Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page 1
Page 2
Wash the mortar joints and entire wall to be plastered, and keep it wet for at least 6 hours
before applying cement plaster.
Page 3
The ratio of cement and sand for second coat plaster varies from 1:4 to 1:6.
Before applying the second coat, damp the first coat evenly.
Apply the finishing coat with wooden floats to a true even surface and using a steel trowel,
give it a finishing touch.
As far as possible, the finishing coat should be applied starting from top towards bottom and
completed in one operation to eliminate joining marks.
Defects in Plaster
The following defects may arise in plaster work.
1. Blistering of plastered surface: This is the formation of small patches of plaster swelling
out beyond the plastered surface, arising out of late slaking of lime particles in the plaster.
2. Cracking: Cracking consists of formation of cracks or fissures in the plaster work resulting
from the following reasons.
a.
Imperfect preparation of background
b.
Structural defects in building
c.
Discontinuity of surface
d.
Movements in the background due to its thermal expansion or rapid drying
e.
Movements in the plaster surface itself, either due to expansion or shrinkage.
f.
Excessive shrinkage due to application of thick coat
g.
Faulty workmanship.
3. Efflorescene: It is the whitish crystalline substance which appears on the surface due to
presence of salts in plaster making materials as well as building materials like bricks, sand,
cement etc and even water. This gives a very bad appearance. It affects the adhesion of
paint with wall surface. Efflorescence can be removed to some extent by dry bushing and
washing the surface repeatedly.
4. Flaking: It is the formation of very loose mass of plastered surface, due to poor bond
between successive coats.
5. Peeling: It is the complete dislocation of some portion of plastered surface, resulting in the
formation of a patch. This also results from imperfect bond.
6. Popping: It is the formation of conical hole in the plastered surface due to presence of
some particles which expand on setting
7. Rust Stains: These are sometimes formed when plaster is applied on metal laths
8. Uneven surface: This is obtained purely due to poor workman ship.
Pointing
The art of finishing the mortar joints in exposed brick or stone masonry with suitable cement or
lime mortar, in order to protect the joints from weather effects and also to improve the
appearance of building structure. Often an entire wall or even a whole structure is pointed
because defective points cannot easily be detected, and adjacent joints may also be in need of
Compiled by Dr. Prashanth J. and Dr. Harish N.
Page 4
White washing
Whitewash for walls can be lime or paint-based, and can be applied to brick, concrete and other
wall surfaces. Pigment can be changed by adding colors to the mixture. Each change in the
mixture should be tested, however, before applied to a whole wall. Pigments change when they
become completely dry; if you do not test the area first you may have unexpected and
undesirable results.
Cleaning the walls first will help to ensure an even finish. More than one type of cleaner may be
required if you have to remove grease as well as dirt. It is very important to clean well or it will
have splotchy areas where there is dirt. If cleaning concrete walls, use a wire cleaning brush for
really tough areas but do not chip away the concrete. Thoroughly apply whitewash with a paint
brush. The whitewash will apply better to a moist surface, so wet the walls first and allow it to
dry partially before you start. More than one application of whitewash is usually needed. Apply
thin even strokes until the wall is covered evenly. By the time that the third coat is begun the
brush strokes should no longer be visible. One tip to remember is that each coat needs to dry
thoroughly before starting the next one. Drying time will vary based on how humid the area is.
Compiled by Dr. Prashanth J. and Dr. Harish N.
Page 5
Painting
Paints are coatings of fluid materials which are applied as a final finish to all surfaces such as
walls, ceilings, wood work, metal work etc. The process of application of paint as a coating
material is called painting. The ingredients of paints and their functions are discussed below.
Ingredients of paint
Base: It is the main ingredient of paint. It hides the surface to be painted and imparts durability
to the painted surface. Commonly used bases are white and red lead, zinc and iron oxides.
Carrier: The carrier is a liquid which acts as a binder and helps to spread the ingredients
uniformly on the painted surface. Linseed, Tung, Poppy, Sunflower oil etc. are some of the
commonly used carriers.
Drier: Driers are metallic compounds used in small quantities for accelerating the process of
drying of paint film. Litharage, Lead acetate, Manganese dioxide and Cobalt are the driers
commonly used.
Solvent: Solvent or thinner is a liquid which thins the paint film so that it can be easily applied
on the surface and it helps the paint in penetrating through porous surfaces. Turpentine,
petroleum, spirit and highly solvent naptha are commonly used as solvent.
Colouring pigments: To obtain desired colour and shades of the paint, colouring pigments are
added.
Characteristics of paint
i.
It should dry quickly.
ii.
It should be easy to apply and cover large surface area.
iii.
It should not be harmful to health.
iv.
It should not react with the wall or wooden material.
v.
The paint should not be affected by weathering actions of the atmosphere.
vi.
The paint should form a hard and durable surface.
Compiled by Dr. Prashanth J. and Dr. Harish N.
Page 6
Uses of paint
i.
Protects the surfaces from the weathering effects of the atmosphere and actions by other
liquid, fumes and gases.
ii.
Prevent the decay of wooden members.
iii.
Prevent the corrosion of metallic surface.
iv.
Provide a smooth surface for easy cleaning.
v.
Provide pleasing, colourful and decorative appearances to the surfaces.
vi.
Increase the life of the buildings.
vii.
It covers the defective workmanship and materials.
Types of paints
1. Oil paint: This is an ordinary paint. It is generally applied in three coats namely priming
coat, undercoats and finishing coats. It is very cheap and possesses opacity and low gloss.
2. Enamel paint: This paint consists of white lead or zinc white ground in a small quantity
of oil and mixed with petroleum spirit and resinous matter. It is available in different
colours.
3. Emulsion paint: It consists of polyvinyl acetate and synthetic resin as binding materials.
It is easy to apply and dries quickly. Colour of paint is retained for a long period. It can
be cleaned by washing with water.
4. Aluminum paint: This consists of aluminum powder suspended in spirit varnish or oil
varnish. After the application of the paint the spirit becomes evaporated and the
aluminum is deposited on the surface as thin layer. Aluminum paint has the advantage
such as visibility in darkness, imperviousness to moisture, good appearance to the
surface, high electrical resistance and resistance to heat and sunlight.
5. Bituminous paint: It is prepared by dissolving asphalt or vegetable pigment in any type
of oil or petroleum. It presents a black appearance. This type of paint is used to paint iron
grills.
6. Cement paint: This type of paint is prepared by using white cement, pigment
accelerators and other additives. It is available in various colour and available in dry
form. It is water-dilutable paint. It is mainly applied on brick and cement surface and
resists the penetration of moisture. It gives long life.
7. Plastic paint: The paint contains necessary variety of plastics. It is available in the
market under different trades and colours. The plastic paint can be applied either by brush
or by spray painting. It gives recreation, pleasing and good appearance.
Method of painting old wood work
Preparation of surface for painting old wood work:
i.
The surface of the old wood work should be cleaned by using sand paper.
Page 7
Old surface should be cleaned by using a litre of water mixed with 200 gm of caustic
soda and lime to remove the old colours.
iii.
Nails if any should be removed.
Procedure of painting old wood surface:
i.
Priming coat is applied on the surface to reduce quantity of oil paint.
ii.
After drying of the priming coat the first coat of paint is applied on the surface.
iii.
After drying of the first coat of paint second and third coats will be applied on the surface
subsequently.
Method of painting new wood work
1. Preparation of surface for painting: The surface to be painted should be carefully cleaned
and rendered smooth.
2. Knotting: Knotting is of three types. The commonly adopted two types are,
i.
Ordinary knotting: This is applied in two coats. The first coat consists of hot lead
ground in water with strong glue added to it. After drying, the second coat is, applied
which consists of red lead ground in oil and thinned with turpentine. By doing this
knots are removed.
ii.
Patent knotting: This consists of two coats of varnish which is made by dissolving
shellac in methylated spirit. Knots are removed by applying this mixture. Boiled lime
is also used to remove knots.
3. Priming coat or first coat: After knotting the priming or first coat is applied to the whole
surface of the wooden article to be painted.
4. Stopping: After priming the process of stopping is carried out. After stopping dries, the
surface is well rubbed down with emery sheets and cracks if any filled with putty. This is
known as stopping.
5. Application of succeeding coat: Painting is done by good quality brush. Finally, two coats
of paint are applied one after the other. The second coat is applied only after the first coat
is dried thoroughly. While painting, the brush is held at right angles to the surface and
only the hairs should touch the surface. If necessary after drying of second coat the third
coat is also applied.
Defects in wood
Compiled by Dr. Prashanth J. and Dr. Harish N.
Page 8
Page 9
Precautions
No.
3
4
Blistering
Grinning:
Clear
visibility
of
the
background
Running: Paints run
back and leaves small
areas
of
surface
uncovered
Wrinkling
Final coat of the paint does Final coat should be given with
not have sufficient opacity
utmost care.
When the surface to be The surface to be painted should
painted is smooth
be rubbed with emery paper and
painting is carried out
The horizontal surface is too Thin coat of paint is applied on
thickly painted
the horizontal surface
Defects in Painting
Varnishes
Varnish is a solution of resins or resinous substances like shellac, cobalt in oil, turpentine or
alcohol.
Necessity
i.
To provide a brilliant and decorative covering on wooden surface.
ii.
To protect the painted surface form the atmospheric action.
iii.
To protect unpainted wooden surface of doors, windows, floors, roof trusses etc.,
from atmospheric action.
Page 11
Distempers
These are paints used for the treatment of masonry walls. In distempers water is used instead of
oil as carrier. These are also known as water paints. It is made by mixing whiting and glue boiled
in water. These are mixed with water at the time of use and applied on the plastered surfaces.
They give better finish and are long lasting. They are suitable for high-class interior decorative
finishing work on the walls and ceilings. As distempers are affected by weather and peels off, if
washed, so its use is restricted only to interior works.
Page 12