Table 2: ENGINEERING CONSTANTS

a) Acceleration of Gravity
Latitude
Deg
0
10
20
30
40

SI
9.780
9.782
9.786
9.793
9.802

US
32.088
32.093
32.108
32.130
32.158

g/g0
0.9973
0.9975
0.9979
0.9986
0.9995

45*

9.80665

32.1740

50
60
70
80
90

9.811
9.819
9.826
9.831
9.832

32.187
32.215
32.238
32.253
32.258

1.0004
1.0013
1.0020
1.0024
1.0026

*standard acceleration due to gravity

b) Gravitational Constant
G = 6.673 (10-11) m3/kg-s2 = 3.44 (10-8) ft-4-lb-1-s-4.
c) Coefficients of Static and Kinetic Friction
Coefficients of Static Friction
Aluminum
1.35 Brass
Copper
2.5
Iron
Magnesium
0.6
Nickel
Platinum
1.2
Steel
Zinc
0.6
Diamond

0.3
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.1

Graphite
Teflon

0.1
0.04

Nylon
Tungsten carbide

0.2
0.12

Glass
Brick

0.95
0.65

Plexi-glass
Wood

0.8
0.35

Coefficients of Kinetic Friction

Aluminum steel
Brick brick
Glass glass
Metal metal
Steel steel
Wood wood

0.47
0.65
0.4
0.05
0.3
0.4

Automotive brake pad cast iron

Copper steel
Ice ice
Rubber concrete
Teflon Teflon

0.35
0.36
0.03
0.8
0.04

Coefficients of Kinetic Friction used in Construction

Concrete soil
Steel Teflon
Brick dry clay
Brick masonry on gravel
Limestone limestone

0.3
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.75

Concrete steel
Brick moist clay
Brick masonry on sand
Granite granite
Cement block cement block

0.45
0.33
0.4
0.6
0.65

Cement concrete dry clay

Cement concrete dry sand
Cement concrete dry gravel
Cement concrete wet rock

0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5

Cement concrete wet clay

Cement concrete wet sand
Cement concrete dry rock

0.2
0.4
0.6

d) Strength of Materials
Metal
Cast Iron
Wrought Iron
Pure Iron, annealed
Hot rolled
Cold rolled

Tensile Strength* [klb/in2]

18 60
45 55
42
48
100

Yield Strength [klb/in2]

8 40
25 35
19
30
95

Structural steel
Low alloy
Steel
(SAE1300, annealed)
Quenched: 1300F
Quenched: 1000F
Quenched: 700F
Quenched: 400F
Steel
(SAE 4340, annealed)
Quenched: 1300F
Quenched: 1000F
Quenched: 700F
Quenched: 400F
Steel, cold rolled
(SAE 1112)
Steel, stainless
(18 S)

50 65
65 90

30 40
40 80

70
100
130
200
240

40
80
110
180
210

80
130
190
240
290

45
110
170
215
260

84

76

85 95

30 35

Aluminum, pure rolled

Aluminum-copper alloys, cast
Wrought, heat treated
Aluminum, die castings
Aluminum, alloy 17ST
Aluminum, alloy 51ST

13 24
19 23
30 60
30
56
48

5 21
12 16
10 50

Copper, annealed
Copper, hard-drawn

32
68

5
60

34
40

Silver, cast, annealed

18
8
Titanium, 6 4 alloy
Annealed
130
120
*compressive yield strength = tensile yield strength except in cold-rolled metals

e) Mass Densities
Metal
Aluminum
Copper , cast rolled
Iron, cast, pig
Iron, slag
Platinum, cast

mass density
[gr/cm3]
2.55 2.80
8.8 8.95
7.2
2.5 3.0
21.5

averages
[lb/ft3]
165
556
450
172
1330

[kg/m3]
2640
8910
7207
2760
21300

Steel, cold drawn

Steel, machine
Steel, tool

7.83
7.80
7.70 7.73

489
487
481

7830
7800
7700

Tungsten
Zinc, cast rolled

19.22
6.9 7.2

1200
440

18800
7050

Timber

mass density
[gr/cm3]
0.55
0.71 0.72
0.35
0.43
0.45 0.48
0.48 0.55
0.74 0.8
0.56 0.85
0.74
0.64 0.71
0.77
0.51
0.61 0.67
0.43
0.42
0.45
0.99
0.66 0.88
0.59

averages
[lb/ft3]
34
44
22
27
29
32
48
44
46
42
48
32
40
27
26
28
62
48
37

[kg/m3]
545
705
352
433
465
513
769
705
737
673
770
513
641
433
417
449
994
769
593

Ash
Birch
Cedar
Cherry
Cypress
Fir, Douglas
Hickory
Mahogany
Oak, chestnut
Oak, red, black
Oak, white
Pine, Oregon
Pine, southern
Poplar
Redwood, California
Spruce
Teak, African
Teak, Indian
Walnut

Liquids
Alcohol (100% ethyl)
Alcohol (100% methyl)
Oils, vegetable
Oils, mineral, lubricants

mass density
[gr/cm3]
0.789
0.796
0.91 0.94
0.88 0.94

averages
[lb/ft3]
49
50
58
57

[kg/m3]
802
809
930
914

Water (4C)
Water (100C)
Water (ice)
Water (snow)
Water (sea)

1.0
0.958
0.88 0.92
0.125
1.02 1.03

62.4
59.8
56
8
64

1000
958.1
897
128
1025

Masonry

mass density
[gr/cm3]

averages
[lb/ft3]

[kg/m3]

2.4 2.7
2.1 2.8
2.4 2.8
2.0 2.6

159
153
162
143

2550
2450
2600
2290

2.3 2.6
2.0 2.7
2.3 2.7
1.9 2.5

153
147
156
137

2450
2360
2500
2190

1.8 2.3
1.6 2.0
1.4 1.9

128
112
103

2050
1790
1650

2.2 2.4
1.9 2.3
1.5 1.7

144
130
100

2310
2080
1600

mass density
[gr/cm3]
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.7

averages
[lb/ft3]
63
76
95
78
96
108

[kg/m3]
1010
1220
1520
1250
1540
1730

Ashlar
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
Rubble
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
Brick
Hard
Medium
Soft
Concrete
Cement, stone, sand
Cement, slag, etc.
Cement, cinder, etc.
Earth
Clay, dry
Earth, dry, loose
Earth, dry packed
Earth, moist, loose
Earth, moist, packed
Earth, mud