OBSTRUCTION

LIGHTING
GUIDELINES

oBSTRUCTION lIGHTING GUIDELINES

INTRODUCTION TO OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING GUIDELINES

Any structure that exceeds 200 above ground level generally needs to be
marked (lighted) according to FAA/ICAO Regulations. There are many
factors that can affect obstruction marking requirements, such as weather,
terrain, proximity to airports, etc. The information presented in the
following pages of this catalog is intended to provide basic guidance for
structure marking.
The FAA and ICAO guidelines presented herein describe minimum
requirements for various structure heights and descriptions of equipment to
be used. Note that for Red Lighting Systems, the tower must be painted in
alternating levels of aviation orange and white to provide maximum daytime
visibility (red lights are for nighttime only). In the case of white or dual
lighting systems, the need for painting the tower is eliminated.
Height is only one important consideration when choosing how a structure is
to be marked. The products presented in this catalog support the obstruction
lighting requirements set forth by the FAA/FCC and ICAO. In addition,
Unimar is a master distributor for each of the following product lines:
Cooper Crouse-Hinds, ABB Controls (Formerly Entrelec, SSAC), Flash
Technology and Dialight Corporation.
For industrial applications, professional assistance will be required, for
example in the case of aviation lighting for industrial facilities or wind farm
lighting applications. Let your sales representative or our Technical Support
staff help you determine which is the best lighting solution for your unique
application.

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Guidelines for Hazardous Areas

Guidelines for the use of Electrical Equipment in Potentially Explosive

Atmospheres
Introduction
Potentially explosive atmospheres exist where there is a risk of explosion due to mixtures of gas/
air, vapor/air, dust/air or other flammable combinations. In such areas there is a necessity to
eliminate sources of ignition such as sparks, hot surfaces or static electricity which may ignite
these mixtures. Where electrical equipment has to be used in these areas it must be so designed
and constructed as not to create sources of ignition capable of igniting these mixtures. Before
electrical equipment can be used in a potentially explosive atmosphere, a representative sample
has to be fully tested and certified by an independent authority such as PTB in Europe or UL in
the USA.
This information is intended as a guide only and further expert guidance should be sought before
placing into service, maintaining or repairing any item of equipment in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.
Where comparisons are shown between, for example, European and North American practice
this may be an approximation and individual standards/codes of practice should be consulted for
precise details.
Area Classification
Plants are divided into Zones (European and IEC method) or Divisions (North American method) according to the likelihood of a
potentially explosive atmosphere being present.
Note: North American legislation now allows Zones to be used to classify areas, where this practice is used it follows the NEC and CEC.
European & IEC Classification

Definition of Zone or Division

North American Classification

Zone 0 (gases)
Zone 20 (dusts)

An area in which an explosive mixture is continuously present or

present for long periods

Class I, Division 1 (gases)

Class II, Division 1 (dusts)

Zone 1 (gases)
Zone 21 (dusts)

An area in which an explosive mixture is likely to occur in

normal operation

Class I, Division 1 (gases)

Class II, Division 1 (dusts)

Zone 2 (gases)
Zone 22 (dusts)

An area in which an explosive mixture is not likely to occur in

normal operation and if it occurs it will exist only for a short time

Class I, Division 2 (gases)

Class II, Division 2 (dusts)
Class III, Division 1 (fibers)
Class III, Division 2 (fibers)

Gas Groups (plus dust & fibers)

There are two main gas groups, Group
I Mining only and Group II Surface
Industries
These categories are used in European and
IEC groupings.
Group I is concerned only with underground
mining where methane and coal dust are
present.
Group II gases occurring in surface industries
are sub-grouped according to their volatility.
This enables electrical equipment to be
designed to less onerous tolerances if it is to be
used with the least volatile gases.

Typical Gas/Material
Methane

European/IEC Gas Group

North American Gas Group

--

Acetylene

IIC

Hydrogen

IIC

Ethylene

IIB

Propane

IIA

Metal Dust

--

Coal Dust

--

Grain Dust

--

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Guidelines for Hazardous Areas

Temperature

Temperature Classification

Hot surfaces can ignite explosive atmospheres. To

guard against this, all electrical equipment intended
for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere is
classified according to the maximum surface
temperature it will reach in service. This temperature
is normally based on a surrounding ambient
temperature of 40 Centigrade (104 Fahrenheit).
This temperature can then be compared to the
ignition temperature of the gas(es) which may come
into contact with the equipment and a judgment
reached as to the suitability of the equipment to be
used in that area.
Example (see table at right): Butane has an ignition
temperature of 365 Centigrade - equipment used in the
vicinity of this gas would need a T rating of T2 or better.

European/IEC

North American

Maximum Surface Temperature

T1

T1

450C

T2

T2
T2A
T2B
T2C
T2D

300 C
280 C
260 C
230 C
215 C

T3

T3
T3A
T3B
T3C

200 C
180 C
165 C
160 C

T4

T4
T4A

135 C
120 C

T5

T5

100 C

T6

T6

85 C

Types of Electrical Equipment Suitable for use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres

Different techniques are used to prevent electrical
equipment from igniting explosive atmospheres.
Restrictions for where these different types of
equipment can be used are as follows:

Zones 1 & 2
EExd
EN60079-1

Zones 1 & 2
Exd
IEC60079-1

Class I Divisions 1 & 2

-UL1203

Intrinsic Safety A technique whereby electrical energy is

limited such that any sparks or heat generated by electrical equipment is sufficiently low as to not ignite an explosive atmosphere.

Zones 0, 1 & 2
EExi
EN50020

Zones 1 & 2
Exi
IEC60079-11

Class I Divisions 1 & 2

-UL913

Increased Safety This equipment is so designated as to

eliminate sparks and hot surfaces capable of igniting an explosive
atmosphere.

Zones 1 & 2
EExe
EN60079-7

Zones 1 & 2
Exi
IEC60079-7

----

Purged and Pressurized electrical equipment is housed in

an enclosure which is initially purged to remove any explosive
mixture, then pressurized to prevent ingress of the surrounding
atmosphere prior to energization.

Zones 1 & 2
EExp
EN50016

Zones 1 & 2
Exp
IEC60079-2

Class I Divisions 1 & 2

-NFPA496

Encapsulation A method of exclusion of the explosive atmosphere by fully encapsulating the electrical components in an
approved material.

Zones 1 & 2
EExm
EN60079-18

Zones 1 & 2
Exm
IEC60079-18

---

Oil Immersion The electrical components are immersed in oil,

thus excluding the explosive atmosphere from any sparks or hot
surfaces.

Zones 1 & 2
EExo
EN50015

Zones 1 & 2
Exo
IEC60079-6

Class I Division 2
UL698

Powder Filling - Equipment is surrounded with a fine powder,

such as quartz, which does not allow the surrounding atmosphere
to come into contact with any sparks or hot surfaces.

Zones 1 & 2
EExq
EN50017

Zones 1 & 2
Exq
IEC60079-5

----

Non-sparking Sparking contacts are sealed against ingress of

the surrounding atmosphere, hot surfaces are eliminated.

Zone 2
EExn
EN60079-15

Zone 2
Exn
IEC60079-15

----

Flameproof Enclosure An enclosure used to house electrical

equipment, which when subjected to an internal explosion will
not ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere.

80

European
IEC
NEC
Area of use
Area of use
Area of use
Designation Standard Designation Standard Designation Standard

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Guidelines for Hazardous Areas

Selection, Installation & Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Intended for use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres
International and national standard requirements for the safe use of electrical equipment in potentially explosive atmospheres
as follows:
International

Europe

USA

Canada

General Recommendations

IEC60079-14

EN60079-14

NEC Chapter 5

CEC Section 18

Classification of Hazardous Areas

IEC60079-10

EN60079-10

NEC Chapter 5

CEC Section 18

Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical Equipment

IEC60079-17

EN60079-17

Requirements for Flameproof Enclosures

IEC60079-1

EN60079-1

NEC Chapter 5

CEC Section 18

Requirements for Intrinsically Safe Equipment

IEC60079-11

EN60079-11

NEC Chapter 5

CEC Section 18

Requirements for Increased Safety Equipment

IEC60079-7

EN60079-7

NEC Chapter 5

CEC Section 18

Requirements for Purged and Pressurized Equipment

IEC60079-14

EN60079-14

NEC Chapter 5

CEC Section 18

Requirements for Non-Sparking Equipment

IEC60079-15

EN60079-15

--

--

CEC Section 18

CEC Section 18

UNIMAR advises that all explosion-proof electrical equipment is maintained by suitably trained personnel, in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.
Any spare parts used should be purchased from the original manufacturer and repairs should be carried out by the manufacturer or
under his supervision, in order that the item remains in conformance with the certification documents.
The Certification Process
All electrical equipment, intended for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere, should be certified as suitable for such use.
The methods for obtaining certification differ in detail (see below) between each certifying body or group of bodies (e.g. CENELEC).
Basically this process consists of supplying a representative sample of the equipment along with a set of drawings to a recognized test/
certification body (e.g. PTB) that in turn test the equipment against a recognized standard (e.g. EN60079-1) and issues a certificate.
The user of the equipment can then refer to this certificate to enable him to safely put the item into service in a zone appropriate to the
certification.
European Practice

All equipment, both electrical and mechanical, intended to be put into service within the EU has to be certified in
accordance with the ATEX directive.
It should be noted also that MECHANICAL equipment is covered by the ATEX directive; so for the first time items such as gearboxes
will have to carry ATEX certification.
The equipment coding signifying compliance with ATEX is as follows:


112G i.e.


Explosion-proof in accordance with ATEX.
II Group II surface industries
2 Category 2 equipment (suitable for use in Zone 1) note:

Category 1 is suitable for Zone 0

Category 3 is suitable for Zone 2
G Suitable for atmospheres containing gas (D is suitable for atmospheres containing dust)
Equipment will be CE marked when certified to ATEX
North American Practice
Sample equipment and supporting documentation are submitted to the appropriate authority e.g. U.L., F.M., C.S.A.
The equipment is tested in accordance with relevant standards for explosion protection and also for general electrical requirements e.g.
light fittings.
After successful testing, a listing is issued allowing the manufacturer to place the product on the market.
The product is marked with the certification details such as the gas groups A, B, C, D and the area of use e.g. Class I, Division 1.
NEC is a registered trademark of the National Fire Protection Association.

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Guidelines for Hazardous Areas

Worldwide Certifications
Most countries outside Europe or North America use the IEC standards as a basis for their own national standards.
The Russian Federation certifies equipment to GOST R standards, these closely follow CENELEC practice.
In Russia, certain products used in fire alarm systems may be required to carry the Russian fire approval (VNIIPO). Note that not
all Unimar products that have been certified to GOST R are VNIIPO approved. Check specification on technical data sheets before
ordering.
Kazakhstan has a certification process (GOST K) where approval is normally based on compliance with CENELEC standards.
Certification is China is based on compliance with international standards such as CENELEC or UL, or their own CQST standard.
There is a scheme is place which will, when fully adopted, allow for internationally recognized certification to become a reality, this is the
IEC EX SCHEME. This uses the IEC standards and IEC recognized test and certification bodies to issue mutually recognized test reports
and certificates. The scheme is in its infancy and its level of success cannot yet be measured.
Ingress Protection
2 digits are used to denote the level of ingress protection that a piece of apparatus provides:
IP =
Solids

Liquids

No protection

No protection

Protected against solid objects up to 50mm, e.g. hands

Protected against vertically falling drops of water

Protected against solid objects up to 12mm, e.g. fingers

Protected against water spray up to 15 from vertical

Protected against solid objects up to 2.5mm, e.g. tools

Protected against water spray up to 60 from vertical

Protected against solid objects over 1mm, e.g. wires

Protected against water sprays from all directions

Protected against dusts -- (No harmful deposits)

Protected against water jets from all directions

Totally protected against dust

Protected against strong water jets from all directions, e.g. offshore

Protected against immersion between 15cm and 1m in depth

Protected against long immersion under pressure

NEMA Standards
North American practice is to use NEMA
standards to describe ingress protection, i.e.:
NEMA 3
NEMA 4
NEMA 4X
NEMA 6

82

is similar to IP 54
is similar to IP 55
is similar to IP 56
is similar to IP 67

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FAA & ICAO Configurations

faa lighting system configuration

Type A

Red Lighting System

Type B

High Intensity White

Type C

High Intensity White

(Medium Intensity White Beacon on appurtenance over 40' tall)

Type D

Medium IntensityWhite

Type E

Dual Lighting System / Red & Medium Intensity White

Type F

Dual Lighting System / Red & High Intensity White

(Dual Beacon on appurtenance over 40' tall)

faa equipment classification

L-810

Steady-Burning Red Obstruction Light

L-856

High Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light (40 FPM)

L-857

High Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light (60 FPM)

L-864

Medium Intensity Flashing Red Obstruction Light (20-40 FPM)

L-865

Medium Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light (40 FPM)

L-864/L-865

Dual Flashing Red Obstruction Light / Medium Intensity Flashing White

Obstruction Light (40 FPM)

L-866

Medium Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light (60 FPM)

L-885

Red Catenary (60 FPM)

FPM = Flashes Per Minute

icao lighting system configuration

Type A

Low Intensity, Red Steady

Medium Intensity, White Flashing
High Intensity, White Flashing

Type B

Low Intensity, Red Steady

Medium Intensity, Red Flashing
High Intensity, White Flashing

Type C

Low Intensity (Mobile), Yellow/Blue Flashing

Medium Intensity, Red Steady

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83

faa REGULATIONS

FAA WHITE LIGHTING Type C

White Lights for Night
1751' 2200'

and Type

D - White Lights for Day/

**

CONFIGURATION KEY
L-865 Medium Intensity
Flashing Beacon
L-856 High Intensity
Flashing Beacons

1401' 1750'

**

1051' 1400'

**

701' 1050'

**

501' 700'

**

351' 500'

200' 350'

C-6

C-5

C-4

C-3

C-2

D-2

D-1

This illustration is meant to be used as a guideline only. Please refer to FAA advisory circular 70/7460-1K.
*Including any appurtenance.
**Excluding appurtenance.

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FAA Regulations

FAA RED LIGHTING Type A- Painted Tower/RedLights for Night

1751' 2200'

CONFIGURATION KEY

L-864 Flashing Beacon

L-810 Obstruction Light

1401' 1750'

1051' 1400'

701' 1050'

351' 700'

151' 350'

0' 150'

A-6

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-1

A-0

This illustration is meant to be used as a guideline only. Please refer to FAA advisory circular 70/7460-1K.
*Including any appurtenance.

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FAA Configurations
FAA Regulations

FAA DUAL LIGHTING Type E

Lights for Night
1751' 2200'

and Type

F - White Lights for Day/Red

CONFIGURATION KEY

**

L-864/L-865 Medium
Intensity Dual Red/White
Flashing Beacon

L-864 Flashing Beacon

L-856 High Intensity
Flashing Beacons

1401' 1750'

L-810 Obstruction Light

**

1051' 1400'

**

701' 1050'

**

501' 700'

**

351' 500'

200' 350'

F-6

F-5

F-4

F-3

F-2

E-2

E-1

This illustration is meant to be used as a guideline only. Please refer to FAA advisory circular 70/7460-1K.
*Including any appurtenance.
**Excluding appurtenance.

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FAA Regulations

FAA/FCC CHIMNEY and STACK LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS

NOTE: Information is provided to assist in your product selection
based on AC 70/7460-1K and AC 150/5345-43F Advisory Circular.
Your application may demand special lighting requirements. LED
fixtures are ideal for solid structure applications.

number of lights per level / structure diameter

(20 or less)
Diameter

(21 - 100)
Diameter

(100 - 200)
Diameter

4 lights / level

6 lights / level

3 lights / level

NOTE: Number of lights per level is the minimum

number and types of lighting levels / height

NOTE: Lowest level of lights must be raised above the height of adjacent structures. If your structure is not represented,

allow us to assist you with selecting the proper products for your specific structure. Example: For structure "A1",
one L-864 beacon is required at top and L-810 sidelights are to be mounted at tower height.

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8787

ICAO
Regulations
ICAO
Configurations

ICAO RED LIGHTING - Painted Tower/RedLights for Night

521m 624m
**

CONFIGURATION KEY

Medium Intensity
Type C (steady) L-864
Low Intensit y
Type B (steady) L-810

417m 520m

Low Intensity doubl e

Type B (steady) L-810
*

313m 416m

NOTE: Spacing between levels

must not exceed 52m. For more
information on specific applications,
call Technical Support.

209m 312m

105m 208m

46m 104m

0m 45m

This illustration is meant to be used as a guideline only. Please refer to ICAO (Annex 14).
**May use low intensity Type B or medium intensity Type B at this level.
*Including any appurtenance.

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ICAO Regulations

ICAO WHITE LIGHTING - White Lights for Day/White Lights for Night

526m 630m

CONFIGURATION KEY

**

Medium Intensity
Type A L-865/L-86 6
High Intensity
Type A L-856/L-85 7

421m 525m

**

316m 420m

**

211m 315m

**

151m 210m

**

106m 150m

45m 105m

This illustration is meant to be used as a guideline only. Please refer to ICAO (Annex 14).
*Including any appurtenance.
**Excluding any appurtenance.

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ICAO Regulations

ICAO DUAL LIGHTING - White Lights for Day/Red Lights for Night

521m 624m

**

CONFIGURATION KEY
Medium Intensity Type A
and Type BL-864/L-865
Medium Intensity Type B
L-856/L-857 or L-86 4
(Use all Type B or all Type C

)
)

High Intensity Type A

L-856/L-857

417m 520m

**

Low Intensity Type BL-81

313m 416m

**

209m 312m

**

151m 208m

**

105m 150m

45m 104m

This illustration is meant to be used as a guideline only. Please refer to ICAO (Annex 14).
*Including any appurtenance.
**Excluding any appurtenance.

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Lowering System

LOWERING SYSTEM

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Application Notes

APPLICATION NOTES
Note 1: safety
As with all products where high voltages may be present, take great care to be sure ALL
electrical power is removed before servicing any components in the system.
Note 2: neutral and grounding requirements
All Unimar Obstruction Lighting Controls require the presence of a neutral electrical
conductor.
NOTE: Throughout this guide "230V" refers to non-domestic locations using 220-240V
line-neutral or line-line with one leg grounded.
The transmission of alternating current (AC) is a sinusoidal wave train. The "zero" point
(neither positive nor negative) is the "neutral". The system may be single phase, 2-wire;
single phase, 3-wire; or 3 phase, 4-wire to have a neutral conductor present. The neutral
(N) is available in most systems by its connection to ground, either at the power source or
by transformer connections to ground.
The solid-state devices used in Obstruction Lighting Controllers require zero voltage
switching for the contacts. The contact closes only when the AC sine wave crosses zero or
very close to zero. This concept also reduces inrush current and RFI and increases lamp
life.
The accompanying diagrams (facing page) show the various ways a neutral can be
provided for 480/240V systems. The techniques are similar for 380/220V systems. Figure
1 and Figure 3 are extensively used in North America. The frequency is 60Hz. In other
countries, installations may be 50Hz or 60Hz. The secondary side of the circuit shown
in Figure 3 is the most commonly used for power input to controllers. With single phase,
3-wire (L-N-L) load balancing can be achieved by dividing the load circuits. Figure 2
illustrates a method for connecting a single phase 1:1 or 2:1 transformer and providing
a neutral. Figure 4 shows another method for obtaining a single phase, 3-wire (L-N-L)
system with a neutral by using two separate single phase transformers with matched
voltage windings. The ends of the primary and secondary windings are tied together
as shown with the resulting center-tapped winding of the secondary side becoming a
neutral. This is referred to as a "floating" neutral. Figure 5 is a common scheme used
outside of North America. In this case it is difficult to find the "zero" point on the wave
train. If one line of a 240V, 2-wire supply is in fact grounded, then it is 240V line to
neutral for use with the 230VAC controller.
Regarding grounding: Contollers incorporate a ground lug for equipment grounding
purposes, particularly when fault current situations occur. While it may be interpreted
that this ground is also the "neutral", avoid any interconnection of the neutral in the
power system and this equipment.

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Application Notes

Figure 1

Delta Transformer

X1

Note 3: wire size and voltage drop

X2

FAA Advisory Circular 150/5345-43F states that incandescent lamps must operate to
within 3% of the rated lamp voltage to provide proper light output.

X3
Wye Transformer

L3

120V

Line to Line = 280V, 30, 4 Wire

L2
120V

Correct lamp voltage is achieved by utilizing a combination of the correct wire size and
the correct supply voltage. Whenever possible, use the recommended wire size shown in
the wiring / schematic diagram provided with your obstruction lighting controller.

120V

L1
Line to Neutral = 120V, 10
L1 to N to L2 = 120V, 10, 3 Wire

GND

Following is the formula for calculating voltage drop to the lamp based on wire size,
length of the wire and the current draw:

Figure 2

1:1 or 2:1 Transformer

X1

Voltage Drop =

L1

480V or 240V

In some applications a boost transformer may be necessary.

240/230V or 120V

X2

2K x L x l x 0.8666
C.M.

NOTE: K = 12 for copper or 18 for aluminum; L = length in feet from the source to the load;
l = load current in amperes; C.M. = circular mil area of the conductor or total circular mil
area for paralleled conductors.

L2
GND

Figure 3

2:1 Transformer

X1

L1
240V

Note 4: lightning protection

120V

480/240V

N
120V

X2

L2

In some areas where lightning is a common occurrence, lightning arrestors and/or

lightning rods should be considered to protect the obstruction lighting equipment.

GND

Note 5: conduit and moisture

Figure 4

2:1 Transformer

X1

L1
120V

480V

Care should be taken to prevent a buildup of moisture in conduit runs that could damage
the obstruction lighting equipment. Vent and drain fittings should be installed in the
appropriate positions in the conduit runs. The photo-control should never be installed
in-line with the conduit run to the lights.

120V

Note 6: "Hot" (ungrounded) towers

GND

Figure 5

1:1 or 2:1 Transformer

X1
480V or 240V

When utilizing isolation transformers on Hot Towers, never attempt to flash the primary
of the transformer with a solid-state flasher.

L1
220/230/240V

X2

For assistance on flashing and/or alarms for Hot Towers, contact one of Unimar's
application engineers at 1-800-739-9169 or 1-315-699-4400.

L2
N or GND

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93