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H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH VT LIU
CHUYN NGNH KIM LOI V HP KIM
MN: NU LUYN KIM LOI V HP KIM
LP: VL12KL
--------*-------
TI: N THIT K L IN H
QUANG NU LUYN THP X15 SN
LNG 20 TN/ M.
thng
nm 2015
MC LC
Li cm n............................................................................................- 4 NH GI CA THY:..........................................................................- 5 Li m u............................................................................................- 6 TNG QUAN V:
LCH S, PHN LOI, CU TO CA L H QUANG..-7CHNG 1: TNH TON TH NI L V THIT K L......................- 11 1.1 TNH TON CC KCH THC NI L SN LNG 20 TN:...............- 11 1.1.1 Hnh dng ni l:...-11-.
1.1.2 Cc kch thc ni l :..............................................................- 12 1.1.3 Cc kch thc ca khng gian nu chy:.......................................- 15 1.2 THIT K L V CC B PHN CA L:..................................................- 20 1.2.1 Xy l h quang:.....................................................................- 20 1.2.2 Thit b l:.............................................................................- 25 1.2.3 Thit b in:..........................................................................- 26 CHNG 2: CHUN B L V TNH TON PHI LIU NU THP.......- 25 2.1 CHUN B L:..................................................................................................- 25 2.2 TNH TON PHI LIU NU THP TRONG L H QUANG 20 TN:...- 28 2.2.1 Tnh ton phi liu chnh:...........................................................- 29 2.2.2 Kim tra thnh phn cc nguyn t khc:........................................- 30 2.3.TNH TON LNG X TRONG M:..............................................................-312.3.1 Cc cht to x bazo:..................................................................- 312.3.2 Tnh ton khi lng x:.............................................................- 342.4 CNG TC CHUN B:...................................................................................- 35 2.4.1 Kim tra thit b:......................................................................- 35 2.4.2 Cht liu:...............................................................................- 37 CHNG 3:CNG NGH NU LUYN THP TRONG L H QUANG . .- 37 3.1 GIAI ON NU CHY:.................................................................................- 37 3.1.1 Trnh t tin hnh:....................................................................- 37 3.1.2 Kh P:..................................................................................- 38 3.1.3 Bin php rt ngn thi gian nu chy:..........................................- 39 3.2 GIAI ON OXY HA:...................................................................................- 41 3.2.1 Nhim v c bn ca giai on ny l:...........................................- 41 3.2.2 Thc hin qu trnh:..................................................................- 42 3.3 GIAI ON HON NGUYN:........................................................................- 42 3.3.1 Nhim v:..............................................................................- 42 3.3.2 Thc hin:..............................................................................- 42 3.3.3 Kh oxy:...............................................................................- 42 3.3.4 Kh lu hunh:.......................................................................- 42 3.3.5 Hp kim ha thp:....................................................................- 42 CHNG 4: CH IN V CH NHIT TRONG L..................- 51 4.1 CH NHIT:................................................................................................- 51 4.2 CH IN:..................................................................................................- 54 CHNG 5:BIN PHP RT NGN THI GIAN NU LUYN, TNG NNG SUT 62NHM 11- N MN HC
NHM 11- N MN HC
NHM 11- N MN HC
NH GI CA THY:
........................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
NHM 11- N MN HC
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
LI M U
Vo th k 20, nht l sau chin tranh th gii ln th nht nn cng nghip ngy cng pht trin
mnh. Trn th gii ln th nht nn cng nghip ngy cng pht trin mnh..Trn th gii lc
by gi cc ngnh cng nghip, nht l ngnh luyn thp v hp kim, ngnh c chi tit, ngnh
ch to my, ngnh in t ang pht trin v sn lng v cht lng sn phm. Do yu
cu v iu kin k thut mi , st thp thng thng nh trc khng tho mn vi cc dng
c, my mc, thit b ti tn, v y i hi chng phi lm vic trong iu kin nhit v p
sut cao, chng c n mn, in ha, chng bo mn c hc, chng nng, chng g , do
i hi phi sn sau61t ra cc chng loi thp v hp kim c nhng tnh nng c bit nh
bn c hc cao, bn chng n mn ca mi trng axit, nc sng c bit cn phi sn
xut cc loi thp c tnh n hi cao, c tnh nhim t tt, c tnh chng nhim t cao. Do cc
tnh cht t bit trn nn thp c sn xut ra t l thi kh, l Besmer, l Mactin khng th
p ng c na m phi nu luyn trong cc loi l in. Vy phng php luyn thp trong
l in l mt cng ngh mi v hin i. luyn tho v hp kim trong l in, ngi ta tn
dng in nng bin chng thnh nhit nng di dng h quang xoay chiu ( AC-EAF), l in
h quang mt chiu (DC_EAF) sn xut thp cacbon cht lng, thp hp kim thp, trung
bnh v cao vi sn lng ln. luyn mt s mc thep hp kim chuyn dng hoc thp hp
kim cao t cacbon, ngi ta s dng cc loi l in cm ng cao tn, trung tn v tn s cng
nghip. nu li thp v hp kim, tinh luyn kim lai v thp t cht lng cao hn na
ngi ta s dng l in x, l in cm ng chn khng, l h quang chn khng , l in t
chn khng su, l plasma, nung nguyn liu ferro, cc loi vt liu, cc dng c, chi tit
my ngi ta s dng l in tr nung trc tip hoc gin tip.
c im ni bt ca l h quang:
-
Tp trung c lng nhit ln nung chy kim loi nhanh c bit l cc kim loi kh
chy nh vofram, molipden,
L c nhit cao >=1700 C nn to iu kin ha tan cc nguyn t hp kim nhiu
trong thp, tha mn y cc phn ng luyn kim (oxy ha, kh), tng tc phn
ng ha hc, thc y cc qu trnh xy ra nhanh chng v trit .
D dng nng nhit cho b kim loi, iu chnh chnh xc thnh phn ha hc ca thp
lng v x.
m bo chy hao ca cc nguyn t hp kim rt thp, gim hm lng phospho v lu
hunh rt thp (P,S < 0,02%).
Gi thnh thp l in cn cao v tiu tn in nng v in cc ln.
V vy cn phi:
-
Chn v tnh ton hp l ph thp, m bo t phospho v lu hunh, kch thc liu phi
ph hp vi dung lng l v phng php cht liu vo l m bo vn hnh l tt.
S dng v khng ch ch in mt cch ti u trong qu trnh nu thp, m bo thi
gian nu mt m thp thp nht, nng sut l cao nht.
p dng trit cc bin php cng ha trong giai on nu chy, oxy ha v hon
nguyn.
p dng cc cng ngh mi nh thi oxy, nung liu trc, to x bt, kh b tp cht
v cc kh c hi trong thp mt cch trit .
NHM 11- N MN HC
Tuy nhin, n ch gii hn trong tnh ton l v phi liu, thit k l v cch vn hnh ca
mt sinh vin nn ch l mt bi s khai khng chuyn su vo l h quang. V vy s c
nhiu thiu st, khng y .Hi vng c nhng sai st no mong thy v cc bn gp kin
ng gp bi lm hon thin hn.
TNG QUAN
1. Lch s pht trin ca l h quang:
L h quang l loi l in c s dng ph bin nht trn th gii cng nh nc
ta hin nay trong vic nu luyn thp.
Lch s pht trin ca l h quang:
Trn th gii, l in c xy dng u tin Php vo nm 1889 vi dung lng 3
tn/m nu luyn thp hp kim. n nm 1900 M s dng loi l in h quang
10-60 tn/ m nu thp dng c v thp hp kim. Tip Khc s dng l h quang
20-30 tn/m nu cc loi thp cacbon v thp hp kim thp. Ngy nay ngi ta s
dng ph bin v rng ri l l h quang 100-400 tn/m dung lng in p 35.000165.000 kVA.
c bip M chy thng xuyn loi l 360 tn/ m v ch siu cng sut
160.000 kVA sn xut thp cacbon cht lng, m bo nng sut 100-120 tn thp/
gi.
T nm 1900 n nay ngi ta thit k xy dng cc loi l h quang hin i nh
l h quang mt chiu siu cng sut (150 tn/ m), l h quang thn ct (Thy in) c
dung lng l 100-300 tn/ m.
Sn lng thp l h quang chim 80-90% tng lng thp l in. S lng thp
cn li c sn xut ra t l cm ng cao tn,trung tn v l tn s cng nghip.
nc ta c rt nhiu nh my s dng l h quang t bit nh:
-
- u im:
- Nhc im:
Phi liu s dng cho l h quang ch yu l thp ph liu c thnh phn tng i n
nh, nht l P v S phi thp. Thp ph liu trong ni b nh my khng cung cp cho
l, v vy a phn phi nhp ngoi tn km chi ph.
3. Phn loi:
NHM 11- N MN HC
3.1.
-
Theo cu to mch in chia lm hai loi: l h quang xoay chiu AC-EAF v l h quang
mt chiu DC-EAF.
L h quang trc tip c s dng ph bin nht hin nay trn th gii v c nc
ta.
3.2.
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
4. Cu to v nguyn l ca thit b:
4.1.
Cu to chung ca mt l h quang:
Bung l.
Thit b nghing l.
4.2.
L h quang s dng ngun nhit l ngn la h quang sinh ra gia in cc v kim loi
nu.
Sau nng in cc ln cch b mt kim loi nu mt khong cch nht nh. Cng
dng in cao s lm pht sinh ngn la h quang gia in cc v kim loi nu, gi l h
quang trc tip.
Nhit ngn la h quang rt cao v tp trung nn lng nhit truyn cho kim loi l rt
ln v ch yu l truyn nhit bc x.
Khi kim loi chy lng,khong cch gia in cc v kim loi c iu chnh thch hp
ngn la h quang chy n nh.
NHM 11- N MN HC
10
11
H3
0
H2
H1
b
100
h2 H
45
h1
d
D
Dkg
gi nguyn c hnh dng trong qu trnh nu luyn.Vi hnh dng ny th bo m cho kim
loi nng chy nhanh v kim loi lng c tch li trong phn chm cu.
Th tch kim loi lng trong ni l:
Vkl = V0 * gkl = 0,145 * 20 = 2,90 (m3)
Vi V0 l th tch ring ca kim loi lng ( thp c V0 = 0,145 m3/tn)
Th tch x l:
Vx = V0x * gx
Vi V0x l th tch ring ca x ( 0,33 tn/m3)
Nu dng gang th lng x ph thuc vo trng lng gang (gang : 15->20%/m, x: 9>10%). an ton ta trong qu trnh nu luy n th ta tnh cho 100% li u l gang v lng s xinh
ra l 15% lng gang.
Vx = 15% * Vkl = 15% * 2,90 = 0,435 (m3)
Vy th tch ni l l: V = Vkl + Vx = 2,90 + 0,435 = 3,335 (m3)
NHM 11- N MN HC
12
ng knh ni l: D = 5 * H
Chiu su phn chm cu: h1 = 0,2 * H
Chiu su phn hnh nn: h2 = 0,8 * H
h2 2
r 2 h12
2
V
( R Rr r ) h1 ( )
3
2
6
Vi R = D, r = (D 2h2) = 1,7H
Th vo ta c V = 12,1H = 0,0968D3 (m3)
Vni l = 12,1 * H3 => H = 0,650 (m) = 650 mm
ng knh ni l: D = 5 * H = 5* 650 = 3250 mm
Chiu su phn chm cu: h1 = 0,2 * H = 0,2 * 650 = 130 mm
Chiu su phn hnh nn: h2 = 0,8 * H = 0,8 * 650 = 520 mm
Bn knh ni l : R = D/2 = 3250/2 = 1625 mm
Bn knh chm cu : r = 1,7 * H = 1,7 * 650 = 1105 mm
ng knh chm cu : d = D 2 * h2 = 2 * r = 2 * 1105 = 2210 mm
NHM 11- N MN HC
13
128mm
10
10
chiu cao:
i lng
Ni l
Chiu cao ni l
NHM 11- N MN HC
K hiu
H
Vnl
12,1
Gi tr
n v
650
mm
14
h1
h1=0,2H
130
mm
h2
h2=0,8H
520
mm
ng knh ni l
D= 5*H
3250
mm
d = D 2 * h2 = 2 * r 2210
mm
1105
mm
cu
Bn knh phn chm cu
Tng l
ng knh ca khng
1
d 1, 7 H
2
Dkg
Dkg = D + 2* 100
3450
mm
H1
H1 = 0,4 * Dkg
1380
mm
128
mm
gian nu chy
Chiu cao khng gian
nu chy
nghing ca tng l
Xc nh di y,
H1 100
10
Chiu cao ca np l
h3
h3 = 0,125 *Dkg
431,25
mm
ng knh np l
D1
D1 = Dkg + 2*
3706
mm
Chiu rng ca l
a=0,3 D1
1111,8
mm
Chiu cao ca l
b 0,8a
889,44
mm
day
600- 750
650
mm
tuong
450- 550
500
mm
dy y l
tng np l
dy tng l
ng knh ca
v l
ng knh ngoi ca
DT = Dkg + 2* 4450
mm
DN
DT + 2*v l
4500
mm
nap
300
300
mm
v l
dy np l
NHM 11- N MN HC
15
Sau khi s dng l nu luyn th dung tch l s tng ln khong 30 40% nn c th
nu qu t 15 20%.
Gch inat: l loi vt liu chu la axit, nguyn liu ch yu l thch anh v hm lng
SiO2 cao. Nhit bt u bin mm l 1650C, chu nng 1710-1720C. Thnh phn ha
hc :
SiO2
CaO
MgO
Al2O3
Fe2O3
93,2-95%
2,4-3%
0,80%
1,10-2,0%
0,75-1,10%
NHM 11- N MN HC
16
MgO
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3 + Fe2O3
88-91,5%
3%
4%
3-5%
MgO
CaO
FeO
Al2O3
MnO
SiO2
86%
2%
5%
1,5%
0,8%
4%
MgO
Fe2O3
SiO2
52-58%
35-38%
3%
0,6-2,8%
SiO2
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
35%
62%
2%
0,7%
0,3%
17
Ngoi cc vt liu trn, ngi ta cn dng aming, gch iamt lm vt liu cch nhit v
hc n, nha than, nha thy tinh lng lm cht kt dnh.
Cc th gch xy: xy cc thit b luyn thp, ngi ta s dng cc th gch chu la v
cch nhit sn xut theo hnh dng v kch thc tiu chun ha. Mt s th gch xy thng
dng nh sau:
Gch thng: Dng xy tng thng, y l hoc phi hp vi gch vt xy vm v
tng cong, kch thc ph bin l 23011365.
Gch vt nm: Dng xy tng cong hoc vm l c chiu dy mng, kch thc ph
bin l 23011365/55 hoc 23011365/45.
Gch vt ng: Dng xy tng cong hoc vm l c chiu dy ln, kch thc ph
bin l 23011365/55 hoc 23011365/45.
Gch chn vm: Dng xy chn vm cong, kch thc ph bin l 23011365/55
hoc 230113135/56/37.
Gch vm treo: Dng xy vm l phng bng mc treo, kch thc ph bin l
300276260/100/75/30.
Gch thng
Gch chn vm
Gch vt nm
Gch vm cu
NHM 11- N MN HC
Gch vt ng
Gch vm treo
18
Khi chn gch xy l nn dng cc loi gch tiu chun c ch to hng lot hoc d
kim.
b. Xy l h quang bazo
Mt s loi gch chu la c s dng xy l baz hin nay:
L baz c s dng nhiu v to iu kin thun li cho vic tp cht nh pht pho,
lu hunh v cc tp phi kim khc
L h quang baz xy l thng c xy dng bng gch manhzit(MgO), Crmmanhzit( Cr2O3-MgO), manhzit-Crmit( MgO-Cr2O3), cng c khi dng gch Alumin cao(
Al2O3) xy l. Ngoi ra cn s dng gch samt A( Al2O3-SiO2) cn nhit v gi nhit.
Gch manhzit c dng xy phn trn v phn y l c thnh phn:
MgO
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3 + Fe2O3
88-91,5%
3%
4%
3-5%
MgO
20-30%
40-45%
Loi gch ny c chu la cao, dn nhit tt, chu c nhit thay i t ngt,
nn thng dng xy chn tng l, ch tho thp v i khi dng xy np l. Loi
gch ny c tnh cht tt thng dng xy np l.
Gch manhezit-Crmicc thnh phn:
MgO
Cr2O3
65-67%
8-18%
Gch samot l loi gch c tnh cht trung bnh c thnh phn ha hc:
Al2O3
SiO2
20-30%
55-60%
19
20
1.2.2. Thit b l
a. Thit b in:
Thit b in ca l gm : cc mch in cng cao, cc loi cu dao,cc thit b
iu chnh t ng in cc, cc dng c o in, in cc.
Mch cng cao l quang trng nht quyt nh gi tr v kh nng lm vic ca
l.ng thi c nh hng ln n qu trnh sn sut, mch cng cao bao gm cu dao
cch ly, cu dao cng sut cao th, my bin p l v cun cm khng, mch ngn v in
cc,cu dao cch ly d ct in khi sa cha hoc kim tra thit b.
Bin p l l b phn quan trng nht cung cp in cho l h quang. T ngun s
cp 6 35kV chuyn sang cun th cp h xung cn 100 220V. Bin p phi lm vic
trong diu kin nhit cao v ti trong ln( t o=60 700C), v qu ti ln, thng h s ti
1,25 150. V vy cn phi tng cng lm ngui my bin p bng du, khng kh hoc
bng nc cng bc. c cun dy s cp ca my bin p c nhiu u dy t do. Do
c kh nng thay i in p ra ph hp vi yu cu nu luyn.
NHM 11- N MN HC
21
Cc tnh cht
( ). mm 2 / m
1
in tr sut
2
Trong lng
Thc
ring g/cm3
Biu khin
xp, %
bn nn, kg/cm2
dn nhit, kcal/m.h.oC
NHM 11- N MN HC
in cc than
40 50
in cc grafit
6 14
450 500
5 7
1,9 2,0
>600
1,50
1,70
20 25
200 450
27 32
150 350
13
113
0,20 0,30
2,10 2,23
22
Trong qu trnh nu luyn thp in cc lun b chy hao, mc chy hao ph thuc
v ch cung cp in, dung lng l v cng ngh nu luyn, thi gian nu luyn cng
ko di th chy hao in cc cng ln. Khi in cc ngn dn ngi ta h tip n vo l, khi
n qu ngn khng h xung c na cn phi thay in cc mi. gim hao ph phn
ui in cc, ngi ta ch to in cc thnh nhng on hnh tr u c lm ren hoc
cn. Cc vt ni c ch to t cc phi c bit c bn cao. Chy hao in cc ca
Lin x c (1985) l :
Ngy nay do p dng cc cng ngh hin i nn chy hao in cc l 1,2 2kg/tn
thp.
Do oxy ha b mt.
Do gy in cc hay vt ni
Do h quang in lm nh vn in cc
ng knh in
100
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
350
400
9,0
9,5
9,5
9,5
10
10
10
10
10
10
28
24
22
20
20
18
17
17
16
15
78,6
176
240
314
378
490
595
706
962
1250
6300
8000
10200
11000
12400
15400
18500
cc ddc.mm
in tr
( ). mm 2 / m
sut
Mt dng
i.A/ cm 2
Tit din ngang
ca in cc, cm2
Dng in I2,A
NHM 11- N MN HC
23
Cng dng
6600
8200
11000
11500
12600
15800
18700
109
105
102
101
104
101
102
101
102
106
b.V l:
V l phi c bn chu c trng lng ca kim loi v lp lt, ng thi n phi
chu c p sut ca lp lt b gin n khi nung nng.
V l thng c hn bng thp tm vi chiu dy 25mm cho dung tch l 20T c ng
knh v l l 4105,8mm ( chiu dy v l =1/200 ng knh v l).
V l c dng hnh cn-tr, gc nghing ca hnh cn l 6-23 v chiu cao ca on hnh
cn = 1/3-2/3 khong cch t ngng ca l n chn np l to thun li cho vic v l v tng
tui th ca l.
Ngoi ra, v l cn c cc gn tng bn v c cc vnh ai gi nguyn hnh dng ca v
l. Vnh ai pha trn lm thnh dng rnh cha ct to kht khi y np l.
V y l lm dng hnh chm cu m bo c bn ti a v lp lt c trng lng nh
nht, n c lm bng thp khng c t tnh c th lp t thit b khy trn bng in t.
b.Vng m in cc:
Cc l trng trn np l t in cc thng c ng knh ln hn ng knh ca in
cc t 40-50mm trnh lm h hng in cc khi nung nng. Nhng kh l s thot ra qua ch
ny gy mt mt nhit, in cc b oxy ha mnh, mt dng in tng ln dn n in cc b
gy.
to s kht cht gia in cc v np l, ta s dng nhng vng m in cc. Vng m
in cc c nhiu loi nh : t ng trn np l, ng xon rut g, i trng...
c.B phn cp in cc:
B phn cp in cc dng dn in n in cc v gi in cc mt cao nht
nh. B phn ny b nung nng bi kh nng thot ra t khe h in cc nn n phi bn v
mt mt nhit nh nht v phi gi c in cc khng b ri xung trong khi nu luyn.
u cp in cc lm bng thp, ng thau hoc ng thanh.Phi c gng gim in tr
tip xc gia u cp v in cc nhm gim mt mt in nng v th n c lm bng thp
khng t tnh v c lm ngui bng nc gim c s oxy ha v gin n v nhit, gi
c tip xc cht lm gim in tr tip xc.
d. B phn c kh nng h in cc:
Mi in cc phi c b phn nng h ring. i vi l ln ta dng thit b iu chnh
bng thy lc hay thit b bn dn tiristor silic iu chnh in cc ln xung.
B phn nng h in cc c 2 tr lng vo nhau c dng nhiu nht hin nay. Tr ngoi
rng rut c gn c nh vo v l, cn tr trong c lng vo trong tr ngoi. Tr ngoi c
gn cht 4 hoc 8 puly bn trong c nhim v dn ng tr trong ln xung theo hng nht
NHM 11- N MN HC
24
nh. Tr trong gn cht x ngang gi in cc, khi tr trong di chuyn ln xung th ko theo
in cc cng ln xung theo.
Tc nng h in cc ph thuc vo dung tch l. i vi l 20T :
Vln = 1,5-2,5 m/pht
Vxung = 1,2-1,5 m/pht.
1.Gi lp in cc
2.Tr dn hng
3.H thng dn ng
4.Kp in cc
5.i trng.
e. B phn c kh nghing l:
Yu cu ca b phn ny l:
-
u im:
-
Nhc im:
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
25
f. B phn np liu:
np liu vo l pha trn ca l ta dng thng np liu. y l phng php ch yu
c dng trong cc l hin i v:
-
Np liu tn t thi gian nn lp lt l khng b ngui i,gim thi gian nu luyn ngn,
nng sut l tng.
Khong khng gian c s dng tt hn, s dng c 100% th tch l.
NHM 11- N MN HC
26
Nguyn vt liu v l:
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
27
Dng c v l:
i vi l ln, ta dng my kh nn, a quay nn cc vt liu v l vo ch cn v. L
c m np, h bunke cha vt liu v l vo lng l, y bunke c 1 a quay, vt liu v l
ri xung a v c nm vo tng bn ca l.
28
chu nhit, Tn dng cc nguyn t hp kim nh V, Si, Ni, Cr, W, Mo, c sn trong ph
liu, h gi thnh thp v m bo cc ch tiu kinh t k thut,
Ph liu dng luyn thp phi m bo thnh phn, c bit l P,S cho tng loi mc
thp nu luyn.
Liu cn c lm sch, ty sch cc oxt, r st, du m, sy kh .
Phng php nu li c cc u im nh:
Rt ngn thi gian nu luyn, trong thi k oxy ha c th gim t 20-60 pht, thi k
hon nguyn gim 20-30 pht.
p dng phng php ny c th gim chi ph in nng 12-15%,nng sut l tng 1520%.
Gim bt cc cht oxy ha cht to x, in cc gch chiu nhit, nht l gim s bay
hi cc nguyn t hp kim.
Tn dng cc nguyn t hp kim trong ph liu.
Tng tui th l, thi gian phc v ca l, np v y l tng 10% so vi l nu c thi
k si.
Ta chn phng n nu luyn liu l thp v gang ph liu trong qu trnh nu c gia on
oxy ha v hon nguyn.
2.2.2. Vt t s dng
Thp X15 c thnh phn
Nguyn
t
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Cu
X15
0,951,05
0,20,4
0,170,37
<
0,025
< 0,025
1,31,65
0,25
0,35
NHM 11- N MN HC
29
Fero Silic:
C nhiu phng n chn nguyn liu. y ta chn nguyn liu l thp 40Cr v gang. Ngoi ra
nu cn ta dng fero silic, fero cromic, fero mangan v than cc khi thiu Si, Cr, Mn hay C.
Thnh phn ca nguyn liu:
Loi nguyn liu
40Cr
Gang
Si
Mn
Cr
0,40
0,27
0,65
0,03
0,03
0,95
3,9
0,8
0,2
0,05
75
0,7
0,05
0,04
0,07
0,04
FeSi75
FeCr65
6,6
NHM 11- N MN HC
65
Ni
Cu
0,3
30
0,3
Ni
0,1
0,1
FeMn75
75
0,38
0,03
99,1
0,2
x y 100
x 72,86%
Tnh chy hao cc nguyn t qua cc thi k :nu chy, oxy ha hon nguyn.
Nguyn liu
Thi k nu chy
(%)
Fe
2-5
56
Mn
50 - 70
10 - 15
NHM 11- N MN HC
31
Si
50- 75
50 - 80
15 - 20
Cr
5 - 10
10 - 20
23
50 - 60
30 - 40
50
15 -20
75 - 80
Mo
Ti
100
40 50
Al
100
100
70 80
Ni
Cthancc
30 40
15 20%
1,5 2%/gi
5%
32
17,5% = 1,11%.
1,75% = 1,09%.
5% = 1,04%.
% Mn
m M
0,04
0,06(tan)
0,75 0,95
NHM 11- N MN HC
33
Si :
% Si
0,63 = 0,15%.
0,9 = 0,015%.
17,5% = 0,012%.
msi 75
0,05
0,10(tan)
0,75 0,70
.
P:
%P
NHM 11- N MN HC
34
55% = 0,04%.
%S
.
- Thi k nu chy: %Si = 0,04 - 0,04
- Thi k oxy ha : %Si = 0,04 - 0,04
0% = 0,04%.
17,5% = 0,03%.
%C
NHM 11- N MN HC
35
Vt
Liu
SiO2
Fe2O3
Al2O3
CaO
MgO
Vi
2,3
2,2
0,8
91,3
3,3
Hunh
thch
3,6
1,5
0,2
Manhe
zit
92
Tro
in
cc
46
18
26
10
Gch
inat
94
1,1
1,6
2,5
0,8
Samot
62
35
0,7
0,3
Qung
Fe
3,8
81,2
1,2
0,2
Vy
cn
1,75
35,57
0,62
1,4
NHM 11- N MN HC
MnO
CaF2
CaCO3
FeO
0,1
94,2
- 0,5
0,2
0,7
12,6
0,62
1,43
58,6
0,1
-
36
Than
cc
51
35
Bay hi
Vo x
Fe
90%
10%
Si
50%
50%
Mn
20%
80%
100%
Ti
100%
Cr
20%
80%
100%
a. Thi k nu chy:
Bng thng bng cc nguyn t giai on nu chy:
Nguyn t
Lng
Lng
Lng
Lng
trong
mt do
chy hao vo
x
kim loi
bay hi
(kg)
(kg)
lng (kg)
(kg)
Fe
88711,2
744
Si
3104,89
310,5
2794,39
Lng cn li
Kg
85606,31
97,936
744
0,85
1154,8
692,88
346,44
346,44
461,92
0,53
Mn
912,4
364,96
291,97
72,99
547,44
0,63
62
34,1
34,1
27,9
0,032
45,6
22,8
22,8
22,8
0,026
Tng
91630
87410,37
100
NHM 11- N MN HC
37
Nguyn t
Lng
Lng
Lng
Lng
trong kim
mt do
chy hao vo x
loi lng
bay hi
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
Fe
85606,31
5136,38
513,64
4622,74
744
442,81
442,81
Si
461,92
346,44
Mn
547,44
Lng cn li
Kg
80469,93
98,85
301,19
0,37
173,22
173,22
115,48
0,142
68,43
54,74
13,69
479,01
0,59
27,9
9,76
9,76
18,14
0,022
22,8
3,42
3,42
19,38
0,024
Tng
87410,37
81403,13
100
m FeSi75
20000.(0,27 0,135)
40,0(kg).
100.0,75.0,9
m FeMn75
20000.(0,30 0,24)
17,54(kg).
100.0,76.0,9
m FeCr 65
20000.0,35
107,69(kg).
100.0,65
NHM 11- N MN HC
38
m Ni
20000.0,25
50,45( kg).
100.0,991
Nguyn t
Lng
Lng
trong kim
chy hao
loi lng
(kg)
(kg)
Lng cn li
kg
Fe
80619,29
80619,29
98,1
334,4
334,4
0,41
Si
175,33
26,3
149,03
0,18
Mn
539,55
539,55
0,7
18,77
18,77
0,03
19,6
15,19
4,41
0,0054
Cr
270,3
9,46
260,84
0,285
Ni
270
270
0,29
Tng
82247,24
82196,29
100
39
Tc np nhanh u.
Liu phi c xp st cht v cht c nhiu nht.
Phn b cc c liu hp l trong l, cc liu ln v loi liu kh chy nn a vo vng
nhit cao.
Duy tr chng c n nh, bo m an ton khng lm gy in cc trong qu trnh
nu.
C gng np liu 12 ln, s dng np liu trn xung.
Liu loi nh
<10kg
40%
1025 kg
45%
Liu cc to
25150 kg
15%
Cht liu theo phng php trn xung, ta dng thng cha liu c y t ng ng, m.
Liu c cht vo thng liu, kch thc thng liu ty vo dung lng l, sau nng v di
chuyn np l to khong trng pha trn, m y thng cht liu liu ri vo l.
NHM 11- N MN HC
40
41
3.1.2 Kh Photpho:
Qu trnh oxy ha kh P:
2 [P] + 5 (FeO) = (P2O5) + 5 [Fe] , H<0
4 (CaO) + (P2O5) = (4CaO.P2O5)
2[P] + 5 (FeO) + 4(CaO) = (4CaO.P2O5) + 5 [Fe]
H s phn b ca P l:
Lp
( P2 O5 )
K P ( FeO) 5 .(CaO) 4
2
[ P]
NHM 11- N MN HC
42
phn vo vic nu chy liu. Dng oxy nguyn cht ta c th rt ngn thi gian nu chy
t 10-12 pht, tit kim 80-100 kWh/tn thp, tit kim in nng.
1% C b oxy ha tng nhit ln 3400C [C] + O2= CO2
1% C b oxy ha tng nhit ln 1180C [C] + O2= CO
1% Si b oxy ha tng nhit ln 2700C [Si] + O2 = SiO2
-
Gia nhit cho liu 800-1000C sau khi np liu nng kt hp thi oxy ngay lm gim
thi gian nu chy 10%, tiu hao in nng gim 15%. Nung liu trc cn gim c
qu trnh thy phn du m bn ca liu, gim kh c hi trong kim loi lng. Rt ngn
thi gian nu chy 25-30% nu thi phi hp vi kh thin nhin.
Ngoi ra c th dng gang lng lm phi liu.
a.Oxy ha cacbon:
Vic oxy ha C lm cho ni l si mnh lit to iu kin cho vic kh kh, tp cht, ng
u ha thnh phn v nhit kim loi, quan trng nht l gim %C trong thp nh hn gii
hn yu cu, to x xp.
Nng FeO cng cao th tc kh C cng cao, tng nng FeO bng cch dng
qung st hoc thi oxy vo l.
(Fe2O3) + [Fe] = 3 (FeO)
NHM 11- N MN HC
43
Lp
( P2 O5 )
K P ( FeO) 5 .(CaO) 4
2
[ P]
Khi kh P, cn gim hm lng (SiO 2), tng (CaO), (FeO) v gim nhit (14501500C), kh giai on cui giai on nu chy v u giai on oxy ha.
c.Oxy ha Silic:
Si b kh u tin n ~0,02% th Mn bt u oxy ha
2 [FeO] +[Si] = (SiO2) +2[Fe], H = -75790cal
Khi nhit kim loi thp, phn ng oxy ha Si tin hnh thun li, Si b oxy ha gn nh
hon ton giai on oxy ha.
Hm lng (FeO) cao khi oxy ha Si
(FeO) + (SiO2) = (FeO.SiO2)
Hp cht ny kt hp vi vi to silicat bn vng v gii phng FeO.
(FeO.SiO2) + (CaO) = (CaO.SiO2) + (FeO)
d.Oxy ha Mangan:
Mn chy 50% giai on nu chy, giai on oxy ha cn khong 0,2%
NHM 11- N MN HC
44
Qung st
NHM 11- N MN HC
45
3.3.3 Kh oxy:
Trong qu trnh nu luyn, oxy tn ti trong thp lng di dng [FeO]. Trong giai on
oxy ha hm lng [FeO] c tc dng quyt nh qu trnh oxy ha kh. Nhng vi thp thnh
phm th [FeO] c hi rt ln lm gim cht lng thp, do giai on hon nguyn phi gim
hm lng oxy [FeO] ti mc thp nht.
Tc hi ca oxy trong thp:
-
Khi kt tinh trong khun, nhit kim loi gim nhanh lm oxy t dng [FeO] tit ra oxy
lm tng oxy trong phn thp cn lng, lm mt cn bng O 2- C, do sinh ra phn ng
oxy ha li cacbon, to kh CO bay ln, dn ti thp thi b r cho nn cn thp b gin v
b nt.
Khi ng c [FeO] cng tch vi [FeS], lm dung im chy ch l 910C, thp hn
cng tch ca [Fe] v [FeS] (985C). Cng tch [FeO] vi [FeS] to thnh mng mng
nm bin gii ht tinh th. Khi nung ln cn ra thnh phm th phi b nt khng
dng c.
[FeO] phn ng vi cc nguyn t hp kim Al, Ti, Si, Mn to ra cc sn phm oxyt (tp
cht phi kim) nm li trong thp lng, lm gim tnh cht c hc ca thp.
46
Cht kh oxy c cho trc tip vo kim loi lng, phn ng kh oxy xy ra ngay trong
kim loi. Qu trnh kh oxy nhanh nhng to ra cc tp cht phi kim loi li trong th tch kim
loi.Phng php dng kh oxy trong thp cacbon, thp kt cu.
Trc tin,co ht x oxy ha, cho cc cc FeMn75 v FeSi75 vi t l Mn/Si = 47 vo
thp lng kh oxy s b, dng Al cc cho vo l trc lc ra thp 3-5 pht kh oxy trit
(kh kt thc).Cc kim loi, hp kim ny ngoi nhim v kh oxy trit cn hn ch N 2 ha
tan vo thp lng v lm ht tinh th nh mn khi kt tinh trong khun. Cc oxyt kim loi MnO,
Al2O3, FeO c t trng nh s ni ln x. Nhng mt s oxyt khng ni ln c nm li trong
thp lm nh hng n cht lng thp.
nh hng t l Mn/Si n hm lng tp cht trong thp lng
T l Mn/Si
3,5
4,5
6,0
7,0
Tng tp cht
oxyt, %
0,0172
0,0146
0,0119
0,0116
Tng lng tp
cht, %
SiO2
FeO
MnO
Cho
FeMn
trc, FeSi sau
37,20
7,55
55,25
0,0149
54,16
16,76
29,05
0,0268
Thao tc cho cht Lng [O] trc khi Lng tp cht phi Lng [O] trong
kh vo l
b kh , %
kim loi trong thp, thp thnh phm, %
%
FeSi FeMn
0,021-0,025
0,0254-0,0292
0,012-0,013
FeMn FeSi
0,019-0,024
0,0173-0,0217
0,007-0,009
Nu t l Mn/Si <4 th tng lng tp cht trong thp > 0,01720,0185%, hm lng SiO 2
trong thp cao, cn hm lng MnO trong thp thp. nhit 1600C SiO 2 vn cn th rn,
kch thc b nn d nm trong thp lng lm tng hp cht SiO2 trong thp.
Nu t l Mn/Si > 7 to nhiu Mn, SiO2 li t, sau khi kh oxy xong, trong thp lng cn qu
d MnO. nhit > 1550C MnO b phn ly thnh [Mn] + [O], [Mn] ha tan vo thp cn [O]
+[C] CO do hm lng Mn trong thp vt qu gii hn cho php, cn C li gim qu
NHM 11- N MN HC
47
T trng 20C
Al2O3
2050
4,00
MnO
1785
5,40
SiO2
1710
2,40
FeO.SiO2
1178
MnO.SiO2
1270
FeO
1371
2FeO.SiO2
1205
3Al2O3.SiO2
1810
xAl2O3.yMnO
1520
TiO2
1560
4,20
Cr2O3
2700-2950
5,75
NiO
1960
48
Nu lng Al a vo 0,02%:
3[FeO] + 2[Al] = 3[Fe] +Al2O3
3[MnO] + 2[Al] = 3[Mn] + Al2O3
(Cr2O3) + 2[Al] = 2[Cr] + Al2O3
Kh nng kh oxy ca Al: 2[Al] + 3[O] = Al2O3
lgK = - 47200/T + 12,52
V vy, nhit cng cao th kh nng kh oxy ca Al km, Al ha tan vo thp lng rt t
v hu nh b oxy ha hon ton.
Kh oxy bng Al cn ch :
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
49
Trong qu trnh kh, hm lng C ca kim loi tng ln, nh hng rt ln n thp, tc
tng hm lng C l 0,02-0,1%C/gi.
Mt tip xc vi kim loi phi ln, ngha l phi tng din tch tip xc gia x v cc
cht kh oxy a vo.
Trc khi cho cc cht kh oxy ln trn cn khuy trn kim loi lng, tng tc khuch
tn ca FeO v cc tp cht khc.
Lp x phi dy, to iu kin thun li tin hnh phn ng kh.
Nhit kim loi phi cao ( khong 1600C) tng tc khuch tn v tng phn ng
kh oxy.
50
rt ngn thi gian kh, ta thi hn hp kh Ar + bt CaC2 vo l thi gian 10-15 pht.
Trong qu trnh kh oxy, hm lng CaC 2 gim, duy tr hm lng CaC 2 c cao,
np thm bt cc v CaO hoc CaF2 nu cn iu chnh st ca x.
Trc khi tho x, cho vo l mt lng nh FeSi sao cho %Si trong kim loi l 0,15%.
Kh oxy trit .
Cht kh d kim, r tin
To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh kh S.
S dng tt l h quang ln.
Nhc im:
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
51
Loi
x
bazo
x, B
CaO
SiO2
MgO
FeO
MnO
CaF2
CaS
50-60
15-25
5-10
<0,5
<0,5
5-10
0,5-1,5 5-8
<0,5
3,5-4
X
55-65
cacbit
18-23
5-10
0,5
< 0,5
5-10
0,8-1,5 4-6
2-4
4-4,5
X
trng
Al2O3
CaC2
Kh oxy theo phng php phc hp v tng hp: phng php ny dng kh thp cht
lng, thp hp kim cao, thp bin th, thp chu nhit, thp bi, y ta sn xut Thp lm bi
X15 nn cc phng php ny qu t ta khng nn dng, ta ch cn dng 2 phng php
trn l t cht lng yu cu.
Thnh phn x tng hp:
SiO2
30-34%
Cao
20-30%
MgO
14-27%
FeO
1,5-3,5%
MnO
1,5-2,5%
Al2O3
3-6%
NHM 11- N MN HC
52
Cr2O3
0,5-4%
TiO2
0,5%
3.3.4 Kh lu hunh:
Lu hunh l mt tp cht c hi cho thp v hp kim v:
-
Trong kim loi, lu hunh thng lin kt cht ch vi st to sunfua st FeS, nhit
nng chy ca n (1193C) thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi, FeS v Fe cn to
cng tinh c nhit nng chy thp (988C). Mt khc, lu hunh ch ha tan gii hn
trong thp rn (0,015-0,020%) nn FeS b tit ra bin gii ht tinh th, do khi nung
thi c cn hoc rn th mi lin kt gia cc ht tinh th b ph hy, c th gy nt
v khi bin dng do thi c. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gin nng.
Lu hunh lm tng hin tng thin tch trong thp lm gim bn c hc ca thp.
Hm lng [FeO] trong kim loi v (FeO) trong x t c rt thp (<1% FeO), kim
x rt cao (B=45).
Lng oxy trong kim loi rt t.
Mi trng hon nguyn, nhit bc x v phn x u rt ln, kim loi c nhit cao,
ng u, hot tnh ca kim loi v x lng giai on ny cng thun li cho vic kh
S.
Khi dng Mn, CaC2, C, CaO, kh S i hi thnh phn x v kim loi n nh, nht
l cc oxyt phi chim mt lng ti thiu. iu ch c th t c trong giai on
hon nguyn.
Qu trnh kh S:
Thc cht phn ng kh S xy ra song song vi cc phn ng kh oxy ca thp, S c
kh tt nht khi kh oxy xong v lc ny cc cht kh cn li nh MnO, CaO, CaC 2, C, CaF2,
s tp trung vo kh S. Trong CaO l thuc kh mnh nht
kh lu hunh thun li, cn co ht x oxy ha, bc sang giai on hon nguyn phi
cht ngay FeSi75 vo l c li cho vic kh oxy v lu hunh.
NHM 11- N MN HC
53
Sau khi kh gn xong th cho CaO v CaF 2 tng bazo v chy long ca x, to
iu kin kh S nhanh. Cc phn ng trong l in gm:
C + [FeS] + CaO = [Fe] + (CaS) + {CO} (1)
C + (MnS) + (CaO) = [Mn] + (CaS) + {CO} (2)
3 (FeS) + (CaC2) +2 (CaO) = 3[Fe] + 3(CaS) + 2{CO} (3)
2(FeS) + 2(CaO) + SiFeSi = 2[Fe] + 2(CaS) + (SiO2) (4)
2(CaF2) + 2(FeS) + SiFeSi = 2[Fe] + 2(CaS) + (SiF4) (5)
Phn ng (3),(4) l nhng phn ng mnh nht trong l in giai on hon nguyn, S
c kh nhiu nht.
Phn ng (1),(2),(3) u to kh CO kh bay ra khi kim loi, nu li trong thp th khi
kt tinh c th gy r xp nn ta c th tng cng khuy trn kim loi m ca l CO thot ra
d dng.
Phn ng (4) to ra SiO2 lm gim bazo cu x, lm cn tr vic kh S.
Phn ng (5) ch xy ra khi dng x trng v c nhiu CaF2 cho vo lm long x.
Cc yu t nh hng n vic kh S:
-
Khi gim SiO2 trong x, tng cc oxit tnh bazo nh CaO, MnO, MgO gip tng L S lm
tng kh nng kh S.
Hiu qu kh S cn ph thuc vo in th s dng, in th thp to iu kin cho vic
kh S.
Nhit cng cao th kh S cng tt v kh nng ha tan ca CaS trong x tng ln, qu
trnh khuch tn ca cc cht n vng phn ng tng ln.
NHM 11- N MN HC
54
F lm tng kh nng kh S:
(4F-) + (SiO44-) (4O2-) + (SiF4)
Bin php kh S:
C th kh S trong l cui giai on hon nguyn hoc kh S ngoi l
Bin php kh S trong l in:
-
Al2O3
SiO2
FeO
53%
43%
3%
1%
Va xo trn kim loi bng x tng hp, va thi argon vo kim loi lng(%S=0,020,03%, thi Ar th %S = 0,01-0,02%)
C th cm cc dng ca in 1 chiu vo x in phn ra sunfua
NHM 11- N MN HC
55
CHNG 4: CH IN V CH NHIT
TRONG L
4.1 Ch nhit:
4.1.1. t vn :
Mun cho vic sn xut thp trong l in h quang t c ch tiu kinh t k thut
cao th ngoi vic xc nh ngoi vic xc nh kch thc khng gian l,kch thc v dung
tch l mt cch hp l, ta cn phi xc nh kch thc khng gian l, a ch in ph
hp vi tng thi k nu luyn. Mun vy, ta cn phi gii quyt cc nhim v c bn sau:
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
56
Thi k nu chy:
PKL=0,55PHQ 0,6=0,33PHQ
NHM 11- N MN HC
57
PT=0,55PHQ 0,4=0,22PHQ
PKL=0,55PHQ 0,5=0,275PHQ
PT=0,55PHQ 0,5=0,275PHQ.
Mt s nhn xt:
- Trong qu trnh nu luyn, thu nhit ca kim loi cng ngy cng gim, thi k u cn lng
nhit a vo ln, trao i nhit t h quang ti kim loi hu nh theo mt hng t trn xung
di, cn giai on sau th ngun nhit ca kim loi gim i, truyn nhit theo tnh cht dn nhit
ca kim loi l ch yu.
- Trong giai on u, bc x nhit ca h quang nh hng yu n tui th ca l, cn giai
on sau th ba x nh hng mnh n tui th ca l, nht l khi ko di gia on ny th tui
th ca l gim r rt.
- Bc x nhit ca h quang v kim loi ln tng v np l cng thay i theo tng giai on:
trong giai on u th lng bc x ny ln, trong giai on hai th lng ny nh nht v cn
nhit cho cc phn ng luyn kim xy ra, trong giai on ba th tng v np l do hai ngun cung
cp :do h quang v kim loi bc x ln.
- Trong cc l ln, kh nng hp th nhit ca kim loi rt ln.
Kt lun:
-
Cng sut nhit bc x t tng l ti kim loi ph thuc vo nhit ca x v gim khi
tng nhit ca x.
G
ln v gnh ti trng cao trong nhit cao. Chiu dy ca x tng ln gn bng
ln
G
v b mt trao i nhit ring gim i gn
NHM 11- N MN HC
58
Nhit (OC)
Gch
manhzit
1780 2000
Samot A
>1730
Crm-manhezit
>2000
NHM 11- N MN HC
59
E E
EL
Nhit cp vo :
EEL
E SCR
: nhit do liu c nung trc.
E
E
CH
CH
ECH .MET
: nhit sinh ra do qu trnh oxy ha C,Mn,Si,P,S
ECH .SL
: nhit sinh ra do x hnh thnh t oxyt.
NHM 11- N MN HC
60
Nhit s dng v mt i :
EMET
ESL
: nhit mt do tho x.
LOS
EOFFG EOTH
EOFFG
: nhit mt do kh thi.
EOTH
: nhit mt do thot qua th xy l.
Tnh ton :
Nhit vo (Ein)
-
(300 35 273) 460 100000 (300 35) (0,2 11606 0,2 993 0,2 3,502)
=
461700000
kJ.
NHM 11- N MN HC
61
Nhit do oxy ha Fe :
Fe+ 1/2O2=FeO 1150kcal/kg.Fe
EoxyFe 1150 8631 9925650kJ
E
-
CH
Tng nhit vo :
Ein =
461700000kJ
+ 2475467933kJ +
10823250kJ
= 2947991183kJ.
Nhit ra :
Nhit nung thp len nhit 1600OC
E MET
=Ehalng+Enngnhit
2,72 105 J / kg
Nhit nu chy thp :
.
Nhit nung thp n nhit 1600OC.
Nhit to x
NHM 11- N MN HC
62
2947991183 = 589598237kJ.
2947991183 = 501158501kJ.
27200000kJ
+1545535327kJ+
284499118kJ
+589598237kJ+501158501kJ
= 2947991183kJ
Nhit
Thnh phn
Gi tr(kJ)
Ein
E EL
2475467933
83,97
ESCR
461700000
15,66
10823250
0,37
Tng
2947991183
100
EMET
1572735327
53,35
ESL
284499118
9,65
Ekhthi
589598237
19,97
Ethxy
501158501
17,03
Tng
2947991183
100
Eout
NHM 11- N MN HC
CH
63
Nu chy
PT = 0,45PHQ
Oxy ha
Hon nguyn
Nhn xt:
4.2
Thi k u cn lng nhit a vo ln nht, trao i nhit h quang xung kim loi
hu nh theo 1 hng t trn xung, giai on sau ngun nhit hp th ca kim loi
gim i, truyn nhit theo tnh dn nhit ca kim loi l ch yu.
Giai on nu chy l giai on quyt nh, chim 70-80% thi gian, tn hao in nng
rt ln cn p dng cc bin php cng ha qu trnh nu luyn.
Giai on hon nguyn c nhit l cao nh hng mnh n tui th l, khng nn
ko di giai on ny.
Bc x nhit ca h quang v kim loi ln tng v np l cng thay i theo tng giai
on: giai on u lng bc x ln, giai on 2 th lng ny nh nht v cn nhit cho
cc phn ng luyn kim xy ra, giai on 3 tng v np l b bc x ln nhiu do hai
ngun cung cp: h quang v kim loi bc x ln.
cc l ln ta c th tng cng sut in ln 40-50% nhng d gy tn hi n tng v
np l.
Ch in:
4.2.1. Tnh ton cng sut in :
Nng sut l v tnh ton my bin p:
a. Nng sut l:
Nng sut ca l c xc nh bi dung lng ca l cng sut my bin th, s ngy
lm vic trong mt nm, lng kim loi t cht lng tt so vi liu trong mt m nu, quy
trinh cng ngh, hiu sut in v nhit.
S mt mt trong l rt phn tn:
Mt mt qua y v np l.
NHM 11- N MN HC
64
Do nc lm ngui, kh l ca l,ca m
24 g
T1 T2 T3
(tn/ ngy).
Trong :
g: trng lng m nu.
T1: thi gian dng l thao tc, v l, lm sch l, thi gian chuyn t m nu trc
sang m nu sau [gii].
T2: thi gian nu chy liu rn [gi].
T3:Thi gian lu kim loi lng trong l[gi].
T1=3gi.
T2=5gi.
T3=2gi.
24 20
48
10
tn/ngy.
NHM 11- N MN HC
65
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
400
15-18
20-25
30-35
55-70
18-22
28-32
30-45
40-50
45-60
60-80
90
120
c. Cc cp in th:
C th tng in p cp cho l bng cch cch tng in th th cp ca my bin th.
Trong cc l hin c in th c th t n 600V
Mc in th cao nht trong l h quang baz c th tnh theo cng thc thc nghim:
V 15 3 P (V )
.
Vi l c cng sut ln nh chng ta dang xt:
V 36 4 P (V )
.
S cp in th tng ng vi mc in th cao nht
Mc in th cao
200-250
260-300
320-400
400-500
600
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-12
n 23
nht (V)
S cp in th
1,5
12
25
50
100
115-280
l(tn)
Phm vi thay
104-225 116-242
i in th
V 364 20000 428,11(V )
L ang xt c
NHM 11- N MN HC
66
Tnh ton in cc :
a. ng knh in cc
Cng thc :
d dc
0, 406 I 2 l
K
(cm).
Trong :
103 p
3 Vmax
I : dng in dy=
l : in tr sut ca in cc 500oC( vi in cc grafic th l=10
.mm2/m).
K : h s( vi in cc grafic K=2,1W/cm2 )
103 20000
26972.05( A)
3 428,11
.
d dc 3
0,406 26972,052 10
52,0(cm)
2,1 104
=520mm.
Ta chn ng knh ca in cc l 520mm
b. Chiu di in cc :
Ldc H a ha hc L a
.
Trong :
H
:chiu cao l.
NHM 11- N MN HC
67
a
: chiu dy np l
ha : chiu cao hp nc lm ngui
hc : chiu cao b phn cp in cc
1, 27 Z n
d2
: chiu di lutr =
n : s m nu
Z : sut tiu hao in cc (kg/tn).
=h1+h2+H1+h3=124,2+497,0+1242,3+388,2=2251,7mm
a nap
=
=300mm
ha=10mm
hc=200mm
1,27 8 20
1, 27 Z n
0,34
2
d
2,2 103 5202
L
=
=
a=100mm
H
2251,7
ha
hc
300
10
200
0,34
100
Ldc=2862,04mm
Bng cc gi tr ca in cc c chn :
NHM 11- N MN HC
68
in cc c s dng
Graphit
ng knh in cc
520mm
Chiu di in cc
2900mm
4.2.2.2
S phn b in cc :
Khi l chy bnh thng th h quang pht ra u lin tc theo cc pha, nu mt trong
ba pha khng pht ra h quang hoc pht ra yu th cc pha kia s chu ti in, nhit pht ra
rt ln. Ko di thi gian nu tui th l gim, o l b chy mn cc b trm trng. V vy,
l h quang ba pha in cc b tr thng ng, v theo chiu tam gic u. Ty theo dung
d
n p
D1
lng ca l m chn t s
ph hp. Thng thng th n=0,25 0,4. L nh n=0,35
n
ta chn n=0,4
D=3105,8
dp
D
0,4
.
dp=0,4 3105,8=1242,3mm
69
Th d su cp in p ca my bin p l :
-
NHM 11- N MN HC
70
Cc giai on:
Giai on 1(0
hng thit b.
Giai on 1(t1
t2): Giai on nu liu s dng cng sut cao nht. gim thi gian
nu. Giai on ny chim thi gian nhiu nht gn 70 80% thi gian. V vy cn p dng
cc bin php cng ha gim thi gian nu luyn.
Giai on 2(t2 t3): Giai on oxy ha cng sut thp hn giai on nu chy nhng
vn gi nhng vn gi mc tng i cao to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxy ha
tp cht.
Thi k 1: P=25-30%Pm.
Thi k 2: P=40-45Pm.
Thi k 3: P=Pm
Thi k 4: P=50%Pm.
Thi k oxy ha:
P=60-65%Pm.
Thi k hon nguyn:
P=45-50%Pm
Bng phn phi ch in tng thi k:
Ch
in
Cng
sut
thng
Pm
45000
Ptb
Thi k nu chy
33750
11250
NHM 11- N MN HC
Thi k Thi k
oxy
hon
Thi k Thi k Thi k Thi k ha
nguyn
1
2
3
4
18000
45000
22500
27000
20250
71
NHM 11- N MN HC
72
- Dng gang lng lm phi liu, 30-50% gang lng lm tng nng sut, gim thp ph, gim
10% thi gian, v gim 10-20% in nng. Vi 1 tn gang lng nhit 1430 0C cung cp 250
kWh di dng nhit.
73
u im : tit kim t 80-120 kWh/tn thp lng, nng cao nng sut 33%, gim tiu th
in cc 40%, gim tc pht thi bi 30%. Ngoi ra, np l lun c ng kn, h thng nc
lm mt cho np l, than l, tng l khng b h quang nh hng, mi trng lm vic an ton
hn.
NHM 11- N MN HC
74
NHM 11- N MN HC
75
KT LUN
Sau 3 thng nhn ti, thng qua bn n ny gip chng em hiu thm mt ci
nhn tng quan v cng ngh luyn thp bng l in h quang, cch tnh ton thit k, la chn
thit b cho mt dy chuyn thng qua phng php nu nh trong bn n ny. Nhng vn
cn nhiu vn m chng em gii quyt cha tt. Chng em s c gng tm hiu thm qua
NHM 11- N MN HC
76
nhng ti liu v cng ngh luyn thp, khc phc nhng kin thc m cn thiu st hon
chnh thm bn n ny.
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny chng em gp rt nhiu kh khn do b hn ch
v kin thc cng nh thi gian thc hin ti, nhng nh s hng dn tn tnh ca thy: ThS
Nguyn Duy Thng nn cui cng cng hon thnh ng thi hn, chng em rt mong lun nhn
c s gip ca thy v s gp ca cc bn rt ra c nhiu kinh nghim v lm bi
t kt qu cao hn.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca thy Nguyn Duy Thng
gip em hon thnh bi n ny!
Sau y l mt vi nhn xt chng em rt ra:
-u im kh P, S gn nh trit , kh P ngay giai on nu chy, thi oxy tng nng
sut v kh tp cht, nu c mi dung lng nht l dung lng rt ln (100-400 tn, thm
ch cao hn na) v d dng kt hp vi cc loi l khc. L h quang xoay chiu kim tnh cng
c s dng rng ri v ph bin trong nu luyn thp cacbon v thp hp kim vi sn lng
nh n ln.
NHM 11- N MN HC
77
NHM 11- N MN HC
78