4596 013213215X Ism01

Circuit Variables
Assessment Problems
AP 1.1 Use a product of ratios to convert two-thirds the speed of light from meters
per second to miles per second:
2 3 108 m 100 cm
1 in
1 ft
1 mile
124,274.24 miles
=
3
1s
1m
2.54 cm 12 in 5280 feet
1s

Now set up a proportion to determine how long it takes this signal to travel
1100 miles:
124,274.24 miles
1100 miles
=
1s
xs
Therefore,
x=
1100
= 0.00885 = 8.85 103 s = 8.85 ms
124,274.24
AP 1.2 To solve this problem we use a product of ratios to change units from
dollars/year to dollars/millisecond. We begin by expressing $10 billion in
scientific notation:
$100 billion = $100 109
Now we determine the number of milliseconds in one year, again using a
product of ratios:
1 year
1 day
1 hour 1 min
1 sec
1 year
=
365.25 days 24 hours 60 mins 60 secs 1000 ms 31.5576 109 ms
Now we can convert from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond, again with a
product of ratios:
$100 109
1 year
100
=
= $3.17/ms
9
1 year
31.5576 10 ms
31.5576
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11 system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
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12
CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables
AP 1.3 Remember from Eq. (1.2), current is the time rate of change of charge, or
i = dq
In this problem, we are given the current and asked to find the total
dt
charge. To do this, we must integrate Eq. (1.2) to find an expression for
charge in terms of current:
q(t) =
i(x) dx
We are given the expression for current, i, which can be substituted into the
above expression. To find the total charge, we let t in the integral. Thus
we have
qtotal =
=
20e5000x dx =
20 5000x
20
e
(e e0)
=
5000
5000
0

20
20
(0 1) =
= 0.004 C = 4000 C
5000
5000
AP 1.4 Recall from Eq. (1.2) that current is the time rate of change of charge, or
i = dq
. In this problem we are given an expression for the charge, and asked to
dt
find the maximum current. First we will find an expression for the current
using Eq. (1.2):
i=
dq
d 1
t
1
=
+
et
2
2
dt
dt

d 1
d t t
d 1 t
e
=
2
dt
dt
dt 2

1 t
t
1
e
et 2 et
= 0
1
1 t
+t+
e
= tet
Now that we have an expression for the current, we can find the maximum
value of the current by setting the first derivative of the current to zero and
solving for t:
di
d
= (tet) = et + t()et = (1 t)et = 0
dt
dt
Since et never equals 0 for a finite value of t, the expression equals 0 only
when (1 t) = 0. Thus, t = 1/ will cause the current to be maximum. For
this value of t, the current is
i=
1 /
1
e
= e1
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
Problems
13
Remember in the problem statement, = 0.03679. Using this value for ,

i=
1
e1
= 10 A
0.03679
AP 1.5 Start by drawing a picture of the circuit described in the problem statement:
Also sketch the four figures from Fig. 1.6:
[a] Now we have to match the voltage and current shown in the first figure
with the polarities shown in Fig. 1.6. Remember that 4A of current
entering Terminal 2 is the same as 4A of current leaving Terminal 1. We
get
(a) v = 20 V,
(c) v = 20 V,
i = 4 A; (b) v = 20 V,
i = 4 A;
(d) v = 20 V,
i = 4A
i = 4A
[b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.6(a) and the passive sign convention,
p = vi = (20)(4) = 80 W. Since the power is greater than 0, the box is
absorbing power.
[c] From the calculation in part (b), the box is absorbing 80 W.
AP 1.6 [a] Applying the passive sign convention to the power equation using the
voltage and current polarities shown in Fig. 1.5, p = vi. To find the time
at which the power is maximum, find the first derivative of the power
with respect to time, set the resulting expression equal to zero, and solve
for time:
p = (80,000te500t)(15te500t) = 120 104 t2 e1000t
dp
= 240 104 te1000t 120 107 t2e1000t = 0
dt
14

Therefore,
240 104 120 107 t = 0
Solving,
t=
240 104
= 2 103 = 2 ms
120 107
[b] The maximum power occurs at 2 ms, so find the value of the power at 2
ms:
p(0.002) = 120 104 (0.002)2 e2 = 649.6 mW
[c] From Eq. (1.3), we know that power is the time rate of change of energy,
or p = dw/dt. If we know the power, we can find the energy by
integrating Eq. (1.3). To find the total energy, the upper limit of the
integral is infinity:
wtotal =
120 104 x2e1000x dx

120 104 1000x

2 2
=
e
[(1000)
x
2(1000)x
+
2)

(1000)3
0
=0
120 104 0
e (0 0 + 2) = 2.4 mJ
(1000)3
AP 1.7 At the Oregon end of the line the current is leaving the upper terminal, and
thus entering the lower terminal where the polarity marking of the voltage is
negative. Thus, using the passive sign convention, p = vi. Substituting the
values of voltage and current given in the figure,
p = (800 103 )(1.8 103 ) = 1440 106 = 1440 MW
Thus, because the power associated with the Oregon end of the line is
negative, power is being generated at the Oregon end of the line and
transmitted by the line to be delivered to the California end of the line.
Problems
15
Chapter Problems
P 1.1
[a] We can set up a ratio to determine how long it takes the bamboo to grow
10 m First, recall that 1 mm = 103 m. Lets also express the rate of
growth of bamboo using the units mm/s instead of mm/day. Use a
product of ratios to perform this conversion:
250 mm
1 day
1 hour 1 min
250
10
=
=
mm/s
1 day 24 hours 60 min 60 sec
(24)(60)(60)
3456
Use a ratio to determine the time it takes for the bamboo to grow 10 m:
10/3456 103 m
10 106 m
=
1s
xs
[b]
P 1.2
so
x=
10 106
= 3.456 s
10/3456 103
1 cell length 3600 s (24)(7) hr
= 175,000 cell lengths/week

3.456 s
1 hr
1 week
Volume = area thickness

Convert values to millimeters, noting that 10 m2 = 106 mm2
106 = (10 106 )(thickness)
thickness =
106
= 0.10 mm
10 106
P 1.3
(260 106 )(540)

= 104.4 gigawatt-hours
109
P 1.4
[a]
20,000 photos
x photos
=
3
(11)(15)(1) mm
1 mm3
x=
[b]
16 230 bytes
x bytes
=
(11)(15)(1) mm3
(0.2)3 mm3
x=
P 1.5
(20,000)(1)
= 121 photos
(11)(15)(1)
(16 230 )(0.008)

= 832,963 bytes
(11)(15)(1)
(480)(320) pixels 2 bytes 30 frames
= 9.216 106 bytes/sec

1 frame
1 pixel
1 sec
(9.216 106 bytes/sec)(x secs) = 32 230 bytes
x=
32 230
= 3728 sec = 62 min 1 hour of video
9.216 106
16

5280 ft 2526 lb 1 kg
= 20.5 106 kg
1 mi 1000 ft 2.2 lb
P 1.6
(4 cond.) (845 mi)
P 1.7
w = qV = (1.6022 1019 )(6) = 9.61 1019 = 0.961 aJ
P 1.8
n=
P 1.9
C/m3 =
35 106 C/s
= 2.18 1014 elec/s
1.6022 1019 C/elec
1.6022 1019 C 1029 electrons
= 1.6022 1010 C/m3

3
1 electron
1m
Cross-sectional area of wire = (0.4 102 m)(16 102 m) = 6.4 104 m2

C/m = (1.6022 1010 C/m3)(6.4 104 m2 ) = 10.254 106 C/m
C
C
m
Therefore, i
= (10.254 106 )
avg vel
sec
m
s

Thus, average velocity =

P 1.10
i
1600
=
= 156.04 m/s
6
10.254 10
10.254 106
First we use Eq. (1.2) to relate current and charge:

i=
dq
= 20 cos 5000t
dt
Therefore, dq = 20 cos 5000t dt

To find the charge, we can integrate both sides of the last equation. Note that
we substitute x for q on the left side of the integral, and y for t on the right
side of the integral:
Z
q(t)
q(0)
dx = 20
t
0
cos 5000y dy
We solve the integral and make the substitutions for the limits of the integral,
remembering that sin 0 = 0:
sin 5000y t
20
20
20
q(t) q(0) = 20
sin 5000t
sin 5000(0) =
sin 5000t
=
5000
5000
5000
5000
0

But q(0) = 0 by hypothesis, i.e., the current passes through its maximum
value at t = 0, so q(t) = 4 103 sin 5000t C = 4 sin 5000t mC
Problems
P 1.11
17
[a] In Car A, the current i is in the direction of the voltage drop across the 12
V battery(the current i flows into the + terminal of the battery of Car
A). Therefore using the passive sign convention,
p = vi = (30)(12) = 360 W.
Since the power is positive, the battery in Car A is absorbing power, so
Car A must have the dead battery.
[b] w(t) =
w(60) =
p dx;
1 min = 60 s
60
360 dx
w = 360(60 0) = 360(60) = 21,600 J = 21.6 kJ

P 1.12
p = (12)(100 103 ) = 1.2 W;

w(t) =
P 1.13
p = vi;
p dt
w=
w(14,400) =
Z
4 hr
Z
3600 s
= 14,400 s
1 hr
14,400
0
1.2 dt = 1.2(14,400) = 17.28 kJ
p dx
Since the energy is the area under the power vs. time plot, let us plot p vs. t.
Note that in constructing the plot above, we used the fact that 40 hr
= 144,000 s = 144 ks
p(0) = (1.5)(9 103 ) = 13.5 103 W
p(144 ks) = (1)(9 103 ) = 9 103 W
1
w = (9 103 )(144 103 ) + (13.5 103 9 103 )(144 103 ) = 1620 J
2
P 1.14
Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B. Then, using the
passive sign convention p = vi, since the current i is flowing into the
terminal of the voltage v. Now we just substitute the values for v and i into
the equation for power. Remember that if the power is positive, B is absorbing
power, so the power must be flowing from A to B. If the power is negative, B
is generating power so the power must be flowing from B to A.
18

[a] p = (125)(10) = 1250 W
[b] p = (240)(5) = 1200 W
1250 W from B to A
1200 W from A to B
[c] p = (480)(12) = 5760 W
5760 W from A to B
[d] p = (660)(25) = 16,500 W

P 1.15
16,500 W from B to A
[a]
p = vi = (40)(10) = 400 W
Power is being delivered by the box.
[b] Entering
[c] Gaining
P 1.16
[a] p = vi = (60)(10) = 600 W, so power is being absorbed by the box.

[b] Entering
[c] Losing
P 1.17
[a] p = vi = (0.05e1000t )(75 75e1000t) = (3.75e1000t 3.75e2000t) W

dp
= 3750e1000t + 7500e2000t = 0
dt
2 = e1000t
so
ln 2 = 1000t
so
thus
2e2000t = e1000t
p is maximum at t = 693.15 s
pmax = p(693.15 s) = 937.5 mW

[b] w =
=
P 1.18
[3.75e
1000t
3.75e
2000t
3.75
3.75
= 1.875 mJ
1000 2000
3.75 1000t
3.75 2000t
] dt =
e
e

1000
2000
0

[a] p = vi = 0.25e3200t 0.5e2000t + 0.25e800t

p(625 s) = 42.2 mW
[b]
w(t)
(0.25e3200t 0.5e2000t + 0.25e800t )
= 140.625 78.125e3200t + 250e2000t 312.5e800t J

w(625 s)
= 12.14 J
Problems
19
[c] wtotal = 140.625 J

P 1.19
[a] 0 s t < 1 s:
v = 5 V;
i = 20t A;
p = 100t W
i = 20 A;
p=0W
1 s < t 3 s:
v = 0 V;
3 s t < 5 s:
v = 5 V; i = 80 20t A;
p = 100t 400 W
5 s < t 7 s:
v = 5 V;
i = 20t 120 A; p = 100t 600 W
t > 7 s:
v = 0 V;
i = 20 A;
p=0W
[b] Calculate the area under the curve from zero up to the desired time:
P 1.20
w(1)
1
(1)(100)
2
= 50 J
w(6)
1
(1)(100)
2
12 (1)(100) + 12 (1)(100) 12 (1)(100) = 0 J
w(10)
w(6) + 21 (1)(100) = 50 J
[a] v(10 ms) = 400e1 sin 2 = 133.8 V

i(10 ms) = 5e1 sin 2 = 1.67 A
p(10 ms) = vi = 223.80 W
110
[b]
= vi = 2000e200t sin2 200t

1
200t 1
= 2000e
cos 400t
2 2
= 1000e200t 1000e200t cos 400t
1000e
200t
dt
e200t
= 1000

200
0
(
1000e200t cos 400t dt
e200t
1000
[200 cos 400t + 400 sin 400t]
2 + (400)2
(200)

200
= 5 1000
= 51
4 104 + 16 104
= 4 J
w
P 1.21
)

0
[a]
p
= vi = [16,000t + 20)e800t][(128t + 0.16)e800t ]

= 2048 103 t2 e1600t + 5120te1600t + 3.2e1600t
= 3.2e1600t[640,000t2 + 1600t + 1]
dp
dt
= 3.2{e1600t[1280 103 t + 1600] 1600e1600t [640,000t2 + 1600t + 1]}

= 3.2e1600t[128 104 (800t2 + t)] = 409.6 104 e1600tt(800t + 1)
dp
Therefore,
= 0 when t = 0
dt
so pmax occurs at t = 0.
[b] pmax
= 3.2e0 [0 + 0 + 1]
= 3.2 W
[c]
w
w
3.2
=
=
Z0 t
0
pdx
640,000x2 e1600x dx +
1600xe1600x dx +
t
e1600x dx

640,000e1600x

4 2
=
[256
10
x
+
3200x
+
2]
+

4096 106
0
t

1600x
1600x t

1600e
e

(1600x 1) +

256 104
1600
0
0
When t all the upper limits evaluate to zero, hence
w
(640,000)(2)
1600
1
=
+
+
3.2
4096 106
256 104 1600
w = 103 + 2 103 + 2 103 = 5 mJ.
Problems
P 1.22
[a]
p =
dp
dt
111
vi
400 103 t2 e800t + 700te800t + 0.25e800t
e800t[400,000t2 + 700t + 0.25]
{e800t[800 103 t + 700] 800e800t [400,000t2 + 700t + 0.25]}
[3,200,000t2 + 2400t + 5]100e800t
dp
Therefore,
= 0 when 3,200,000t2 2400t 5 = 0
dt
so pmax occurs at t = 1.68 ms.
[b] pmax
= [400,000(.00168)2 + 700(.00168) + 0.25]e800(.00168)

= 666 mW
[c] w
Z0 t
0
pdx
400,000x2 e800x dx +
700xe800x dx +
t
0.25e800x dx

400,000e800x

4 2
=
[64
10
x
+
1600x
+
2]
+

512 106
t
0
800x
800x t

700e
e

(800x 1) + 0.25

4

64 10
800
0
0
When t = all the upper limits evaluate to zero, hence
(400,000)(2)
700
0.25
w=
+
+
= 2.97 mJ.
512 106
64 104
800
P 1.23
[a] p = vi = 2000 cos(800t) sin(800t) = 1000 sin(1600t) W

Therefore, pmax = 1000 W
[b] pmax (extracting) = 1000 W
[c] pavg
2.5103
1
1000 sin(1600t) dt
2.5 103 0
2.5103
250
5 cos 1600t
4 10
=
[1 cos 4] = 0
1600
=
=
[d]
pavg
=
=
P 1.24
[a] q
Z 15.625103
1
1000 sin(1600t) dt
15.625 103 0
15.625103
40
3 cos 1600t
64 10
= [1 cos 25] = 25.46 W
1600
area under i vs. t plot
1
(5)(4)
2
+ (10)(4) + 12 (8)(4) + (8)(6) + 12 (3)(6) 103
[10 + 40 + 16 + 48 + 9]103 = 123,000 C
112
[b] w
p dt =
vi dt
v = 0.2 103 t + 9
0 t 15 ks
0 t 4000s
i = 15 1.25 103 t
= 135 8.25 103 t 0.25 106 t2
p
w1
4000
(135 8.25 103 t 0.25 106 t2) dt
= (540 66 5.3333)103 = 468.667 kJ

4000 t 12,000
i
= 12 0.5 103 t
= 108 2.1 103 t 0.1 106 t2
w2
12,000
4000
(108 2.1 103 t 0.1 106 t2) dt
= (864 134.4 55.467)103 = 674.133 kJ

12,000 t 15,000
i =
p =
w3
wT
P 1.25
30 2 103 t
270 12 103 t 0.4 106 t2
Z
15,000
12,000
(270 12 103 t 0.4 106 t2) dt
(810 486 219.6)103 = 104.4 kJ
w1 + w2 + w3 = 468.667 + 674.133 + 104.4 = 1247.2 kJ
[a] We can find the time at which the power is a maximum by writing an
expression for p(t) = v(t)i(t), taking the first derivative of p(t)
and setting it to zero, then solving for t. The calculations are shown below:
p
p
dp
dt
dp
dt
t1
= 0 t < 0,
p = 0 t > 40 s
= vi = t(1 0.025t)(4 0.2t) = 4t 0.3t2 + 0.005t3 W
0 t 40 s
= 4 0.6t + 0.015t2 = 0.015(t2 40t + 266.67)

= 0
when t2 40t + 266.67 = 0
= 8.453 s;
t2 = 31.547 s
(using the polynomial solver on your calculator)

p(t1 )
= 4(8.453) 0.3(8.453)2 + 0.005(8.453)3 = 15.396 W
p(t2 ) = 4(31.547) 0.3(31.547)2 + 0.005(31.547)3 = 15.396 W

Therefore, maximum power is being delivered at t = 8.453 s.
[b] The maximum power was calculated in part (a) to determine the time at
which the power is maximum: pmax = 15.396 W (delivered)
Problems
113
[c] As we saw in part (a), the other maximum power is actually a

minimum, or the maximum negative power. As we calculated in part (a),
maximum power is being extracted at t = 31.547 s.
[d] This maximum extracted power was calculated in part (a) to determine
the time at which power is maximum: pmax = 15.396 W (extracted)
[e] w =
pdx =
(4x 0.3x2 + 0.005x3 )dx = 2t2 0.1t3 + 0.00125t4
w(0)
0J
w(30)
= 112.5 J
w(10)
112.5 J
w(40)
= 0J
w(20) = 200 J
To give you a feel for the quantities of voltage, current, power, and energy
and their relationships among one another, they are plotted below:
114
P 1.26
We use the passive sign convention to determine whether the power equation
is p = vi or p = vi and substitute into the power equation the values for v
and i, as shown below:
pa
vaia = (150 103 )(0.6 103 ) = 90 W
pb
vbib = (150 103 )(1.4 103 ) = 210 W
pc
vcic = (100 103 )(0.8 103 ) = 80 W
pd
vdid = (250 103 )(0.8 103 ) = 200 W
pe
veie = (300 103 )(2 103 ) = 600 W
pf = vf if = (300 103 )(1.2 103 ) = 360 W

Remember that if the power is positive, the circuit element is absorbing
power, whereas is the power is negative, the circuit element is developing
power. We can add the positive powers together and the negative powers
together
if the power balances, these power sums should be equal:
X
Pdev = 210 + 200 + 360 = 770 W;
X
Pabs = 90 + 80 + 600 = 770 W
Thus, the power balances and the total power developed in the circuit is 770
W.
P 1.27
pa
vaia = (990)(0.0225) = 22.275 W
pb
vbib = (600)(0.03) = 18 W
pc
vcic = (300)(0.06) = 18 W
pd
vdid = (105)(0.0525) = 5.5125 W
pe
veie = (120)(0.03) = 3.6 W
pf
vf if = (165)(0.0825) = 13.6125 W
pg
vgig = (585)(0.0525) = 30.7125 W
ph = vhih = (585)(0.0825) = 48.2625 W

Therefore,
X
Pabs = 22.275 + 18 + 18 + 5.5125 + 3.6 + 13.6125 = 81 W
Problems
X
Pdel = 30.7125 + 48.2625 = 78.975 W
Pabs 6=
115
Pdel
Thus, the interconnection does not satisfy the power check.

P 1.28
[a] From the diagram and the table we have

pa
vaia = (46.16)(6) = 276.96 W
pb
vbib = (14.16)(4.72) = 66.8352 W
pc
vcic = (32)(6.4) = 204.8 W
pd
vdid = (22)(1.28) = 28.16 W
pe
veie = (33.6)(1.68) = 56.448 W
pf
vf if = (66)(0.4) = 26.4 W
pg
vg ig = (2.56)(1.28) = 3.2768 W
ph
vhih = (0.4)(0.4) = 0.16 W
Pdel
= 276.96 + 28.16 + 56.448 + 26.4 = 387.968 W
Pabs
= 66.8352 + 204.8 + 3.2768 + 0.16 = 275.072 W
Therefore,
Pdel 6=
Pabs and the subordinate engineer is correct.
[b] The difference between the power delivered to the circuit and the power
absorbed by the circuit is
387.986 + 275.072 = 112.896 W
One-half of this difference is 56.448 W, so it is likely that pe is in error.
Either the voltage or the current probably has the wrong sign. (In
Chapter 2, we will discover that using KCL at the node connecting
components b, c, and e, the current ie should be 1.68 A, not 1.68 A!) If
the sign of pe is changed from negative to positive, we can recalculate the
power delivered and the power absorbed as follows:
X
Pdel
= 276.96 + 28.16 + 26.4 = 331.52 W
Pabs = 66.8352 + 204.8 + 56.448 + 3.2768 + 0.16 = 331.52 W

Now the power delivered equals the power absorbed and the power
balances for the circuit.
P 1.29
[a] From an examination of reference polarities, elements a, e, f, and h use a

+ sign in the power equation, so would be expected to absorb power.
Elements b, c, d, and g use a sign in the power equation, so would be
expected to supply power.
116
[b]
pa
va ia = (5)(2 103 ) = 10 mW
pb
vbib = (1)(3 103 ) = 3 mW
pc
vcic = (7)(2 103 ) = 14 mW
pd
vdid = (9)(1 103 ) = 9 mW
pe
ve ie = (20)(5 103 ) = 100 mW
pf
vf if = (20)(2 103 ) = 40 mW
pg
vg ig = (3)(2 103 ) = 6 mW
ph
vhih = (12)(3 103 ) = 36 mW
Pabs = 10 + 14 + 9 + 40 + 36 = 109 mW
Pdel = 3 + 100 + 6 = 109 mW
Thus, 109 mW of power is delivered and 109 mW of power is absorbed,
and the power balances.
X
[c] Looking at the calculated power values, elements a, c, d, f, and h have

positive power, so are absorbing, while elements b, e, and g have negative
power so are supplying. These answers are different from those in part
(a) because the voltages and currents used in the power equation are not
all positive numbers.
P 1.30
pa
vaia = (1.6)(0.080) = 128 mW
pb
vbib = (2.6)(0.060) = 156 mW
pc
vcic = (4.2)(0.050) = 210 mW
pd
vdid = (1.2)(0.020) = 24 mW
pe
veie = (1.8)(0.030) = 54 mW
pf
vf if = (1.8)(0.040) = 72 mW
pg
vgig = (3.6)(0.030) = 108 mW
ph
vhih = (3.2)(0.020) = 64 mW
pj
vjij = (2.4)(0.030) = 72 mW
Pdel = 128 + 156 + 24 + 72 + 64 = 444 mW

Pabs = 210 + 54 + 108 + 72 = 444 mW
X
X
Therefore,
Pdel = Pabs = 444 mW
X
Thus, the interconnection satisfies the power check.
Problems
P 1.31
pa
vaia = (120)(10) = 1200 W
pb
vbib = (120)(9) = 1080 W
pc
vcic = (10)(10) = 100 W
pd
vdid = (10)(1) = 10 W
pe
veie = (10)(9) = 90 W
pf
vf if = (100)(5) = 500 W
pg
vgig = (120)(4) = 480 W
ph
vhih = (220)(5) = 1100 W
117
Pdel = 1200 + 1080 = 2280 W

Pabs = 100 + 10 + 90 + 500 + 480 + 1100 = 2280 W
X
X
Therefore,
Pdel = Pabs = 2280 W
X
Thus, the interconnection now satisfies the power check.

P 1.32
[a] The revised circuit model is shown below:
[b] The expression for the total power in this circuit is

va ia vb ib vf if + vg ig + vh ih
= (120)(10) (120)(10) (120)(3) + 120ig + (240)(7) = 0
Therefore,
120ig = 1200 + 1200 360 1680 = 360
so
360
=3A
120
Thus, if the power in the modified circuit is balanced the current in
component g is 3 A.
ig =

4596 013213215X Ism01

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Circuit Variables

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

Remember in the problem statement, = 0.03679. Using this value for ,

Also sketch the four figures from Fig. 1.6:

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

120 104 x2e1000x dx

1 cell length 3600 s (24)(7) hr

= 175,000 cell lengths/week

Volume = area thickness

(260 106 )(540)

(16 230 )(0.008)

(480)(320) pixels 2 bytes 30 frames

= 9.216 106 bytes/sec

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

(4 cond.) (845 mi)

w = qV = (1.6022 1019 )(6) = 9.61 1019 = 0.961 aJ

= 1.6022 1010 C/m3

Cross-sectional area of wire = (0.4 102 m)(16 102 m) = 6.4 104 m2

Thus, average velocity =

First we use Eq. (1.2) to relate current and charge:

Therefore, dq = 20 cos 5000t dt

w = 360(60 0) = 360(60) = 21,600 J = 21.6 kJ

p = (12)(100 103 ) = 1.2 W;

1.2 dt = 1.2(14,400) = 17.28 kJ

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

[c] p = (480)(12) = 5760 W

[d] p = (660)(25) = 16,500 W

[a] p = vi = (60)(10) = 600 W, so power is being absorbed by the box.

[a] p = vi = (0.05e1000t )(75 75e1000t) = (3.75e1000t 3.75e2000t) W

pmax = p(693.15 s) = 937.5 mW

[a] p = vi = 0.25e3200t 0.5e2000t + 0.25e800t

(0.25e3200t 0.5e2000t + 0.25e800t )

= 140.625 78.125e3200t + 250e2000t 312.5e800t J

[c] wtotal = 140.625 J

i = 20t 120 A; p = 100t 600 W

12 (1)(100) + 12 (1)(100) 12 (1)(100) = 0 J

[a] v(10 ms) = 400e1 sin 2 = 133.8 V

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

= vi = 2000e200t sin2 200t

1000e200t cos 400t dt

= vi = [16,000t + 20)e800t][(128t + 0.16)e800t ]

= 3.2{e1600t[1280 103 t + 1600] 1600e1600t [640,000t2 + 1600t + 1]}

400 103 t2 e800t + 700te800t + 0.25e800t

e800t[400,000t2 + 700t + 0.25]

{e800t[800 103 t + 700] 800e800t [400,000t2 + 700t + 0.25]}

[3,200,000t2 + 2400t + 5]100e800t

= [400,000(.00168)2 + 700(.00168) + 0.25]e800(.00168)

[a] p = vi = 2000 cos(800t) sin(800t) = 1000 sin(1600t) W

area under i vs. t plot

+ (10)(4) + 12 (8)(4) + (8)(6) + 12 (3)(6) 103

[10 + 40 + 16 + 48 + 9]103 = 123,000 C

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

(135 8.25 103 t 0.25 106 t2) dt

= (540 66 5.3333)103 = 468.667 kJ

= 108 2.1 103 t 0.1 106 t2

(108 2.1 103 t 0.1 106 t2) dt

= (864 134.4 55.467)103 = 674.133 kJ

(270 12 103 t 0.4 106 t2) dt

(810 486 219.6)103 = 104.4 kJ

w1 + w2 + w3 = 468.667 + 674.133 + 104.4 = 1247.2 kJ

= vi = t(1 0.025t)(4 0.2t) = 4t 0.3t2 + 0.005t3 W

= 4 0.6t + 0.015t2 = 0.015(t2 40t + 266.67)

when t2 40t + 266.67 = 0