Structural Compilation

STRUCTURAL
HINGED
ROLLER
FIXED/ RESTRAINED
TYPES OF BEAMS
PROPERTIES OF FORCES
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
MAGNITUDE
the amount of force, N
SIMPLY SUPPORTED W/ OVER HANG
DIRECTION
refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described

by the angle that the line of action makes with some reference.
CANTILEVER BEAM
SENSE
refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action
PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM
(indeterminate)
CONTINOUS BEAM
FORCE SYSTEM
COPLANAR
all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall
PARALLEL
all having the same direction
CONCURRENT
all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.
MOMENT
force x distance
moment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT
MOMENT ARM
distance from center of moment to force

shortest or perpendicular distance from the center of moment to line of
action of force.
INTERNAL FORCES TYPES

TENSION
COMPRESSION
SHEAR
pulls away from joint

pushes towards joint
for connections
ASTM
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
ACI
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
KINDS OF LOADS
CONCENTRATED LOADS
example is a beam supporting a column
UNIFORM LOADS
a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or

more uniformly spaced concentrated loads.
OTHER LOADS
varying load, moment load
TYPES OF SUPPORT
(OVERHANGING BEAM)
According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches

0.003 (conc= 0.003), =3mm
1000
It begins to crack
AISC
AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION
If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to

yield of (2.1mm)
FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM:

STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM
a graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the
corresponding unit strains for a specific material
1. PROPORTINAL LIMIT
maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when
the load is released
2. ELASTIC LIMIT
maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original
length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set
3.YIELD POINT
the stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load.
The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section
4. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or
rupture
RUPTURE STRENGTH
stress at which material specimen breaks
ALLOWABLE STRESS
the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member,
usually a fraction of the materials elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength.
Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS.
ELASTIC RANGE
the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
a temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less
than the elastic limit of the material
BRITLENESS
the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident
deformation. Since brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they
can give no warning of impending material
DUCTILITY
the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being
stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property
of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and

can serve as a visual warning of impending failure.
ELASTICITY
the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and
to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force
MALLEABILITY
the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is
released
TOUGHNESS
the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented
by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material.
Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress aSd the
corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hookes law and
represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram.
Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS
PERMANENT SET
the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing
deformation
YIELD STRENGTH
the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material,
usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to
determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly defined yield point.
Also called POOR STRESS.
STRAIN- RATE EFFECT
the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material
STRESS RELAXATION
the time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load
CREEP
the gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of
stress or prolonged exposure to heat. Creep deflection in a concrete structure continues
over time and can be significantly grater than the initial elastic deflection
FATIGUE
the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected
to a repeated series of stresses
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL:
STRESSthe internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it.
Equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of crosssectional area.
Also called UNIT STRESS.
Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksi

Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is 24 ksi
Modulus of elasticity (E) is 29,000 ksi
WEIGHT:
water= 1000 kg/ m3
steel= 7850 kg/ m3
TENSILE STRESS
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.
concrete= 2400 kg/ m3
TENSILE STRAIN
the elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress
weight= density x volume
ELONGATION
a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a
test specimen after failure in tensile test
volume of cylinder= pi (diameter)2 x length

4
PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL
TENSION
the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an
elastic body
TENSILE FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body
AXIAL FORCE
a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member
and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion
or shear also called AXIAL LOAD
AXIAL STRESS
the tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be
normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.
Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL TRESS
COMPRESSION
the act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size
or volume of an elastic body
COMPRESSIVE FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body
ECCENTRIC FORCE
force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the
centroid of he cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in
the section.
Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.
REDUCTION OF AREA
a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in crosssectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test
TENSILE STRENGTH
the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of
longitudinal stress required to rupture the material
STRAIN
the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless
quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and
shape of a stressed element.
STAIN GAUGE
an instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension,
compression, bending or twisting.
Also called EXTENSOMETER
YOUNGS MODULUS
a coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the
corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain.
POISSONS RATIO
the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under
longitudinal stress
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
the shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress
SHEAR
the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of
the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact.
SHEAR FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body
SHEARING FORCE
an internal force tangenial to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in
response to shear, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a
horizontal plane and vise versa
SHEARING STRESS
the force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear
force.
Also called SHEAR STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS
SHEARING STRAIN
the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as
the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation.
SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and
the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain.
Also called MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION
BENDING
the bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length.
Bending is the structural mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that enables
a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicular to its application.
TRANSVERSE FORCE
a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member,
producing bending and shear
TORQUE
the moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion
TORSION
the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and
opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body
REINFORCED CONCRETE
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
the depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the
tension reinforcement
COVER
the amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion,
measured from the surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section
BOND STRESS
the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding
concrete developed at any section of a flexural member
HOOK
a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is
insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length
STANDARD HOOK
a 90, 135, 180 bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards
ANCHORAGE
any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing tension or
compression in a reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond
failure or splitting
CRITICAL SECTION
the section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of
inflection, or appoint within the span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist
stress
BALANCED SECTION
a concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield
strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
OVERREINFORCED SECTION
a concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate
strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a
dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur instantaneously without
warning
UNDERREINFORCED SECTION
a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield
strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This
is desirable condition since failure of the section would be preceded by large
deformations giving prior warning of impending collapse
BEAM
BEAM
a rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces
supporting elements
SPAN
the extent of space between two supports of a structure
CLEAR SPAN
the distance between inner faces of the support of a span
EFFECTIVE SPAN
the center to center distance between the supports of a span
BENDING MOMENT
an external moment tending to cause part a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the
algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration
RESISTING MOMENT
an internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force
couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered
DEFLECTION
the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under
transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in
the moment of inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material
VERTICAL SHEARING
the shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear,
having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer
faces
HORIZONTAL SHEARING
the shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam
under transverse loading, equal to any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point.
Also called LONGITUDINAL SHEARING STRESS
FLEXURE FORMULA
a formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the
cross sectional properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending
moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a
coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of inertia is a geometric property that indicates how
the cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect the
intrinsic physical properties of a material
SECTION MODULUS
a geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section
divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
LATERAL BUCKLING
the buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender
portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction
NEUTRAL AXIS
an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other
member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur
STRESS TRAJECTORIES
lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam
BENDING STRESS
a combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of
structural member to resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface
furthest from the neutral axis
SHEAR DIAGRAM
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a
structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated loads
produce external shears which are constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly
distributed loads produce linearly varying shears
CAMBER
a slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for
an anticipated deflection
How is camber treated in a steel truss 25 meters and longer?
Camber shall be approximately equal to the dead load deflection
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
an external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to
bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section
MOMENT DIAGRAM
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in
a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall
deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape
of its moment diagram
CONCENTRATED LOADS
produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
produce parabolically varying moments
POSITIVE SHEAR
a net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure
being considered
NEGATIVE SHEAR
a net resultant of shear forces that act vertically downward on the left part of the
structure being considered
POSITIVE MOMENT
a bending moment that produces moment that produces a concave curvature at a
section of a structure
INFLECTION POINT
a point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vise versa as
it deflects under a transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point
of zero moment
NEGATIVE MOMENT
a bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure
SIMPLE BEAM
a beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance. As with any statistically determinate structure, the values of all
reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross
sectional shape and material
CANTILEVER BEAM
a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
CANTILEVER
a beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum
OVERHANGING BEAM
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. The overhanging reduces the
positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the
cantilever over the support
FIXED END BEAM
a beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends
transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces its maximum
deflection
CONTINUOUS BEAM
a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and
smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both
fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all
reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on
cross sectional shape and material
HAUNCH
the part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance.
The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the
moment and shear values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis
SUSPENDED SPAN
a simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned
construction joints at points of zero moment. Also called hung span
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
the distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous beam,
equivalent in nature to the actual length of simply supported beam
COLUMN
COLUMN
a relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive
loads, applied at the member ends.
POST
a stiff vertical support especially a wooden column in timber framing
BUCKLING
the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the
action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the
material is reached
BUCKLING
the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.
CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD
the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it
to buckle. The critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square
of its effective length and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material
and to the moment of inertia of the cross section.
Also called EULER BUCKLING LOAD
BIFURCATION
the critical point at which a column carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle
or remain undeflected. The column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium
CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS
the critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section
SLENDERNESS RATIO
the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyration
The higher the slenderness ratio, the lower is the critical stress that will cause buckling.
A primary objective in the design of a column is to reduce its slenderness ratio by
minimizing its effective length or maximizing its effective length or maximizing the radius
of gyration of its cross section
RADIUS OF GYRATION
the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be
concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For a
structural section, the radius of gyration is equal to the square root of the quotient of the
moment of inertia and the area
The higher the radius of gyration of a structural section, the more resistant the section is
to buckling. In determining the cross- sectional shape of a column, the objective is to
providethe necessary radius of gyration about the different axes. For an asymmetrical
cross section, buckling will tend to occur about the weaker axis or in the direction of the
least dimension
LONG COLUMN
a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing
SHORT COLUMN
a thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs
when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the
material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending
and result in uneven stress distribution in the section
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
a column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long column, often
party inelastic by crushing and partly elastic by buckling
ECCENTRICITY
The amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis.
P-DELTA EFFECT
An additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis deviates
from the line of action of a compressive force equal to the product of the load and the
member deflection at any point.
MIDDLE THIRD RULE
The proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a
horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the
section.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
The distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling load. When this
portion of a column buckles the entire column falls.
COMBINED STRESSES
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and
bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction
and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.
KERN
The central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant
of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be applied
beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section. Also called kern
area.
KERN POINT
A point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section
defining the limits of the kern area.
LATERAL BRACING
the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length.
Lateral bracing is most effective when the bracing pattern occurs in more than one
plane.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
a soil pressure acting on any structure that will tend to push the structure wherein the
structure or a wall tends to move away from the soil
ACCELEROGRAPH
is an instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of an earthquake in the
ground
ANCHOR BOLTS
a round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery,
steel columns or beam casting, shock beam plates and engine heads
BALANCED DESIGN
is one which both the concrete and the steel are so proportioned as to work to their full
working stresses when the member carries its full allowable load
BATTER PILES
are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical. This is also known as brace
pile or spur pile
BEARING WALL SYSTEM
a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
UNBRACED LENGTH
the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling
in a direction normal to its length.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR
a coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions
in order to determine its effective length. Fixing both ends of a long column reduces its
effective length by half and increases its load-carrying capacity by a factor of 4.
TRUSS
METHOD OF SECTIONS
a method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of any
portion of the truss assembly.
METHOD OF JOINTS
a method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of the
various joints idealized as points in free body diagrams
BENDING MOMENT
is the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the section of
a beam about an axis through the center of the gravity of the section
BORED PILE (bearing pile)
a concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its permanent
location. This is a cast in place pile
CAISSON
a watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used to in under water construction to
protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse
CEMENT GUN
is an ejector operated by compressed air to force gunite into cavities or cracks in rocks
or cement works
CHUTE
is an open-top through which bulk materials are conveyed and by gravity
COFFER DAM
a temporary dam- like structure constructed which excludes water from the site of the
foundation during its excavation and construction
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
the vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped
and continued later
FATIGUE
is a phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses. A fact, based experience and
experiments, is well known that stresses which are applied to a body a few times without
causing apparent structure injury may, if applied repeatedly or causing a great number
of times, causes failure
COLD JOINT
formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch o f concrete is placed
GUNITE
CREEP
is a rich cement mortar which is applied by spraying under high air pressure
he tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The
amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material. The area that is
highly stressed will move the most. The movement causes stresses to be redistributed.
COUNTER (inner in retaining wall)

a cantilever wall that is reinforced with a masonry structure extending upward from the
foundation or from the inner face of the retaining wall to provide additional resistance to
thrust and are placed at regular intervals. (Buttress if outer)
COFFER DAM
a temporary watertight enclosure around an area of water or water bearing soil, in which
construction is to take place, bearing on a stable statum at or above the foundation level
of new construction. The water is pumped from within to permit free access to the area
DIAPHRAGM
a horizontal or nearly horizontal system including horizontal bracing system, that act to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements
DIAPHRAGM STRUT
a structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension or
compression. It is parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers shear to the
vertical resisting elements or distributive loads within the horizontal bracing system
DIVING BELL
a watertight bell- shaped steel chamber which can be lowered to or raised from a fresh
or seawater bed crane. It is opened at the bottom and filled with compressed air so that
men can prepare foundations and undertake similar construction work under water.
DOWEL
GRADE BEAM
a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the
superstructure
GRANOLITHIC FINISH
a surface layer or granolithic concrete which maybe laid on a base of either fresh or
hardened concrete
GRILLAGE
is a footing which consist of steel beams arranged to distribute a concentrated load to
the supporting masonry or soil
DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL SHEAR
design analysis requirement, considered as the basis for the structural design of
structures where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical
elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities
considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm
HYBRID STEEL GIRDER
is a fabricated metal beam composed of flanges with a material of a specified minimum
yield strength different from that of the web plate
INTENSITY
the measure of the damage level of an earthquake (subjective to visual assessment)
INFLECTION POINT
a point in the moment diagram where it changes from positive to negative moment of
vise versa and the value of the moment at this point is zero
a short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for instance a
concrete foundation to a concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress
DRIFT BOLT
is a long pin of steel or wood, made with or without the head, driven through the timber
and into an adjacent timber to hold them together and to transmit stresses
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION
a joint designed to take expansion and contraction
the designed break in a structure to allow for the drying and temperature shrinkage of
concrete, brickwork of similar material, thereby preventing the formation of harmful
cracks
JETTING
a method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situations where a pile
hammer might not be suitable owing to the risk of damage by vibration to the piles of
adjacent buildings.
LINTEL BEAM
a beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the wall over
the opening
MAGNITUDE
the measure of the energy released by an earthquake (measured by instrument)
is the constant which, within the proportional limit, express ratio between the unit stress
to the unit strain. It is the measure of the relative abilities of the different materials of
construction to resist deformation under stress within proportional limit
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
is a measure of the capacity of the material to absorb energy without danger of being
permanently deformed
MOMENT OF RESITANCE
is the internal resisting moment of a beam. It is opposite in sense to the bending
moment but of the same magnitude
PORTLAND CEMENT
is the product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient
fusion an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous
materials with no additions subsequent to calcinations except water and calcined or
uncalcined gypsum
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
is the highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to the
stress. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs
REDUNDANT MEMBER
is any framed structure or truss, is one which maybe omitted in the structure without
affect in the possibility of analyzing the frame or truss by ordinary static method of
computations such as the counter diagonal truss
RIP-RAP
MORTAR
consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent scour by

water and protect material which maybe washed out by the water
is a mixture, composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used
as a filter
SAGROD
MULLION
is a vertical member between two portions of window sash usually designed to resist
wind load and not vertical load. It is different from muntin, which is smaller member
which separates the panels of glass within the whole sash.
structural member in the steel truss framing that counteracts forces in compression
because of high probability of the purlins to deflect and bend down during purlin
installation.
NON- BEARING WALL

is wall that carries no load other than its own weight
SAND DRAIN
it is provided to help in the compaction of natural soil which provide channels through
which water can escape much more rapidly then through the clay itself. The weight of
the drain itself helps in the compaction.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
the effect on the structure due to extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in
directions other than parallel to the direction to the direction of resistance under
consideration
SHEAR WALL
a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall
SOFFIT is the concave surface of an arch
PARTY WALL
is a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings
PLASTER CEMENT FINISH
a mixture of Portland cement, with water and sand applied to surfaces such as walls
ceilings in a plastic state, later it sets to form a hard surface
SPANDREL BEAM
is a beam from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in a skeleton building
STIFFNESS RATIO (K)
in moment distribution method- (as used in analysis of indeterminate structures) is the
ratio of moment of inertia of the cross section of its length
POINTING
in masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like filler into
joints
STRESS
PORTAL METHOD
method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming hinges at the
center of beam spans and column heights or the interior column carries twice as much
shear as the exterior column
STRAIN OR DEFORMATION
is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force
is the cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of the body
TIE BAR
a deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a
butting edges together, not designed for direct load transfer
TORSION OR MOMENT OF INERTIA
is a quality which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line
TRANSFORMED SECTION
is one in which the flexural steel is conceived to be replaced by large area of imaginary
concrete which can take tension. This gives a homogeneous section of concrete to
which ordinary beam analysis may be applied
TREMIE
is a watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in depositing
concrete under water
UNDERPINNING
is an art of placing new foundation under old foundation
VIBRATOR
is an oscillating power operated machine used to agitate fresh concrete so as to
eliminate gross voids including entrapped air and to produce intimate contact with form
surfaces and embedded materials
VOID- CEMENT RATIO
is the ratio of volume of air plus water to the volume cement
WALL FOOTING
a continuous type of spread footing the supports vertical load, the weight of the wall
itself and the weight of the footing
WATER CEMENT RATIO
the ration of the amount of water, to the amount of cement in a concrete or mortar
mixture
WEB CRIPPLING
local failure of a thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate vicinity of a
concentrated load
ASD
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
LRFD
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION

ARTIFICIAL RIGIDITY
will cause torsion (twisting)
BASE
is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
structure
BASE SHEAR
is the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
BEARING WALL SYSTEM (shear type)
is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
BOUNDARY ELEMENT
is an element at edges of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
BRACED FRAME
is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is
provided to resist lateral forces
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
is an essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAME
is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces
COLLECTOR
is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system
DIAPHRAGM
is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system (including horizontal bracing system) acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements
DIAPHRAGM STRUT
also known as tie or collector, is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load
which collects and transfer diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or
distribute loads within the diaphragm. Such members may also take axial tension or
compression.
DIAPHRAGM CHORD
is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial
stresses analogous to the flanges of the beam
DUAL SYSTEM
is a combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and
Shearwalls or Braced Frame
SOIL- STRUCTURE RESONANCE

is the coincidence of the natural period of structure which dominant frequency in the
ground motion
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
are those structures which are necessary for emergency post- earthquake operations
STRENGTH
is the usable capacity of a structure or its members to carry loads within the deformation
limits prescribed in the code
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT
an element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load significantly larger
than adjoining parts of the system
HARMONIC MOTION
the coincidence of the natural period of structural with the dominant frequency in the
ground
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
is a space frame in which the members and joints are capable of resisting forces
primarily by flexure
SOIL STABILIZATION
is the process of improving the properties of a soil to make it more suitable for a
particular purpose
SPACE FRAME
is a three dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members
interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid
of horizontal diaphragms or bracing systems
STOREY
is the space between levels. Storey x is the storey below level x
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
is the effect of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than
parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration
P- DELTA EFFECT
is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the
vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame
PERT-CPM
PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW TECHNIQUE- CRITICAL PATH METHOD
it is a presentation of project plan by a schematic diagram or network that depicts the
sequence and interrelation of all the component parts of the project, and the logically
analysis and manipulation of this network in determining the best overall program of
operation.
PLATFORM
is the lower rigid portion of a structure having vertical combination of structural system
PNEUMATIC MORTAR
mortar applied to a surface with a cement gun in the same manner as gunite, with such
mortar has a cube crushing strength of 20.68 Mpa
at 28 days with water/ cement ratio of 0.45
SHEAR WALL
is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes
referred to or a structural wall)
SOFT STOREY
is a storey whose lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey above
STOREY SHEAR
is the summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration
STOREY DRIFT
is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
STOREY DRIFT RATIO
is the storey drift divided by the storey height
STRUCTURE
is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist
lateral forces. They maybe categorized as building or nonbuilding.
RAINWATER LEADER
it is another term of a downspout. It is a vertical pipe, often of sheet metal, used to
conduct water from a roof drain or gutter to the ground.
TORSION RIGIDITY (is used in seismic design)
refers to the relative stiffness of the structure to resist torsional stress
TOWER
is the upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural
system
VERTICAL LOAD CARRYING SPACE FRAME
is a space frame designed to carry all vertical (gravity) loads
WEAK STOREY
is a storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey
SEISMIC REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

1.
maximum spacing of hoops shall not exceed 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
2.
maximum spacing of hoops shall not be 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal
bars
3.
maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d/4
4.
the first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting
member
KEY
is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated material

beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ADMIXTURE
a material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
mixing to modify its properties
AGGREGATE
granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a
cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar
AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHT
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100 kg/m or less
GRADING AND EARTHWORK

AS GRADED
is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading
BEDROCK
is in-place solid rock
BENCH
is a relatively level step excavated into earth material

on which fill is to be placed
BURROW
is earth material acquired from an off site location

for use in grading on a site
COMPACTION
s the densification of a fill by mechanical means
EARTH MATERIAL
is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination
EROSION
is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the

movement of the wind, water or ice
EXCAVATION
s the mechanical removal of the earth material
FILL
is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means
GRADE
is the vertical location of the ground surface
EXISTING GRADE
is the grade prior to the grading
FINISH GRADE
is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan
GRADING
is any excavating or filling or combination thereof
ANCHORAGE
in post tensioning, a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member, in pretensioning, a device used to anchor a tendon during hardening of concrete
BONDED TENDON
pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting
COLUMN
member with a ratio to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support
axial compressive load
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
concrete flexural members of pre-cast and/or cast in place concrete elements but so
interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit
CONCRETE
mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (f)
compressive strength of concrete used in design expressed in megapascals (Mpa).
Whenever the quantity Fc is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is
intended, and result has units of megapascals (Mpa).
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT
concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not
exceeding 1900 kg/m3. lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed all- light
weight concrete and lightweight concrete in which of the fine aggregate consists of
normal weight sand is termed sandlightweight concrete.
CURVATURE FRICTION
friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon profile
the slope of tangent to the curve to some point along the curve
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT
deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire fabric and welded deformed fabric.
PEDESTAL
an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least
lateral dimensions of less than 3
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of
reinforcement at a critical section
PLAIN CONCRETE
concrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d)

distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT
reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS
stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses has occurred, excluding effects
of dead load and super imposed load
POST TENSIONING
method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened
EMBEDMENT LENGTH
length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
JACKING FORCE
in prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted into prestressing tendons
PRECAST CONCRETE
plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the
structure
POSTENSIONING
method of prestressing concrete which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is
placed
DEAD LOAD (DL)

dead weight supported by a member.
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
designed on the assumption that two materials act together in resisting forces
LIVE LOAD (LL)

loads that may change in magnitude and position
SPIRAL REINFORCEMNT
continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix
FACTORED LOAD
load multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion a members by the
strength design method.
STIRRUP
reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member: typically
bars, wires or welded wire fabric (smooth or deformed) either single leg or bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located perpendicularly to or at angle to longitudinal
reinforcement (The term stirrups is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural
members and the term ties to those in compression members.)
ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below
proportional limit of material
MODULUS, APARENT (concrete)
also known as long term modulus, is determined by using the stress and strain obtained
after the load has been applied for a certain length of time
MODULUS, INITIAL (concrete)
the slope of the stress strain diagram at the origin of the curve
MODULUS, SECANT (concrete)
the slope of the line drawn from the origin to appoint on the curve somewhere between
25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength
DEIGN STRENGTH
nominal strength reduction factor,
NOMINAL STRENGTH
strength of a member or cross- section before application of any strength reduction
factors
REQUIRED STRENGTH
strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related
internal moments and forces in such combinations
TENDON
MODULUS, TENGENT (concrete)
steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rods or strand, or a bundle of such elements
used to impart prestress to concrete
TIE
loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
TRANSFER
act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks
or pretensioning bed to concrete member
WALL
member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces
AGGREGATES
Fine aggregates- sand
are those that passes through a No.4
sieve (about 6mm in size)
WOBBLE FRICTION
in pre-stressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prstressing sheath
or duct from its specified profile
Coarse aggregate -gravel or crushed stone

Coarse aggregate shall not be less than:
1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms
1/3 the depth of slabs
YIELD STRENGTH
specified minimum yield strength or yield point or reinforcing in Mpa
minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundle of bars or
prestressing tendons or ducts
BALANCED DESIGN
a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and
steel (with strain of Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is
reached, causing them to fall simultaneously
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced
conditioned. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of
thee structure to decrease the load
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced
condition
75 mm
-for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings
40-50 mm
for concrete members exposed to weather
40 mm
concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather
40 mm
for beams and columns
20 mm
for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, such as slabs,
walls and joists
FOR BUNDLED BARS

a.
groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any
one bundle
b.
bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
c.
bars larger than 32mm shall not be bundled in beams
d.
individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should
terminate at a different points at least 40db stagger
The minimum concrete cover for bundled bars shall be:
Equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle but not exceeding 50 mm
75 mm- for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth
STANDARD HOOKS
Ribbed one-way slab

L/16
- simply supported
L/18.5
- one end continuous
L/21
- both end continuous
L/8
- cantilever
LOAD FACTORS
A.
180 bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end
B.
90 bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar
Dead load, DL.. 1.40
C.
for stirrups and tie hooks:

16 mm bar and smaller, 90 bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
Live load, LL. 1.70
20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90 bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
Wind load, WL..... 1.70
25 mm bar and smaller, 135 bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar shall not be less than the following:
(a.)
(b.)
(c.)
L/28
- both end continuous
L/10
- cantilever
* Span length L is in millimeter
Earthquake, E.. 1.87

Earth or water pressure, H.... 1.70
6db for 10 mm to 25 mm bar

4db minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

Flexure w/o axial load.. 0.90
ONE- WAY SLAB

A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually
spaced uniformly over its width. The flexural reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one
direction only.
Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:
3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm
Minimum thickness of one-way slab:
Solid one-way slab
L/20
- simply supported
L/24
- one end continuous
Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure. 0.90

Shear and torsion . 0.85
Axial compression & axial compression w/ flexure
a. spiral reinforcement 0.75
b. tie reinforcement . 0.70
Bearing on concrete ..0.70
REQUIRED STRENGTH, U or Pu
Required strength U to resist dead load DL and live load LL is
U= 1.4DL + 1.7LL
Wind load W are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7W)
Earthquake loads or forces are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E)
Where structural effect T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage or
temperature change are significant in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.4T + 1.7LL)
but required strength U shall not be less than
U= 1.4 (DL + T)
SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES

1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than
1.5 db nor 40 mm
b. 48 x tie diameter
c. least dimension of columns
4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an
included angle of not more than 135 and no bar shall be farther than
150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally
supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle tie is allowed.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMNT
1. not less than 12 db
2. not less than 1/16 clear span
3. not less than d
whichever is greater
CRITERION FOR CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

a.
Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside
dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam
b.
Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of cross- section shall be
provided normal to piping
c.
Conduits and pipes with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more
than 4% of the area of the cross section on which strength is calculated
d.
Concrete cover for pipes, conduits and fittings shall not be less than 40 mm for concrete
exposed to earth or weather
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH BOLTED CONNECTION
2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least

12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars
1.
High-strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be
separated by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material.
3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:

a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)
2.
Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened

washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is the element turned in tightening.
3.
When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free
of scale, except tight mill scales, dirts and burns.
4.
Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut head shall have slope of not more than
1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.
CONCRETE
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
CURING
-
NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL NOT BE

LARGER THAN:
-
1/5 the narrowest dimension between side forms

1/3 the depth of slabs
the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS
-
ASTM A 184 Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats

ASTM A 185 Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain
ASTM A 496 Steel Wire, Deformed
ASTM A 497 Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed
ASTM A 615M Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars
ASTM A 616M Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars
ASTM A 617M Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars
ASTM A 706M Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars
ASTM A 767M Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars
ASTM A 775M Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars
ASTM A 884M Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire
Fabric
ASTM A 934M Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing
Bars
ASTM A 416M Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire

ASTM A 421 Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire
ASTM A 722 Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar
concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained

above 10C and in a moist condition for at least the first 7 days
after placement
high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10C and
in a moist condition for at least the first 3 days
CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

-
they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the
area of cross section when embedded within a column
they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall
thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on
center
conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing
structurally in compression the displaced concrete, provided:
o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner
than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
o they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are
spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers
concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed
to earth or weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed
to weather or in contact with ground
reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of
concrete section shall be provided normal to the piping
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
-
construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third

of spans of slabs, beams and girders
joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the
width of intersecting beams
in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members,

clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than
1.5db or less than 40mm
in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary
flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3
times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm
BUNDLED BARS
STANDARD HOOKS
-
180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at
free end of bar
90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
for stirrup and tie hooks:
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller 90-degree bend plus 6db
extension at free end of bar, or
o 20 and 25mm diameter bar 90-degree bend plus 12db
extension at free end of bar, or
o 25mm diameter bar and smaller 135-degree bend plus 6db
extension at free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

-
bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) 4db (inside
diameter)
bar size of 10mm through 25mm 6db
bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm 8db
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

-
the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall

be db but not less than 25mm
the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more
layers shall not be less than 25mm between layers
shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle

shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of
flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least
40db stagger
where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based
on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a
single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area
minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter
of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50mm
PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS

-
center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a

member shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

(NONPRESTRESSED)
-
concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75mm
concrete exposed to earth or weather:

o 20mm through 36mm diameter bar 50mm
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller 40mm
concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:

o slabs, walls, joists:
45 to 60mm diameter bars 40mm
36mm diameter bar and smaller 20mm
o beams, columns:
primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40mm
o shells, folded plate members:
20mm diameter bar and larger 20mm

o wall panels, slabs, joists 25mm
o other members 40mm
concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:

o slabs, walls, joists 20mm
o beams, columns:
primary reinforcement 40mm
ties, stirrups, spirals 25mm
other reinforcement db but not less than 20mm
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE

-

o wall panels:
45mm and 60mm diameter bars 40mm
o other members:
20mm through 36mm diameter bar 40mm
concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:
o slabs, walls, joists:
o beams, columns:
primary reinforcement db but not less than 15mm
and need not exceed 40mm
ties, stirrups, spirals 10mm
20mm diameter bar and larger 15mm
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

-
concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75mm
OFFSET BARS
-
slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall

not exceed 1 in 6
portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis
of column
lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than
150mm from points of bend
offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms
where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars
shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the
longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be
provided
SPIRALS
-
for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than

10mm diameter
clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less
than 25mm
anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 extra
turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit
spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than
300mm or welded
in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the
diameter or width of capital is 2 times that of the column
plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:
o ASTM A 615M
o ASTM A 616M
o ASTM A 617M
plain wire shall conform to:
o ASTM A 82 Steel Wire, Plain
T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
-
TIES
-
10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or

smaller
12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and
bundled bars
vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
o 16db of longitudinal bars
o 48db of tie bars
o least dimension of compression member
ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm
clear on each side along the tie
ties shall be located vertically not more than a tie spacing
above the top of footing or slab in any story
where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column,
termination of ties not more than 75mm below reinforcement in
shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
-
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

-
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not

farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm
spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively

bonded together
width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web
shall not exceed:
o the span length of the beam,
o 8 times the slab thickness, or
o the clear distance to the next web
for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging
flange width shall not exceed:
o 1/12 the span length of the beam,
o 6 times the slab thickness, or
o the clear distance to the next web
transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness, nor 450mm
ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth
of not more than 3 times the minimum width of rib
clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12
the clear distance between ribs nor less than 40mm
when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not
be les than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than
50mm
where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab
thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than the total overall
depth of the conduits or pipes at any point
REQUIRED STRENGTH
-
dead load and live load

o U = 1.4D + 1.7L
dead load, live load and wind load

o U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
o U = 0.9D + 1.3W
dead load, live load and earthquake load
o U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
o U = 0.99D + 1.1E
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR
-
flexure without axial load, 0.90

axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90
axial compression and axial compression with flexure:
o spiral reinforced, 0.75
o tie reinforce, 0.70
shear and torsion, 0.85
bearing on concrete, 0.70
post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85
DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

-
LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

-
solid one-way slabs:

o simply supported, L/20
o one end continuous, L/24
o both ends continuous, L/28
o cantilever, L/10
beams or ribbed one-way slabs:
o simply supported, L/16
o one end continuous, L/18.5
o both ends continuous, L/21
o cantilever, L/8
for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
Fy/700)
minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members

shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within
rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

-
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS

UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)
spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times

the least width b of compression flange or face
shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in

prestressed members or 600mm
SPLICES
-
lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice
length required for individual bars within the bundle
individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap
entire bundles shall not be lap spliced
bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall
not be spaced transversely farther apart than 1/5 the required lap
splice length, or 150mm
splices shall be staggered at least 600mm
WALLS
-
minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete

area shall be:
o 0.0012 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or
o
o
0.0015 for other deformed bars, or

0.0012 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
-
minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete

area shall be:
o 0.0020 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or
o 0.0025 for other deformed bars, or
o 0.0020 for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 216mm diameter bars shall be provided around all window and
door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar
beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm
o 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar

o 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
o 300mm
where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more
than d/2 throughout the length of the member
STRUCTURAL STEEL
LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS
-
for members whose design is based on compressive force, the

slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200
for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the
slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300
NON-BEARING WALLS
-
thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the
least distance between members that provide lateral support
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH

-
depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than

150mm for footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on
piles
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
-
for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy

for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu
for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy
for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy
for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy
for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)
-
the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face
of a supporting member
maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:
o d/4
minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the
member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the net area across the
pinhole
width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its
thickness
pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the

pin diameter
SHEAR CONNECTORS
-
fillet welds:
o effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat
thickness
o effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance
from the root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld
o minimum size of fillet welds =
3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)
o maximum size of fillet welds along edges =
not greater than the thickness of the material (material
less than 6mm thick)
not greater than the thickness of the material minus
1.6mm (material 6mm or more in thickness)
o minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis
of strength shall not be less than 4 times its nominal size
o if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld
should not exceed its effective length
o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding
shall not be less than 4 times the weld size, with a minimum of
38mm
o in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the
thinner part joined, but not less than 25mm
o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides,
respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever practicable,
be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not
less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld
plug and slot welds:

o diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the
thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than
the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2 times the thickness of
the weld
shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete

cover
diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2 times the thickness
of the flange to which they are welded
minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6
diameters along the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters transverse
to the longitudinal axis maximum center-to-center spacing of stud
connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total slab thickness
WELDS
-
weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld
preparation not less than 1 times the thickness of the material in
which the hole is made
groove welds:
o effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat
thickness
o effective length = width of the part joined
o effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove
weld = thickness of the thinner part joined
o minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration
groove welds =
3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)
o effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =
flare bevel groove, 5/16R

flare V-groove, R
o
o
o
o
o
o
minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction

transverse to their length shall be 4 times the width of the slot
minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction
shall be 2 times the length of the slot
length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of
the weld
width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part
containing it plus 8mm, nor shall it be larger than 2 times the
thickness of the weld
thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick =
thickness of the material
thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick =
the thickness of the material but not less than 16mm
I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or
structure.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural
elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the
allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress
(also called working stress design).
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in
construction or occupancy.
APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the
building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the
building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized
authorities, technical or scientific organizations.
FASTENERS
-
distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted

fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal
diameter of the fastener
maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the
nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of
the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm
CAMBER
-
trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for

approximately the dead-load deflection
crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be
cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection plus the
live-load deflection
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any

use or occupancy.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code,
or one for which a legal building permit has been issued.
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with
the administration and enforcement of this code, or the building officials duly
authorized representative.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method
of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such
that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all
appropriate load combinations. The term LRFD is used in the design of steel
and wood structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural
elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the
factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The
term strength design is used in the design of concrete and masonry

structures.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any
kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined
together in some definite manner.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special
qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the
Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation Commission of the
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers through the Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and

knowledgeable in engineering geology.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and
principles in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and
soil for use in the design of civil works.
EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the
movement of wind, water or ice.
EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.
II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.
APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms
to this section in the opinion of the building official.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable

in the practice of geotechnical engineering.
AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil

and rock mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of civil works
involving the use of earth materials and the inspection or testing of the
construction thereof.
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock.

BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to
be placed.
BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on
grading on a site.
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of
civil engineering.
CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of
nature, principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the
evaluation, design and construction of civil works.
COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means.
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.
GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.

GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.
GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved
plan.
GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to
the approved plan.
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.
KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth
material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope.
PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be

performed by the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering
geologist. Such inspections include that performed by persons supervised by
such engineers or geologists and shall be sufficient to form an opinion relating
to conduct of the work.
SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the
same ownership, where grading is performed or permitted.
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a
ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance.
SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.
SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering

together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education,
instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting
transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure
and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment
incorporated into the building or other structure.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by
an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.
SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering

TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope
surface for drainage and maintenance purposes.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended
to remain operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind
or earthquakes.
III. GENERAL
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing

flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on

pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical,
electrical, communications or similar systems to serve as an air-supply or
return-air plenum.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.

m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on
the premises are kept or stored.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm

implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The
structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place of employment
where agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be
a place used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning
structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by
the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable
stress (also called working stress design).
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either

to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
be unsafe (strength limit state).
LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all
building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects,
differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads
are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All
other loads are variable loads.
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the

building and projecting over public property.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or
intended to be used.
WALLS
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
1.
2.
Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear
meter of superimposed load.
Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per
linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own
weight for more than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of

members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that
has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal plane.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of

the following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external
pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of the openings in the balance
of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10% and
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external
pressure exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever
is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the
building envelope does not exceed 20%.
BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which
complies with the following conditions:
1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of
the main wind-force resisting system.
DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the
determination of wind loads for open buildings and other structures.
PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or
other materials.
IV. WIND LOAD

BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the
ground in Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of
being equaled or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval).
BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the
requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings.
BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the

determination of wind loads for buildings.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determine GCp. For cladding
fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is
tributary to an individual fastener.
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings
and other structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz.
Included are buildings and other structures that have a height, h, exceeding
four times the least horizontal dimension.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard
to human life and damage to property.
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural

elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure.
The system generally receives wind loading from more than one surface.
COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or

element that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system.
RECOGNIZED LETERATURE are published research findings and technical

papers that are approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having

a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second.
V. EARTHQUAKE
COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a

fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second.
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be

imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic
vibrator is supported.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the

members are subjected primarily to axial forces.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the
structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical
load-carrying space frame.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at
perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or
eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that
provides support for gravity loads.
CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to
transfer lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and
has minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially
at the top.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a
portion of a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system.
COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or
structural system.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10%
chance of being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or
may be determined by a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories
with dynamic properties representative of site characteristics shall be used to
represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground
Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum.
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5%
equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the
Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures. This response
spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic,
seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be
a spectrum.
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear,
factored and distributed.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit
lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements. The term diaphragm includes
horizontal bracing systems.
DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a
diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to
the flanges of a beam.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm

parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the
applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the verticalresisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members
may take axial tension or compression.
ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting

frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural
elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal
axes.
DRIFT. See story drift

DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls
or braced frames.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations
determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground
motion representation.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for
emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster.
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is

larger than the design strength. The degree of over strength is material-andsystem-dependent.
P EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of
frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building system.
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of
the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load

is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTYERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of

shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their
relative rigidities considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all
levels.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves

the same function as a diaphragm.
SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the
stiffness of the story above.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete frame.
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing

walls, composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete
self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floorbracing systems.
LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system.

MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame
especially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or concretebraced frame.
SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced

frame.
SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting
frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame
specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
STORY is the space between levels.

STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level
above or below.
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and

iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a
hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120
kg/cu.m. or less.
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.
STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story
under consideration.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured

for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to 27deg.C
and dried for 21 days in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at 23deg.C +1.1deg.C.
STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load.

STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support
gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as
building structures or nonbuilding structures.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor
and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry
vertical gravity loads.
WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall
to the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop
the anchorage forces, including sub diaphragms and continuous ties.
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story
above.
VI. CONCRETE
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement
used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
mixing to modify its properties.
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons

to concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during
hardening of concrete.
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member
through which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the
concrete and distributed more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal
to the largest dimension of the cross section. For intermediate anchorage
devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and
behind the anchorage devices.
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used
with any single 16mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies the anchorage
device requirements of the Post-Tensioning Institutes Specification for
Unbonded Single Strand Tendons.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used
with multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16mm diameter
that satisfies the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of
AASHTO Bridge Specifications.
BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either
directly or through grouting.
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing value
when used in concrete either by themselves, such as Portland cement,
blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such materials in
combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume,
or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or
greater used primarily to support axial compressive load.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural
members of precast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed
in separate placements but so interconnected that all elements respond to
loads as a unit.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod

mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire
fabric.
DEVELOPEMNT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required
to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme
compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net

tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or
equal to the compression-controlled strain limit.
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons

after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and
superimposed load.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at

balanced strain conditions.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided

beyond a critical section.
CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement,

fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or

nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber.
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (fc) is the

compressive strength of concrete used in design and expressed in
megapascals (Mpa).
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete

structure, usually a vertical plane, at a designed location such as to interfere
least with performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement
in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and
through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is concrete containing

lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight as determined by Test
Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete (ASTM C 567) not
exceeding 1840 kg/cu.m. In this code, a lightweight concrete without natural
sand is termed all-lightweight concrete and lightweight concrete in which all
fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand is termed sand-lightweight
concrete.
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete
structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking
resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the
specified prestressing tendon profile.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces

tension into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete.
LOAD, DEAD, is the dead weight supported by a member.
LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to
proportion members by the strength design method.
LOAD, LIVE, is the live load.
LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without load factors).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding

strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
and support its own weight and existing construction loads applied prior to the
installation of the reshores.
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of

strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature.
SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding

the tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and
to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported

height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less
reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete.
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition
of deformed reinforcement.
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are
tensioned after concrete has hardened.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its
final position in the structure.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses
have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting
fro loads.
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned
before concrete is placed.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the

weight of the formwork, concrete and construction loads above.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies the
standard acceptance tests of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges, Division II.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form
of a cylindrical helix.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of concrete
determined in accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in Specifications for
Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete (ASTM C 330).
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a
structural member, typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or
deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or
at an angle longitudinal reinforcement. (The term stirrups is usually applied to
lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term ties to those in
compression members.)
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than

the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed
reinforcement.
STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strengthreduction factor, .
REINFORCEMENT is material excluding prestressing tendons unless

specifically included.
STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section

calculated in accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength
design method before application of any strength-reduction factors.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other

structural member after the original forms and shores have been removed
from a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section

required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such
combinations.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area.

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes,
including plain and reinforced concrete.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle
of such elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and structural

diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the inertial
forces within structural diaphragms to members of the lateral-force-resisting
system.
CONFINED CORE is the area within the core defined by h.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile

strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal
to 0.005.
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A
continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other
polygon shape without re-entrant corners is acceptable.
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks
or pretensioning bed to concrete member.
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from
bonding to the concrete after stressing.
WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended
deviation of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile.
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of
reinforcement in megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point shall be
determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards.
VII. SEISMIC DESIGN

BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are assumed
to be imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily coincide with the
ground level.
CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a precast

member and a cast-in-place member.
COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two
shear walls.
CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end
and a hook not less than 90 degrees with at least six-diameter extension at the
other end. The hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90-degree
hooks of two successive crosstie engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be
alternated end for end.
DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for the
design-basis earthquake, as required by the governing code for earthquakeresistant design.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is the
shortest distance between the critical section (where the strength of the bar is
to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90-degree hook.
DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members, which
do not qualify as a wet connection.
HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of
several reinforcing elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A
continuously wound tie shall have a seismic hook at both ends.
JOINT is the geometric volume common to intersecting members.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure

composed of members proportioned to resist forces related to earthquake
effects.
STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of

shears, moment, and axial forces induced by earthquake motions.
LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is an all-lightweight or sandlightweight aggregate concrete made with lightweight aggregates.
STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity

around an opening in the diaphragm.
MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist forces
through flexure, shear, and axial force.
TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent
separation of building components such as footings and walls.
NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding in

flexure, shear or axial action.
WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio

between 2.5 and 6, and whose clear height is at least two times its horizontal
length.
NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which

nonlinear action takes place. It shall be taken as extending a distance of no
less than h/2 on either side of the nonlinear action location.
SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend not less
than 135 degrees, except that circular hoops shall have a bend of not less than
90 degrees. Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but not less than 75mm),
extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the
interior of the stirrup or hoop.
WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect precast

members and uses cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the splicing closure.
VIII. GENERAL
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not
occurring on framing members are supported on an connected to blocking.
SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse reinforcement

confining the concrete.
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction

whose primary structural elements are formed by a system of repetitive woodframing members.
SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the

appropriate distribution of the design base shear force prescribed by the
governing code for earthquake-resistant design.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit

lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. When the term diaphragm is
used, it includes horizontal bracing systems.
STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the

designated nonlinear action regions undergo inelastic response under the
Design Basis Ground Motion.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from

lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497
kg/cu.m. but more than 160 kg/cu.m.
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor and roof

slabs, that transmit inertial forces to lateral force resisting members.
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of which is

composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels
in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete members

subjected primarily to axial forces.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility

in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from
lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a
density not less than 497 kg/cu.m.
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and
depth, standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net
size of dressed lumber.
NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or fastening to
the full allowable stress. This loading may be applied for approximately 10
years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be
applied for the remainder of the life of the member or fastening.
PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel product consisting of particles of
wood or combinations of wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with
synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process, in
accordance with approved nationally recognized standard.
PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers.
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed

primarily of wood. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood,
composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood-based
material, and mat0formed panel such as oriented stranded board and
waferboard.
IX. GENERAL
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which is in
contact with mortar in place of the joint.
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of
reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the
reinforcement and the direction for which effective area is to be
determined.
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a specified section.
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis.
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of ungrouted
cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface
area of a cross section of masonry.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor

and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second

based on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.
TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under

treating and quality control procedures.
WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the
heartwood of the species set forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted on 5%
of the pieces provided 90% or more of the width of each side on which it
occurs is heartwood. Recognized species are:
Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong
BOND:
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or
grout.
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and
mortar or grout.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which
reinforcement is embedded.
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than

967 sq. mm.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size
and spacing to allow the removal of debris.
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of
masonry.
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry

construction in which certain designated cells of hollow units are
continuously filled with grout.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry
construction in which the space between the wythes is solidly or
periodically filled with grout.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both

the reinforcement and masonry resist compression.
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member whose
horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not
exceed three times the thickness.
DIMENSIONS:
JOINTS:
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry
units are placed.
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s designed item.

The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more
than the amount allowed in the appropriate standard of quality.
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified
dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the
manufacturer for construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any
other component of a structure.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the
erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more
grout lifts.
GROUTED MASONRY:
MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete block.
HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional
area (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells
or deep frogs is less than 75% of its gross cross-sectional area measured
in the same plane.
SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional
area in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells is at
least 75% of the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without
grout used as a test specimen for determining properties of the masonry.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which
reinforcement acting in conjunction with the masonry is used to resist
forces.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry.

WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes of
masonry to each other or to other materials.
WALLS:
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are
bonded to act as a structural unit.
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum
width of 51mm and a maximum width of 114mm between wythes, which
are tied with metal ties.
STRUCTURAL
Zoning, site characteristics,
occupancy, configuring structural
system and height
14
Owner
Occupant o the building
Load duration
14 sq. m
1.50 sq. m
1/240 of wall span
1/120 of wall span
60 sq. m
Base
Collector
WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed in

masonry.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A
collar joint is not considered a wythe.
The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be

determined by the following factors.
Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at
least 3 approved recording accelerographs.
Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the
___
Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the
allowable limits and shall be liable for any failure on the structure
due to overloading
The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate
of periods of intermittent application of the same load
Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the
design live load may be reduced
Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist
loads onto which they are subjected
Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load
of 250 Pascal applied. Perpendicular to said wall
Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of
250 Pascal applied perpendicular to said wall
Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit
The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be
imparted to the structure of the level at which the structure as a
dynamic vibrator is supported
A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a
portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral force
resisting system
Diaphragm
Base Shear V
Boundary element
Brace Frame
Building Frame System
Dual System
Eccentric Brace Frame (EBF)
Joints
Girder
Diaphragm Strut
Diaphragm Chord
Essential facilities
Lateral Force Resisting System
Ordinary Moment Resisting Space
Frame
Story Drift
Strength
Platform
Horizontal Bracing system
Structure
Bearing Wall System
A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral

forces to the vertical resisting elements it includes horizontal bracing
system
The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure
An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls
or diaphragm
An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric
type which is provided to resist lateral forces
A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for
gravity loads
A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space
Frame and Shear Walls or Braced Frame
The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace
intersects a beam at a point away from the column girder joint
The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the members
The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam
-the major horizontal supporting member of the floor system
An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which
collects and transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting
elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members
may take axial tension or compression
The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is
assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a
beam
Those structures which are necessary for emergency post
earthquake operations
That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing
requirements for ductile behavior
The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads
within the deformation limits prescribed in this document
The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination
of structural system
Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a
diaphragm
An assemblage of framing members designed to support
gravity loads and resist lateral forces
A structural system without complete vertical load carrying
space frame. This system provides support for gravity loads.
Building Frame system

Moment Resisting Frame System
Weak story
Time History Analysis
Orthogonal Effect
P-delta effect
Admixture
Plain Concrete
Pedestal
Modulus of Elasticity
Jacking Force
Embedment Length
Effective Prestress
Development Length
Curvature friction
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced

frames
A structural system with essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames
A structural system with an essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Moments resisting space frames
provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of
members.
Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the
story above
An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical
model of the structure is subjected to a ground motion time history.
The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is
obtained through numerical integration of its equations of motions.
The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in
directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under
consideration
The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members
induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building frame
Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
mixing to modify its properties
Concrete that doesnt not conform to definition of reinforced
concrete
Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
average least lateral dimension of less than three (3 m)
Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below proportional limit of material
-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___
In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that
introduces tension into prestressing tendons
Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical
section
Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have
occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed loads
Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the
design strength of reinforcement at a critical section
Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing
Structural Lightweight Concrete

Bonded tendon
Structural Steel
ASTM A514
TRUE
40 mm
Poissons Ratio
Slenderness Ratio
Torsion
Flat slab
Shear
Deformation
Yielding Stress
Stress
Allowable Stress
Tie / Stirrup
Stiffness Ration
Punching Shear
Deflection
6 inches
Equilibrium
tendon profile
Concrete containing lightweight aggregate
Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or
through grouting
ASTM A36
High Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate,
Suitable for Welding
True or False, bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be
bundled in beams
Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and
columns for primary reinforcement
In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of
the ratio transverse strain to the corresponding longitudinal
strain
In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of
gyration
A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being
revolved about a line
A type of concrete floor which has no beam
The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect
to an adjacent part
A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of
force
The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively
the material sustain without failure
-It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to
stress
-Intensity of force per unit area
The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing
without permanent deformation remaining upon the complete
release of stress
Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
The measure of stiffness of a material
The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole
through it
The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting
on it
Nominal thickness of a timber
The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all
moments about any points are zero
2 years
Not less than 1x4

Run
Portable Hand router
Knots
Smoothed and planed lumber
Live load
Cross cut saw
Effective Length
Volume
Contraction Joint
Total Run
Bond stress
Purlin
Size of dead load deflection
Shear connector
Shear Stress (Shearing Stress)
Hooks Law
4 x diameter of bolt
4 x diameter of bolt
2.5
12 mm
The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test,

etc.) shall be preserved and made available for inspection during the
progress of construction and after completion of the project for a
period of not less than ___
Wood board should have a thickness specification
The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight
A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth
cutting and curving on solid wood
Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___
Dressed lumber is referred to ___
It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in
place or may not be present at all
The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut saw
The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks
The amount of space measured in cubic units
An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit
expected movements between them
The total of all tread widths in a stair
The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded
surfaces
A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a
rafter
Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss
A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of
channel which resists horizontal shear between elements
The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear
The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and
strain
Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from
center of bolts parallel for parallel to grain loading is equal to ___
According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and
fastening the loaded edge distance for perpendicular to grain loading
shall be at least
NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to
grain loading shall be at least ___ times bolt diameter for L/d ratio
of 2
Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and
fastening in accordance with NSCP specifications
50
11 diameters
1/6 depth of member
Middle third span
the depth
.60 of specified yield strength
.50 of specified minimum tensile
strength
0.45 Fy
0.40 Fy
100%
200
240
40 mm
20 mm
7 days
7 days
3 days
25 mm
180 deg. Bend +4db extension but
not less than 65 mm at the end of
bar
90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at
free end
Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding

___
Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in
the NSCP specifications shall have a required penetration of not less
than __
Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the
NSCP specifications shall not exceed
Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the
Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed
Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross
area
Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area
Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net
area
Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area
effective in resisting shear
For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed
live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same, for
supports of elevators the increase shall be
The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___
The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___
Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than
___ for concrete exposed to earth or weather
Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than
___ for concrete not exposed to earth or weather
Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be
maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the first
___ days after placement
If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall
be air-dried for ___ days before test and shall be tested dry.
Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above
10 C and in moist condition for at least the ___days after placement
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be
db (diameter of bar) but not less than ___
Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean
Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller
90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at

free end
-12 mm
+-50 mm
40 db
3 db
4 db
75 mm
Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar

Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater
than 200 mm
Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of
reinforcement
Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different points with a stagger of at
least
Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of
member shall not be less than ___ for strands
Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member
shall to be less than ___ for wire
Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place
against permanently exposed earth or weather using bars larger
than 36 mm
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE

I
Felt by almost no one.
II
Felt by very few people.
III
Tremor noticed by many, but they

often do not realize it is an
earthquake.
IV
Felt indoors by many. Feels like a

truck has struck the building.
Felt by nearly everyone; many

people awakened. Swaying trees
and poles may be observed.
VI
Felt by all; many people run

outdoors. Furniture moved, slight
damage occurs.
VII
Everyone run outdoors. Poorly

built structures considerably
damaged; slight damage
elsewhere.
RITCHER SCALE
2.5
Generally not felt, but recorded on

seismometers.
3.5
Felt by many people.
4.5
Some local damage may occur.
VIII
Specially designed structures

damaged slightly, others
collapse.
6.0
A destructive earthquake.
IX
All buildings considerably

damaged, many shift off
foundation. Noticeable cracks in
ground.
Many structures destroyed.

Ground is badly cracked.
7.0
A major earthquake.
XI
Almost all structure fall. Bridges

wrecked. Very wide cracks in
ground.
8.0
and
up
Great earthquakes.
XII
Total Destruction, waves seen on

ground.
The Modified Mercalli Scale is somewhat

subjective, because the apparent intensity of an
earthquake depends on how far away from its
center the observer is located. Rating intensities
from I to XII, it describes and rates earthquakes
in terms of human reactions and observations.
The Richter Scale measures the motion of the

ground 100 km (60 mi) from the earthquakes
epicenter, or the location on the earths surface
directly above where the earthquake occurred. The
rating scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on
the scale represents a tenfold increase in the
motion of the ground.

Structural Compilation

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STRUCTURAL

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

the amount of force, N

SIMPLY SUPPORTED W/ OVER HANG

refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described

refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action

PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM

all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall

all having the same direction

all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.

distance from center of moment to force

INTERNAL FORCES TYPES

pulls away from joint

example is a beam supporting a column

a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or

varying load, moment load

According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches

If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to

FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM:

of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and

STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL:

Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksi

concrete= 2400 kg/ m3

weight= density x volume

volume of cylinder= pi (diameter)2 x length

COUNTER (inner in retaining wall)

consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent scour by

NON- BEARING WALL

SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION

SOIL- STRUCTURE RESONANCE

SEISMIC REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d/4

is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated material

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

GRADING AND EARTHWORK

is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading

is in-place solid rock

is a relatively level step excavated into earth material

is earth material acquired from an off site location

s the densification of a fill by mechanical means

is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination

is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the

s the mechanical removal of the earth material

is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means

is the vertical location of the ground surface

is the grade prior to the grading

is any excavating or filling or combination thereof

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d)

DEAD LOAD (DL)

LIVE LOAD (LL)

MODULUS, TENGENT (concrete)

sieve (about 6mm in size)

Coarse aggregate -gravel or crushed stone

1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms

1/3 the depth of slabs

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

-for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings

for concrete members exposed to weather

concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather

for beams and columns

FOR BUNDLED BARS

bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties