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Instructors:
A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, George J. Cokkinides, GIT, Hilton Mills, HP&D
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.1
NOTICE
This material may not be reproduced without the written consent of the developer.
The developer is neither responsible nor liable for any conclusions and results
obtained through the use of this material.
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.2
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.3
Measurement Interpretation
Theory and Limitations
SGM Method
Workshop
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.4
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.5
Day 4 - Afternoon
Demonstration and Workshop
Grounding Audit
Demonstration of:
Ground Impedance,
Soil Resistivity, and
Tower Ground Measurements
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.6
1.7
Purpose of Grounding
Lightning and Surge Protection
Stabilize Circuit Potential and Assist in Proper Operation of:
- Communications
- Relaying
- Computers & Sensitive Electronic Equipment
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.8
1.9
Body Current
Perception
About 1 mA
About 10-20 mA
Unconsciousness
Ventricular Fibrillation
About 300 mA
for three seconds
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.10
Body Current
99.8
Perception Current
99
Let-Go Current
Predicted
Curve for
Women
Ventricular Fibrillation
Percentile Rank
80
Men
40
0.2
0
1.11
Body Current
Perception Current (mA rms)
Perception Current
Let-Go Current
100
Ventricular
Fibrillation
Percentile 99.5
10
Permissible Body
Current (Standards)
Percentile 50
Threshold of Perception
1
Percentile 0.5
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Frequency (Hz)
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.12
Body Current
Perception Current
Let-Go Current
Ventricular Fibrillation
Permissible Body Current (Standards)
40
99.5%
Dangerous Current
20
50%
0.5%
Let-Go Threshold
200
100
Minimum
Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
Maximum
Non-Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
Safe Current
0
pigs
300
Kiselev Dogs
Dogs
Ferris Dogs
60
sheep
80
calves
100
0
5
10
50
100
500
1000
5000
Frequency (Hz)
20
40
60
80
Body Weight (kg)
100
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.13
R
2
1
2
Recovery from
Excitation
5
4
Q
4
S
Vulnerable Period
of the Ventricles
Ventricular Fibrillation
ECG
120
Blood Pressure
80
400ms
40 mm Hg
0
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.14
rbody
A1
A2
A1
A2
Veq
req
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.15
50
(30)
Body Impedance
CEI 1984
40
(20)
45
(23)
60
50
(25)
75
55
(30)
100
65
(30)
70
(45)
70
(50)
100
(75)
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.16
5% of the
population
50% of the
population
95% of the
population
25
50
75
100
125
220
700
1000
Asymptotic
Value
1750
1450
1250
1200
1125
1000
750
700
650
3250
2625
2200
1875
1625
1350
1100
1050
750
6100
4375
3500
3200
2875
2125
1550
1500
850
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.17
200
100
pigs
sheep
300
Kiselev Dogs
Dogs
Ferris Dogs
calves
k = I b ts
Minimum
Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
0
0
20
40
60
80
Body Weight (kg)
100
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.18
Physiological Effects
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Usually no organic damage to be expected. Likelihood of muscular contractions and difficulty in breathing,
reversible disturbances of formation and conduction of impulses in the heart, including atrial fibrillation and
transient cardiac arrest, without ventricular fibrillation, increasing with current magnitude and time.
Zone 4
In addition to the effects in zone 3, probability of ventricular fibrillation, increasing up to about 5% (curve c2),
up to about 50% (curve c3), and above 50% (beyond curve c3). Increasing with magnitude and time,
pathophysiological effects such as cardiac arrest and heavy burns may occur.
5000
c1
c2 c3
2000
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
0.1 0.2
0.1
10 20
50 100 200
500 1k
2k
5k
10k
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.19
5000
c1
c 2 c3
2000
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
0.1 0.2
0.1
10 20
50 100 200
500 1k
2k
5k
10k
1.20
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.21
Comparison of Standards
Non-Fibrillating Body Current as a Function of Shock Duration
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.22
Comparison of Standards
Non-Fibrillating Body Current as a Function of Shock Duration
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.23
R=
4b
b=
b 0.08 meters
R=
(4) (0.08)
req =
= 3 Ohms
(3 ) (3 )
= 1.5
3 + 3
Req = 3 + 3 = 6
req = 1.5 cs s
req = 6.0 cs s
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
Reduction Factor
Comparison of IEEE Std 80 and Computer Model
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.25
5% of the
population
50% of the
population
95% of the
population
25
50
75
100
125
220
700
1000
Asymptotic
Value
1750
1450
1250
1200
1125
1000
750
700
650
3250
2625
2200
1875
1625
1350
1100
1050
750
6100
4375
3500
3200
2875
2125
1550
1500
850
IEEE Std 80
ZT = 1000 ohms
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.26
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.27
a
Vtouch
= I a reqT
a
Vtouch
a
touch
0.116
(1000 + 1.5 )
0.116
=
(1000 + 1.5cs s )
t
a
Vstep
= I a reqS
a
Vstep
=
a
step
0.116
(1000 + 6 )
t
0.116
(1000 + 6cs s )
=
t
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.28
a
step
a
touch
S
b
T
b
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.29
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.30
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.31
1000 ohms
Thevenin Equivalent
Resistance
Thevenin Equivalent
Source
Simplified Equations
(Km, Ki, L, Ie for Touch Voltage)
(Ks, Ki, L, Ie for Step Voltage)
or use of computer models
0.116A / t for 50 kg person
0.157 A / t for 70 kg person
Permissible
Body Current
IEC 479-1
Voltage Dependent and
Path Dependent
(Figures 4 & 5)
no guidance
no guidance
S-curves (Figure 6)
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.32
I earth
a=
I fault
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.33
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.34
10
Y
C
1
GROUND_N
MAIN-GND
J
Scale (feet)
0'
15'
30'
45'
10
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.35
Touch Voltage
2
9
Y
GROUND_N
MAIN-GND
L
Scale (feet)
0'
20'
40'
60'
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.36
Earth Voltage
1
9
Y
1.328 kV
1.365 kV
1.402 kV
1.439 kV
1.477 kV
1.514 kV
1.551 kV
1.588 kV
1.625 kV
1.662 kV
F
GROUND_N
MAIN-GND
L
Scale (feet)
0'
20'
40'
60'
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.37
Step Voltage
1
10
Y
28.31 V
56.54 V
84.78 V
113.0 V
141.3 V
169.5 V
197.7 V
226.0 V
254.2 V
282.4 V
GROUND_N
MAIN-GND
L
Scale (feet)
0'
20'
40'
60'
10
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.38
Transfer Voltages
Fault
Broken
Ground
GPR
Touch
Voltage
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.39
Transfer Voltages
Metallic Pipe near Power Line
Distribution Line
Metallic Pipe
Sacrificial Electrodes
Sacrificial
Electrodes
Pipe Grounding
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.40
Special Applications
Metal to Metal Touch Voltage
Electric Railways
Secondary Distribution Systems
Gas Insulated Substations
Power System Influence on Other Circuits
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.41
ETOUCH 70
150
130V
100
ETOUCH 50
0.5
2
3 4 5
Time (s)
65V
10
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.42
30'
Fault
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.43
2.1m
175'
1m
k1
Trac
k2
Trac
Touch Voltage
to Train
(Person Standing
2.1 m away from rail
and touching train.)
Touch Voltage
to Bridge.
(Person Standing
1 m away from bridge
and touching bridge.)
Touch Voltage
to Catenary Pole
(Person Standing
1 m away from pole
and touching pole.)
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.44
about 2 miles
Counterpoise
Rail A
Rail A
Rail B
Rail B
Counterpoise
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.45
Sky Wire
HA
LA
HB
LB
LC
HC
Neutral
~
I fault
Neutral
~
I neutral
Ground Rod
Counterpoise
~
I counterpoise
Ground Rod
Ground Rod
Ground Mat
~
I earth
Secondary
Distribution Systems
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.46
30'
Fault
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.47
1.48
Computer Programs
Substation Grounding Workstation
(SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, TGRND)
Distribution Grounding Analysis (DGAP)
Integrated Grounding System Design (WinIGS)
CYME
Safe Engineering
Many Others-Based on IEEE Std 80
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing Grounding System Design Principles
Copyright 1994-2014, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
1.49