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Electronic Devices
and Integrated
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Chapter 15. Operational Amplifier > SOLVED PROBLEMS

15.17. SOLVED PROBLEMS


1. The output of an op-amp integrator can swing from +15 V to 15 V. The step
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input shown in Fig. 15.100(a) is vi = 0 for t < 0 and switched at t = 0 to 5


V. The output voltage vo = +15 V for t < 0. Plot the waveform.
Solution:

Table of Contents
Index
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Ch. 1. Physics of
Semiconductors
Ch. 2. Physical Phenomenon
in Homojunction
Ch. 3. Diode as Circuit
Element
Ch. 4. Junction Diode
Rectifier

Figure 15.100(a). Figure 15.100(a)

Ch. 5. Physical Phenomenon


in BJT
Ch. 6. Physical Phenomenon
in JFET and MOSFET
Ch. 7. Biasing
Ch. 8. BJT Amplifiers
Ch. 9. FET Amplifiers
Ch. 10. Frequency Response
of BJT Amplifiers
Ch. 11. Multistage Amplifiers
Ch. 12. Feedback in
Amplifiers
Ch. 13. Oscillators
Ch. 14. Power Amplifiers
Ch. 15. Operational Amplifier
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Ideal Characteristics
of Operational Amplifier
15.3. Frequency Response
of Op-amp
15.4. Offset Voltage

The time at wich the vo = 15

15.5. Inverting Op-amp


Circuit
15.6. Summing Op-amp
Circuit
15.7. Op-amp Integrator &
Differentiator
15.8. Non-linear
Applications of Op-amps
15.9. Precision Rectifier
15.10. Square Waveform
Generation

Solution:

15.11. Analog Multiplier

Writing node equations at node v() of A1

15.12. Filters
15.13. Simulated
Inductance Approach
15.14. DVCVS/DVCCS
15.15. BiFET and BiMOS
Circuits
15.16. Analog Computer
15.17. SOLVED

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PROBLEMS
Ch. 16. Regulated Power
Supplies
Ch. 17. Integrated Circuit
Timers

Figure 15.100(b). Figure 15.100(b)

Ch. 18. Special Two-terminal


Devices
Ch. 19. Tuned Amplifier
Bibliography
Index

Now the waveform is plotted as in Fig. 15.100(b).


2. For the instrumentation amplifier shown in Fig. 15.101, using two ideal

op-amps verify the following equation


(GKP Univ. 1994).

Figure 15.101. Two op-amp instrumentation amplifier

At node v() of A2

Subtracting this equation from previous one yields

Solution:
From Fig. 15.102

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3. Show that the cross coupled differential voltage follower instrumentation

amplifier shown in Fig. 15.102 produces output voltage vo = (1 + a + b) (v2


v1).

Figure 15.102. Three op-amp instrumentation amplifier

4. Obtain the voltage vo for the circuit of Fig. 15.103. (AMI 1992).

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Solution:
Writing node equations as

Figure 15.103. Figure 15.103

This illustrates that using only few kilo ohm resistances in the form of
T-network provides very large feedback resistance resulting into very large
gain.
5. Obtain the voltage gain vo/vi for Fig. 15.104(a).

Solution:

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Figure 15.104(a). Figure 15.104(a)

Combining above equations yield

6. Obtain the voltage gain vo/vi for Fig. 15.104(b).

Solution:

Figure 15.104(b). Figure 15.104(b)

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7. Obtain the voltage gain vo/vio for Fig. 15.105.

Solution:

Figure 15.105. Figure 15.105

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8. Prove that the voltage gain and input resistance with feedback in Fig.

15.106 is given by the expressions

and

, where Ri is the internal input resistance of the


op-amp
Solution:

Figure 15.106. Figure 15.106

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This input resistance comes in parallel to the op-amp's internal input


resistance Ri. Hence, effective input resistance is equal to

.
9. Show that if Ri = , Ro = 0 and A1 and A2 < 0 in Fig. 15.107, then vo =

A2{A1(vf v1) + v2}.

Figure 15.107. Figure 15.107

Solution:
The output of first op-amp is expressed as (v1 vf ) A1 = Vo1
The output of the second op-amp is

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Figure 15.108(a). Figure 15.108(a)

10. For the dc level shifter circuit shown in Fig. 15.108(a), determine the level

shift between input and output voltages.


Solution:

Figure 15.108(b). Figure 15.108(b)

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11. Obtain the level shift Vo in Fig. 15.108(b).

Solution:

12. Draw the output wave shapes of the voltage follower using op-amp with 1

V/ms slew rate with the square wave input shown in Fig. 15.109(a).
Solution:
It is seen from the wave shapes of vo that remarkable distortion occurs for
slew rate at high frequency. Fig. 15.109(b) is100 Hz signal that does not
produce appreciable distortion. A 10 kHz signal produces appreciable
distortion as shown in Fig. 15.109(c). A 1 MHz signal becomes sawtooth
wave as in Fig. 15.109(c).

Figure 15.109(a). Figure 15.109(a)

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Figure 15.109(b). Figure 15.109(b)

Figure 15.109(c). Figure 15.109(c)

13. A square wave input of 8 V peak to peak magnitude and frequency 2 MHz is

applied to a voltage follower which produces the triangular output as shown


in Fig. 15.110. What is its slew rate?
Solution:

Figure 15.110. Figure 15.110

14. The 741 op-amp is used as an inverting amplifier with its gain = 50. What

would be the maximum input signal magnitude applied to it if its voltage gain
is flat upto 100 kHz?
Solution:

The maximum input signal to get undistorted output should be


15.9 mV.

15. A peak to peak input signal of 500 mV has to produce a peak to peak

undistorted output voltage of 3 V with a rise time of 4 ms. Can 741 be used
for such application?
Solution:
Rise time = 3 V (90% 10%) = 3 V (0.90 0.10) = 2.4 V

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The 741 cannot be used.


16. The characteristic of the diode is given by the relationship as ID = IS(eqV/KT

1), where V is the forward voltage and is the ideality factor = 1 (Ge) and 2
(Si). Express Vo as a function of Vi. What is the value of input voltage to
result in output voltage Vo = 0, if R = 100 K, IS = 1 A and

= 26 mV.

Figure 15.111. Figure 15.111

17. In the circuit of Fig. 15.112 the output voltage Vo is initially zero. The switch

is connected first to A to charge the capacitor C1 to the voltage V. It is then


connected to point B. This process repeats f times per second. Calculate (a)
transfer of charge per second from A to B, (b) Derive the average rate of
change of the output voltage Vo, (c) If the switch and capacitor are removed
and a resistor is connected between point A and B, what will be the value of
resistor to get the same average rate of change the output voltage, (d) If the
repetition rate of the switching action is 104 times per second, C1 = 100 pF,
C2 = 10 pF and V = 10 mV, what is the average rate of change of the output
voltage?
Solution:
(a) When the switch changes from B to Af times per second, the
charge transferred to the capacitor C1 = Qf = C1Vf. The capacitor
charges exponentially, but the time constant of charging is zero
and hence capacitor charges instantaneously.

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Figure 15.112. Figure 15.112

(b)

(c)

Equating dVo yields as

The integration of the steady input voltage gives ramp (rate of


change) voltage.
(d)

18. Show that the circuit in Fig. 15.113 simulates an inductance across its input

terminals.

Figure 15.113. Figure 15.113

Solution:

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Figure 15.114. Figure 15.114

Solution:
When input is changing from 12 V to +12 V, the capacitor gets charged to
the maximum voltage exponentially with the time constant = 12 K 0.1
106 = 1.2 ms. In order to find out the time taken by the capacitor to reach
final value = 12 V, we have to see the following expression

19. Draw the waveform of vo(t) as function of vi. Specifying the output voltage

vo(t), determine the voltage levels and time constants involved.

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As the capacitor gets charged from 12 V to slightly above 0 V, the output


amplifier gets saturated.
When the capacitor is charged to +12 V, the capacitor starts discharging
through saturated transistor with a time constant = 100 0.1 106 = 0.01
ms

20. Show that circuit of Fig. 15.115 simulates an inductor i.e.

is

inductive.

Figure 15.115. Figure 15.115

Solution:

21. How much is the output voltage in the circuit of Fig. 15.116.

Solution:
Writing node equation at the inverting input terminal of the op-amp results
as

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Figure 15.116. Figure 15.116

22. Obtain the value of resistor R for the condition that both inputs V and V+

should be amplified by the same amount in Fig. 15.117.

Figure 15.117. Figure 15.117

23. Derive a relationship between the input and output voltages for the circuit

shown in Fig. 15.118. Also obtain the output waveform for a symmetrical
square wave input voltage of amplitude Vp and frequency f.

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Figure 15.118. Figure 15.118

Solution:

If the input voltage is square wave, the output voltage is a triangular wave of
magnitude VP and frequency f.
24. Find out the value of two resistors used in a non-inverting op-amp to result

in the voltage gain of 21 dB.


Solution:

25. Obtain the transfer function between input and output voltages of Fig.

15.119. What will be the value of the capacitor required to yield a phaseshift
of 270 at a frequency of 1 kHz with R = 10 K?

Figure 15.119. Figure 15.119

Solution:

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The plots of magnitude and phase shift are shown in Fig. 15.120.

Figure 15.120. Phase and magnitude plot of given circuit

26. Obtain the transfer function between input and output voltages of Fig.

15.121.

Figure 15.121. Figure 15.121

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Solution:

Phase shift = 180 tan1 CR tan1CR = 180 2 tan1 CR


The plots of its magnitude and phase-shift are shown in Fig. 15.122.

Figure 15.122. Phase and magnitude plot of given circuit

27. What value of the resistance RB will provide balance of the bridge yielding Vo

= 0 for RA = RC = RD = 1 K. What will be the value of output voltage, if now


RB is set to 0.5 K?

Figure 15.123. Figure 15.123

Solution:

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28. Sketch the waveform of the output voltage for the circuit of Fig. 15.124.

What portion of the current io coming out from the operational amplifier flow
as the load current iL?
Solution:

Figure 15.124. Figure 15.124

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Hence, io = 1mA cos 2 100t, now iL = io (max) if = 1 mA 0.1 mA =


0.9 mA Hence, total iL(max) = 0.9 mA + 0.9 mA = 1.8 mA.
29. Determine the output voltage vo for the circuit shown in Fig. 15.125.

Figure 15.125. Figure 15.125

Solution:

or, Vo = (2 1.99)1.99 = 0.02 V


30. Show that the system shown in Fig. 15.126 is a double integrator. In other

words, prove that the transfer gain is given


ideal op-amp.

, assume an

Figure 15.126. Figure 15.126

Solution:

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and Z2 are series elements and Z1 is shunt element.

31. Obtain the voltage transfer function between output and input voltages of

Fig. 15.127. When switch is open, the opamp does not draw any current and
hence I2 = 0.
Solution:

Figure 15.127. Figure 15.127

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When the switch is closed, the non-inverting input terminal is pulled to


ground and hence its gain

32. Obtain voltage gain under the control of voltage applied at the gate of the

JFET in Fig. 15.128. When control signal = 0, the JFET offers minimum drain
resistance and hence non-inverting input terminal is pulled to approximately
ground. Thus,

Solution:

Figure 15.128. Figure 15.128

When the control signal is high, it reduces the channel width and provides
very large resistance to provide open circuit, thus V1 = V2 = Vi.

33. Find the condition of input voltage for making the LED ON in Fig. 15.129.

Solution:

Hence, LED will glow if Vi > 5 V.

Figure 15.129. Figure 15.129

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34. What will be the value of input voltage Vi such that the LED in Fig. 15.130

starts glowing.
LED will glow if Vi > 5 V.

Figure 15.130. Figure 15.130

35. An op-amp with a slew rate of 1.5 V/ms has been used as an inverting

amplifier with gain of 10. What is the maximum input signal if the frequency
of input signal is 1 kHz?

36. Calculate the voltages V1 and VO in Fig. 15.131.

Figure 15.131. Figure 15.131

37. When will the output get saturated in Fig. 15.132?

Figure 15.132. Figure 15.132

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38. The switch was closed initially for 0.5 minutes and then opened. What will be

the input voltage if the output in Fig. 15.133 is initially 0 and 5.4 V after
the switch is opened.

Figure 15.133. Figure 15.133

39. A differential amplifier converted to difference amplifier has feedback and

input resistor of equal values as in Fig. 15.134. What will be the output, if
inputs to inverting and non-inverting terminals are 1.5sin t and 1.5 cos t.
Solution:

Figure 15.134. Figure 15.134

40. The integrator shown in Fig. 15.135 produces an output voltage = Vo = Vm

sin (100t + ) in response to an input voltage of Vi = 0.1 sin(100t). What is


the maximum value of the output voltage?

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Figure 15.135. Figure 15.135

41. What is the relationship between resistors R and R1 and R2 in Fig. 15.136.

Solution:

Figure 15.136. Figure 15.136

Figure 15.137. Figure 15.137

42. The offset voltage to the circuit of Fig. 15.137 is 1 mV. How much output

voltage will be displayed?


Solution:

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43. What would be the frequency of oscillation in Fig. 15.138, if

F and

R = 1 K? What would be the minimum gain of the amplifier to sustain


oscillations?

Figure 15.138. Figure 15.138

44. Calculate the ratio of ON duration to OFF duration of the output waveform of

circuit in Fig. 15.139.

Figure 15.139. Figure 15.139

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45. Obtain CMRR for the circuit shown in Fig. 15.140.

Figure 15.140. Figure 15.140

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46. Obtain the output voltage of the amplifier shown in Fig. 15.141

Figure 15.141. Figure 15.141

47. The output voltage of Schmitt trigger drawn in Fig. 15.142 is limited to 10 V

and 5 V connecting suitably chosen Zener diodes across the output. What
are the upper trip and lower trip voltages of the circuit?

Figure 15.142. Figure 15.142

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48. Obtain the output voltage for input voltage vi = sint applied to the circuit in

Fig. 15.143.
Solution:
For vi > 0 V, diode is reverse biased, no loop closes. vo = vi
For vi < 0 V, diode is forward biased, loop closes. vo = vi

Figure 15.143. Figure 15.143

49. Obtain the output voltage of Fig. 15.144. What is the name of this circuit?

Solution:
For Vi > 0, D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased, Vo = 0.

. The
For Vi < 0, D1 is reverse biased and D2 is forward biased,
circuit is a half wave rectifier and conducts for negative half cycle only.

Figure 15.144. Figure 15.144

50. What is the ratio of current

in Fig. 15.145.

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Figure 15.145. Figure 15.145

51. Obtain the value of RA such that VO =

in Fig. 15.146.

Figure 15.146. Figure 15.146

52. What is the value of the output voltage in Fig. 15.147.

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Figure 15.147. Figure 15.147

53. Show that

in Fig. 15.148 assuming all op-amps are ideal. Also


show that D represents a frequency dependent negative resistance.

Figure 15.148. Riordan circuit

The circuit of Fig. 15.148 can now be analyzed for its input impedance as

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= negative conductance.
54. Find out the output voltage vo for the circuit in Fig. 15.149.

Figure 15.149. Figure 15.149

55. Obtain the output voltage of an op-amp summer shown in Fig. 15.150.

Figure 15.150. Figure 15.150

56. Circuit of summing integrator

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57. Circuit of summing differentiator

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