force coefficient,
p
The
37
Conductor Damping Ratio
The energy gained by the conductors from the
fluctuating wind is dissipated by the conductor damping.
In
This expression
C = 0.000048 ( ^
o
where
) C^
(2.26)
38
C^ = conductor force coefficient, and
d = diameter of the conductor.
Calculation of the aerodynamic damping ratio using field
response data is evaluated in Chapter V.
JG
where
f =
^
o
32 S
= acceleration due to gravity, and
= conductor sag.
(2.27)
^
'
CHAPTER III
FIELD DATA
These recordings
Each record is
The site
39
40
systems used for the collection of wind and conductor
response data are described in this chapter.
TABLE 3
Field Data Records During 1981-1982
Record
Number
Mean Wind
Direction*
(azimuth)
Mean Wind
Speed*
(mps)
Date
Time
NOl
N02
N03
12/02/81
12/05/81
12/15/81
01.31.57
06.42.45
16.11.48
N04
12/16/81
08.30.32
N05
N06
N07
12/16/81
01/14/82
01/16/82
16.10.28
10.57.52
19.04.51
93
260
215
15.8
15.5
22.3
N08
N09
NIC
01/31/82
02/03/82
02/14/82
01.36.32
14.11.35
13.05.30
263
53
228
21.4
9.6
18.5
Nil
N12
N13
02/15/82
02/15/82
02/16/82
23.26.40
10.29.05
00.38.56
227
220
237
21.0
14.0
20.3
N14
03/08/82
16.03.42
N15
N16
N17
03/11/82
03/12/82
04/12/82
14.52.13
15.13.50
01.10.26
259
220
235
15.7
10.0
18.8
N18
N19
N20
04/13/82
04/17/82
04/20/82
15.29.13
17.57.11
22.03.35
246
276
90
21.8
15.8
18.5
N21
N22
N23
04/20/82
04/28/82
05/07/82
11.50.38
12.28.43
14.19.51
274
280
278
18.4
19.3
15.2
227
209
240
18.8
16.4
14.8
zero wind
zero wind
41
Description of Test Site
The test site is located at Moro, Oregon, 56 kilometers
southeast of Dalles, Oregon (east of the Cascade Mountains).
The general topography in the vicinity of the test lines is
shown in Figure 7.
the canyon.
A non-energized mechanical
It is
42
Figure 7:
43
Tower 16/4 is a delta configuration lattice tower
structure as illustrated in Figure 8.
Each
The span
A climatronics mark
Two
44
Anemomeler (34.7 m)
41 mm diameter
West conductor
Figure 8:
45
N -^
Figure 9:
46
16/4, as shown in Figure 8.
The
The
The wind
The wind
The
wires were instrumented with one axial load cell and two
swing angle indicators.
47
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton (BLH) strain gage load cells were
used to measure axial loads.
These units
The data
48
the Tower 16/4.
channels of instrumentation.
RecordincT Procedure
Several selected channels constituted a recording mode,
which were selected to capture a static or dynamic
phenomenon of interest.
It consisted
The instrumentation on
The remaining
49
TABLE 4
File Description of Mode 22
File
Channel
LCOl
LC02
LC03
LC04
LC05
SAOl
SA02
SA03
SA04
SA05
SAO 6
SA07
SA08
SA09
SAIO
78*
79*
80
81
82
83*
84*
85*
86*
87
88
89
90
91
92
SGOl
SG02
SG03
SG04
SG05
SG06
SG07
SG08
SG09
SGIO
SGll
SG12
66*
67*
68*
69*
70*
71*
72*
73*
74*
. 75*
76*
77*
WDOl
WD02
WD03
WD04
WD05
WSOl
WS02
WS03
WS04
WS05
WS06
159
163
168
179
181
156*
158
161
167
178
180
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
Tower
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
16/4
East
West
West
East
Cent.
East
East
West
West
West
West
East
East
Cent.
Cent.
NW
NE
NW
SE
SE
SE
NW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
OHGW
OHGW
Cond.
Cond.
Cond.
OHGW
OHGW
OHGW
OHGW
Cond.
Cond.
Cond.
Cond.
Cond.
Cond.
Dia.
Main
Main
Dia.
Main
Dia.
Main
Main
Main
Dia.
Main
Dia.
47.4
Tower 3
Direction Anem.
Direction Anem.
Tower 4
41.5
Directi on Anem.
Tower 5
39.3
Direction Anem.
Tower 16/4 34.7
Direction Anem.
Tower 16/4 10.0
Speed Hot Wire Anem. Near Tower 2
Speed E'rop. Anem. Tower 3
47.4
Speed Erop. Anem. Tower 4
41.5
Speed Erop. Anem. Tower 5
39.3
Speed Prop. Anem. Tower 16/4 34.7
Speed Erop. Anem. Tower 16/4 10.0
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
50
as a heading on the magnetic tape preceding a strong wind
recording.
Triggering of this recording mode was automatic when
the wind speed was equal to or greater than 18 mps for one
minute and the temperature was ecjual to or greater than 4
degrees Celsius.
Channels 66
All the
51
records were collected for initializing conductor and tower
response data.
22.3 mps.
These
Field
CHAPTER IV
FIELD DATA ANALYSIS
52
53
These responses can be assessed from response spectra of the
field measured values.
resonant response.
In addition,
each record.
54
and in most cases less than 6 degrees.
This consistency in
The remaining
Wind data
55
TABLE 5
Mean Azimuth and RMS in Degrees of Wind
Instrument WDOl
Location Twr 3
Height
47.4 m
Mean RMS
WD04
WD03
Twr 5
Twr 16/4
39.3 m
34.7 m
Mean RMS Mean RMS
224
205
239
229
207
246
8
12
6
227
209
240
9
12
5
212
199
224
9
12
5
NOl*
N02
N03
197
216
246
N04
N05
N06
N07
101
NOB
N09
NIC
276
64
243
Nil
N12
N13
241
234
250
N14
N15
N16
N17
274
232
246
5
9
5
260
218
231
7
8
8
267
228
235
8
8
8
N18
N19
N20
259
292
100
5
12
1
244
277
87
5
12
1
256
276
90
N21
N22
N23
285
295
296
13
9
9
273
279
279
10
11
12
283
283
282
22
7
4
WD05
Twr 16/4
10. 0 m
MearL RMS
WD02
Twr 4
41.5 m
Mean RMS
9
12
5
94
259
211
2
7
9
94
266
219
2
8
10
93
260
215
2
7
9
81
300
258
4
7
9
6
9
7
263
54
225
8
7
8
268
56
228
6
8
7
263
53
228
8
8
8
300
97
268
9
9
9
7
9
8
225
218
235
7
9
9
230
222
236
9
12
8
227
220
237
7
10
9
266
258
278
8
10
9
259
220
235
8
9
8
267
230
244
8
9
8
10
15
1
246
276
90
5
12
1
252
283
101
7
11
2
10
13
14
274
280
278
11
10
12
280
286
283
12
10
12
**
**
k-k
*-k
* Record Number
** error in data
56
The mean wind speed value for each record for the five
wind speed instruments is tabulated in Table 6.
One
The second
57
TABLE 6
Mean Wind Speed in mps
Instrument WS02
Location
Twr 3
Height
47.4 m
NOl*
N02
N03
N04
18.7
18.9
15.2
WS03
Twr 4
41.5 m
19.4
16.7
16.0
WS04
WS05
Twr 5
Twr 16/4
39.3 m
34.7 m
WS06
Twr 16/4
10.0 m
19.8
16.4
14.7
18.8
16.4
14.8
18.5?
17.5?
14.8?
15.3
14.9
19.1
15.8
15.5
22.3
15.6?
15.3?
23.3?
N05
NO 6
N07
15.0
**
15.3
15.4
21.8
NOB
N09
NIC
21.8
9.6
19.0
21.5
9.8
18.8
22.6
9.7
17.3
21.4
9.6
18.5
20.4?
8.8?
18.3?
Nil
N12
N13
21.2
13.5
20.2
21.4
13.9
20.7
19.5
13.0
21.0
21.0
14.0
20.3
21.0?
14.3?
20.0?
N14
**
N15
N16
N17
16.4
9.0
20.4
15.4
9.9
19.1
15.5
8.6
17.3
15.7
10.0
18.8
12.1
8.0
15.5
N18
N19
N20
22.1
16.1
18.3
22 1
15 5
18 4
17.4
16.2
17.7
21.8
15.8
18.5
18.2
13.0
14.4
N21
N22
N23
16, 0
19, 1
16. 6
18.4
19.4
15.2
18 0
18 0
16 6
18.4
19.3
15.2
15.5
16.5
13.2
* Record Number
** error in data
? these values are cjuestionable along with wind direction;
they are not used in analysis
58
through N13.
height shows higher mean wind speed values than that at 34.7
m height.
Stationarity checks
59
Time (minutes)
Figure 10:
(1966).
60
The mean wind speed and mean wind direction for each
record at 34.7 m height on Tower 16/4 are shown in Figure
11.
61
Record Number N_
Mean Wind Speed and Direction
Figure 11:
62
modulations between the towers, it is reasonable to assume
that the wind environment is the same at both the towers.
The other wind speed instruments are located far away; it
would be inappropriate to use their data to assess the wind
speed profile.
V^
Z,
ln(-f.) = a ln(-^)
(4.1)
Vl
where V, = wind speed at height Z^
V2 = wind speed at height Z2
and
a = power-law exponent.
Ratios of wind speeds and ratios of heights for record
N15 are plotted in Figure 12. Three data points in the
figure represent data collected at heights of 10.0 m, 34.7
m, and 41.5 m.
63
CVi
>
ln(Z2/Zi)
Figure 12:
64
TABLE 7
Power-Law Exponent and Kaimal's Gust Spectrum Constants
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
N04
Power 1 aw
exponent
_
-
n**
0.327
0.591
0.269
1.355
1.721
1.571
0.009
0.133
0.254
1.686
1.494
1.463
N05
NO 6
NO 7
N08
N09
NIO
Nil
N12
N13
N14
A*
-.
0.151
0.182
0.242
0.209
0.294
0.296
1.579
1.925
1.786
1.200
1.696
1.420
N15
N16
N17
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.209
0.157
0.267
1.516
2.052
1.573
N18
N19
N20
0.14
0.13
0.18
0.151
0.304
0.005
1.383
1.681
1.565
N21
N22
N23
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.152
0.265
0.342
1.375
1.628
1.695
65
suburban terrains (see Table 1 in Chapter II). An average
power-law exponent value of 0.14 is used to determine the
wind speed at the effective height of the conductors (points
of effective pressures).
Turbulence Intensity
Turbulence intensity represents the level of turbulence
present in the wind.
Values of turbulence
66
TABLE 8
Turbulence Intensity
Instrument
Location
Height
NOl*
N02
N03
N04
WS06
WS05
Twr
16/4
Twr 16/4
10.0 m
34.7 m
WS02
Twr 3
47.4 m
WS03
Twr 4
41.5 m
WS04
Twr 5
39.3 m
0.14
0.13
0.08
0.16
0.22
0.07
0.15
0.24
0.11
0.18
0.17
0.11
0.03
0.12
0.22
0.03
0.11
0.16
***
***
N05
NO 6
N07
0.03
**
0.03
0.11
0.16
NOB
N09
NIO
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.09
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.17
***
Nil
N12
N13
0.12
0.18
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.22
0.14
0.18
0.17
0.15
***
N14
**
***
***
***
***
***
N15
N16
N17
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.18
0.14
N18
N19
N20
0.09
0.17
0.02
0.08
0.17
0.02
0.16
0.17
0.02
0.11
0.17
0.02
0.13
0.21
0.04
N21
N22
N23
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.13
0.15
0.21
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.11
0.15
0.21
0.17
0.19
0.23
* Record Number
** error in data
67
turbulence than the winds at higher elevation.
Therefore,
The turbulence
and mean wind speed and direction (for west winds) was
found.
the winds traverse flat terrain (see Figure 7), are low.
Two east wind records N05 and N20 show very low turbulence
intensities, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively, compared to the
third east wind record N09 (turbulence intensity of 0.13).
The turbulence intensity can be related to a terrain
classification.
in turbulence intensity.
This suggests
68
that a terrain of canyons and hills is unpredictable for
characterization of wind.
The exposure
Turbulence
69
estimates, S(f). Calculation of spectral density function
involve standard expansions (Jenkins, 1968) not involving
fast Fourier transformation.
Here the
The
The plot
2
in Figure 13 uses (f S(f)/a ) on the ordinate to give a
2
normalized linear scale, where a is the mean scjuare of the
time series, and f is frecjuency in Hz.
The abscissa in
Fluctuations in
A general trend of
Calculation
The gust
70
O
P^
CO
in
00
C/1
CO
LJ
3*
U.
u
3
o
en
o
rt
>
^^
C3
^
o
CM
1)
Q.
CO
o
o
o
C.OOl
Frequency (Hertz)
Figure 13:
The specific
71
analytical form used in the procedure is the one proposed by
Kaimal, as described in Chapter II (ecjuation 2.22).
Gust
Constants A and n
A u^
f h '^.
(4.2)
ln(^)-(n+l) ln(f).
(4.3)
(4.4)
72
In e q u a t i o n 4 . 4 , Y i s dependent on X.
To solve for A
The normal e q u a t i o n s a r e ,
^Y = N C -
(n+1) j ; x
^X Y = C (X) -
(4.5)
(n+1) p 2
^4 gj
II,
f^ ^ ) . The
h
73
frequency range selected.
and 2.052.
The suggested range of values for A and n are 0.15-0.60
and 0.33-0.67, respectively (GAI, 1981).
Field measured
For
h
the field measured data obtained at 34.7 m, this low end of
frecjuency f would be 0.3 Hz, if the mean wind speed were 20
mps.
range of 0.1 to 0.4 Hz, near or below the low end of this
frecjuency range, Kaimal's gust spectrum constants obtained
from the field data are not appropriate for use in obtaining
response.
74
Validity of Conductor Response Data
The conductor response data comprise measurements from
the transverse and longitudinal swing angle indicators and
load cell transducers.
insulators.
Appropriate combinations
Interest in
(4.7)
75
records.
Similar to
Mean, standard
76
-, Mean+Sigma 3.43
Mean - 2.97
Mean-Sigma = 2.51
Time (minutes)
Figure 14:
Most of
the conductor response data (load cell and swing angle data)
are found to be stationary with 95% confidence limits as
checked by the run and trend tests (Bendat, 1966).
The
77
The mean and RMS values of response for the three
conductors (west, east, and central) are shown in Table 9.
The negative values in Table 9 indicate wind from the east.
The choice of sign for conductor response is arbitrary.
The
The
In addition,
78
TABLE 9
Mean and RMS Values of Conductor Response (Transverse Load
Component)
Record
Number
West Conductor
Mean
RMS
(kN)
East Conductor
Mean
RMS
(kN)
NOl
N02
N03
2.97
1.36
2.48
N04
0.46
0.43
0.21
2.82
1.34
2.43
Central Conductor
Mean
RMS
(kN)
0.41
0.40
0.19
3.13
1.34
2.56
0.53
0.43
0.20
N05
NO 6
N07
-2.84*
2.25
2.82
0.13
0.20
0.89
-2.62
2.19
2.80
0.09
0.18
0.82
-2.77
2.32
2.94
0.10
0.22
1.00
NOB
N09
NIO
5.14
-1.10
2.81
0.76
0.10
0.52
4.83
-1.13
2.76
0.76
0.11
0.46
5.47
-1.16
2.91
0.79
0.14
0.54
Nil
N12
N13
3.35
1.27
3.70
0.61
0.41
0.66
3.28
1.34
3.51
0.56
0.41
0.59
3.53
1.35
3.85
0.66
0.39
0.69
N14
N15
N16
N17
2.61
0.72
3.32
0.31
0.12
0.61
2.47
0.80
3.10
0.28
0.14
0.57
2.68
0.81
3.34
0.34
0.12
0.67
N18
N19
N20
4.67
2.48
-2.74
0.78
0.52
0.12
4.27
2.33
-2.78
0.72
0.17
0.02
4.94
2.58
-3.00
0.80
0.55
0.14
N21
N22
N23
2.99
3.09
2.39
0.51
0.60
0.50
2.79
2.90
2.20
0.44
0.53
0.43
3.12
3.22
2.44
0.57
0.65
0.52
79
Measurement of weight of the conductor during reference
zero wind condition can cause discrepancy in calculation of
transverse loads.
These
The swing
80
Effective Conductor Force
Coefficient
As discussed in Chapter II, the mean response of the
conductor is related to a nondimensional force coefficient.
To calculate the force coefficient based on field measured
data, it is necessary to use measured values of the mean
wind speed, V, and the mean transverse load component, F.
The field measured effective conductor drag coefficient is
obtained by ecjuating the measured mean transverse load
component to the 'stagnation pressure' load.
4 pV
2
L d
-3
( = 12.02x10"^ kN m"^)
V = mean wind speed at conductor effective
height in mps,
L = effective conductor span in meters, and
d = conductor diameter in meters
(= 2 times the diameter; for present study)
81
The diameter is multiplied by 2 because of twin
conductors in each conductor bundle.
As
wind speed component from the wind speed and yaw angle to
relate to the transverse load component, the C^ values are
believed to be realistic.
Therefore the
are higher than those for the east conductor because the
82
TABLE 10
Field Measured Conductor Effective Force Coefficients
Record
Number
Yaw
Angle
(degrees)
NOl
N02
N03
35
53
22
N04
West
Conductor
0.74
Central
Conductor
0.72
0.63
0.68
0.60
0.60
0.53
N05
NO 6
N07
11
2
47
0 .74
0 .61
NOB
N09
NIO
1
29
34
0 .73
Nil
N12
N13
35
42
25
N14
East
Conductor
0.68
0.64
N15
N16
N17
3
42
27
0.69
-
0.65
0.59
N18
N19
N20
16
14
8
0.64
0.65
0.52
0.58
0.61
0.53
0.57
0.56
0.48
N21
N22
N23
12
18
16
0.57
0.54
0.68
0.53
0.51
0.63
0.50
0.47
0.58
83
mean response of the west conductor is larger than that for
the
Table 9 ) .
There are three possible reasons for the scatter in the
values of effective force coefficient.
More
The wind
84
effective height for west and east conductors using a wind
profile exponent value of a = 0.14.
The modification in
wind speed is smaller for the central conductor than for the
west and east conductors.
As shown in
In
85
Response Spectrum
The conductor response spectrum represents the
fluctuating response about the mean response in the
frecjuency domain.
A typical
The range of
The conductor's
At frecjuencies between 2
These
86
3*
n
CO
a
O
teiH
CD
CO
"^
>,'
CO
VM
1
Zone
Zone
Zone III
CM
O
3
3
>
CO
ii
CU
.1
f
a
o
^^Vr-n..
l.O
O.l
G.OOL
Frequenc:y, f (Hertz)
Figure 15:
The response
specific frecjuencies.
(1) frequencies
87
less than 0.1 Hz, (2) frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 1.0 Hz,
and (3) frequencies greater than 1 Hz.
This
Fundamental
The
The spectrum
88
neighborhood of these frequencies.
High
These frecjuencies
In
89
addition, the frequency of vibration of the swing angle
indicator is 3.2 Hz (Kempner, 1980).
the
These frecjuencies of
This
CHAPTER V
COMPARISON AND REFINEMENT OF THE
ANALYTICAL MODEL
Peak
90
91
are obtained from the field data to refine the background
response of the analytical model.
Since the
In the
The
(ecjuation
This
92
Field Measured Mean Scjuare Response
The gust spectrum of Figure 13 shows that the wind
turbulence has energy up to 1 Hz, and energy beyond 1 Hz is
negligible.
It
At the risk of
This resonant
in Figure 16.
93
a
3*
CJ
a
CO
o
en
CO
CO
M
CM
>
1
CO
Q.OOL
0.1
10.0
Frequency, f (Hertz)
Figure 16:
IV.
in Figure 16.
The area under the response spectrum for frecjuencies
above 1 Hz is not considered to be response due to extreme
wind effects.
IV
94
Delineation of background and resonant responses in the
field response spectra permits assessment of responses in
each of the three conductors, west, east, and central
conductors, for all twenty-one field records.
Field
The variation
These
95
TABLE 11
West Conductor Response Spectrum Data Analysis
Background Response
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
0.211
0.184
0.043
Analytical
Field Analytical Field
Model*
Measured
Measured
Model*
0.141
0.132
0.028
0.201
0.038
0.052
0.033
0.024
0.009
0.254
0.043
0.056
0.003
0.028
0.609
0.005
0.043
0.143
0.008
0.006
0.087
0.006
0.048
0.203
0.582
0.009
0.270
0.447
0.007
0.199
0.365
0.014
0.161
0.057
0.001
0.037
0.502
0.012
0.200
Nil
N12
N13
0.366
0.165
0.441
0.269
0.151
0.300
0.256
0.033
0.217
0.043
0.010
0.077
0.348
0.034
0.288
22 2
N05
NO 6
N07
MOO
O vD 00
N04
Mean
Scjuare
Resonant. Response
0.077
0.011
0.309
0.069
0.005
0.152
0.015
0.002
0.041
0.077
0.004
0.192
N18
N19
N20
0.606
0.273
0.014
0.486
0.236
0.005
0.186
0.125
0.002
0.066
0.024
0.002
0.259
0.140
0.003
0.258
0.361
0.250
0.190
0.243
0.194
0.076
0.151
0.177
0.042
0.060
0.036
0.095
0.194
0.194
2 2 2
N15
N16
N17
to to to
CA) to M
N14
* Davenport, 1980
96
TABLE 12
East Conductor Response Spectrum Data Analysis
Background Response
Record
Number
Mean
Scjuare
rH CM CO
2 2 2
ooo
0.168
0.162
0.037
N04
Resonant Response
Analytical
Field Analytical Field
Measured
Model*
Model*
Measured
0.115
0.128
0.023
0.181
0.037
0.050
0.034
0.024
0.011
0.229
0.042
0.054
N05
NO 6
N07
0.009
0.033
0.677
0.002
0.021
0.541
0.004
0.041
0.141
0.002
0.006
0.080
0.005
0.045
0.200
22 2
MOO
O vD 00
0.572
0.013
0.207
0.450
0.009
0.157
0.322
0.015
0.155
0.061
0.001
0.034
0.443
0.012
0.193
Nil
N12
N13
0.310
0.165
0.348
0.231
0.153
0.248
0.245
0.037
0.195
0.047
0.011
0.062
0.333
0.038
0.259
0.059
0.017
0.268
0.062
0.007
0.133
0.016
0.003
0.041
0.069
0.005
0.167
to M M
O VD 00
0.512
0.205
0.008
0.420
0.178
0.002
0.155
0.110
0.002
0.067
0.023
0.002
0.216
0.124
0.003
2 2 2
to to to
N14
0.193
0.276
0.187
0.147
0.199
0.153
0.066
0.133
0.150
0.036
0.055
0.027
0.082
0.171
0.164
CA)
to M
22 2
N15
N16
N17
* Davenport, 1980
97
TABLE 13
Central Conductor Response Spectrum Data Analysis
Background Response
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
NO 4
Mean
Scjuare
0.284
0.183
0.040
Resonant Response
0.211
0.035
0.053
0.038
0.021
0.008
0.207
0.031
0.044
NO 5
NO 6
N07
0.011
0.047
1.004
0.004
0.036
0.714
0.005
0.043
0.147
0.005
0.007
0.085
0.004
0.037
0.162
NOB
NO 9
NIO
0.618
0.020
0.287
0.467
0.009
0.206
0.391
0.015
0.163
0.046
0.010
0.035
0.417
0.009
0.158
Nil
N12
N13
0.432
0.148
0.471
0.294
0.136
0.308
0.269
0.035
0.222
0.038
0.009
0.065
0.283
0.028
0.228
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.117
0.014
0.443
0.094
0.012
0.365
0.069
0.006
0.146
0.016
0.001
0.038
0.060
0.004
0.142
N18
N19
N20
0.638
0.300
0.019
0.524
0.261
0.005
0.197
0.128
0.002
0.054
0.024
0.013
0.212
0.111
0.002
N21
N22
N23
0.320
0.420
0.269
0.236
0.271
0.210
0.078
0.155
0.175
0.049
0.061
0.032
0.076
0.155
0.148
* Davenport, 1980
98
parameters.
These
On the other
99
TABLE 14
Fixed and Assumed Parameters Used in the Analytical Model
Parameters
0.08 m
376 m
402 m
15.7 m
23.8 m
1.0
(7)
Scale of turbulence (L s)
^ '
(8) Kaimal's gust spectrum constant (A)
65 m
0.67
0.28
Since the
100
TABLE 15
Variable Parameters Used in the Analytical Model
@ 15.7 m*
0.36
0.34
0.22
@ 23.8 m**
16.9
14.7
13.3
17.9
15.5
14.1
Ze ro Wind Rec<ord
0.06
0.22
0.32
14.2
13.9
20.1
15.0
14.7
21.2
0.28
0.26
0.34
19.3
8.6
16.6
20.4
9.1
17.5
Nil
N12
N13
0.36
0.34
0.30
18.9
12.6
18.2
19.9
13.2
19.2
222
N05
NO 6
NO 7
MOO
O vD 00
N04
Exposure
Factor
14.1
9.0
16.9
14.9
9.5
17.8
0.22
0.34
0.04
19.6
14.2
16.6
20.7
15.0
17.5
0.22
0.30
0.42
16.6
17.3
13.6
17.5
18.3
14.4
CO to M
2 2 2
to to to
to M M
O VD 00
N15
N16
N17
22 2
N14
101
Instead of calculating the mean wind pressure, P, and
the influence coefficient, 0^ (which translates the pressure
to response), the field measured mean transverse load
components are used for each record (refer to Table 9 ) .
Calculated background and resonant responses using the
analytical model are shown for the three conductors in
Tables 11 through 13.
values are very much higher than the field measured values.
One of the significant variables in the analytical model is
102
0.8
o
West Cond.
East Cond.
Central Cond
0.6U
a
>
0.4-
a
a
0.4
0.6
0.8
Figure 17:
103
Even though a large scatter in evaluation of the damping
ratio is expected, it can lead to a better prediction of
resonant response.
0.60
(/)
3
" /
0.45-
>
0.30-
y/
Q n
c
<
- s" v y v
0.15-
y^
Q / y y^
a ^9
/yy
West Cond.
East Cond.
Central Cond.
0.00 \
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
104
Refinement of the Analytical Model
As noted in previous sections, the analytical model
underestimates the background response and overestimates the
resonant response.
The
Background Response
The mean scjuare value of fluctuating response can be
calculated as the area under the response spectrum,
al
= J Sj^(f) df
0
(5.1)
2
where a = mean scjuare value of response,
So(f) = spectral density value of response, and
f
= frecjuency.
|H(f)|2 S^(f) df
(5.2)
105
2
Z (f) = aerodynamic admittance function, and
2
|H(f)| = mechanical admittance function.
The area under the response spectrum is a summation of
background and resonant responses.
_2
4F
^R =
T B
^ Aj,|
(5.3)
V
where Ag accounts for background response, and A accounts
for resonant response.
for Ag and Ap as
Ag = j x^(4r) S^(f) ^^
0
(5.4)
and
f L
AR = X ^ ( - ^ ) S (f ) J |H(f)|^ df
V
0
where f
(5.5)
106
spectral density function in the frequency domain.
measure of the
It is a
transverse forces.
In other
This function
Davenport (1977)
107
<p = cfL/V.
To
The resluting
2_^_.
1 + M(-^)
V
(5.7)
108
turbulence.
Here
the field response data are used to evaluate these two JAF
coefficients.
written as
^SR(f)
5:
_2
v^
2
1-^- = 4 |H(f)r
fS
(f)
I V
/I
2
IJAFr.
(5.8)
F
The FTF can be obtained by plotting the ratios of the
nondimensionalized response spectral values to the
nondimensionalized gust spectral values (refer to equation
5.8).
FTF plots
109
were obtained.
Hence, the
It was noted in
The
Equation 5.7 is a
110
28.0 -,
I I1 1 1 1 '
10.0
0.001
Frequency (Hertz)
Figure 19:
data.
Ill
with respect to the parameters need to be specified.
Based
The NLIN
The NLIN
A typical
112
e
(J
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Coefficient, M
Figure 20:
113
overlapped to find the best values of the coefficients Q and
M, which were 0.45 and 0.2, respectively.
For better
Also, when
These comments
(5.9)
114
o
1 - Davenport Model
2 - Refined Model
CM
O
O
o
CJ
o
c
o
LT)
oo
in
o
CJ
<
c
'o
o
o
o
-r
0.001
1II
0.0]
-I
1Irill
-I
1II I I
0.
"T
1.0
1II I I I
10.c
Figure 21:
115
the refined analytical model values are plotted in Figure
22.
However, the
This improvement in
Here
116
TABLE 16
Background Response of West Conductor
Record
Number
Mean
Scjuare
rH CM CO
O O O
Ratio
(1)*
0.239
0.037
0.062
1.695
0.280
2.214
1.426
0.288
1.857
Ratio
(2)*
N05
NO 6
NO 7
0.017
0.039
0.790
0.003
0.028
0.609
0.006
0.051
0.170
2.000
1.821
0.279
1.667
1.536
0.235
0.582
0.009
0.270
0.447
0.007
0.199
0.432
0.017
0.191
0.966
2.429
0.960
0.817
2.000
0.809
Nil
N12
N13
0.366
0.165
0.441
0.269
0.151
0.300
0.304
0.039
,0.257
1.130
0.258
0.857
0.952
0.219
0.723
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.098
0.013
0.377
0.077
0.011
0.309
0.082
0.006
0.180
1.065
0.546
0.583
0.896
0.455
0.492
0.606
0.273
0.014
0.486
0.236
0.005
0.220
0.148
0.003
0.453
0.627
0.600
0.383
0.530
0.400
0.258
0.361
0.250
0.190
0.243
0.194
0.090
0.179
0.210
0.474
0.739
1.083
0.400
0.621
0.912
1.003
65.5%
0.839
65.3%
to M M
O VD 00
222
N04
MOO
O vD 00
0.141
0.132
0.028
Refined
Model
222
22 2
0.211
0.184
0.043
Field
Measured
2 2 2
rH CM CO
CM CM CM
mean value
coefficient of variation
117
TABLE 17
Background Response of East Conductor
Record
Number
Mean
Scjuare
Field
Measured
Refined
Model
Ratio
0.215
0.043
0.060
1.870
0.336
2.609
1.574
0.289
2.174
(D*
Ratio
(2)*
NOl
N02
N03
0.168
0.162
0.037
N04
N05
NO 6
NO 7
0.009
0.033
0.677
0.002
0.021
0.541
0.005
0.022
0.168
2.500
1.048
0.311
2.000
1.952
0.261
N08
N09
NIC
0.572
0.013
0.207
0.450
0.009
0.157
0.382
0.018
0.184
0.849
2.000
1.172
0.716
1.667
0.987
Nil
N12
N13
0.310
0.165
0.348
0.231
0.153
0.248
0.291
0.043
0.231
1.260
0.281
0.932
1.061
0.242
0.786
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.078
0.020
0.321
0.059
0.017
0.268
0.073
0.008
0.157
1.237
0.471
0.586
1.051
0.412
0.496
N18
N19
N20
0.512
0.205
0.008
0.420
0.178
0.002
0.184
0.131
0.003
0.438
0.736
1.500
0.369
0.618
1.000
N21
N22
N23
0.193
0.276
0.187
0.147
0.199
0.153
0.079
0.158
0.178
0.537
0.794
1.163
0.449
0.668
0.980
1.078
63.8%
0.940
64.3%
0.115
0.128
0.023
mean value
coefficient of variation
118
TABLE 18
Background Response of Central Conductor
Record
Number
Mean
Scjuare
NOl
N02
N03
0.284
0.183
0.040
N04
NO 5
NO 6
NO 7
0.011
0.047
1.004
NOB
N09
NIO
Field
Measured
Refined
Model
Ratio
0.256
0.042
0.064
1.463
0.356
2.462
1.206
0.294
2.039
0.004
0.036
0.714
0.006
0.052
0.178
1.500
1.444
0.249
1.250
1.194
0.206
0.618
0.020
0.287
0.467
0.009
0.206
0.472
0.018
0.197
1.011
2.000
0.956
0.837
1.667
0.791
Nil
N12
N13
0.432
0.148
0.471
0.294
0.136
0.308
0.325
0.042
0.269
1.105
0.309
0.873
0.915
0.257
0.721
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.117
0.014
0.443
0.094
0.012
0.365
0.083
0.008
0.176
0.883
0.667
0.482
0.734
0.500
0.400
N18
N19
N20
0.638
0.300
0.019
0.524
0.261
0.005
0.238
0.155
0.003
0.454
0.594
0.600
0.376
0.490
0.400
N21
N22
N23
0.320
0.420
0.269
0.236
0.271
0.210
0.095
0.188
0.211
0.403
0.694
1.005
0.331
0.572
0.833
0.929
62.0%
0.763
63.4%
0.175
0.119
0.026
mean value
coefficient of variation
(D*
Ratio
(2)*
119
0.8
"
D
West Cond.
East Cond.
Central Cond
0.6_3
>
0.4s
c
0.2-
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
120
The magnification factor method is used here to estimate the
aerodynamic damping ratio.
The
As
The
|H(f^)|^ = - V
(^-^^^
4 C
where C
f
121
vibration of the conductors are 0.12 Hz and 0.22 Hz,
corresponding to spans of 450 m and 252 m, respectively.
The aerodynamic damping ratios estimated to be related to
these two natural frecjuencies of the west, east, and central
conductors from the FFT are tabulated in Table 19.
Conductor aerodynamic damping ratios for east wind records
(N05, N09 and N20) are not calculated because the peaks in
the FTF plots for these records are highly erratic.
The
east wind records give poor results for the FTF because of
low turbulence intensities in tihe records.
The estimated
In addition only
Most
122
TABLE 19
Estimated Aerodynamic Damping Ratios in Percentages
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
N04
N05
NO 6
NO 7
West
Conductor
(1)*
(2)*
45
66
43
43
66
91
East
Conductor
(1)*
(2)*
43
32
38
41
34
67
Central
Conductor
(1)*
(2)*
46
27
62
44
34
66
50
18
30
33
41
18
32
33
65
47
37
22
52
35
50
35
55
35
NOB
N09
NIO
34
38
27
45
30
41
Nil
N12
N13
32
50
39
58
52
67
32
22
44
58
54
60
38
28
47
50
50
63
N14
N15
N16
N17
50
88
47
41
75
69
45
29
44
40
28
75
50
50
54
37
50
52
N18
N19
N20
33
42
35
46
30
45
41
42
37
54
51
42
N21
N22
N23
45
58
58
29
33
29
45
60
60
29
32
34
41
56
67
27
33
56
123
ensemble average value of 40% aerodynamic damping ratio is
suggested for conductors.
The values
124
TABLE 20
West Conductor Resonant Response With 40% Damping
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
NO 4
Mean
Scjuare
0.211
0.184
0.043
Field
Analytical
Measured
Model
0.033
0.024
0.009
0.053
0.008
0.009
Ratio
(1)*
Ratio
(2)*
1.606
0.333
1.000
7.697
1.792
6.222
0.008
0.051
1.333
0.586
8.000
2.333
8.807
NO 5
N06
NO 7
0.017
0.039
0.790
0.008
0.006
0.087
NOB
N09
NIO
0.582
0.009
0.270
0.057
0.001
0.037
0.119
2.088
0.041
1.108
5.405
Nil
N12
N13
0.366
0.165
0.441
0.043
0.010
0.077
0.081
0.006
0.064
1.884
0.600
0.831
8.093
3.400
3.740
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.098
0.013
0.377
0.015
0.002
0.041
0.014
0.001
0.039
0.933
0.500
0.950
5.133
2.000
4.683
N18
N19
N20
0.606
0.273
0.014
0.066
0.024
0.002
0.062
0.025
0.939
1.042
3.924
5.833
N21
N22
N23
0.258
0.361
0.250
0.042
0.060
0.036
0.019
0.042
0.033
0.452
0.700
0.917
2.262
3.233
5.389
0.989
48.5%
4.886
45.8%
mean value
coefficient of variation
125
TABLE 21
East Conductor Resonant Response With 40% Damping
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
N04
Mean
Scjuare
0.168
0.162
0.037
Field
Analytical
Measured
Model
0.034
0.024
0.011
Ratio
(1)*
Ratio
(2)*
0.047
0.008
0.009
1.382
0.333
0.818
0.008
0.050
1.333
0.625
7.500
2.500
7.262
6.735
1.750
4.909
N05
NO 6
N07
0.009
0.033
0.677
0.002
0.006
0.080
NOB
N09
NIC
0.572
0.013
0.207
0.061
0.001
0.034
0.105
1.721
0.039
1.147
5.676
Nil
N12
N13
0.310
0.165
0.348
0.047
0.011
0.062
0.078
0.006
0.057
1.660
0.550
0.919
7.085
3.455
4.177
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.078
0.020
0.321
0.016
0.003
0.041
0.012
0.001
0.035
0.750
0.333
0.854
4.313.
1.667
4.073
N18
N19
N20
0.512
0.205
0.008
0.067
0.023
0.002
0.052
0.022
0.776
0.957
3.224
5.391
N21
N22
N23
0.193
0.276
0.187
0.036
0.055
0.027
0.017
0.036
0.027
mean value
coefficient of variation
0.472
0.665
1.000
2.278
3.109
6.074
0.905
45.4%
4.510
42.6%
126
TABLE 22
Central Conductor Resonant Response With 40% Damping
Record
Number
Mean
Scjuare
0.038
0.021
0.008
Ratio
(D*
Ratio
(2)*
0.045
0.006
0.008
1.184
0.286
1.000
5.447
1.476
5.500
0.007
0.043
1.000
0.506
5.286
1.906
N05
NO 6
NO 7
0.011
0.047
1.004
0.005
0.007
0.085
0.618
0.020
0.287
0.046
0.010
0.035
0.105
2.283
9.065
0.034
0.971
4.514
Nil
N12
N13
0.432
0.148
0.471
0.038
0,009
0.065
0.070
0.005
0.054
1.842
0.556
0.831
7.447
3.111
3.508
N14
N15
N16
N17
0.117
0.014
0.443
0.016
0.001
0.038
0.011
0.001
0.032
0.688
1.000
0.842
3.750
4.000
3.737
0.638
0.300
0.019
0.054
0.024
0.013
0.054
0.020
1.000
0.833
3.926
4.625
0.320
0.420
0.269
0.049
0.061
0.032
0.017
0.035
0.026
0.347
0.574
0.813
1.551
2.541
4.625
0.920
53.0%
4.223
45.8%
22 2
to M M
O VD 00
MOO
O vD 00
N04
22 2
rH CM CO
O O O
22 2
0.284
0.183
0.040
Field
Analytical
Measured
Model
rH CM CO
CM CM CM
2 2 2
mean value
coefficient of variation
127
For better visualization, a plot of the resonant
response predicted by the analytical model with 40% damping
versus the field measured resonant values is shown in Figure
23.
It is used to
mean scjuare values by which the peak value exceeds the mean
value.
g =
(5.11)
JLJL_R
^R
where ft = peak response value,
R = mean response value, and
<Tp = root mean scjuare of response.
The peak factor values vary depending on the averaging
time interval; the smaller the peak averaging time interval
the higher the peak factor value.
128
0.12
West Cond.
East Cond.
Central Cond
0.09u
3
a
>
"8
:z
0.06-
"a
u
c
c
<
0.03-
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
129
TABLE 23
Peak Factors for Conductor Response
Record
Number
NOl
N02
N03
NO 4
West
Conductor
5.62*
3.97
4.54
4.00**
3.03
3.94
East
Conductor
Central
Conductor
6.60
3.99
5.12
4.54
3.16
4.32
6.91
5.37
5.53
3.26
2.69
4.54
N05
NO 6
NO 7
4.77
4.07
5.14
2.07
3.30
3.20
4.18
4.02
3.74
2.31
3.00
3.12
3.71
4.75
6.40
2.80
4.28
3.04
NOB
N09
NIC
3.48
3.28
4.29
2.74
2.88
3.34
3.42
3.30
4.33
2.72
2.73
3.38
3.59
3.52
4.32
2.52
3.07
3.43
Nil
N12
N13
6.67
3.76
5.45
4.52
3.60
4.20
6.78
3.37
7.09
5.11
3.15
4.69
6.06
3.95
4.45
4.02
3.58
3.36
N14
N15
N16
N17
4.15
3.88
5.68
3.75
3.69
4.61
4.65
3.69
5.71
3.85
3.34
4.90
4.76
4.12
4.67
3.81
3.68
3.86
NIB
N19
N20
3.89
4.01
3.75
3.18
3.52
2.01
4.19
4.63
4.37
3.05
3.88
2.15
3.94
4.41
4.02
3.13
3.51
3.04
N21
N22
N23
4.02
5.62
3.32
3.29
4.43
2.42
4.83
5.99
3.16
3.85
5.01
2.51
4.01
4.10
4.09
3.27
3.34
2.47
130
for 0.1 second peaks are higher than those calculated for 1
second time average.
averages range between 3.16 and 6.78, and for 1 second time
averages they range between 2.01 and 5.11.
The suggested
This is not
The
131
2
P(>x) = exp - { - ^ 1
(5.12)
2 G^
X
where
CT
g
c, k
(5.13)
X
/
= constants.
) = k ln(g) - k ln(c).
(5.14)
A linear regression
132
respect to wind speed, wind direction, and turbulence
intensity.
is a specific trend.
The regression
This
It is
The
peak factors obtained from the plot are based on 0.1 second
peak values.
133
0.000000001 T
0.000005
o
JO
0.0006
CO
CO
9
D
"o
!
0.0111 r
(0
0.066"
0.2
0.4
1.7
Figure 24:
2.7
Peak Factor, g
4.5
Cumulative P r o b a b i l i t y D i s t r i b u t i o n of
U p c r o s s i n g s f o r Conductor Response
7.4
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS
A total of
135
(2)
(5)
136
(7)
The
However, ratios
137
It is recommended that additional field data be
obtained, particularly at reasonably predictable sites, to
further verify and refine the analytical model. The
computational procedures presented here are general and are
applicable to additional field data.
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