Lecture 3

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 3: Fluid Statics
Lecture 3
FLUID STATICS
MEHB223

MEHB223

Chapter Summary
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Fluid Pressure at a Point; Absolute, Vacuum

and Gauge Pressure
Pressure Variation with Elevation
Pressure Measuring Devices Barometer,
Open-End Manometer, Differential Manometer
Hydrostatic Paradox
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces
Plane surface, Curved Surfaces
Buoyancy
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies
MEHB223

MEHB223
3.1 Introduction
n
n
n
n
Fluids, in general, exerts both normal and shearing

forces on surfaces in contact
Shearing forces are produced only with relative
motion
Without relative motion ~ only normal force =>
called Pressure Forces
No Relative Motion Means : Stationary
Moving with the same constant velocity
Moving with the same varying velocity

MEHB223
3.2 Fluid Pressure At A Point

By balancing the forces in the
vertical and horizontal directions : ~
Px = Pz = Pn
=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions

=> PASCALs Law
=> The conclusion is also applicable if there is relative motion

3.3 Pressure Transmission

In a closed system, due to Pascals
Law, the pressure change produced
at one point in the system will be
transmitted throughout the entire
system
Principle of the Hydraulic Lift
MEHB223

MEHB223
Example 3.1
A hydraulic jack has dimensions as shown. If one exerts a
force or 100N on the handle of the jack, what load F2, can
the jack support? Neglect lifter weight.

MEHB223
3.4 Absolute, Vacuum and Gage Pressure

n
n
n
Pressure normally measured

as pressure difference
The pressure above absolute
vacuum : Absolute Pressure
Relative Pressure above
atmospheric Pressure : Gage
Pressure
Relative Pressure below
atmospheric Pressure :
Vacuum Pressure

MEHB223
3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation

Balancing the force in s direction : -
But sina = dz/dl, so : -
For incompressible fluid, r is constant : = Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)

= Piezometric Head (meter)

MEHB223
3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

n
n
If gA > gB which distribution is correct ?

If gB > gA which distribution is correct ?.. Is
this possible?

MEHB223

n
n
Therefore, for incompressible fluid, in any static fluid

the piezometric head is constant throughout the fluid
Thus at any point within the fluid : -
1
2
z1
z2
3
z3
datum

MEHB223

n
Example : Pressure at a point, h below

the surface of a stationary fluid : -
Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.

Determine the gage pressure at the
bottom of the tank
The equation has to be applied to each

fluid separately

MEHB223

n
Compressible Fluid (e.g. atmospheric air)

Function of Temperature
Troposphere :
Stratosphere :

MEHB223
3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices

n
Barometer - use to measure atmospheric pressure
Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -
P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

n
Piezometer - Consists of single

vertical tube open at the top inserted
into a pipe under pressure which rises
in the tube depending on the pressure.
If the top of the tube is open to
atmosphere then it reads gage
pressure at that location in the pipe
MEHB223


n
Open end U-tube Manometer : -
If rf << rm :
MEHB223


n
Differential manometer : -
Static pressure
change from
A to B
Static pressure
change due to
the system
Static pressure change

due to difference in
elevation
MEHB223


n
Example : Obtain the expression for pressure of the

air in the tank .
MEHB223

MEHB223

n
Example : The piston shown weigh 100N. In its original position,

the piston is restrained from moving to the bottom of the cylinder by
mean of a metal stop. Assuming there is neither friction no leakage
between the piston and cylinder, what volume of oil (S=0.85) would
have to be added to the 1 cm tube to cause the piston to rise 1 cm
from its initial position?
1cm
6 cm
4 cm
4 cm
4 cm

MEHB223

MEHB223
3.7 Hydrostatic Paradox

n
n
Pressure exerted by a fluid is only dependent on the

vertical head and its density
paradox
It is independent of the weight of the fluid present
The pressures are the same although the weight of the

liquids are obviously different

MEHB223
3.8 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces

Importance of Hydrostatic Force Calculations
Examples : -

MEHB223
3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Consider the magnitude of the
hydrostatic force on one side
of the plane
h
h
Area, A
dF=PdA
x
edge
view
Atmospheric pressure is
ignored since both sides are
open to atmosphere
centroid
y
elemental area
dA
normal
view
Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area

MEHB223

- The resultant hydrostatic force acts through the CENTRE OF PRESSURE (COP)
- The slanted distance of COP from the centroid, ycp, is determined by : -
h
- And xcp, is given by : -
Fh
Area, A
centroid
CP
ycp
- If the shape is symmetrical about y

axis xcp is zero

MEHB223

- Centroid and Second Moment of Area, Ixx of regular shapes : -
This is given in
Appendix . No
Need to Remember

MEHB223

Example 1 : Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic force and its line
of action from the hinge. Calculate the force F applied at the middle
of the gate required to hold the gate in its vertical position
w
rgh
F
hinge

MEHB223

Example 2 : Find the magnitude of the force, P required to just start
opening the 2m wide gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.

MEHB223

Example 3 : Find the magnitude of the force, G required to just start
opening the gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
h
hinge

MEHB223

Example 4 : An elliptical gate covers the end of a pipe 4m in
diameter. If the gate is hinged at the top, what normal force, F is
required to open the gate when water is 8m deep above the top of the
pipe and the pipe is open to atmosphere on the other side? Neglect
the weight of the gate.

MEHB223
3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

l
hv
dF=ghdA
Cv
elemental area, dA
y
Area, A v
dFy
dF
dFx
ds
Vertical projection

MEHB223

- Horizontal Component of the Force, Fx : -
- Line of action of Fx : -
- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -
- Line of action of Fy is through the centroid of the Fluid Above the

surface

MEHB223

- The Resultant Hydrostatic Force, F is : -
Centroid of
fluid above
surface
Cv
CP of vertical
projection
Fx
Fy
yCPv
Vertical projection
Note the Horizontal and Vertical Component of the Force Acts From Different Points

MEHB223

- Water underneath the surface ?
Fy
Centroid of
imaginary fluid
above surface
Fy
- The force will be exactly of the same

magnitude but now acts in the opposite
direction.
CP of vertical
projection
- Need to use imaginary surface in order

to calculate vertical component

MEHB223

Example 1 : Surface AB is a circular arc with radius of 2m and a depth of a
m into the paper. The distance EB is 4m. The fluid above surface AB is water
and atmospheric pressure prevails on the free surface of water and on the
bottom side of surface AB. Find the magnitude and line of action of the
hydrostatic force acting on surface AB.

MEHB223

Example 2 : Determine the hydrostatic force acting on this gate ?
B
D
B

MEHB223

Example 3 : What force must be exerted through the bolts to hold the
dome in place? The metal dome and pipe weigh 6 kN. The dome has
no bottom. Here i = 80 cm.

MEHB223
3.9 Bouyancy
- Definition : Vertical Force on a body immersed in a stationary fluid.
It arises because the pressure varies with depth.
- Consider a body partly immersed in a fluid : Vol3
A
Vol2
r
Vol4
COG
Vol1
Mg
C
b
Archimedes Principle
- Act through the centroid of the displace volume => Centre of Bouyancy

MEHB223
3.9 Bouyancy
Example 1 :A metal part (2) is hanged by a thin cord from a floating
wood block (1). The wood block has a specific gravity of 0.3 and
dimension 50 x 50 x 10 mm. The metal part has volume 6600 mm3.
Find the mass m2 of the metal part and the tension in the cord.

MEHB223
3.9 Bouyancy
Example 2 : The partially submerged wood pole is attached to the
wall by a hinge as shown. The pole is in equilibrium under the action
of weight and buoyant forces. Determine the density of the wood?

3.9 Bouyancy
n
n
n
Hydrometry .. Hydrometer
is a device use to measure the
specific gravity of a liquid
Based on the buoyancy
principle
The depth of the hydrometer is
dependent on the specific
gravity of the liquid
MEHB223

MEHB223
3.10 Stability of Immersed Body

- Stability depends on the relative position of Centre of Gravity (COG) and
Centre of Bouyancy (COB)
- If COB > COG = > Stable

- If COB < COG = > Unstable

MEHB223
3.11 Stability of Floating Body

- The previous rule is not applicable to floating body because the
COB of displaced volume will change as the object is displaced : -
- Thus more involve d analysis is needed .

End of Lecture 3
MEHB223

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 3: Fluid Statics

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Pressure at a Point; Absolute, Vacuum

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluids, in general, exerts both normal and shearing

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.2 Fluid Pressure At A Point

=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.3 Pressure Transmission

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.4 Absolute, Vacuum and Gage Pressure

Pressure normally measured

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation

But sina = dz/dl, so : -

For incompressible fluid, r is constant : = Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

If gA > gB which distribution is correct ?

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

Therefore, for incompressible fluid, in any static fluid

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

Example : Pressure at a point, h below

Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.

The equation has to be applied to each

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

Compressible Fluid (e.g. atmospheric air)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices

Barometer - use to measure atmospheric pressure

Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -

P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Piezometer - Consists of single

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Open end U-tube Manometer : -

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Static pressure change

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Example : Obtain the expression for pressure of the

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Example : The piston shown weigh 100N. In its original position,

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.7 Hydrostatic Paradox

Pressure exerted by a fluid is only dependent on the

The pressures are the same although the weight of the

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces