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Automo&ve
Engine
Engine:
is
a
machine
that
converts
heat
energy
into
mechanical
energy.
The
heat
from
burning
a
air-fuel
mixture
produces
power
which
moves
the
vehicle.
A u t o m o > v e
e n g i n e
a r e
i n t e r n a l
combus>on
(IC)
engine
because
the
fuel
that
runs
them
is
burned
internally,
or
inside
the
engines.
There
are
two
types
of
engine
Reciproca)ng
engine:
piston
moving
up
and
down,
or
back
and
forth
Rotary
(wankel)
engines:
have
rotor
that
spin
or
rotate
Engine Components
Cylinder block
Basic framework of the engine.
It has cylindrical hole is called
engine cylinder, coolant jacket
allows the coolant flow side of the
cylinder, crankcase is the space
of crankshaft, intake and exhaust
port.
Piston
A movable part, fitted into a
cylinder.
It is moved based on the pressure
changing.
Piston valve
Allows the engine breadth in
and breadth out.
Intake valve
Allows the engine breadth
in the air fuel mixture.
Exhaust valve
Allows the exhaust (CO,
NOx, PM and etc) to leave
the cylinder.
Camshaft
A shaft in the engine which has a
series of cams for operating the
valve mechanism.
Combustion Chamber
It is the space between the top of
the piston and the cylinder head.
It is also called confined (closed)
space of the cylinder in where air
and fuel mixture burn.
Connecting rod
Connects the crankshaft with the
piston. It is used to transfer the
piston force to the CS.
During burning of fuel, the burning gases become very hot. The
temperature may go as high as 4500 -50000F (2500-27000C).
High temperature produces high pressure, based on ideal gas
law,
PV=mRT,
P is the pressure, V is the volume of fuel (consider as constant
for specific operation), m is the molar mass is constant, R is the
gas constant, and T is the temperature. It is noted P and T are
variables. If temperature increases, pressure will increase.
The pressure (P) will develop power which is called engine
power.
Power of the engine = [P x Acylinder x Vpiston]
Engine Operation
Intake stroke
Intake valve opens and
exhaust valve closes.
Piston goes down to BDC.
Air-fuel mixture (A/F) is
drawn into the cylinder.
Compression stroke
Both valve are closed.
Piston goes to TDC.
A/F is compressed.
Increase the pressure and
temperature.
Power stroke
Exhaust stroke
Intake valve closes and
exhaust valve opens.
Piston goes up.
H i g h p r e s s u r e a n d
temperature exhaust leave
the cylinder.
V a c u u m p r e s s u r e i s
incurred into the cylinder.
The spark sets the fire to ignite the compressed A/F mixture.
The temperature of the burning A/F mixture goes up as high
as 3000 C.
The high temperature makes the pressure as high as 4140
kPa (1 psi = 6.9 kPa or 1 kPa = 1 kN/m^2).
The 4140 kPa push down the piston of up to 17,792 N
This 17,792 N pushes the piston down.
The downward movement, carried through the connecting
rod, rotates the crankshaft.
The crankshaft turns the gears and drive shafts to move
the car.
OTTO Cycle
THERMODYNAMIC
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Thermal efficiency has been defined as the relation between
power produced and the energy in the fuel burned to
produce that power.
Thermal efficiency is the percentage of energy taken from
the combustion which is actually converted to mechanical
work. In a typical low compression engine,the thermal
efficiency is only about 26%. In a highly modified engine, such
as a race engine, the thermal efficiency is about 34%.
For a cylinder of an engine, the crankshaft, connecting rod, piston, and head assembly can be represented by the
following geometry:
o B = Bore of the cylinder
o r = connecting rod length
o a = crank radius
o S =stroke length
o = Crank angle, degree
COMPRESSION
RATIO
Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum to
minimum volume.
VL
r=
VC
VL is total volume (volume at BDC) and VC is clearance
volume(volume at TDC) .
Example 1
o A 3-litre SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at
3600 rpm. The compression ratio is 9.5 and the engine is
square (B=S).
o Cylinder bore and stroke length
o Average piston speed
o Clearance volume of one cylinder
Example 2
A two stroke gas engine has piston diameter of 150 mm, length
of stroke 400 mm and indicated mean effective pressure 5-5
bar. The engine makes 120 explosions per minute. Determine
the mechanical efficiency of the engine, if its bhp is 5 kW"
Air-Fuel Ratio
Energy input to an engine Qin comes from the combusting fuel.
Fuel is a HC.
Air is used to supply the oxygen needed for this chemical
reaction.
For combustion
the proper relative amounts of air (oxygen) and fuel must
be presented.
Air-fuel ratio (AF) are parameters used to describe the
mixture ratio.
process.
AF
ma mass of air
m f mass of fuel
m of a substance
is related
thenumber
number of of
moles
n through
The mass m The
of amass
substance
is related
to to
the
moles
n the
through the
relation:
m = nM,
M isThe
the
molar
mass
relation:
m = nM, where
M is thewhere
molar mass.
reciprocal
of A/F
ratio. The
is called the
reciprocalfuel-air
of A/F
ratio is called the fuel-air ratio.
ratio.
The minimum amount of air needed for the complete combustion of a fuel is
called the stoichiometric or theoretical air. In actual combustion processes, it is
common practice to use more air than the stoichiometric amount. The amount of extra
air than the stoichiometric is called (excess air). Amount of air less than
stoichiometric amount is called (deficiency of air). Equivalence ratio is the ratio of
common practice to use more air than the stoichiometric amount. The
air than the stoichiometric is called (excess air). Amount of
stoichiometric amount is called (deficiency of air). Equivalence ratio
the actual fuel- air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Sometim
given in term of A/F ratio and called mixture strength.
Mixture strength
Equivalence ratio
(F A) actual
(F A) stoich
Stoichiometric A F Ratio
Actual A F Ratio
Actual ( F A) ratio
Stoich. ( F A) ratio
(A F) stoich
(A F) actual
Where:
= 1: stoichiometric
< 1: lean (week) mixture- excess of air.
> 1: rich mixture- deficiency of air.
A general reaction equation of a hydrocarbon fuel for stoichiom
with air is given by:
m
m
m
Cn Hm n
O2 3.762 n
N2 nCO2
H2O 3.762