TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH VT LIU
CHUYN NGNH KIM LOI V HP KIM
MN: NU LUYN KIM LOI V HP KIM
LP: VL12KL
--------*-------

TI: N THIT K L IN H
QUANG NU LUYN THP X15 SN
LNG 20 TN/ M.

GVHD: Ths NGUYN DUY THNG

Nhm 11:
Nguyn Hng Nhn V1202523
Trng Vn Nguyn V1202470
Ngy

thng

nm 2015

MC LC
Li cm n............................................................................................- 4 NH GI CA THY:..........................................................................- 5 Li m u............................................................................................- 6 TNG QUAN V:
LCH S, PHN LOI, CU TO CA L H QUANG..-7CHNG 1: TNH TON TH NI L V THIT K L......................- 11 1.1 TNH TON CC KCH THC NI L SN LNG 20 TN:...............- 11 1.1.1 Hnh dng ni l:...-11-.
1.1.2 Cc kch thc ni l :..............................................................- 12 1.1.3 Cc kch thc ca khng gian nu chy:.......................................- 15 1.2 THIT K L V CC B PHN CA L:..................................................- 20 1.2.1 Xy l h quang:.....................................................................- 20 1.2.2 Thit b l:.............................................................................- 25 1.2.3 Thit b in:..........................................................................- 26 CHNG 2: CHUN B L V TNH TON PHI LIU NU THP.......- 25 2.1 CHUN B L:..................................................................................................- 25 2.2 TNH TON PHI LIU NU THP TRONG L H QUANG 20 TN:...- 28 2.2.1 Tnh ton phi liu chnh:...........................................................- 29 2.2.2 Kim tra thnh phn cc nguyn t khc:........................................- 30 2.3.TNH TON LNG X TRONG M:..............................................................-312.3.1 Cc cht to x bazo:..................................................................- 312.3.2 Tnh ton khi lng x:.............................................................- 342.4 CNG TC CHUN B:...................................................................................- 35 2.4.1 Kim tra thit b:......................................................................- 35 2.4.2 Cht liu:...............................................................................- 37 CHNG 3:CNG NGH NU LUYN THP TRONG L H QUANG . .- 37 3.1 GIAI ON NU CHY:.................................................................................- 37 3.1.1 Trnh t tin hnh:....................................................................- 37 3.1.2 Kh P:..................................................................................- 38 3.1.3 Bin php rt ngn thi gian nu chy:..........................................- 39 3.2 GIAI ON OXY HA:...................................................................................- 41 3.2.1 Nhim v c bn ca giai on ny l:...........................................- 41 3.2.2 Thc hin qu trnh:..................................................................- 42 3.3 GIAI ON HON NGUYN:........................................................................- 42 3.3.1 Nhim v:..............................................................................- 42 3.3.2 Thc hin:..............................................................................- 42 3.3.3 Kh oxy:...............................................................................- 42 3.3.4 Kh lu hunh:.......................................................................- 42 3.3.5 Hp kim ha thp:....................................................................- 42 CHNG 4: CH IN V CH NHIT TRONG L..................- 51 4.1 CH NHIT:................................................................................................- 51 4.2 CH IN:..................................................................................................- 54 CHNG 5:BIN PHP RT NGN THI GIAN NU LUYN, TNG NNG SUT 62NHM 11- N MN HC

CHNG 6: NHNG S C XY RA TRONG QU TRNH NU LUYN.- 65 KT LUN.........................................................................................- 67 TI LIU THAM KHO..-67-

NHM 11- N MN HC

--- LI CM N!!! -- n mn hc nu luyn l mt mn hc quan trng v cn thit cho nhng

ngi k s tng lai nh chng em, v hin nhin y l mt mn hc khng c
d dng, i hi ngi lm cn phi nm vng cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn
ca chuyn ngnh kim loi m chng em c cc thy truyn t nhng kin
thc vo nhng nm u bc vo chuyn ngnh, sau l cn phi t rn
luyn v tm hiu thm nhng kin thc t bn ngoi, nhng ci chnh l do chng
em c hc c ba mn: ha l cc qu trnh luyn kim, th nghim nu luyn
v mn nu luyn kim loi v hp kim ca thy trong qung thi gian qua. Nh s
ch dy tn tnh v chi tit ca thy m chng em c ci nhn r rng hn v
mn n mn hc, khng cn b ng nhiu khi phi i din vi nhng bi tp
i hi s t t duy v t thit k nh vy, cng thm s hng dn t m v chu
o ca thy nhng ngy hc l thuyt n mn hc nn chng em phn no
c ci nhn khi qut v tng bc thc hin n ny v cui cng cng hon
thnh, tuy nhin y l n ca nhng sinh vin cn thiu kinh nghim nh
chng em nn khng trnh khi sai st nn mong thy tn tnh gp bi lm
ca chng em c th hon thin hn. Ngoi ra, em cng xin cm n s gip ca
cc bn trong lp h tr chng em trong vic thc hin n ny. Chng em
xin chn thnh cm n thy v cc bn.

NHM 11- N MN HC

NH GI CA THY:

........................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

NHM 11- N MN HC

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

LI M U
Vo th k 20, nht l sau chin tranh th gii ln th nht nn cng nghip ngy cng pht trin
mnh. Trn th gii ln th nht nn cng nghip ngy cng pht trin mnh..Trn th gii lc
by gi cc ngnh cng nghip, nht l ngnh luyn thp v hp kim, ngnh c chi tit, ngnh
ch to my, ngnh in t ang pht trin v sn lng v cht lng sn phm. Do yu
cu v iu kin k thut mi , st thp thng thng nh trc khng tho mn vi cc dng
c, my mc, thit b ti tn, v y i hi chng phi lm vic trong iu kin nhit v p
sut cao, chng c n mn, in ha, chng bo mn c hc, chng nng, chng g , do
i hi phi sn sau61t ra cc chng loi thp v hp kim c nhng tnh nng c bit nh
bn c hc cao, bn chng n mn ca mi trng axit, nc sng c bit cn phi sn
xut cc loi thp c tnh n hi cao, c tnh nhim t tt, c tnh chng nhim t cao. Do cc
tnh cht t bit trn nn thp c sn xut ra t l thi kh, l Besmer, l Mactin khng th
p ng c na m phi nu luyn trong cc loi l in. Vy phng php luyn thp trong
l in l mt cng ngh mi v hin i. luyn tho v hp kim trong l in, ngi ta tn
dng in nng bin chng thnh nhit nng di dng h quang xoay chiu ( AC-EAF), l in
h quang mt chiu (DC_EAF) sn xut thp cacbon cht lng, thp hp kim thp, trung
bnh v cao vi sn lng ln. luyn mt s mc thep hp kim chuyn dng hoc thp hp
kim cao t cacbon, ngi ta s dng cc loi l in cm ng cao tn, trung tn v tn s cng
nghip. nu li thp v hp kim, tinh luyn kim lai v thp t cht lng cao hn na
ngi ta s dng l in x, l in cm ng chn khng, l h quang chn khng , l in t
chn khng su, l plasma, nung nguyn liu ferro, cc loi vt liu, cc dng c, chi tit
my ngi ta s dng l in tr nung trc tip hoc gin tip.
c im ni bt ca l h quang:
-

Tp trung c lng nhit ln nung chy kim loi nhanh c bit l cc kim loi kh
chy nh vofram, molipden,
L c nhit cao >=1700 C nn to iu kin ha tan cc nguyn t hp kim nhiu
trong thp, tha mn y cc phn ng luyn kim (oxy ha, kh), tng tc phn
ng ha hc, thc y cc qu trnh xy ra nhanh chng v trit .
D dng nng nhit cho b kim loi, iu chnh chnh xc thnh phn ha hc ca thp
lng v x.
m bo chy hao ca cc nguyn t hp kim rt thp, gim hm lng phospho v lu
hunh rt thp (P,S < 0,02%).
Gi thnh thp l in cn cao v tiu tn in nng v in cc ln.

V vy cn phi:
-

Chn v tnh ton hp l ph thp, m bo t phospho v lu hunh, kch thc liu phi
ph hp vi dung lng l v phng php cht liu vo l m bo vn hnh l tt.
S dng v khng ch ch in mt cch ti u trong qu trnh nu thp, m bo thi
gian nu mt m thp thp nht, nng sut l cao nht.
p dng trit cc bin php cng ha trong giai on nu chy, oxy ha v hon
nguyn.
p dng cc cng ngh mi nh thi oxy, nung liu trc, to x bt, kh b tp cht
v cc kh c hi trong thp mt cch trit .

NHM 11- N MN HC

Tuy nhin, n ch gii hn trong tnh ton l v phi liu, thit k l v cch vn hnh ca
mt sinh vin nn ch l mt bi s khai khng chuyn su vo l h quang. V vy s c
nhiu thiu st, khng y .Hi vng c nhng sai st no mong thy v cc bn gp kin
ng gp bi lm hon thin hn.

TNG QUAN
1. Lch s pht trin ca l h quang:
L h quang l loi l in c s dng ph bin nht trn th gii cng nh nc
ta hin nay trong vic nu luyn thp.
Lch s pht trin ca l h quang:
Trn th gii, l in c xy dng u tin Php vo nm 1889 vi dung lng 3
tn/m nu luyn thp hp kim. n nm 1900 M s dng loi l in h quang
10-60 tn/ m nu thp dng c v thp hp kim. Tip Khc s dng l h quang
20-30 tn/m nu cc loi thp cacbon v thp hp kim thp. Ngy nay ngi ta s
dng ph bin v rng ri l l h quang 100-400 tn/m dung lng in p 35.000165.000 kVA.
c bip M chy thng xuyn loi l 360 tn/ m v ch siu cng sut
160.000 kVA sn xut thp cacbon cht lng, m bo nng sut 100-120 tn thp/
gi.
T nm 1900 n nay ngi ta thit k xy dng cc loi l h quang hin i nh
l h quang mt chiu siu cng sut (150 tn/ m), l h quang thn ct (Thy in) c
dung lng l 100-300 tn/ m.
Sn lng thp l h quang chim 80-90% tng lng thp l in. S lng thp
cn li c sn xut ra t l cm ng cao tn,trung tn v l tn s cng nghip.
nc ta c rt nhiu nh my s dng l h quang t bit nh:
-

Nh my luyn thp Lu X ( cng ty gang thp Thi Nguyn).

Nh my cn thp Gia sng.

Nh my c kh ( cng ty gang thp Thi Nguyn).

Nh my luyn thp bin ha (cng ty thp Min Nam).

Nh my thp Nh B ( cng ty thp Min Nam).

Nh my thp Th c ( cng ty thp MinNam).

Phn xng nh my c kh ( cng ty thp Min Nam)

Ni chung sn xut thp trong nc ta hin nay ch yu bng l in h quang.

2. c im ca l h quang (l h quang xoay chiu ba

in cc) :
L in h quang ch yu tn dng lng nhit ca chm h quang pht ra gia in
cc v kim loi cha trong l, do c mt s c im sau:
NHM 11- N MN HC

- u im:

Bin in nng thnh h quang do d s dng c lng nhit hu ch ti a.

Nhit gia ba in cc t c t 30000C do d nng c nhit thp lng ln

t 16000C, tha mn iu kin k thut luyn cc mc thp v hp kim khc nhau.

Trong qu trnh nu luyn trong l c th to c m trng hon nguyn, mi trng

oxy ha. C th khng ch v iu khin mt cch chnh xc thnh phn ha hc v nhit
thp lng. m bo kh S, P tt, kh tp cht phi kim, tp kh v cc cht c hi cho
cht lng thp n mc ti thiu. ng thi, khng ch c chy hao cc nguyn t
hp kim n mc cho php. m bo cht lng thp v nng xut l ( h s thu hi
90%).

Kt cu v thit b tng i n gin, chim din tch mt bng t, vn u t xy dng

xng thp v thi gian xy dng xng nhanh.

D p dng t ng ha c kh ha trong qu trnh vn hnh. D dng tin hnh luyn

thp trong mi trng chn khng. Do , c kh nng nu c cc loi thp cacbon v
thp hp kim c sch cao v siu sch.

- Nhc im:

Trong qu trnh pht h quang to mi trng kh ion ha trong l. Do c kh nng

ha tan kh ( N2) v thp lng lm gim cht lng sn phm c.

H quang l ngun im bc x nhit do nhit phn b khng u lm nh hng xu

n qu trnh nu chy liu. Lm tng bay hi mnh cc nguyn t hp kim nh: mangan,
wolfram,ph hy cc b tng l.

Phi liu s dng cho l h quang ch yu l thp ph liu c thnh phn tng i n
nh, nht l P v S phi thp. Thp ph liu trong ni b nh my khng cung cp cho
l, v vy a phn phi nhp ngoi tn km chi ph.

Tiu hao in nng v in cc ln. mt s nc chua ch to c in cc grafit, gi

tin in cn cao. Gi ca thp thnh phm ph thuc ln vo hai yu t trn ( chim 6570% gi thnh sn phm)

3. Phn loi:
NHM 11- N MN HC

L h quang c th c phn loi theo cu to v ng dng,l h quang gm ba loi:

l h quang gin tip, l h quang trc tip v l h quang ph kn.

3.1.
-

L h quang trc tip EAF ( Electric Arc Furnace):

Theo cu to mch in chia lm hai loi: l h quang xoay chiu AC-EAF v l h quang
mt chiu DC-EAF.
L h quang trc tip c s dng ph bin nht hin nay trn th gii v c nc
ta.

3.2.
-

L h quang gin tip s dng hai in cc grafic:

Loi ny c th s dng ngun in mt chiu hoc ngun in hai chiu, hai in cc nm

ngang xuyn qua hng l vo l. Nhit trong l t c khng cao khong 1300-1350oC
. Do , loi l ny thch hp nu cc hp kim d chy nh ng(Cu), ch(Pb), km, thic

3.3. L in h quang ph kn hay cn gi l l ferro hp

kim:
in p vo l ph thuc vo hp kim Ferro nu luyn.
Trong qu trnh nu, h quang pht ra di ba in cc t thiu kt, chm h quang
ngn v rng b chim su trong b liu do d liu tip thu nhit ca h quang v nhit tr
ca liu m nng chy. Qu trnh nu Ferro l qu trnh lin tc v ko di trong mt khong
thi gian nht nh. Ferro hp kim c tho ra ngoi qua ca hng l theo nh k.

NHM 11- N MN HC

4. Cu to v nguyn l ca thit b:
4.1.

Cu to chung ca mt l h quang:

L h quang gm nhng b phn c bn sau:

-

Bung l.

Thit b nghing l.

Thit b nng h in cc.

Thit b in: my bin p, mng in

4.2.

Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca l h quang:

L h quang s dng ngun nhit l ngn la h quang sinh ra gia in cc v kim loi
nu.

Khi nu, in cc c cp in v h xung chm vo mt kim loi gy ngn mch, cng

dng in tng cao.

Sau nng in cc ln cch b mt kim loi nu mt khong cch nht nh. Cng
dng in cao s lm pht sinh ngn la h quang gia in cc v kim loi nu, gi l h
quang trc tip.

Nhit ngn la h quang rt cao v tp trung nn lng nhit truyn cho kim loi l rt
ln v ch yu l truyn nhit bc x.
Khi kim loi chy lng,khong cch gia in cc v kim loi c iu chnh thch hp
ngn la h quang chy n nh.

NHM 11- N MN HC

10

CHNG 1: TNH TON TH NI L V THIT

K L
1.1

TNH TON CC KCH THC NI L SN LNG 20

TN:

1.1.1. Hnh dng ni l:

Hnh 1: Hnh dng v kch thc khng gian l h quang
Hnh dng ti u ca l l hnh nn ct v mt phn y hnh chm cu, gc nghing ca
phn cn l 45 so vi phng ngang to iu kin thun li cho vic v l v gip cho ni l
NHM 11- N MN HC

11

H3
0

H2

H1
b

100

h2 H

45

h1
d
D
Dkg
gi nguyn c hnh dng trong qu trnh nu luyn.Vi hnh dng ny th bo m cho kim
loi nng chy nhanh v kim loi lng c tch li trong phn chm cu.
Th tch kim loi lng trong ni l:
Vkl = V0 * gkl = 0,145 * 20 = 2,90 (m3)
Vi V0 l th tch ring ca kim loi lng ( thp c V0 = 0,145 m3/tn)
Th tch x l:
Vx = V0x * gx
Vi V0x l th tch ring ca x ( 0,33 tn/m3)
Nu dng gang th lng x ph thuc vo trng lng gang (gang : 15->20%/m, x: 9>10%). an ton ta trong qu trnh nu luy n th ta tnh cho 100% li u l gang v lng s xinh
ra l 15% lng gang.
Vx = 15% * Vkl = 15% * 2,90 = 0,435 (m3)
Vy th tch ni l l: V = Vkl + Vx = 2,90 + 0,435 = 3,335 (m3)

NHM 11- N MN HC

12

1.1.2 Cc kch thc ni l :

Chiu cao ca cht liu cao hn mc kim loi lng t 75-80mm; chiu su ni l v ng
knh ca n phi tng ng. Khi th tch ni l xc nh, chiu su ni l cng b th b mt kim
loi tip xc vi x cng ln, ng knh khng gian l, ng knh v l tng do b mt ta
nhit ca l tng ln gy tiu tn nhiu in nng.
Ta xc nh kch thc ni l trn c s chn 1 kch thc lm chun l tng chiu su ni l.
-

ng knh ni l: D = 5 * H
Chiu su phn chm cu: h1 = 0,2 * H
Chiu su phn hnh nn: h2 = 0,8 * H

V vy th tch ni l bng th tch hnh nn ct + th tch hnh chm cu:

h2 2
r 2 h12
2
V
( R Rr r ) h1 ( )
3
2
6
Vi R = D, r = (D 2h2) = 1,7H
Th vo ta c V = 12,1H = 0,0968D3 (m3)
Vni l = 12,1 * H3 => H = 0,650 (m) = 650 mm
ng knh ni l: D = 5 * H = 5* 650 = 3250 mm
Chiu su phn chm cu: h1 = 0,2 * H = 0,2 * 650 = 130 mm
Chiu su phn hnh nn: h2 = 0,8 * H = 0,8 * 650 = 520 mm
Bn knh ni l : R = D/2 = 3250/2 = 1625 mm
Bn knh chm cu : r = 1,7 * H = 1,7 * 650 = 1105 mm
ng knh chm cu : d = D 2 * h2 = 2 * r = 2 * 1105 = 2210 mm

1.1.3 Cc kch thc ca khng gian nu chy:

x khng tip xc lm hng lp gch xy ca tng l, chn tng l phi cao hn mc
ca np liu t 100-200 mm ( ta chn 100 mm).
ng knh ca khng gian nu chy l:
Dkg = D + 2* 100 = 3250 + 200 = 3450 mm
Khi xc nh chiu cao khng gian nu chy H 1 t ngng ca liu n chn np l cn
ch cc im sau: H1 m tng th tui th np l tng theo do xa ngn la h quang, ng thi
nu luyn c liu nh, ngi ta thng cho np l xa b mt kim loi v s gim c thi
gian dng l tu sa v ci thin c mt s ch tiu kinh t - k thut. Nhng nu tng qu
th mt nhit tng. Do thng chn H 1 = ( 0,4 0,44) * D kg.
i vi l trung bnh v ln ta chn : H1 = 0,4 * Dkg = 0,4 * 3450 = 1380 mm
Chiu cao ca np l : h3 = 0,125 *Dkg = 0,125 * 3450 = 431,25 mm
Chiu cao tnh t mt kim loi n np l l: H2 = H1 + h3 = 1380 + 431,25 = 1811,25 mm
ng knh np l: D1 = Dkg + 2*

NHM 11- N MN HC

13

H1 100 1380 100

128mm
10
10

Vi l nghing tng l 10% so vi

chiu cao:

D1 = 3450 + 2*128 = 3706 mm

Chiu dy ca lp lt l 20T l 500mm.
ng knh ca v l l : DT = Dkg + 2* = 3450 + 2* 500 = 4450 mm
V l dy 25mm nn ng knh ngoi ca v l l: (vi v l =1/200 ng knh v l)
DN = DT + 2*v l = 4450 + 2*25 = 4500 mm
Chiu dy ca y l t 10-40 tn : y l = 650 mm.
Khi c t my khy trn in t chiu dy l gim 10-15% stato ca my gn kim loi lng
hn lm gia tng hiu qu trn.
Chiu rng ca l: a=0,3 D1 (mm)
a= 0,3* 3706= 1111,8 (mm)
Chiu cao ca l: b= 0,8a (mm)
b= 0,8* 1111,8= 889,44 (mm)

i lng
Ni l

Chiu cao ni l

NHM 11- N MN HC

K hiu
H

Cng thc tnh

H 3

Vnl
12,1

Gi tr

n v

650

mm

14

Chiu cao phn chm cu

h1

h1=0,2H

130

mm

Chiu cao phn nn

h2

h2=0,8H

520

mm

ng knh ni l

D= 5*H

3250

mm

ng knh phn chm

d = D 2 * h2 = 2 * r 2210

mm

1105

mm

cu
Bn knh phn chm cu

Tng l

ng knh ca khng

1
d 1, 7 H
2

Dkg

Dkg = D + 2* 100

3450

mm

H1

H1 = 0,4 * Dkg

1380

mm

128

mm

gian nu chy
Chiu cao khng gian
nu chy
nghing ca tng l

10% so vi chiu cao

Np l

Xc nh di y,

H1 100
10

Chiu cao ca np l

h3

h3 = 0,125 *Dkg

431,25

mm

ng knh np l

D1

D1 = Dkg + 2*

3706

mm

Chiu rng ca l

a=0,3 D1

1111,8

mm

Chiu cao ca l

b 0,8a

889,44

mm

day

600- 750

650

mm

tuong

450- 550

500

mm

dy y l

tng np l
dy tng l
ng knh ca
v l
ng knh ngoi ca

DT = Dkg + 2* 4450

mm

DN

DT + 2*v l

4500

mm

nap

300

300

mm

v l
dy np l

Bng tnh ton kch thc l h quang sn lng 20 tn/m

NHM 11- N MN HC

15


Sau khi s dng l nu luyn th dung tch l s tng ln khong 30 40% nn c th

nu qu t 15 20%.

1.2. THIT K L V CC B PHN CA L:

1.2.1 Chn vt liu xy l v cch xy l:
a. Xy l h quang:
L h quang c lp v ngoi bng thp chu nhit, dy 10-25m, thn l hnh tr y cong
hoc y phng, hay thn dng hnh cn y cong. Bn trong v c xy hoc m vt liu cn nhit
v gch chiu la cao. Trn thn l c np y kn hoc di chuyn c khi cht liu vo l theo
phng php trn xung, np l khng c v bc bng kim loi, nhng m bo bn ngi
ta lm vnh ai kim loi bao quanh chn vm np. Ty theo dung lng l tn/m m ngi ta xy
m, dng cc loi gch khc nhau, cc lp gch khc nhau v c dy ph hp.
Cht lng th xy l nh hng ln n nng sut v cht lng thp, trnh c nhng s c
ng tic, nguy him c th xy ra.
Yu cu ca th xy l:
bn ca lp lt nh hng ng k n nng sut l v cht lng thp nu luyn. Cc
phn ch yu ca lp lt bao gm y, tng v np l.
Yu cu ca lp lt:
-

Chu nhit rt ln (gn 1700C) nn vt liu lm lp lt phi c chu nhit

cao(l nhit m ti mu bt u bin dng do chnh trong lng bn thn).
Vt liu cn chu ng sut ln nn phi c bin mm di tc dng ti trng cao.
C bn nn cao
Chu c s thay i nhit thng xuyn, cn c n nh nhit cao tc l
kh nng gi nguyn vn hnh dng v bn c khi nhit thay i t ngt.
C n nh v mt ha hc v n hay b mn do tip xc thng xuyn vi x
lng, kim loi lng v kh nng.
Khi xy l cn ch cha nhng mi gin n gia cc vin gch v c s co gin
ca vt liu chu la khi b nung nng hay ngui i.
dn nhit, dn in thp gim mt mt nhit v sut tiu hao in nng.
Vt liu xy l h quang

Gch inat: l loi vt liu chu la axit, nguyn liu ch yu l thch anh v hm lng
SiO2 cao. Nhit bt u bin mm l 1650C, chu nng 1710-1720C. Thnh phn ha
hc :
SiO2

CaO

MgO

Al2O3

Fe2O3

93,2-95%

2,4-3%

0,80%

1,10-2,0%

0,75-1,10%

NHM 11- N MN HC

16

Gch c bn c cao nhng n 600C th n nh nhit ca gch inat thp nn nung

chm. N khng tc dng vi x axit, tro nguyn liu nhng b x bazo bo mn tng l to
silicat d nng chy. Khng b co khi dng, t>6000C dn n nh lm vm bn vng
ng dng: lm np l h quang axit.
Manhzit :
-

Bt Manhezit: l vt liu chu la c tnh bazo, c c bng cch nung Manhezit t

nhin. Thnh phn ha hc:

MgO

CaO

SiO2

Al2O3 + Fe2O3

88-91,5%

3%

4%

3-5%

Thnh phn ht nh mn dng v y l, m y l v tng l h quang bazo.

-

Gch Manhezit: sn xut t Manhezit bt thiu.Thnh phn ha hc:

MgO

CaO

FeO

Al2O3

MnO

SiO2

86%

2%

5%

1,5%

0,8%

4%

Tnh chu la t 1790-1800C, nhit bt u bin mm l 1500C. Gch chu c tc

dng ca x bazo nhng b x axit bo mn. Gch manhezit hay b nt v khi nhit thay i
thay i t ngt, dn nhit li cao nn khng th xy tng l v np l.
ng dng gch manhezit: xy tng l v y l. Cn ch khng c tip xc vi gch
Samt do to hp cht 2MgO2Al2O3.5SiO2 d chy (14250C).
Crom-Manhezit : l loi gch trung tnh, thnh phn MgO (40-45%), Cr2O3 (20-30%) loi
ny chu c s thay i t ngt v nhit , dng xy chn tng l, ch tho thp v x, c
th xy np l v tnh chu nhit cao. chu la >20000C
ng dng: xy lp ngn cch gia gch inat v manhezit nhit cao.
lmit: cng l loi vt liu chu la c tnh baz, trong t nhin n dng CaMg(CO 2)2.
Sau khi nung, thnh phn lmit l:
CaO

MgO

Fe2O3

SiO2

52-58%

35-38%

3%

0,6-2,8%

ng dng: xy tng,tu sa y v chn tng.

Samt :l loi vt liu chu la trung tnh, kim yu. Thnh phn ha hc:
Al2O3

SiO2

Fe2O3

CaO

MgO

35%

62%

2%

0,7%

0,3%

Gch c dn nhit, dn in thp, n nh nhit cao, chu la l 1670-1730C.

bn x cao.
ng dng: xy mng rt thp, lp lt thng rt, lm vt liu cch nhit cho y v tng
l.
NHM 11- N MN HC

17

Ngoi cc vt liu trn, ngi ta cn dng aming, gch iamt lm vt liu cch nhit v
hc n, nha than, nha thy tinh lng lm cht kt dnh.
Cc th gch xy: xy cc thit b luyn thp, ngi ta s dng cc th gch chu la v
cch nhit sn xut theo hnh dng v kch thc tiu chun ha. Mt s th gch xy thng
dng nh sau:
Gch thng: Dng xy tng thng, y l hoc phi hp vi gch vt xy vm v
tng cong, kch thc ph bin l 23011365.
Gch vt nm: Dng xy tng cong hoc vm l c chiu dy mng, kch thc ph
bin l 23011365/55 hoc 23011365/45.
Gch vt ng: Dng xy tng cong hoc vm l c chiu dy ln, kch thc ph
bin l 23011365/55 hoc 23011365/45.
Gch chn vm: Dng xy chn vm cong, kch thc ph bin l 23011365/55
hoc 230113135/56/37.
Gch vm treo: Dng xy vm l phng bng mc treo, kch thc ph bin l
300276260/100/75/30.

Gch thng

Gch chn vm

Gch vt nm

Gch vm cu

NHM 11- N MN HC

Gch vt ng

Gch vm treo

18

Khi chn gch xy l nn dng cc loi gch tiu chun c ch to hng lot hoc d
kim.
b. Xy l h quang bazo
Mt s loi gch chu la c s dng xy l baz hin nay:

L baz c s dng nhiu v to iu kin thun li cho vic tp cht nh pht pho,
lu hunh v cc tp phi kim khc
L h quang baz xy l thng c xy dng bng gch manhzit(MgO), Crmmanhzit( Cr2O3-MgO), manhzit-Crmit( MgO-Cr2O3), cng c khi dng gch Alumin cao(
Al2O3) xy l. Ngoi ra cn s dng gch samt A( Al2O3-SiO2) cn nhit v gi nhit.
Gch manhzit c dng xy phn trn v phn y l c thnh phn:
MgO

CaO

SiO2

Al2O3 + Fe2O3

88-91,5%

3%

4%

3-5%

Gch manhzit c chu la cao t 1700 18000C, nhit bin mm 15000C v

gin nhit cao, bn cao. Nhng loi gch ny li c tnh bin mm km hay b nt v khi
nhit thay i t ngt. Do , ngi ta khng s dng gch ny xy np l v chn
tng l.

Gch Crm-manhezit( Cr2O3-MgO) c thnh phn ha hc:

Cr2O3

MgO

20-30%

40-45%

Loi gch ny c chu la cao, dn nhit tt, chu c nhit thay i t ngt,
nn thng dng xy chn tng l, ch tho thp v i khi dng xy np l. Loi
gch ny c tnh cht tt thng dng xy np l.
Gch manhezit-Crmicc thnh phn:
MgO

Cr2O3

65-67%

8-18%

Gch samot l loi gch c tnh cht trung bnh c thnh phn ha hc:
Al2O3

SiO2

20-30%

55-60%

Thng dng xy lp cn nhit ngoi cng y,tng, mng rt thp v ni rt

thp.
Xy l h quang bazo:
NHM 11- N MN HC

19

y l: y l lun phi tip xc vi kim loi lng v x lng. Do y l cn phi

bn chng c va p mnh ca qu trnh cht liu rn t trn xung, cch nhit tt, chu la
cao,gi nhit tt, chu c qu trnh si thp lng, chng tm thc ca x lng. Xy y l- l
in h quang bazo cn xy ng k thut v c dy ph hp vi dung lng l.
dy ca y l 650mm , c xy gm 3 lp: lp lm vic trn cng c m cht v
thiu kt thnh 1 khi duy nht, lp gch m gia v di cng l lp cch nhit.
V thp y l c c nhng l c ng knh 10-25mm thot kh trong qu trnh thiu
kt. Trn lp v ny ngi ta 1 lp bt iatmit dy 35mm v m nh, tip theo ta lt gch
samt nh 1 lp 45mm v thm 1 lp samt dy 45mm, gia cc khe h cc vin gch c in
y bng gch. Sau xy lp gch manhzit u tin dy 45mm lt vung gc vi hng c
lp kn cc khe h. Tng chiu dy ca lp gch manhzit l 360mm (gm 3 lp 45mm + 3 lp
75mm), khe h gia cc vin gch c in y bng bt manhezit nh mn v gia cc lp
lin nhau cc vin gch c xy lch nhau 1 gc 45 bt kn cc khe h. Trn cng l lp bt
manhezit m dy 200mm, cht dnh ca lp bt ny l nha than, hc n nung ti 50-60C,
trc khi to lp m u tin nn nung nng gch manhezit bng ci.

1.lp manhedit thiu kt

2.lp gch manhedit
3.lp gch samt
4.lp vn samt
5.lp ba aming
6.v thp.
Tng l:
Sau khi xy xong y l th tin hnh xy tng l, xy t tm l ra v xy t chn tng
pha di ln trn. St v thp l lp aming tm dn li bng thy tinh lng, sau l lp gch
NHM 11- N MN HC

20

samt t st cc lp ny dy 15mm, tip theo xy hoc m lp gch dy 90mm. tng

bn vng ca lp cch nhit ny, ta hn vo pha trong v l nhng thanh thp gc (30x30mm)
t thng ng.
Lp gch chu la phn b nh sau :
-

Xy phn di tng bng gch crom-nanhezit c bn c hc cao,chu la tt v phn

ny thng xuyn chu tc ng ca kim loi lng v x lng.
Xy phn trn bng gch manhezit v lun chu s bc x nhit h quang.

Xy 2 lp c dy tng cng 350mm , tng l lun c vt 10% phn trn to thun

li cho vic cht liu, trnh c chy mn do tia h quang pht ra.
Tng cng dy ca tng l l 500mm.
Np l: lm vic trong iu kin nhit cao, p sut ln, l ni tp trung lng nhit qu
ln (>1700C), khi bi nng nhiu. Do phi chn loi gch va c chu nhit cao va bn
nhit, bn c hc khng b vnh un cong trong qu trnh nu luyn hay thao tc nng h quay
np l , ng thi phi tin hnh xy ng k thut, chc chn.
Cc bc xy np l:
-

t vnh np l ln nn ct c vm ging nh cong ca np l.

Xc nh chnh xc ca 3 l in cc , cc tm ca l to thnh 1 tam gic u chnh
gia khung vnh ai np l.
Xy 3 l in cc c ng knh 600mm trc, xy gn np l , xy np l t ngoi vo
trong c xy xong 3-4 vin gch th lt 1 tm tn dy 1-1,5mm, cc vin gch c xy
dng ng v chn cht cc vin gch xy c dy 250mm.
Xy xong em i nung sy cn thn.

Np l c nng ln v quay 1 gc 60 hay 120 cht liu vo l. Gch xy np l

l gch manhezit-cromit (65-70% MgO , 8-18% Cr 2O3). Np l cn c 2 l na l thi v l
thot kh.

1.2.2. Thit b l
a. Thit b in:
Thit b in ca l gm : cc mch in cng cao, cc loi cu dao,cc thit b
iu chnh t ng in cc, cc dng c o in, in cc.
Mch cng cao l quang trng nht quyt nh gi tr v kh nng lm vic ca
l.ng thi c nh hng ln n qu trnh sn sut, mch cng cao bao gm cu dao
cch ly, cu dao cng sut cao th, my bin p l v cun cm khng, mch ngn v in
cc,cu dao cch ly d ct in khi sa cha hoc kim tra thit b.
Bin p l l b phn quan trng nht cung cp in cho l h quang. T ngun s

cp 6 35kV chuyn sang cun th cp h xung cn 100 220V. Bin p phi lm vic

trong diu kin nhit cao v ti trong ln( t o=60 700C), v qu ti ln, thng h s ti

1,25 150. V vy cn phi tng cng lm ngui my bin p bng du, khng kh hoc
bng nc cng bc. c cun dy s cp ca my bin p c nhiu u dy t do. Do
c kh nng thay i in p ra ph hp vi yu cu nu luyn.
NHM 11- N MN HC

21

in cc l h quang : l h quang luyn thp s dng in cc than, in cc grafic

nu luyn thp, hin nay ngi ta hay dng ch yu l in cc grafic. in cc ng vai tr
quan trng trong vic dn in v l ngun phng in t to ra nhit nng cung cp cho
qu trnh nu luyn.

Bng tnh cht vt l ca in cc.

STT

Cc tnh cht

( ). mm 2 / m

1
in tr sut
2

Nhit oxy ha b mt, OC

Hm lng tro trong in cc,%

Trong lng

Thc

ring g/cm3

Biu khin

xp, %

bn nn, kg/cm2

dn nhit, kcal/m.h.oC

NHM 11- N MN HC

in cc than

40 50

in cc grafit

6 14

450 500

5 7

1,9 2,0

>600

1,50

1,70

20 25

200 450

27 32

150 350

13

113

0,20 0,30

2,10 2,23

22

Trong qu trnh nu luyn thp in cc lun b chy hao, mc chy hao ph thuc
v ch cung cp in, dung lng l v cng ngh nu luyn, thi gian nu luyn cng
ko di th chy hao in cc cng ln. Khi in cc ngn dn ngi ta h tip n vo l, khi
n qu ngn khng h xung c na cn phi thay in cc mi. gim hao ph phn
ui in cc, ngi ta ch to in cc thnh nhng on hnh tr u c lm ren hoc
cn. Cc vt ni c ch to t cc phi c bit c bn cao. Chy hao in cc ca
Lin x c (1985) l :

Qu trnh baz : chy hao in cc than 13 15kg/tn, in cc grafic 6 10kg/tn thp.

Qu trnh axit : chy hao in cc than 10 12kg/tn, in cc grafic 4 5kg/tn thp.

Ngy nay do p dng cc cng ngh hin i nn chy hao in cc l 1,2 2kg/tn
thp.

S tiu hao ca in cc c xc nh do bn yu t sau:

-

Do oxy ha b mt.

Do gy in cc hay vt ni

Do h quang in lm nh vn in cc

Do in cc ha tan vo x khi nu l si.

Tiu hao in cc ph thuc vo dung lng ca l, ch nu luyn, kn kht khe

h in cc v ca l.
Kch thc in cc ph thuc ph thuc vo dung lng l( tn/ m).
Bng 1.9. ch tiu k thut ca in cc grafic.

ng knh in

100

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

350

400

9,0

9,5

9,5

9,5

10

10

10

10

10

10

28

24

22

20

20

18

17

17

16

15

78,6

176

240

314

378

490

595

706

962

1250

6300

8000

10200

11000

12400

15400

18500

cc ddc.mm
in tr

( ). mm 2 / m
sut
Mt dng

i.A/ cm 2
Tit din ngang
ca in cc, cm2
Dng in I2,A

2200 4200 5300

NHM 11- N MN HC

23

Cng dng

2400 4300 5600

6600

8200

11000

11500

12600

15800

18700

109

105

102

101

104

101

102

101

cho php Ip.A

Ip/I2

102

106

b.V l:
V l phi c bn chu c trng lng ca kim loi v lp lt, ng thi n phi
chu c p sut ca lp lt b gin n khi nung nng.
V l thng c hn bng thp tm vi chiu dy 25mm cho dung tch l 20T c ng
knh v l l 4105,8mm ( chiu dy v l =1/200 ng knh v l).
V l c dng hnh cn-tr, gc nghing ca hnh cn l 6-23 v chiu cao ca on hnh
cn = 1/3-2/3 khong cch t ngng ca l n chn np l to thun li cho vic v l v tng
tui th ca l.
Ngoi ra, v l cn c cc gn tng bn v c cc vnh ai gi nguyn hnh dng ca v
l. Vnh ai pha trn lm thnh dng rnh cha ct to kht khi y np l.
V y l lm dng hnh chm cu m bo c bn ti a v lp lt c trng lng nh
nht, n c lm bng thp khng c t tnh c th lp t thit b khy trn bng in t.
b.Vng m in cc:
Cc l trng trn np l t in cc thng c ng knh ln hn ng knh ca in
cc t 40-50mm trnh lm h hng in cc khi nung nng. Nhng kh l s thot ra qua ch
ny gy mt mt nhit, in cc b oxy ha mnh, mt dng in tng ln dn n in cc b
gy.
to s kht cht gia in cc v np l, ta s dng nhng vng m in cc. Vng m
in cc c nhiu loi nh : t ng trn np l, ng xon rut g, i trng...
c.B phn cp in cc:
B phn cp in cc dng dn in n in cc v gi in cc mt cao nht
nh. B phn ny b nung nng bi kh nng thot ra t khe h in cc nn n phi bn v
mt mt nhit nh nht v phi gi c in cc khng b ri xung trong khi nu luyn.
u cp in cc lm bng thp, ng thau hoc ng thanh.Phi c gng gim in tr
tip xc gia u cp v in cc nhm gim mt mt in nng v th n c lm bng thp
khng t tnh v c lm ngui bng nc gim c s oxy ha v gin n v nhit, gi
c tip xc cht lm gim in tr tip xc.
d. B phn c kh nng h in cc:
Mi in cc phi c b phn nng h ring. i vi l ln ta dng thit b iu chnh
bng thy lc hay thit b bn dn tiristor silic iu chnh in cc ln xung.
B phn nng h in cc c 2 tr lng vo nhau c dng nhiu nht hin nay. Tr ngoi
rng rut c gn c nh vo v l, cn tr trong c lng vo trong tr ngoi. Tr ngoi c
gn cht 4 hoc 8 puly bn trong c nhim v dn ng tr trong ln xung theo hng nht
NHM 11- N MN HC

24

nh. Tr trong gn cht x ngang gi in cc, khi tr trong di chuyn ln xung th ko theo
in cc cng ln xung theo.
Tc nng h in cc ph thuc vo dung tch l. i vi l 20T :
Vln = 1,5-2,5 m/pht
Vxung = 1,2-1,5 m/pht.

1.Gi lp in cc
2.Tr dn hng
3.H thng dn ng
4.Kp in cc
5.i trng.
e. B phn c kh nghing l:
Yu cu ca b phn ny l:
-

Vic nghing l phi m, khng va p, c th nghing 45 rt kim loi vo thng rt

v nghing 10-15 v pha ca np liu tho x.
iu khin tc nghing mt cch d dng.
Gim bt vic di chuyn thng rt trong qu trnh rt.
t v tr an ton, khng b kim loi phun bn.
Khi tho x th c cu khng b x phun bn.

u im:
-

Nghing l vng chc.

Nghing l m, u v t ng hon ton.
Khng nh hng n khu vc lm vic ca cng nhn.
Quay c l c dung lng ln, khi nghing khng lm lch trng tm l.

Nhc im:
-

Hay b ri x, kim loi lng ln ng c.

NHM 11- N MN HC

25

Thng xuyn bo m sch s v kh ro di khu vc t b phn c kh nghing l

th n mi c th hot ng tt.
Trc khi l chy phi c ngi kim tra in cn thn.

f. B phn np liu:
np liu vo l pha trn ca l ta dng thng np liu. y l phng php ch yu
c dng trong cc l hin i v:
-

Np liu tn t thi gian nn lp lt l khng b ngui i,gim thi gian nu luyn ngn,
nng sut l tng.
Khong khng gian c s dng tt hn, s dng c 100% th tch l.

Ty theo phng php m l ta chia cc l np liu thnh 3 loi:

-

Np c th nng ln cch l 250-300mm v c th quay sang bn 1 gc 80-90 m

bung l ra. Loi ny c dng rng ri nht.
Np l c treo bng dy xch vo 1 gi pha trn. Khi cn np liu th np l c
nng ln v gi s mang np l di chuyn v pha mng rt.
Np l c treo trn gi , khi np liu ngi ta nng np l ln v thn l di chuyn
v pha ca np liu.

Ngoi cc b phn c kh ni trn, l h quang cn c cc b phn ph khc nh c cu

nng np l, c cu quay np l, c cu quay thn l v b phn lc sch kh l
g. Gu rt kim loi: Gu rt hnh tr, cu hoc nn ct rng, v bng thp, bn trong xy
hoc p bng vt liu chu la dng cha, vn chuyn v rt kim loi lng vo khun c khi
ch to cc sn phm c.
C cc kiu: GR tay, GR ming, GR y, GR kiu m tr. GR nh c cn di do mt
ngi iu khin. Khi lng kim loi ln hn, phi dng GR hai ngi khing.
h. Thng rt kim loi: Trong trng hp c vt c ln, phi dng ti thng rt. V lng
kim loi cha trong thng khin v lng lm nghing thng, nh vy kim loi lng s chy ra
d dng.
Mt thng rt c th rt cho nhiu khun. Khi rt xong mt khun, thng rt c
chuyn sang v tr rt mi nh nhng con ln trt trn ray treo. V GR v thng rt c lm
bng tn, pha trong c trt vt liu chu la (GR) hoc gch chu la (thng rt).
bo v an ton cho ngi th rt, khi rt phi eo gng tay bng aming, mt c eo
knh mu bo h v chn phi i giy phng c nc gang (hoc thp, vt liu kim loi
khc,...) bn to vo ngi.

NHM 11- N MN HC

26

CHNG 2: CHUN B L V TNH TON PHI

LIU NU THP
2.1 CHUN B L:
Trong qu trnh nu luyn th lp lt ca l b n mn bi x lng v kim loi lng nhit
v hot tnh cao, y l b ph hng khi np liu cc ln hay b qu nung do in cc qu gn
y. V vy trc khi nu luyn cn phi lm sch l v v l cn thn. Phng php v l l
bng tay (v th cng) c ng dng vi cc l nh, hoc v l bng my c ng dng vi
cc l ln.
Yu cu v nguyn tc khi v l:
-

Co sch x v thp cn ng li trong l. Nu x trn ln vi vt liu v l s gim

chu la ca y l, y l b nng lm gim dung lng l, gim nng sut l. Kim loi
cn li trong l s kh khng ch thnh phn ca m nu k tip, kim loi nng chy s
lm bong lp lt, hm lng manhezit trong x s tng ln.
Khi l h th kim loi v x ng rn rt nhanh nn phi lm sch l cng nhanh cng tt,
tranh th v l lc nhit cn cao (700-900C)
V nhanh, u, ng ch, nhng ni b bo mn su th va v va nn cht. Lp v
khng c dy qu, ti a l 30mm.
Ch v l ra thp v tho x.
Sau khi v xong, dng sn san bng lp v, lm cho y l c hnh dng nh c.
Sau khi v xong th cht liu ngay tranh th nhit cn cao.

Nguyn vt liu v l:
-

Bt manhezit, cha 90% MgO, c ht 0,8-1,5mm dng v y l v chn tng ch

h hng nh.
Khi cn v nhng ch h hng ln th dng hn hp bt manhezit v 5-10% nha
ng hay thy tinh lng hoc bt lmit trn vi nc thy tinh.

NHM 11- N MN HC

27

Dng c v l:
i vi l ln, ta dng my kh nn, a quay nn cc vt liu v l vo ch cn v. L
c m np, h bunke cha vt liu v l vo lng l, y bunke c 1 a quay, vt liu v l
ri xung a v c nm vo tng bn ca l.

2.2 TNH TON PHI LIU NU THP TRONG L H QUANG

DUNG LNG 20 TN
2.2.1 . Chn phng php nu luyn:
Chn mc thp nu luyn: X15 m nu 20tn.
Nguyn liu: thp vn 40Cr v gang. Ngoi ra cn c fero mangan, fero silic, than cc,
qung st v mt s ph liu khc.
Chn phng n nu luyn:
C hai phng php nu luyn thp trong l h quang:
-

Luyn thp c giai on si.

Luyn thp khng c giai on si.

c im ca hai phng php:

+ Phng php nu luyn c giai on si:

S dng cho m liu c thnh phn cacbon thay i, hm lng P,S khng i hi kht
khe.
Trong giai on oxy ha kim loi si mnh lit v lu, do thnh phn ca kim loi
c ng u, kh c nhiu tp cht nh hydro, nit v oxt phi kim loi.
H thp hm lng cacbon theo mun, hm lng P c th gim n 70-80%.

Tuy nhin phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im:

Ko di thi gian nu luyn lm cho nng sut l thp.

Tiu tn in nng v chy hao cc nguyn t hp kim l kh nhiu.
Tn hao in cc rt ln.
Phng php nu luyn c giai on si ngy cng c ng dng ngy cng ph bin.
Do p ng c nhiu yu cu k thut nh : sn lng ln, cht lng thp tt, s dng
c nhiu loi liu khc nhau.

+ Phng php nu liu khng c giai on si:

Hay cn gi l phng php nu li, thc cht ca phng php ny l tn dng ngun
ph phm thp, thp hp kim nu luyn cc loi thp hp kim nh thp khng r, thp
NHM 11- N MN HC

28

chu nhit, Tn dng cc nguyn t hp kim nh V, Si, Ni, Cr, W, Mo, c sn trong ph
liu, h gi thnh thp v m bo cc ch tiu kinh t k thut,
Ph liu dng luyn thp phi m bo thnh phn, c bit l P,S cho tng loi mc
thp nu luyn.
Liu cn c lm sch, ty sch cc oxt, r st, du m, sy kh .
Phng php nu li c cc u im nh:
Rt ngn thi gian nu luyn, trong thi k oxy ha c th gim t 20-60 pht, thi k
hon nguyn gim 20-30 pht.
p dng phng php ny c th gim chi ph in nng 12-15%,nng sut l tng 1520%.
Gim bt cc cht oxy ha cht to x, in cc gch chiu nhit, nht l gim s bay
hi cc nguyn t hp kim.
Tn dng cc nguyn t hp kim trong ph liu.
Tng tui th l, thi gian phc v ca l, np v y l tng 10% so vi l nu c thi
k si.

Nhc im ca phng php:

Phi liu c thnh phn kht khe, yu cu trong liu c thnh phn P, S thp.
V khng c giai on si nn thnh phn v nhit thp khng ng u,
hn ch qu trnh kh tp phi kim, cc cht kh c hi nh nit, hydro,

Ta chn phng n nu luyn liu l thp v gang ph liu trong qu trnh nu c gia on
oxy ha v hon nguyn.

2.2.2. Vt t s dng
Thp X15 c thnh phn
Nguyn
t

Mn

Si

Cr

Ni

Cu

X15

0,951,05

0,20,4

0,170,37

<
0,025

< 0,025

1,31,65

0,25

0,35

Trong qu trnh tnh ton ly gi tr trung bnh d tnh ton.

Thnh phn hp kim Fero s dng:
Fero Mangan:

NHM 11- N MN HC

29

 Fero Silic:

C nhiu phng n chn nguyn liu. y ta chn nguyn liu l thp 40Cr v gang. Ngoi ra
nu cn ta dng fero silic, fero cromic, fero mangan v than cc khi thiu Si, Cr, Mn hay C.
Thnh phn ca nguyn liu:
Loi nguyn liu
40Cr
Gang

Thnh phn (%)

C

Si

Mn

Cr

0,40

0,27

0,65

0,03

0,03

0,95

3,9

0,8

0,2

0,05

75

0,7

0,05

0,04

0,07

0,04

FeSi75
FeCr65

6,6

NHM 11- N MN HC

65

Ni

Cu

0,3

30

0,3

Ni

0,1

0,1

FeMn75

75

0,38

0,03

99,1

0,2

2.2.3.Tnh ton phi liu chnh:

Gi x l % ca thp 40Cr trong m liu
y l % ca gang trong m liu.
Ta tnh lng phi liu da vo %C trong nguyn liu v mc thp cn nu.
%Ctnh ton = %Cmc thp + (0.3 0.4) = 1,0 + 0,35 = 1,35%.
Ta c h phng trnh:

x y 100
x 72,86%

0,40.x 3,90 y 1,35 *100 y 27,14%

Gii h phng trnh ta c : x = 72,86%; y = 27,14%.
Khi lng m liu l 20 tn.
Vy khi lng thp 40Cr l : mt = 72,86% .20 = 14,572 (tn).
Khi lng gang l : m g = 27,14% .20 = 5,428(tn).

Xc nh thi lng tng thi k :

Qu trnh nu luyn gm ba thi k chnh :
-

Thi k nu chy : chim thi gian 105 pht.

Thi k oxy ha : chim 45 pht.

Thi k hon nguyn : chim 30 pht.

Tng lng thi gian ca mt m nu :3 gi

Tnh chy hao cc nguyn t qua cc thi k :nu chy, oxy ha hon nguyn.
Nguyn liu

Thi k nu chy
(%)

Thi k oxy ha (%)

Thi k hon nguyn

(%)

Fe

2-5

56

Mn

50 - 70

10 - 15

NHM 11- N MN HC

31

Si

50- 75

50 - 80

15 - 20

Cr

5 - 10

10 - 20

23

50 - 60

30 - 40

50

15 -20

75 - 80

Mo

Ti

100

40 50

Al

100

100

70 80

Ni

Cthancc

30 40

15 20%

1,5 2%/gi

5%

2.2.4. Tnh ton chy hao :

Fe : Tng lng Fe chy hao trong thi cc thi k nu chy, oxy ha v hon nguyn :

- Thnh phn Fe trong liu bang u :

%Fe = 100 - ( 1,35 + 0,95 + 0,2 + 0,17 + 0,025 ) = 97,31%
- Khi lng Fe trong liu bang u :
mFe = 97,31% 20 = 19,46 tn.
- Thi k nu chy :
%Fe = 19,46 - 19,46 3,5% = 18,78%.
- Thi k oxy ha :
%Fe = 18,78 - 18,78 5,5% = 17,75%.
- Khi lng Fe khng b chy hao :
mFe = 17,75 % 100 = 17,75 tn.
- Lng Fe b chy hao :
Fechy hao = 20 - 17,75 = 2,25 (tn) tng ng vi 11,25% b chy hao.
Cacbon :

- Thnh phn cacbon trong liu : %C = 1,35%

NHM 11- N MN HC

32

Thnh phn cacbon qua cc thi k :

- Thi k nu chy : %C = 1,35 - 1,35
- Thi k oxy ha : %C = 1,11 - 1,11

17,5% = 1,11%.
1,75% = 1,09%.

- Thi k hon nguyn : %C = 1,09 - 1,09

5% = 1,04%.

- Lng cacbon t yu cu trong thp 0,95% -1,05%

Lng cacbon sau giai on oxy ha cn thit l : %C = 1,04%

Thnh phn C t yu cu ca mc thp X15

Mn :

Thnh phn Mn trong liu:

% Mn

1 27,14 0,65 72,86

0,74%
100

Thi k nu chy : %Mn = 0,74 0,74 60% = 0,30%.

Thi k oxy ha : %Mn = 0,30 0,30 12,5% = 0,26%< %Mnmc = 0,30%.

%Mnthiu = 0,30 0,26 = 0,04%

Khi lng Mn trong feromangan cn a vo:

mMn.= 0,04% * 100 = 0,04 ( tn)

Lng feromangan a vo: (hiu sut thu hi l 95%):

m M

0,04
0,06(tan)
0,75 0,95

NHM 11- N MN HC

33

 Si :

Thnh phn Si trong liu :

0,27 72,86 0,8 27,14

0,41
100

% Si

- Thi k nu chy : %Si = 0,41 - 0,41

- Thi k oxy ha : %Si = 0,15 - 0,15

0,63 = 0,15%.

0,9 = 0,015%.

- Thi k hon nguyn : %Si = 0,015 - 0,015

17,5% = 0,012%.

- %Sithiu = 0,27 - 0,012 = 0,258%.

- Khi lng Si trong ferosilic cn a vo :

mSi = 0,258% 20 = 0,05tn.

Lng ferosilic cn a vo vi hiu sut s dng l 70% :

msi 75

0,05
0,10(tan)
0,75 0,70

.
P:

%P

0,03 72,86 0,2 27,14

0,08%
100

NHM 11- N MN HC

Thnh phn P trong liu:

34

- Thi k nu chy: %P = 0,08 - 0,08

- Thi k oxy ha : %P = 0,04 - 0,04

55% = 0,04%.

35% = 0,03% > Pmc < 0,025%

Thnh phn P ln hn yu cu ca mc thp X15 nn cn tng cng kh P xung thp

hn.
S:

Thnh phn S trong liu :

%S

0,03 72,86 0,05 27,14

0,04%
100

.
- Thi k nu chy: %Si = 0,04 - 0,04
- Thi k oxy ha : %Si = 0,04 - 0,04

0% = 0,04%.
17,5% = 0,03%.

- Thi ky hon nguyn : %Si = 0,03 - 0,03

77,5% = 0,007% < 0,025%.

Thnh phn S t yu cu ca mc thp X15 nn khng cn thm cc bin php kh S

nu khng cn thit.
Tuy nhin nu c iu kin chng ta nn p dng cc bin php kh gn trit P v S, nng
cao cht lng thp gip xy dng thng hiu cho cng ty.
Carbon (C):

%C

0,4 72,86 3,9 27,14

1,35%
100

NHM 11- N MN HC

35

- Thi k nu chy: %C=1,35 -1,35*17,5%= 1,11%

- Thi k oxy ha: %C chy hao trong mt gi= 1,11* 1,75%=0,02%
- gim lng C ti mc yu cu mc thp ta cn thi oxy trong 5,5 gi (chy hao 1,52%/gi).

2.3 TNH TON LNG X TRONG M:

Mt trong nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh cng ngh, thi gian nu v cht lng
m nu l ch x. Vic m bo ch x ti u bt u bng s thit lp cc gi tr ti u ca
cc thng s c bn nh bazo (B ), khi lng x, st ca x , hot ca x,.. v ng thi
phi m bo mc kh P,S v tp cht ti mc ti thiu.
2.3.1 Cc cht to x baz:
- Trong luyn thp ngi ta thng dng cc tr dung to x kim tnh nh vi v vi
(CaCO3, CaO), hunh thch ( CaF2), lmit (CaMg(CO3) ),..: cht to x trung tnh nh samt
(Al2O3 v SiO2) v 1 lng cht to x tnh axit (ct thch anh) iu chnh tnh cht x.
- Oxy hay qung st (hay vy Fe sinh ra trong cn, rn) dng oxy ha cc nguyn t S,
P, Si, Mn,..
- Cht kh oxy l CaC2, fero silic, fero mangan, Si-Mn, Al, v 1 s nguyn t t him.
Bng thnh phn tr dung

Vt
Liu

SiO2

Fe2O3

Al2O3

CaO

MgO

Vi

2,3

2,2

0,8

91,3

3,3

Hunh
thch

3,6

1,5

0,2

Manhe
zit

92

Tro
in
cc

46

18

26

10

Gch
inat

94

1,1

1,6

2,5

0,8

Samot

62

35

0,7

0,3

Qung
Fe

3,8

81,2

1,2

0,2

Vy
cn

1,75

35,57

0,62

1,4

NHM 11- N MN HC

MnO

CaF2

CaCO3

FeO

0,1

94,2

- 0,5

0,2

0,7

12,6

0,62

1,43

58,6

0,1
-

36

Than
cc

51

35

2.3.2 Tnh ton khi lng x:

Thnh phn bay hi v vo x ca cc nguyn t:
Nguyn t

Bay hi

Vo x

Fe

90%

10%

Si

50%

50%

Mn

20%

80%

100%

Ti

100%

Cr

20%

80%

100%

a. Thi k nu chy:
Bng thng bng cc nguyn t giai on nu chy:

Nguyn t

Lng
Lng
Lng
Lng
trong
mt do
chy hao vo
x
kim loi
bay hi
(kg)
(kg)
lng (kg)
(kg)

Fe

88711,2

744

Si

3104,89

310,5

2794,39

Lng cn li
Kg

85606,31

97,936

744

0,85

1154,8

692,88

346,44

346,44

461,92

0,53

Mn

912,4

364,96

291,97

72,99

547,44

0,63

62

34,1

34,1

27,9

0,032

45,6

22,8

22,8

22,8

0,026

Tng

91630

87410,37

100

NHM 11- N MN HC

37

b. Thi k oxy ho:

Trong giai on oxy ha , vi tc kh 0,08%C/ pht, ta thi oxy trong 6pht.
==> %Ccnli= 0,85 (0,08.6) = 0,37%.
Bng thng bng cc nguyn t giai on oxy ha:

Nguyn t

Lng
Lng
Lng
Lng
trong kim
mt do
chy hao vo x
loi lng
bay hi
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)

Fe

85606,31

5136,38

513,64

4622,74

744

442,81

442,81

Si

461,92

346,44

Mn

547,44

Lng cn li
Kg

80469,93

98,85

301,19

0,37

173,22

173,22

115,48

0,142

68,43

54,74

13,69

479,01

0,59

27,9

9,76

9,76

18,14

0,022

22,8

3,42

3,42

19,38

0,024

Tng

87410,37

81403,13

100

c. Thi k hon nguyn:

- Khi lng Ferosilic thm vo kh oxy, hiu sut thu hi 90%:

m FeSi75

20000.(0,27 0,135)
40,0(kg).
100.0,75.0,9

- Khi lng Feromangan thm vo kh oxy, hiu sut thu hi 90%:

m FeMn75

20000.(0,30 0,24)
17,54(kg).
100.0,76.0,9

- Khi lng Ferocrom thm vo:

m FeCr 65

20000.0,35
107,69(kg).
100.0,65

- Khi lng Niken thm vo:

NHM 11- N MN HC

38

m Ni

20000.0,25
50,45( kg).
100.0,991

Bng thng bng cc nguyn t giai on hon nguyn:

Nguyn t

Lng
Lng
trong kim
chy hao
loi lng
(kg)
(kg)

Lng cn li
kg

Fe

80619,29

80619,29

98,1

334,4

334,4

0,41

Si

175,33

26,3

149,03

0,18

Mn

539,55

539,55

0,7

18,77

18,77

0,03

19,6

15,19

4,41

0,0054

Cr

270,3

9,46

260,84

0,285

Ni

270

270

0,29

Tng

82247,24

82196,29

100

2.4 CNG TC CHUN B:

2.4.1 Kim tra thit b:
- Kim tra kh nng lm vic v an ton thit b.
- m l, xy mng rt, kim tra khun rt, p thng rt ,
- Kim tra in, cu dao,.
- Kim tra ni l.
- Sy l v thng rt.
2.4.2 Cht liu:
Thi gian cht liu v nu chy m liu thng chim 50-70% tng thi gian nu luyn 1
m thp, do vy cn c gii php gim thi gian cht liu v phn b liu sao cho c mt ln
nht, liu kh chy nht nm st tng l.
Thao tc np liu nh hng n qu trnh nng chy liu, chy hao cc nguyn t hp kim
v tui th ca l. Nguyn tc khi cht liu l :
NHM 11- N MN HC

39

Tc np nhanh u.
Liu phi c xp st cht v cht c nhiu nht.
Phn b cc c liu hp l trong l, cc liu ln v loi liu kh chy nn a vo vng
nhit cao.
Duy tr chng c n nh, bo m an ton khng lm gy in cc trong qu trnh
nu.
C gng np liu 12 ln, s dng np liu trn xung.

Khi m np l, nhit t 1500C gim xung cn 800 900C. Nhit lng mt i

trong giai on nu chy phi b sung bng ngun nhit h quang, do tn hao in nng
nhiu, ko di thi gian nu chy, nng sut l khng cao.
Np liu kht cht m bo dn in, nhit tt, phi hp cht ch gia cc loi liu cc to,
cc va v nh mt cch hp l.
Loi liu

Khi lng/cc liu (kg)

% liu trong m liu

Liu loi nh

<10kg

40%

Liu loi trung bnh

1025 kg

45%

Liu cc to

25150 kg

15%

Qu trnh cht liu c th chia lm 2 t:

-

Cht khong 60% liu gm thp, vi, MgO, g st.

Khi liu chy ht th cht tip t 2 l s thp cn li, gang v cc cht tr dung to x.

Trnh t cht liu nh sau:

-

Trn y l c cht 1 lp vi 1,5-2% trng lng liu (1,5-2 tn) ri u mt y. Mc

ch ca lp vi ny l gim bt s va p ca liu ri t trn xung v ng thi to x
sm kh bt P.
Cht khong s liu l loi cc nh vo nu luyn, sau dn u ra l, tip cht cc
liu va.
Khi s liu in y ni l th cht liu cc to vo chnh gia 3 in cc, trn cng cht
mt lp liu cc nh, ri thng in phng h quang.
Theo tnh nng liu m cht tip tc v tng cng sut l, khi nhit l 1000C th
cht ht liu tin hnh nu chy liu nhanh.

Cht liu theo phng php trn xung, ta dng thng cha liu c y t ng ng, m.
Liu c cht vo thng liu, kch thc thng liu ty vo dung lng l, sau nng v di
chuyn np l to khong trng pha trn, m y thng cht liu liu ri vo l.

NHM 11- N MN HC

40

CHNG 3: CNG NGH NU LUYN THP

TRONG L H QUANG
3.1 GIAI ON NU CHY:
Giai on ny bt u t khi cht liu xong n khi liu chy lng hon ton. y l
phng php nu li, thp khng b bn nhiu bi P,S, v vy giai on nu chy chim 70% tng
thi gian luyn mt m thp. y l giai on quyt nh nng sut l v sut tiu hao in nng.

3.1.1 Trnh t tin hnh:

Sau khi np liu xong, in cc c h xung v thng in vo. H quang pht ra c
nhit rt cao (3000-4000C) v lm chy liu. Qu trnh nung chy liu c th chia lm 4 thi
k:
a. Thi k 1: pht h quang ban u, thi gian gi 5-10 pht. Liu cn ang ngui khng
thun li vi c tnh pht x nhit ca in tr h quang, h quang khng n nh, nh
hng n tng l v np l. V vy thi k ny s dng 25-30% cng sut in nh
mc, duy tr ngun h quang n nh. Thi k ny nhit h quang ch c nhim v nung
nng tng, np l v mt phn kim loi rn.
b. Thi k 2: sau 20 pht liu di chn in cc chy to thnh 3 h c ng knh ln
hn ng knh in cc 40%, tng cng sut in 40-50% cng sut in nh mc, 3
in cc c h dn xung di, h quang pht mnh hn, di hn, ngn la h quang
chm trong khi liu rn.
c. Thi k 3: l thi k quyt nh, sau 30-40 pht tng ti a cng sut in rt ngn
thi gian nu chy, ngn la h quang hon ton b liu rn xung quanh h che kn, do
b kim loi lng trong l tng nhanh. Trong thi k ny, h quang pht ra ting ku m,
la v khi nu sm sau la chuyn sang mu nu nht.
d. Thi k 4: sau hn 1 gi liu b chy gn 99%, cn li nhng cc cha chy quanh
ni l, do phi h thp cng sut in trong l l 50% cng sut in nh mc, nng 3
in cc ln, o liu cha chy ra gia l bng b phn c in dch chuyn l. H
quang pht ra m, la v khi trng nhng ngn la khng dng cao nh thi k 3.
Cui thi k nu chy thng thy x tro ln ca l, iu chng t x hnh thnh tt v
vi s lng ln. Lc ny nu x khng chy ra khi l th c th nhn bng mt qua ca l
phn on tnh hnh x tt hay xu ri quyt nh cho thm cht to x hoc co x v to x mi.
Trong giai on ny, ngun nhit h quang pht ra rt ln (6000-7000C) nn cc nguyn
t trong vng h quang bay hi mnh lit. hn ch tn tht do bay hi, chng ta khng cht
cc nguyn t hp kim di 3 in cc, to x sm.
Khi nng chy liu, ta thi oxy khi h quang tm n nh, khi oxy s ct c nhng
liu ln lm chng chy nhanh, ng thi oxy ha Si, Mn, Cr,C, FeTn hao do oxy ha silic l
rt ln, l h quang th lng Si c khi t 90-100%, C>0,3% tn hao do oxy nhiu nhng cn
ph thuc vo hm lng Si trong kim loi, tn hao do oxy ha st do cht lng thp ph do
vy cn quan tm cht lng nguyn liu vo l.
NHM 11- N MN HC

41

Di tc dng mnh ca nhit h quang nng chy, lng kh ht vo rt ln, cc kh H 2,

N2 ha tan vo kim loi lng vi hm lng rt ln. Gim s hp ph kh vo kim loi lng cn
to x sm v thi oxy.
To x sm c ngha quan trng i vi vic pht h quang n nh, tng nhit kim
loi, gim s bay hi cc nguyn t v hp ph kh vo kim loi lng, nht l to iu kin thun
li kh photpho. giai on ny, x c hnh thnh do Si, Mn, Fe b oxy ha thnh cc oxyt
vo x. Thnh phn x ny khng hp vi l kim tnh, d n mn ni l v khng c kh nng
kh P. V vy lng vi lt lp y l khi cht liu c vai tr to x sm, tng bazo ca x
t 2,2-2,7.
Thnh phn x thi k ny nh sau: 30-40%CaO,15-25%SiO 2, 5-10%MgO, 2-10%MnO, 35%Al2O3, 12-20%(FeO+Fe2O3), 0,7-1,2%P2O5, 0,1-0,2%S

3.1.2 Kh Photpho:
Qu trnh oxy ha kh P:
2 [P] + 5 (FeO) = (P2O5) + 5 [Fe] , H<0
4 (CaO) + (P2O5) = (4CaO.P2O5)
2[P] + 5 (FeO) + 4(CaO) = (4CaO.P2O5) + 5 [Fe]
H s phn b ca P l:

Lp

( P2 O5 )
K P ( FeO) 5 .(CaO) 4
2
[ P]

iu kin c bn tin hnh kh P c tt l:

-

Mi trng oxy ha, hm lng FeO trong x cao (15-20%).

bazo v hot ca CaO trong x phi cao ( B=23)
Nhit ca x phi tng i thp (1250-1300C)
To x nhanh, st ca x phi thp (tng chy long ta c th dng samt v hunh
thch , t 5-8%).
Khng ch lng x 3-4%trng lng liu np vo l, co 60-70% x ra khi l kh bt P,
to x mi nhiu ln.

Thi k ny c th kh 50% [P] trong kim loi.

Kt thc qu trnh ny, ta ly mu th i phn tch v chun b cho giai on oxy ha.

3.1.3 Bin php rt ngn thi gian nu chy:

-

a cng sut in vo nu luyn theo ch in cao hoc siu cng sut, in p h

quang ln (Uhv>700 V), chm h quang di, tng tc nu chy liu, gim ng k thi
gian nng chy. Cn cch in tt gia cc cc, cc thanh ni v gia 3 pha, ci to bin
p l thch hp theo tng ch s dng, tng cng lm ngui my bin p l tch cc.
Thi oxy nguyn cht vo kim loi lng sau khi liu c nung chy t n 2/3
tng s m nu, p sut thi t 10-20 atm. Khi thi oxy vo l ta c thun li: trc
ht, dng oxy s ct nh nhng cc liu cng knh lm chng nng chy nhanh, th 2 l
cc nguyn t trong liu nh P, Si, Ckhi b oxy ha s to ra mt lng nhit ln gp

NHM 11- N MN HC

42

phn vo vic nu chy liu. Dng oxy nguyn cht ta c th rt ngn thi gian nu chy
t 10-12 pht, tit kim 80-100 kWh/tn thp, tit kim in nng.
1% C b oxy ha tng nhit ln 3400C [C] + O2= CO2
1% C b oxy ha tng nhit ln 1180C [C] + O2= CO
1% Si b oxy ha tng nhit ln 2700C [Si] + O2 = SiO2
-

Gia nhit cho liu 800-1000C sau khi np liu nng kt hp thi oxy ngay lm gim
thi gian nu chy 10%, tiu hao in nng gim 15%. Nung liu trc cn gim c
qu trnh thy phn du m bn ca liu, gim kh c hi trong kim loi lng. Rt ngn
thi gian nu chy 25-30% nu thi phi hp vi kh thin nhin.
Ngoi ra c th dng gang lng lm phi liu.

3.2 GIAI ON OXY HA:

3.2.1 Nhim v c bn ca giai on ny l:
-

a trng thi lng hon ton v to mi trng oxy ha cao.

- Kh P n hm lng cho php, hm lng (FeO), (CaO) cao v nhit tng i thp.
- Gim hm lng %C.
- Oxy ha Si, Mn, tch tp cht phi kim v cc kh N2, H2.
- Nung nng kim loi n nhit yu cu ca mc thp, cao hn nhit ra l, lm ng
u nhit kim loi trong l (1580-1600C).

3.2.2 Thc hin qu trnh:

My bin th l c s dng mc in trung bnh.
Cho vo l qung st (0,01%C cn 0,7-0,8 kg qung cho 1 tn kim loi) c nung
nng sau 10 pht, nghing l 4-6 v pha ca np liu tho x. Tho khong 60-70% x. Cho
CaO vo (1-1,5% lng m liu,1,5-2,5 tn).
Cho thm qung st vo ni l kim loi s si mnh lit, x si bt v tro qua bn ngoi
to x mi thng xuyn ng thi gim 1 phn nh nhit ca l to iu kin thun li cho
vic kh P. nhit kim loi khng b gim nhiu, u tin ngi ta co x nhng khng ct
in, sau nng in cc ln ri co nhanh cho ht tt c x cn li. Tho x thng xuyn v
tho cho sch trnh P cn st li s b hon nguyn tr li vo kim loi. bazo l 2,7-3, c
chy long thch hp (dng hunh thch).
Khi lng P thp ( < mc thp), tin hnh thi oxy vo b kim loi tng nhanh nhit cho
kim loi v tng tc oxy ha cacbon.
Thng xuyn ly mu phn tch thnh phn cc nguyn t trong thp lng.

a.Oxy ha cacbon:
Vic oxy ha C lm cho ni l si mnh lit to iu kin cho vic kh kh, tp cht, ng
u ha thnh phn v nhit kim loi, quan trng nht l gim %C trong thp nh hn gii
hn yu cu, to x xp.
Nng FeO cng cao th tc kh C cng cao, tng nng FeO bng cch dng
qung st hoc thi oxy vo l.
(Fe2O3) + [Fe] = 3 (FeO)
NHM 11- N MN HC

43

(Fe3O4) + [Fe] = 4 (FeO)

(FeO) [FeO] + 28890 cal
[FeO] + [C] = [Fe] + [CO] , H = -10980 cal
(FeO) + [C] = [Fe] + {CO} , H = 17910 cal
Do khi tng nhit ni l kim loi th s thc y phn ng oxy ha C, nht ca x
v kim loi gim to iu kin tt cho cc kh Co thot ra khi vng phn ng v oxyt st d
khuch tn t x n kim loi tham gia phn ng oxy ha C.
b.Oxy ha Photpho:
Phospho l 1 nguyn t c hi, hm lng P cao trong thp s lm gim dai va p,
bn, cng cn lm tng gin ngui ca thp, tng thin tch trong thp v kh khn cho
vic ng u ha thnh phn kim loi khi nhit luyn.
Hm lng P trong liu phn ln c kh trong giai on nu chy (50%), giai on
ny ta cn kh P trit hn, nh hn yu cu ca mc thp.
Phn ng P b oxy ha:
2 [P] + 5 (FeO) = (P2O5) + 5 [Fe] , H<0
4 (CaO) + (P2O5) = (4CaO.P2O5)
2[P] + 5 (FeO) + 4(CaO) = (4CaO.P2O5) + 5 [Fe]
H s phn b ca P l:

Lp

( P2 O5 )
K P ( FeO) 5 .(CaO) 4
2
[ P]

Khi kh P, cn gim hm lng (SiO 2), tng (CaO), (FeO) v gim nhit (14501500C), kh giai on cui giai on nu chy v u giai on oxy ha.

c.Oxy ha Silic:
Si b kh u tin n ~0,02% th Mn bt u oxy ha
2 [FeO] +[Si] = (SiO2) +2[Fe], H = -75790cal
Khi nhit kim loi thp, phn ng oxy ha Si tin hnh thun li, Si b oxy ha gn nh
hon ton giai on oxy ha.
Hm lng (FeO) cao khi oxy ha Si
(FeO) + (SiO2) = (FeO.SiO2)
Hp cht ny kt hp vi vi to silicat bn vng v gii phng FeO.
(FeO.SiO2) + (CaO) = (CaO.SiO2) + (FeO)

d.Oxy ha Mangan:
Mn chy 50% giai on nu chy, giai on oxy ha cn khong 0,2%
NHM 11- N MN HC

44

[FeO] + [Mn] = (MnO) + [Fe] , H = -28000 cal

Mc oxy Mn yu hn Si, oxy ha Mn u giai on oxy ha, cui giai on oxy ha,
nhit cao(1600C), Mn c th hon nguyn li.
(MnO) +[C] = [Mn] +CO
(MnO) + [Fe]=[Mn] + (FeO)

e.Kh kh v tp cht kim loi:

Trong giai on si, kim loi b khy trn, cc bt kh CO l trung tm kt t cc kh
khc v cc tp cht phi kim. Kh CO thot ra mang theo cc kh nit, hyr v cc tp cht khc
cng ni ln x.

f.Vn s dng oxy nguyn cht trong giai on oxy ha:

So snh phng php dng oxy nguyn cht v qung st:
Thi oxy

Qung st

Phn ng oxy ha cc nguyn t

xy ra nhanh. V d tc oxy ha
C l 1,5-2%/h i vi thp cacbon
cao(0,5-1%), 0,08%C/h i vi
thp cacbon thp (0,1%C).
Nhit kim loi lng tng nhanh
30C-40C/pht, nh m kim
loi v x c st thp, chy hao
cc nguyn t hp kim t.
Nng sut l tng 20-30%, tit kim
in nng 20-50kWh/tn.
Kim loi si mnh lit, xo trn
kim loi u khp, gim hm lng
kh, tp phi kim, tng cht lng
thp.

Phn ng oxy ha xy ra chm hn,

i vi thp cacbon th tc oxy
ha trung bnh l 0,3-0,5%C/h.
Nhit kim loi lng tng chm 56C/pht.
Thi gian oxy ha lu.
Tng lng x, tng cng lao
ng ca cng nhn, tng cc tp
cht bn.

Tuy vy vic s dng oxy nguyn cht c cc nhc im sau:

-

Nhit kim loi tng nhanh nn vn kh P rt kh.

Khng ch tc chy C rt kh, gim hm lng C qu nh.
D gy ra n, phun bn kim loi lng.

g.Nng cao nhit ni l kim loi:

Vic nng cao nhit cui giai on oxy ha c nh hng rt ln n cht lng
m nu. Nu khi tho x oxy ha, kim loi c nhit cao hn nhit rt to iu kin cho vic
tin hnh giai on hon nguyn: x mi c hnh thnh nhanh chng, phn ng kh oxy tin
hnh vi tc cao, kh S d dng v cc nguyn t hp kim nng chy thi gian ngn.

NHM 11- N MN HC

45

3.3 GIAI ON HON NGUYN:

3.3.1 Nhim v:
-

Kh oxy t cc oxyt: FeO, MnO, SiO 2 , nhng ch yu l kh oxy ca FeO v hm

lng FeO ln, s tn ti ca n nh hng rt ln n cht lng thp.
Kh S ti gii hn cho php.
Khng ch thnh phn v nhit kim loi theo quy nh ca mc thp cn nu.
Tinh luyn v hp kim ha thp.
Kh cc kh nit, hyr trong thp.

3.3.2 Thc hin:

-

Sau khi co x oxy ha xong, gim in th mc in th s dng. Lc ny kim loi rt

nng, nhit bc x rt ln nn cn a cng sut nhit thp vo l. Trong giai on ny
i hi tia h quang pht ra phm vi rng, tia h quang ngn, gi nhit u khp b mt
kim loi to iu kin kh oxy tt.
m bo hon nguyn tt, cho cht oxy ha yu vo l trc, sau l loi trung bnh
v cui cng l cht oxy ha mnh.Vy kh oxy, ta cho FeMn vo trc kh oxy s
b, sau cho C hoc FeSi v cui cng cho Al kh oxy trit .
Cc phn ng kh S thc cht xy ra phn ng song song vi cc phn ng kh oxy
nhng mc ph thuc vo kh nng kh oxy. Sau khi kh oxy gn xong th cho cht
to x nh vi, hunh thch tng bazo v tnh long ca x, to iu kin kh S
nhanh.
Sau khi kh oxy v S xong th mi cho cc nguyn t hp kim vo l theo th t nht
nh.
Kh oxy phn cui c tin hnh trc khi rt t 3-5 pht, ngoi ra c th kh oxy ln
cui trong thng rt.

3.3.3 Kh oxy:
Trong qu trnh nu luyn, oxy tn ti trong thp lng di dng [FeO]. Trong giai on
oxy ha hm lng [FeO] c tc dng quyt nh qu trnh oxy ha kh. Nhng vi thp thnh
phm th [FeO] c hi rt ln lm gim cht lng thp, do giai on hon nguyn phi gim
hm lng oxy [FeO] ti mc thp nht.
Tc hi ca oxy trong thp:
-

Khi kt tinh trong khun, nhit kim loi gim nhanh lm oxy t dng [FeO] tit ra oxy
lm tng oxy trong phn thp cn lng, lm mt cn bng O 2- C, do sinh ra phn ng
oxy ha li cacbon, to kh CO bay ln, dn ti thp thi b r cho nn cn thp b gin v
b nt.
Khi ng c [FeO] cng tch vi [FeS], lm dung im chy ch l 910C, thp hn
cng tch ca [Fe] v [FeS] (985C). Cng tch [FeO] vi [FeS] to thnh mng mng
nm bin gii ht tinh th. Khi nung ln cn ra thnh phm th phi b nt khng
dng c.
[FeO] phn ng vi cc nguyn t hp kim Al, Ti, Si, Mn to ra cc sn phm oxyt (tp
cht phi kim) nm li trong thp lng, lm gim tnh cht c hc ca thp.

Cc phng php kh oxy:

a.Phng php kh oxy lng:

NHM 11- N MN HC

46

Cht kh oxy c cho trc tip vo kim loi lng, phn ng kh oxy xy ra ngay trong
kim loi. Qu trnh kh oxy nhanh nhng to ra cc tp cht phi kim loi li trong th tch kim
loi.Phng php dng kh oxy trong thp cacbon, thp kt cu.
Trc tin,co ht x oxy ha, cho cc cc FeMn75 v FeSi75 vi t l Mn/Si = 47 vo
thp lng kh oxy s b, dng Al cc cho vo l trc lc ra thp 3-5 pht kh oxy trit
(kh kt thc).Cc kim loi, hp kim ny ngoi nhim v kh oxy trit cn hn ch N 2 ha
tan vo thp lng v lm ht tinh th nh mn khi kt tinh trong khun. Cc oxyt kim loi MnO,
Al2O3, FeO c t trng nh s ni ln x. Nhng mt s oxyt khng ni ln c nm li trong
thp lm nh hng n cht lng thp.
nh hng t l Mn/Si n hm lng tp cht trong thp lng
T l Mn/Si

3,5

4,5

6,0

7,0

Tng tp cht
oxyt, %

0,0172

0,0146

0,0119

0,0116

nh hng th t cho ferro hp kim ti lng tp cht oxyt:

Thao tc cho
cht kh vo l

Thnh phn tp cht %

Tng lng tp
cht, %

SiO2

FeO

MnO

Cho
FeMn
trc, FeSi sau

37,20

7,55

55,25

0,0149

Cho FeSi trc,

FeMn sau.

54,16

16,76

29,05

0,0268

Thao tc cho cht Lng [O] trc khi Lng tp cht phi Lng [O] trong
kh vo l
b kh , %
kim loi trong thp, thp thnh phm, %
%
FeSi FeMn

0,021-0,025

0,0254-0,0292

0,012-0,013

FeMn FeSi

0,019-0,024

0,0173-0,0217

0,007-0,009

Nu t l Mn/Si <4 th tng lng tp cht trong thp > 0,01720,0185%, hm lng SiO 2
trong thp cao, cn hm lng MnO trong thp thp. nhit 1600C SiO 2 vn cn th rn,
kch thc b nn d nm trong thp lng lm tng hp cht SiO2 trong thp.
Nu t l Mn/Si > 7 to nhiu Mn, SiO2 li t, sau khi kh oxy xong, trong thp lng cn qu
d MnO. nhit > 1550C MnO b phn ly thnh [Mn] + [O], [Mn] ha tan vo thp cn [O]
+[C] CO do hm lng Mn trong thp vt qu gii hn cho php, cn C li gim qu

NHM 11- N MN HC

47

gii hn ca mc thp. Mc khc kh nng kh oxy ca Mn yu nn hm lng oxy trong thp

vn cao.
Th t cho ferro cng nh hng n tp cht trong thp, da vo bn trn ta nn cho FeMn
vo trc s gim c lng tp cht.
[Mn] +[FeO] = MnO + [Fe]
[FeO] + [Si] = SiO2 + [Fe]
MnO + SiO2 = MnO.SiO2
MnO.SiO2 l tp cht bn, nh, lng nn ni ln x hon ton, gim hm lng tp cht.
Nhit cng cao th kh nng kh oxy ca Mn, Si cng gim.
Nhit nng chy v t trong 20C ca 1 s oxyt v hp cht ca chng:
Tn oxyt

Nhit nng chy [C]

T trng 20C

Al2O3

2050

4,00

MnO

1785

5,40

SiO2

1710

2,40

FeO.SiO2

1178

MnO.SiO2

1270

FeO

1371

2FeO.SiO2

1205

3Al2O3.SiO2

1810

xAl2O3.yMnO

1520

TiO2

1560

4,20

Cr2O3

2700-2950

5,75

NiO

1960

Dng Al kh oxy: Al l mt cht kh oxy mnh hn Mn, Si, C, ta a Al vo cui giai

on hon nguyn hoc cho vo thng rt kh oxy trit , iu chnh ht tinh th u, lm
cho thp kt tinh c nh mn v chc. Mc kh oxy ca Al cng ty thuc vo lng Al
a vo l.
Nu lng Al a vo < 0,02% ta c phn ng:
4[O] +2[Fe] + [Al] = (FeO.Al2O3)
NHM 11- N MN HC

48

Nu lng Al a vo 0,02%:
3[FeO] + 2[Al] = 3[Fe] +Al2O3
3[MnO] + 2[Al] = 3[Mn] + Al2O3
(Cr2O3) + 2[Al] = 2[Cr] + Al2O3
Kh nng kh oxy ca Al: 2[Al] + 3[O] = Al2O3
lgK = - 47200/T + 12,52
V vy, nhit cng cao th kh nng kh oxy ca Al km, Al ha tan vo thp lng rt t
v hu nh b oxy ha hon ton.
Kh oxy bng Al cn ch :
-

Khi a lng Al vo kh oxy qu t th lng Al chng nhng khng c tc dng m

cn li ko thm Fe mt vo x nhiu.
Khng c a Al vo qu d v sn phm ca Al l Al 2O3 c kch thc nh, a s
li trong thp lng lm tng lng tp cht phi kim v lm gim c tnh ca thp.
Thuc kh oxy mnh c th hon nguyn cc nguyn t kh oxy yu khi cht oxit ca
chng, lm tng tp cht phi kim cho thp lng.

Lng nhm a vo l 900g/tn.

b.Phng php kh khuch tn:

Kh oxy bng phng php khuch tn l kh trn b mt gia kim loi v x, dng than
hoc cc vn, ferro silic, nhm, silic canxi dng bt.Nguyn l ca phng php ny da vo
nh lut phn b gia hai pha x v kim loi lng, nhit nht nh v bazo ca x nht
nh, t s gia nng oxyt st trong x v trong kim loi l mt hng s:
L = (FeO)/[FeO] = const
V vy nu gim c tng lng FeO trong x th lng oxy tng ng s i t kim loi
vo x, ta c th to x vi lng FeO l 0,5% lng oxy trong kim loi c th gim 0,005%.
Mun FeO trong kim loi khuch tn vo x nhiu th iu kin trc tin l nng cao nhit
kim loi lng, tng b mt tip xc gia 2 pha x v kim loi lng.
Kh nng kh oxy ca cacbon: [C] + (FeO) = [Fe] + {CO}
Sn phm kh l CO nn trong thp rt t tp cht phi kim. V vy l in c kh nng luyn
c cc loi thp c cht lng cao, hm lng tp phi kim thp, s tng nhit khng nh
hng nhiu ti s kh oxy ca cacbon, c th l khi nhit kim loi tng 100C th lng oxy
trong thp tng ln 0,0012%.
Phng php ny va t c mc ch kh oxy theo yu cu ca mc thp ng thi va
trnh c cc oxyt nm li trong thp. y l phng php kh oxy v lu hunh trit v ch
thc hin duy nht trong l in h quang.
Tuy nhin kh oxy bng phng php khuch tn c mt s nhc im:
-

Thi gian kh qu lu.

Khi nhit khng i, kh nng kh oxy ca C km Si, Al, do sau khi kh oxy bng
C cn phi cho cc cht kh oxy mnh hn kh tip. Nu khng khi rt khun, oxy v
cacbon c th tc dng vi nhau to bt kh CO gy nn r kh cho vt c.

NHM 11- N MN HC

49

Trong qu trnh kh, hm lng C ca kim loi tng ln, nh hng rt ln n thp, tc
tng hm lng C l 0,02-0,1%C/gi.

Gii php: kh oxy bng x tng hp.

Cn c vo nguyn vt liu to x v cht kh oxy khc nhau m phng php ny chia ra:
phng php x trng v phng php x cacbit.
Kh oxy di dng x trng:
iu kin kh oxy bng x trng tt:
-

Mt tip xc vi kim loi phi ln, ngha l phi tng din tch tip xc gia x v cc
cht kh oxy a vo.
Trc khi cho cc cht kh oxy ln trn cn khuy trn kim loi lng, tng tc khuch
tn ca FeO v cc tp cht khc.
Lp x phi dy, to iu kin thun li tin hnh phn ng kh.
Nhit kim loi phi cao ( khong 1600C) tng tc khuch tn v tng phn ng
kh oxy.

Qu trnh tin hnh:

Sau khi co x oxy ha, cho FeMn vo kh oxy s b, to x mi thnh phn cht to x l
vi: hunh thch = 4: 1, lng cht to x so vi l ln l 1-1,5% so vi lng thp cha trong
l.
Khi hnh thnh lp x mng th cho thm hn hp vi: hunh thch : bt cc = 8 : 2 : 1, c
th l 1,5-2kg/tn than, 3-5kg/tn bt FeSi75 ( bt thanh v bt FeSi75 c trn u trc lc
cho vo l), chim 2-3% trng lng thp cha trong l. Cho hn hp trn vo l khong 3-4
ln, mi ln phi ri u trn mt x v bt kn cc khe h ca l li.
(FeO) + C = [Fe] + CO
2(FeO) + Si = 2[Fe] + SiO2
3 (FeO) + C + Si = 3[FeO] + SiO2 + CO
(MnO) +C = [Mn] + CO
Ch cho x c mu xm trng chng t lng FeO trong x thp i (1-1,5%), sau 5-10
pht o khuy kim loi v x trong l, tip t cht kh khc vo l. Xem xt tnh hnh kim loi
v iu chnh % CaO v long ca x cho thch hp ( CaO : CaF 2 : bt cc : bt FeSi = 4 : 1 :
1:1
Khi cho ht t cht cui cng (15-20 pht sau) th thy x c mu trng hn chng t FeO
trong x rt thp (0,9-1%), mt x lm su, khi nhng vo nc th x b v vn thnh bt mu
trng. S d nh vy v trong x c 2CaO.SiO2, 675C n c di chuyn bin th hnh v
lm tng th tch. Nu mu x trng m khi nhng nc khng b v vn chng t trong x nhiu
Al2O3, cn iu chnh li thnh phn x. i khi x c mu en nhng nhng nc th v vn
chng t trong x c nhiu MgO.
Kh oxy di dng cacbit:
Phng php ch yu dng cacbon vo l nhiu to cacbit canxi CaC 2 l mt cht kh
rt mnh kh oxy trn mt x.
Phn ng to ra CaC2 l phn ng thu nhit rt mnh to cacbit canxi di 3 in cc:
NHM 11- N MN HC

50

CaO + 3C = CaC2 + CO, H = 105305 cal

Nu CaC2 gp khng kh m s b phn hy:
CaC2 + H2O = CaO + C2H2
Mun to nhiu CaC2 v gi lu trong l in cn:
-

Lng cc a vo l nhiu, bt cc phi kh.

L phi tht kn, nht l trn 3 l ca 3 in cc gi cho CaC2 khng b phn hy.
Nhit l phi cao v phn ng to CaC2 l mt phn ng thu nhit ln.

Trnh t tin hnh:

Sau khi tho x oxy ha cho FeMn vo, sau cho hn hp to x vo.
t 1: CaO : CaF2 : bt cc = 4 : 1 : 1
Tng lng hn hp 35% trng lng m nu, bt than 2kg/tn.
t 2: khi x chy lng hon ton th cho tip hn hp vo t 2 ( 23% lng m nu,
bt cc 35 kh/tn)
CaO : CaF2 : bt cc = 3:1:1,5
S dng in p trung bnh, dng in h quang ln. CaC 2 nng chy v khuch tn vo x
kh oxy rt mnh:
3 (FeO) + CaC2 = 3[Fe] + CaO + 2CO
3(MnO) + CaC2 = 3[Mn] + CaO + 2CO
(Cr2O3) + CaC2 = 2[Cr] + CaO + 2CO
Song song vi qu trnh kh oxy th tin hnh kh c S:
[FeS] + [FeO] + (CaO) = (CaS) +(CaO) + [Fe]
Khi phn ng trn xy ra th sau 5-10 pht xut hin khi en ra ca l v np l, sau
30-45 pht th xut hin mu trng, lc l lc kt tc qu trnh kh oxy.Thi gian kh ko di
1-1,5h ty thuc vo dung tch l.
-

rt ngn thi gian kh, ta thi hn hp kh Ar + bt CaC2 vo l thi gian 10-15 pht.
Trong qu trnh kh oxy, hm lng CaC 2 gim, duy tr hm lng CaC 2 c cao,
np thm bt cc v CaO hoc CaF2 nu cn iu chnh st ca x.
Trc khi tho x, cho vo l mt lng nh FeSi sao cho %Si trong kim loi l 0,15%.

u im ca kh oxy dng x cacbit:

-

Kh oxy trit .
Cht kh d kim, r tin
To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh kh S.
S dng tt l h quang ln.

Nhc im:
-

Nng lng in cn a vo l ln.

Kh oxy khng c ng u : vng di in cc th kh oxy trit , cn vng xung
quanh l t CaC2 nn mc kh oxy km hn.

NHM 11- N MN HC

51

Lm tng hm lng C trong thp, tc tng %C l 0,1%/gi, do CaC 2 qu tha v c

kh nng nm li trong thp. Do sau khi kh oxy di dng x cacbit cn cho bt FeSi
vo to x trng, trnh hin tng tng C trong thp.

Thnh phn ha hc v bazo ca cc loi x:

Loi
x

Thnh phn ha hc ca x,%

bazo
x, B

CaO

SiO2

MgO

FeO

MnO

CaF2

CaS

50-60

15-25

5-10

<0,5

<0,5

5-10

0,5-1,5 5-8

<0,5

3,5-4

X
55-65
cacbit

18-23

5-10

0,5

< 0,5

5-10

0,8-1,5 4-6

2-4

4-4,5

X
trng

Al2O3

CaC2

Kh oxy theo phng php phc hp v tng hp: phng php ny dng kh thp cht
lng, thp hp kim cao, thp bin th, thp chu nhit, thp bi, y ta sn xut Thp lm bi
X15 nn cc phng php ny qu t ta khng nn dng, ta ch cn dng 2 phng php
trn l t cht lng yu cu.
Thnh phn x tng hp:
SiO2

30-34%

Cao

20-30%

MgO

14-27%

FeO

1,5-3,5%

MnO

1,5-2,5%

Al2O3

3-6%

NHM 11- N MN HC

52

Cr2O3

0,5-4%

TiO2

0,5%

3.3.4 Kh lu hunh:
Lu hunh l mt tp cht c hi cho thp v hp kim v:
-

Trong kim loi, lu hunh thng lin kt cht ch vi st to sunfua st FeS, nhit
nng chy ca n (1193C) thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi, FeS v Fe cn to
cng tinh c nhit nng chy thp (988C). Mt khc, lu hunh ch ha tan gii hn
trong thp rn (0,015-0,020%) nn FeS b tit ra bin gii ht tinh th, do khi nung
thi c cn hoc rn th mi lin kt gia cc ht tinh th b ph hy, c th gy nt
v khi bin dng do thi c. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gin nng.
Lu hunh lm tng hin tng thin tch trong thp lm gim bn c hc ca thp.

Trong thc t, cc nguyn vt liu, cc cht to x, cc cht kh u mang rt nhiu S, do

lng S trong kim loi lng rt nhiu. V vy nhim v kh S l nhim v quan trng trong
qu trnh nu luyn thp.
Trong qu trnh luyn thp, kh S thng qua x, khi kim loi cha Sunfua b x che ph th
sunfua trong kim loi khuch tn vo x
[FeS](FeS)
T s phn b ca sunfua gia x v kim loi L S=(FeS)/[FeS], cng l ch tiu nh gi
mc kh S.
Ta c Log LS =2620/T -0,827
Trong giai on oxy ha, phn ng kh S xy ra khng ng k v oxy nhiu, mi trng
oxy ha rt cao, hn na thnh phn kim loi lc by gi cha ng qui chun. Giai on hon
nguyn l giai on kh S rt tt nht l sau khi kh oxy v:
-

Hm lng [FeO] trong kim loi v (FeO) trong x t c rt thp (<1% FeO), kim
x rt cao (B=45).
Lng oxy trong kim loi rt t.
Mi trng hon nguyn, nhit bc x v phn x u rt ln, kim loi c nhit cao,
ng u, hot tnh ca kim loi v x lng giai on ny cng thun li cho vic kh
S.
Khi dng Mn, CaC2, C, CaO, kh S i hi thnh phn x v kim loi n nh, nht
l cc oxyt phi chim mt lng ti thiu. iu ch c th t c trong giai on
hon nguyn.

Qu trnh kh S:
Thc cht phn ng kh S xy ra song song vi cc phn ng kh oxy ca thp, S c
kh tt nht khi kh oxy xong v lc ny cc cht kh cn li nh MnO, CaO, CaC 2, C, CaF2,
s tp trung vo kh S. Trong CaO l thuc kh mnh nht
kh lu hunh thun li, cn co ht x oxy ha, bc sang giai on hon nguyn phi
cht ngay FeSi75 vo l c li cho vic kh oxy v lu hunh.
NHM 11- N MN HC

53

Sau khi kh gn xong th cho CaO v CaF 2 tng bazo v chy long ca x, to
iu kin kh S nhanh. Cc phn ng trong l in gm:
C + [FeS] + CaO = [Fe] + (CaS) + {CO} (1)
C + (MnS) + (CaO) = [Mn] + (CaS) + {CO} (2)
3 (FeS) + (CaC2) +2 (CaO) = 3[Fe] + 3(CaS) + 2{CO} (3)
2(FeS) + 2(CaO) + SiFeSi = 2[Fe] + 2(CaS) + (SiO2) (4)
2(CaF2) + 2(FeS) + SiFeSi = 2[Fe] + 2(CaS) + (SiF4) (5)
Phn ng (3),(4) l nhng phn ng mnh nht trong l in giai on hon nguyn, S
c kh nhiu nht.
Phn ng (1),(2),(3) u to kh CO kh bay ra khi kim loi, nu li trong thp th khi
kt tinh c th gy r xp nn ta c th tng cng khuy trn kim loi m ca l CO thot ra
d dng.
Phn ng (4) to ra SiO2 lm gim bazo cu x, lm cn tr vic kh S.
Phn ng (5) ch xy ra khi dng x trng v c nhiu CaF2 cho vo lm long x.
Cc yu t nh hng n vic kh S:
-

bazo ca x cng cao v x cng chy long th hiu qu kh S cng cao.

(FeO) cng cao th kh S cng km. Ty thuc bazo, bazo <2,4 th (FeO) c li khi
kh sunfua, bazo >2,4 th khng c li.

Khi gim SiO2 trong x, tng cc oxit tnh bazo nh CaO, MnO, MgO gip tng L S lm
tng kh nng kh S.
Hiu qu kh S cn ph thuc vo in th s dng, in th thp to iu kin cho vic
kh S.
Nhit cng cao th kh S cng tt v kh nng ha tan ca CaS trong x tng ln, qu
trnh khuch tn ca cc cht n vng phn ng tng ln.

NHM 11- N MN HC

54

F lm tng kh nng kh S:
(4F-) + (SiO44-) (4O2-) + (SiF4)

Bin php kh S:
C th kh S trong l cui giai on hon nguyn hoc kh S ngoi l
Bin php kh S trong l in:
-

Tng tc khuch tn [FeS] vo x bng cch tng nhit kim loi.

Nung sy cc loi ferro hp kim v cc cht to x trc khi cho vo l.
Khuy trn kim loi tng cng kh nng kh S.

Bin php kh S ngoi l:

-

Dng x tng hp lc kim loi, thnh phn :

CaO

Al2O3

SiO2

FeO

53%

43%

3%

1%

Va xo trn kim loi bng x tng hp, va thi argon vo kim loi lng(%S=0,020,03%, thi Ar th %S = 0,01-0,02%)
C th cm cc dng ca in 1 chiu vo x in phn ra sunfua

3.3.5 Hp kim ha thp:

y l phng php nu li thp, mc thp cn nu l loi thp xy dng nn lng hp
kim trong thp rt t nn khi nu ta t quan tm ti hm lng ca chng trong kim loi nh Cr,
Ni, Cu
Nu sau qu trnh oxy ha, ly mu phn tch, lng Cr, Ni, Cu qu t do chy hao ta c
th cho ferro crm, Ni ( kh chy hao), Cu b sung.

NHM 11- N MN HC

55

CHNG 4: CH IN V CH NHIT
TRONG L
4.1 Ch nhit:
4.1.1. t vn :
Mun cho vic sn xut thp trong l in h quang t c ch tiu kinh t k thut
cao th ngoi vic xc nh ngoi vic xc nh kch thc khng gian l,kch thc v dung
tch l mt cch hp l, ta cn phi xc nh kch thc khng gian l, a ch in ph
hp vi tng thi k nu luyn. Mun vy, ta cn phi gii quyt cc nhim v c bn sau:
-

B tr in cc nhiu, m bo h quang chy hp l,lin tc, lm cho qu trnh nu chy

nhanh, ng thi trnh c hin tng nung nng tng v np l qu mc.

Xc nh ch in v nhit, ch thao tc hp l cho tng thi k nu luyn, bo m

nng sut cao, mt mt in l nh nht.

C khong khng gian l thch hp truyn nhit tt,tui th l cao.

ng v quang im trao i nhit gia h quang v khng gian l m chia m nu lm
ba thi k:
(1) Thi k liu cn rn:
Vo thi k nu chy,h quang chy gia in cc v b mt rn. H quang lc by
gi chy h, bc x nhit ca h quang ln tng l v np l rt mnh( nht l np l v
in cc lc by gi gn np l nht). ng thi kh nng thu nhit ca np l v tng l
l rt ln v lc ny nhit ca chng cha cao.
Thi k ny ngi ta gi l thi k bc x h quang v nhn nhit ca np l v tng
l l nhiu nht.
(2) Thi k h quang chy kn:

NHM 11- N MN HC

56

Khi liu rn chy thnh ba h di ba in cc v ngy cng pht trin c v ng

knh ln chiu su th c ba in cc c kh nng nhng su vo lng liu, h quang pht ra
b liu bao kn, do nhit s hon ton bc x vo liu, mc bc x nhit ca h
quang ln tng v np l yu dn.
Thi k ny l thi k bc x nhit vo liu.
(3) Thi k chy xong:
Kim loi lc ny t trao i nhit trong ni b kim loi v theo mi phng mi hng.
in cc xa mt kim loi nn h quang chy pht ra c bc x hon ton vo khng
gian l, ng thi nhit phn x t tng, y l v np l vo khong khng gian l cng
kh mnh.
Thi k ny l thi k trao i nhit trong khong khng gian l.
- Khi h quang b che chn mnh: th lng nhit ca h quang b cc phn che chn hp
th. Trong trng hp ny l h kim loi c nhit cao nht, k dn l nhit ca x
vng xa ngn la h quang v b nht l nhit ca lp lt .
- Khi h quang b che chn yu: ni l ca kim loi c nung bng ngn la h quang v
bng nhit phn x t lp lt l. Trong trng hp ny nhit ca lp lt >nhit ca
x > nhit ca kim loi.
- Trong trng hp ny, iu kin tinh luyn kim loi ng du trn sut b mt ni l,
nhng n d gy qu nung lp lt trong l.
- Trong thi k nu chy v oxy ha th x hp th nhit nhiu, trong thi k hon nguyn
th x hp th nhit t v x v kim loi lc by gii nng hn thi k u.

Phn phi nhit trong cc thi k nu luyn:

Ta c bng phn phi nhit sau y:
-

Thi k nu chy:

H quang bc x trc tip ln mt kim loi:

PKL=0,1PHQ+0,45PHQ=0,55PHQ

H quang bc x nhit trc tip ln tng v np l.

PT=0,45PHQ.

Thi k oxy ha:

Lng nhit kim loi hp th;

PKL=0,55PHQ 0,6=0,33PHQ

Lng nhit bc x ln tng v np:

NHM 11- N MN HC

57


PT=0,55PHQ 0,4=0,22PHQ

Thi k hon nguyn:

Kim loi thu nhit do h quang bc x nhit trc tip:

PKL=0,55PHQ 0,5=0,275PHQ

Nhit bc x ln tng v np:

PT=0,55PHQ 0,5=0,275PHQ.

Mt s nhn xt:
- Trong qu trnh nu luyn, thu nhit ca kim loi cng ngy cng gim, thi k u cn lng
nhit a vo ln, trao i nhit t h quang ti kim loi hu nh theo mt hng t trn xung
di, cn giai on sau th ngun nhit ca kim loi gim i, truyn nhit theo tnh cht dn nhit
ca kim loi l ch yu.
- Trong giai on u, bc x nhit ca h quang nh hng yu n tui th ca l, cn giai
on sau th ba x nh hng mnh n tui th ca l, nht l khi ko di gia on ny th tui
th ca l gim r rt.
- Bc x nhit ca h quang v kim loi ln tng v np l cng thay i theo tng giai on:
trong giai on u th lng bc x ny ln, trong giai on hai th lng ny nh nht v cn
nhit cho cc phn ng luyn kim xy ra, trong giai on ba th tng v np l do hai ngun cung
cp :do h quang v kim loi bc x ln.
- Trong cc l ln, kh nng hp th nhit ca kim loi rt ln.
Kt lun:
-

Tng l v np l nhn mt lng nhit rt ln do bc x trc tip ca h quang v do

phn ng ni l.

Cng sut nhit bc x t tng l ti kim loi ph thuc vo nhit ca x v gim khi
tng nhit ca x.

Trong giai on oxy ha x si l iu kin thun li lm ng u v tng nhit ca

kim loi.

Kch thc l cng ln tui th ca lp lt l cng gim do lp lt l nhn lng nhit rt

G
ln v gnh ti trng cao trong nhit cao. Chiu dy ca x tng ln gn bng

ln

G
v b mt trao i nhit ring gim i gn

NHM 11- N MN HC

ln (G trng lng m nu- tn).

58

Cc vng phn b nhit trong l h quang:

1 :vng nng cc b ca in cc.
2 : vng nng nht chung cho ba in cc.
3 : vng nng va.
m bo tui th ca l cao, ng thi truyn v gi nhit tt cn phi xy l bng
cc vt liu xay l thch hp.

4.1.2 . Xc nh nhit v h s dn nhit ca vt liu chu

la:
Nhit ca vt liu chu la:
Tnh cht

Nhit (OC)

Gch
manhzit

1780 2000

Samot A

>1730

Crm-manhezit

>2000

NHM 11- N MN HC

59

dn nhit: c trng bi h s dn nhit (w/m.). Vt liu chu la c h s dn

nhit nh, nht l cc vt liu cch nhit (samt nh: 0,52-0,7 w/m.).
H s dn nhit ph thuc nhit theo cng thc:
= 0(1 + .t)
- Mt svt liu chu la c tng theo nhit (nh gch int, samt), mt s c
gim theo nhit (gch mannhdit, cacbrun). Tnh cht ny ca vt liu chu la lin
quan mt thit n lng nhit ca l mt mt nhit qua th xy.

Tnh ton cn bng nhit:

Cn bng nhit trong qu trnh nu :
Cng thc cn bng bng nhit :

E E

EL

E SCR ECH E MET E SL E LOS

Nhit cp vo :

EEL

: nhit do h quang cung cp.

E SCR
: nhit do liu c nung trc.

E
E

CH

: nhit do cc qu trnh trong l.

CH

ECH . MET ECH .SL

ECH .MET
: nhit sinh ra do qu trnh oxy ha C,Mn,Si,P,S

ECH .SL
: nhit sinh ra do x hnh thnh t oxyt.
NHM 11- N MN HC

60

 Nhit s dng v mt i :

EMET

: nhit nu thp n nhit to.

ESL
: nhit mt do tho x.

LOS

EOFFG EOTH

EOFFG
: nhit mt do kh thi.

EOTH
: nhit mt do thot qua th xy l.

Tnh ton :

Nhit vo (Ein)
-

Nhit do h quang cung cp:

E EL = 42750 10800 2475467933kJ

Nhit do liu c nung trc ( 300oC)

Nhit dung ring ca thp (Fe-C) l: 460 J/kg.K
Nhit dung ring ca CaO: 0,2kcal/Kg.oC.
Nhit dung ring ca Mn: 0,11 kcal/Kg.oC.
Nhit dung ring ca Mg: 0,2 kcal/Kg.oC.
Nhit dug ring ca Al: 0,21 kcal/Kg.oC.

E SCR (t 2 t1) C.m

(300 35 273) 460 100000 (300 35) (0,2 11606 0,2 993 0,2 3,502)
=

461700000

kJ.

NHM 11- N MN HC

61

Nhit sinh ra do cc qu trnh trong l.

Nhit do oxy ha C.
C+1/2O2=CO 2,200 kcal/kgC

EoxyC 2200 408 897600kJ

Nhit do oxy ha Fe :
Fe+ 1/2O2=FeO 1150kcal/kg.Fe
EoxyFe 1150 8631 9925650kJ

E
-

CH

897600 9925650 10823250kJ

Tng nhit vo :
Ein =

461700000kJ

+ 2475467933kJ +

10823250kJ

= 2947991183kJ.

Nhit ra :
Nhit nung thp len nhit 1600OC

E MET

=Ehalng+Enngnhit

2,72 105 J / kg
Nhit nu chy thp :

Ehoalong 2,72 10 2 100000 27200000kJ

.
Nhit nung thp n nhit 1600OC.

E nangnhiet = C (t 2 t1) m 460 (1600 300 273) 100000 1545535327kJ

Nhit to x

E SL 0,1 2947991183 284499118kJ

.

NHM 11- N MN HC

62

- Nhit mt do kh thi : 0,2

2947991183 = 589598237kJ.

- Nhit mt qua tng th xy l : 0,17

2947991183 = 501158501kJ.

- Tng nhit ra:

27200000kJ

+1545535327kJ+

284499118kJ

+589598237kJ+501158501kJ

= 2947991183kJ

Bng cn bng nhit ca l:

Nhit

Thnh phn

Gi tr(kJ)

Ein

E EL

2475467933

83,97

ESCR

461700000

15,66

10823250

0,37

Tng

2947991183

100

EMET

1572735327

53,35

ESL

284499118

9,65

Ekhthi

589598237

19,97

Ethxy

501158501

17,03

Tng

2947991183

100

Eout

NHM 11- N MN HC

CH

63

Phn phi nhit trong qu trnh nu luyn:

Thi k

H quang bc x trc tip ln mt kim H quang bc x nhit trc tip

loi
ln tng v np l

Nu chy

PKL= 0,1PHQ + 0,45PHQ = 0,55 PHQ

PT = 0,45PHQ

Oxy ha

PKL = 0,55PHQ * 0,6 = 0,33PHQ

PT = 0,55PHQ * 0,4 = 0,22PHQ

Hon nguyn

PKL = 0,55PHQ * 0,5 = 0,275PHQ

PT = 0,55PHQ *0,5 = 0,275PHQ

Nhn xt:

4.2

Thi k u cn lng nhit a vo ln nht, trao i nhit h quang xung kim loi
hu nh theo 1 hng t trn xung, giai on sau ngun nhit hp th ca kim loi
gim i, truyn nhit theo tnh dn nhit ca kim loi l ch yu.
Giai on nu chy l giai on quyt nh, chim 70-80% thi gian, tn hao in nng
rt ln cn p dng cc bin php cng ha qu trnh nu luyn.
Giai on hon nguyn c nhit l cao nh hng mnh n tui th l, khng nn
ko di giai on ny.
Bc x nhit ca h quang v kim loi ln tng v np l cng thay i theo tng giai
on: giai on u lng bc x ln, giai on 2 th lng ny nh nht v cn nhit cho
cc phn ng luyn kim xy ra, giai on 3 tng v np l b bc x ln nhiu do hai
ngun cung cp: h quang v kim loi bc x ln.
cc l ln ta c th tng cng sut in ln 40-50% nhng d gy tn hi n tng v
np l.

Ch in:
4.2.1. Tnh ton cng sut in :
Nng sut l v tnh ton my bin p:
a. Nng sut l:
Nng sut ca l c xc nh bi dung lng ca l cng sut my bin th, s ngy
lm vic trong mt nm, lng kim loi t cht lng tt so vi liu trong mt m nu, quy
trinh cng ngh, hiu sut in v nhit.
S mt mt trong l rt phn tn:

Mt mt in trong my bin th.

Mt mt qua thanh dn v in cc.

Mt mt nhit nng qua tng l.

Mt mt qua y v np l.

Bc x nhit ca in cc v lp lt trong qu trnh np liu.

NHM 11- N MN HC

64

Do nc lm ngui, kh l ca l,ca m

Nng sut trong mt ngy m ca l c tnh theo cng thc:

G

24 g
T1 T2 T3

(tn/ ngy).
Trong :
g: trng lng m nu.
T1: thi gian dng l thao tc, v l, lm sch l, thi gian chuyn t m nu trc
sang m nu sau [gii].
T2: thi gian nu chy liu rn [gi].
T3:Thi gian lu kim loi lng trong l[gi].
T1=3gi.
T2=5gi.
T3=2gi.

24 20
48
10

tn/ngy.

b. Cng sut my bin th:

Cng sut ca my bin p ca l c th tnh theo cn bng nhit ca l vi dung lng
cho trc v thi gian gia hai m nu.
Ngoi ra cn c phng php da trn mi quan h gia cng sut ca my bin th v
dung lng l hoc ng knh v l theo cc l hin c:

NHM 11- N MN HC

65

Cng sut my bin th tng ng vi cc dung lng l khc nhau:

Dung lng l (tn)

25

50

75

100

150

200

250

400

Cng sut my bin th sn

15-18

20-25

30-35

55-70

18-22

28-32

30-45

40-50

45-60

60-80

90

120

xut hp kim (MVA)

Cng sut my bin th d
sn xut thp cacbon (MVA)
Vi l ang xt c dung lng 20tn v nu thp cacbon nn P=20MVA.

c. Cc cp in th:
C th tng in p cp cho l bng cch cch tng in th th cp ca my bin th.
Trong cc l hin c in th c th t n 600V
Mc in th cao nht trong l h quang baz c th tnh theo cng thc thc nghim:
V 15 3 P (V )

.
Vi l c cng sut ln nh chng ta dang xt:
V 36 4 P (V )

.
S cp in th tng ng vi mc in th cao nht
Mc in th cao

200-250

260-300

320-400

400-500

600

2-4

4-6

6-8

8-12

n 23

nht (V)
S cp in th

Quan h gia dung lng l v phm vi thay i in th:

Dung lng

1,5

12

25

50

100

115-280

120-320 132-390 146-430 163-480

l(tn)
Phm vi thay

104-225 116-242

i in th
V 364 20000 428,11(V )

L ang xt c

NHM 11- N MN HC

66

4.2.2 Tnh ton in cc v s phn b ca in cc :

4.2.2.1

Tnh ton in cc :

a. ng knh in cc

Cng thc :

d dc

0, 406 I 2 l
K
(cm).

Trong :

103 p
3 Vmax
I : dng in dy=
l : in tr sut ca in cc 500oC( vi in cc grafic th l=10

.mm2/m).

K : h s( vi in cc grafic K=2,1W/cm2 )

103 20000
26972.05( A)
3 428,11
.

d dc 3

0,406 26972,052 10
52,0(cm)
2,1 104

=520mm.
Ta chn ng knh ca in cc l 520mm

b. Chiu di in cc :

Ldc H a ha hc L a
.
Trong :
H

:chiu cao l.

NHM 11- N MN HC

67

a
: chiu dy np l
ha : chiu cao hp nc lm ngui
hc : chiu cao b phn cp in cc

1, 27 Z n
d2
: chiu di lutr =

n : s m nu
Z : sut tiu hao in cc (kg/tn).

: trng lng ring in cc.

d :ng knh in cc
a : hng s ph thuc nguyn vt liu ca in cc.
Cc thng s tnh ton :
H

=h1+h2+H1+h3=124,2+497,0+1242,3+388,2=2251,7mm

a nap
=
=300mm
ha=10mm
hc=200mm
1,27 8 20
1, 27 Z n
0,34
2
d
2,2 103 5202
L
=
=
a=100mm
H

2251,7

ha

hc

300

10

200

0,34

100

Ldc=2862,04mm

Bng cc gi tr ca in cc c chn :

NHM 11- N MN HC

68

in cc c s dng

Graphit

ng knh in cc

520mm

Chiu di in cc

2900mm

4.2.2.2

S phn b in cc :

Khi l chy bnh thng th h quang pht ra u lin tc theo cc pha, nu mt trong
ba pha khng pht ra h quang hoc pht ra yu th cc pha kia s chu ti in, nhit pht ra
rt ln. Ko di thi gian nu tui th l gim, o l b chy mn cc b trm trng. V vy,
l h quang ba pha in cc b tr thng ng, v theo chiu tam gic u. Ty theo dung
d
n p
D1

lng ca l m chn t s
ph hp. Thng thng th n=0,25 0,4. L nh n=0,35

0,4, l ln n=0,25 0,3.

dp l ng knh phn b ca in cc, D1 l ng knh trong ca l.

V l c dung lng ln 20tn/m :

n
ta chn n=0,4

D=3105,8

dp
D

0,4
.

dp=0,4 3105,8=1242,3mm

Vy ng knh phn b in cc l 1242,3mm, tng ng vi khong cch t

ng tm ca l ti ng tm ca in cc l 621.2mm.
NHM 11- N MN HC

69

 Khi s dng in cc grafic cn ch :

-

Trong bo qun in cc grafic cn trnh ma gi lm m in cc, trong qu trnh vn

chuyn cn trnh va p. Trc lc s dung cn sy kh nhit gn 100OC.

Khi ni in cc cn vn cht trnh to khe h dn n sinh h quang mi ni khi

dng in di qua.

Khi np liu trnh liu va p vo in cc.

4.3 sut ch cng sut in :

Ty theo yu cu ca tng gia on nu, ngi ta yu cu nhng cp in p khc nhau.
Do my bin p cn c nhiu cp in p thng l su cp in p ty theo cch mc
hnh sao hay tam gic :

Th d su cp in p ca my bin p l :
-

Khi mc tam gic 260V-220V-180V.

Khi mc hnh sao 150V-127V-104V.

Ty tng giai on ngi ta s dng in p thch hp, thng thng:

-

Gia on nu chy 240 380V.

Gia on oxy ha 160 200V.

Gia on hon nguyn 140 115V.

Theo yu cu nu luyn in p gim dn t giai on nu chy n oxy ha n hon

nguyn.

NHM 11- N MN HC

70

Cc giai on:
Giai on 1(0
hng thit b.
Giai on 1(t1

t1): Giai on chy n nh in p trnh dng in qu mnh gy

t2): Giai on nu liu s dng cng sut cao nht. gim thi gian

nu. Giai on ny chim thi gian nhiu nht gn 70 80% thi gian. V vy cn p dng
cc bin php cng ha gim thi gian nu luyn.

Giai on 2(t2 t3): Giai on oxy ha cng sut thp hn giai on nu chy nhng
vn gi nhng vn gi mc tng i cao to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxy ha
tp cht.

Giai on 3(t3 t4):Giai on hon nguyn cn nhit n nh nn cng sut giai on

ny nh hn hai giai on trc, v nu nhit qu cao th s nh hng n qu trnh hon
nguyn.
Cng sut in tng thi k:
Thi k nu chy:
-

Thi k 1: P=25-30%Pm.

Thi k 2: P=40-45Pm.

Thi k 3: P=Pm

Thi k 4: P=50%Pm.
Thi k oxy ha:

P=60-65%Pm.
Thi k hon nguyn:

P=45-50%Pm
Bng phn phi ch in tng thi k:

Ch
in

Cng
sut
thng

Pm

45000

Ptb

Thi k nu chy

33750

11250

NHM 11- N MN HC

Thi k Thi k
oxy
hon
Thi k Thi k Thi k Thi k ha
nguyn
1
2
3
4
18000

45000

22500

27000

20250

71

CHNG 5: BIN PHP RT NGN THI GIAN

NU LUYN V TNG NNG SUT
Dng liu sch, liu cha t cc nguyn t P, S , cc nguyn t hp kim, phi kim.
- Nung liu trc ngoi l, lm sch liu v kch thc hp l.

NHM 11- N MN HC

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- Dng gang lng lm phi liu, 30-50% gang lng lm tng nng sut, gim thp ph, gim
10% thi gian, v gim 10-20% in nng. Vi 1 tn gang lng nhit 1430 0C cung cp 250
kWh di dng nhit.

Cch dng gang lng

- Nng sut l cao, sut tiu hao l thp, cng sut in ph hp vi tng giai on.p dng
ch in cao, l siu cng sut.
- Kch thc l ni l cng su v ng knh l cng nh th nu chy nhanh chng do in
cc nhng su trong liu, kim loi tiu th h quang nhiu nht.
- C cu quay thn l to nn 9 h trong liu.
- Thi oxy nguyn cht km theo Ar, N2, cng ha qu trnh luyn thp.
- a cng sut ti a vo thi k nu chy liu nu chy nhanh.
- S dng bin php khuy trn bng cm ng in t.
- Tho x thng xuyn v to x mi lin tc, thng xuyn iu chnh st ca x, linh
hot ca x, nng cao nhit cho x, bazo n nh (3-4).
- Kh P ngay trong giai on nu chy, oxy ha, kh trit P, S, O ,..
- Gim sut tiu hao in cc: hn ch nhit nung chy b mt, bt kn cc khe h ca l,
cc l xung quanh in cc,ph ln b mt in cc 1 lp sn bng hn hp Al-Ni, Al-Cr.
- S dng 2 ni l thay nhau nu luyn.
- Ngoi ra c th ni mch hnh tam gic/sao, tam gic/ tam gic, sao/sao thay i hiu
sut h quang in cho ph hp vi cc giai on nu.
- Tinh luyn thp ngoi l.
- Lm ngui tng, np l bng nc.
NHM 11- N MN HC

73

- C th thit k l ra thp lch tm y l trnh x ln vo thp lng.

- Phun bt than hay du mazut: gim 40ph/m.
- Ni thm cun cm duy tr h quang pht ra n nh, gim mc phng h quang gin
on.
- Thit k l vi h thng nung liu trc nh kh thin nhin, nhin liu ph: CONSTEEL
process

u im : tit kim t 80-120 kWh/tn thp lng, nng cao nng sut 33%, gim tiu th
in cc 40%, gim tc pht thi bi 30%. Ngoi ra, np l lun c ng kn, h thng nc
lm mt cho np l, than l, tng l khng b h quang nh hng, mi trng lm vic an ton
hn.

Thit k l vi h thng dng kh l nung liu trc: SINGLE SHAFT FURNACE

NHM 11- N MN HC

74

Hiu qu : in nng gim 120kWh/t

in cc gim 0,7kg/t
Lng oxy thi vo gim 11Nm3/t

CHNG 6: NHNG S C XY RA TRONG

QU TRNH NU LUYN.
6.1 S c thng gp giai on nu chy liu:

NHM 11- N MN HC

75

- Tc 3 in cc qu ln d gy in cc do chm vo liu rn v to, u in cc chm

vo liu ngui gy hin tng chp mch, h quang i lc b tt, hin tng treo liu. m
bo thng s in tt, h quang pht ra lin tc nn lt di in cc st mt liu nhng cc
than dn in tt. Dng thp lng vo ch treo liu.
- Ngoi ra, c th do thp hay x vt l bn vo cho g t np l lm np b vnh, khi h
in cc gy gy in cc.
- u in cc d b gy do cc liu to ri t ming h xung, do khi cht liu khng nn
cc to xung quanh in cc, khng nn vi vng y liu xung h.
- Ngun h quang khng n nh. Vy cn a cun khng tham gia vic duy tr n nh
ngun h quang., khi ngun h quang n nh nn ct b cun khng gim tn tht nhit.

6.2 Nu thp khi ra thp thnh phn cc nguyn t khng ng yu cu

mc thp:
- %C trong thp ln hn nhiu mc thp yu cu
- %C trong thp nh hn nhiu mc thp yu cu
- Nhng thnh phn nguyn t trong thp lc ra thp cao hay thp hn mc thp yu cu,
nht l lng P,S, O
Trng hp ny ta khng th khc phc lc ra thp. Sn lng ra thp ti 20 tn v th s
c ny s gy tn hi ln cho n v sn xut. V th i hi trong qu trnh nu cn thng
xuyn kim tra phn tch thnh phn kim loi lng mi giai on c phng php gim hm
lng cc nguyn t vt qu yu cu.

6.3 Trong qu trnh nu thp, nh my cp in:

- Cn nhanh chng cung cp ngun in d tr cung cp cho l.
- Khi nu thp giai on oxy ha th mt in:
+ Nu mt thi gian ngn ri c li: c cu kp in cc bng thy lc, 3 in cc cn trong
thp lng th vn tip tc oxy ha, nhng h thng lm ngui np v tng l cn tip tc hot
ng.
+ Nu mt in thi gian di m khng c ngun in d phng th bt buc phi ch l
ngui, cu thp c ra, xy m l li.
- Khi oxy ha xong th mt in: nu 3 in cc khng c nng ln th s phi oxy ha li,
do cn nng in cc ln. Nu mt thi gian di th cn tng [C] oxy ha li, nng nhit
kim loi lng.

KT LUN
Sau 3 thng nhn ti, thng qua bn n ny gip chng em hiu thm mt ci
nhn tng quan v cng ngh luyn thp bng l in h quang, cch tnh ton thit k, la chn
thit b cho mt dy chuyn thng qua phng php nu nh trong bn n ny. Nhng vn
cn nhiu vn m chng em gii quyt cha tt. Chng em s c gng tm hiu thm qua
NHM 11- N MN HC

76

nhng ti liu v cng ngh luyn thp, khc phc nhng kin thc m cn thiu st hon
chnh thm bn n ny.
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny chng em gp rt nhiu kh khn do b hn ch
v kin thc cng nh thi gian thc hin ti, nhng nh s hng dn tn tnh ca thy: ThS
Nguyn Duy Thng nn cui cng cng hon thnh ng thi hn, chng em rt mong lun nhn
c s gip ca thy v s gp ca cc bn rt ra c nhiu kinh nghim v lm bi
t kt qu cao hn.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca thy Nguyn Duy Thng
gip em hon thnh bi n ny!
Sau y l mt vi nhn xt chng em rt ra:
-u im kh P, S gn nh trit , kh P ngay giai on nu chy, thi oxy tng nng
sut v kh tp cht, nu c mi dung lng nht l dung lng rt ln (100-400 tn, thm
ch cao hn na) v d dng kt hp vi cc loi l khc. L h quang xoay chiu kim tnh cng
c s dng rng ri v ph bin trong nu luyn thp cacbon v thp hp kim vi sn lng
nh n ln.

Ti liu tham kho:

-

Sch K Thut L in Luyn Thp , tc gi Trn Vn Dy, NXB KHOA HOC V K

THUT (Nm 2006)
Sch Luyn Thp L in , tc gi Phm Ph, Phan Huy Bnh, NXB i Hc Quc Gia.
Sch L Thuyt Cc Qu Trnh Luyn Kim, tc gi TS Bi Vn Mu, NXB Gio Dc
1997

NHM 11- N MN HC

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NHM 11- N MN HC

78