When talking about the tsunami, then we would have to start from the cause, namely the

earthquake in the ocean. Tsunami always preceded a powerful movement that we commonly
call the earthquake. Although it is known that there are various types of this earthquake, but
90% of the tsunami caused by the movement of the plates in the earth that happened to be
located in areas of the oceans. It should be also mentioned, the history of tsunamis ever
recorded due to the eruption of Krakatoa.
An earthquake in the bowels of the earth will result in the emergence of pressure to the
vertical direction so that the bottom of the sea will rise and fall in a short time span. This will
then lead to an imbalance in the ocean water which is then pushed into a large wave that
moves reached the mainland.
With great power there in the water waves, naturally if the buildings on the mainland can be
washed away easily. The tsunami waves propagate at speeds unimaginable. He could reach
500 to 1000 kilometers per hour at sea. And when it reaches the shore, the speed is reduced to
50 to 30 kilometers per hour. Although reduced rapidly, but the pace was able to cause severe
damage to humans.
If we look at the tsunami, of course we understand that there is no human intervention in it.
Thus, we do not have control to prevent these causes. However, the preparation and
maximum vigilance, we can minimize the impact of the tsunami itself. A good example has
been shown in Japan. Although prone to tsunamis, but the awareness of people able to reduce
the number of victims of the disaster.

Terjemahan Dalam Bahasa Indonesia

Kata Tsunami sendiri berasal dari bahasa Jepang yang berarti Ombak Besar (Tsu :
pelabuhan dan Nami : gelombang). Adapan definisi yang disepakati banyak orang adalah
tsunami merupakan bencana alam yang disebabkan oleh naiknya gelombang laut ke daratan
dengan kecepatan yang tinggi akibat adanya gempa yang berpusat di bawah lautan. Gempa
tersebut bisa saja diakibatkan oleh tanah yang longsor, lempeng yang bergeser, gunung berapi
yang mengalami erupsi serta meteor yang jatuh di lautan. Tsunami ini biasanya terjadi apabila
besarnya gempa melebihi 7 skala richter. Tsunami ini cukup berbahaya, utamanya bagi
mereka yang bermukim di sekitaran pantai. Dengan kekuatan besar, ia akan menyapu apa saja
yang dilewatinya.
Jika berbicara mengenai proses terjadinya tsunami, maka kita tentu harus memulai dari
penyebabnya, yakni gempa di wilayah lautan. Tsunami selalu diawali suatu pergerakan
dahsyat yang lazim kita sebut gempa. Meski diketahui bahwa gempa ini ada beragam jenis,
namun 90% tsunami disebabkan oleh pergerakan lempeng di dalam perut bumi yang letaknya
kebetulan ada di dalam wilayah lautan. Akan tetapi perlu juga disebutkan, sejarah pernah
merekam tsunami yang dahsyat akibat meletusnya Gunung Krakatau.
Gempa yang terjadi di dalam perut bumi akan mengakibatkan munculnya tekanan ke arah
vertical sehingga dasar lautan akan naik dan turun dalam rentang waktu yang singkat. Hal ini
kemudian akan memicu ketidakseimbangan pada air lautan yang kemudian terdorong
menjadi gelombang besar yang bergerak mencapai wilayah daratan.

Dengan tenaga yang besar yang ada pada gelombang air tersebut, wajar saja jika bangunan di
daratan bisa tersapu dengan mudahnya. Gelombang tsunami ini merambat dengan kecepatan
yang tak terbayangkan. Ia bisa mencapai 500 sampai 1000 kilometer per jam di lautan. Dan
saat mencapai bibir pantai, kecepatannya berkurang menjadi 50 sampai 30 kilometer per jam.
Meski berkurang pesat, namun kecepatan tersebut sudah bisa menyebabkan kerusakan yang
parah bagi manusia.
Jika kita mencermati proses terjadinya tsunami, tentu kita paham bahwa tak ada campur
tangan manusia di dalamnya. Dengan demikian, kita tak memiliki kendali untuk mencegah
penyebab tersebut. Namun, dengan persiapan dan kewaspadaan yang maksimal, kita bisa
meminimalisir dampak bencana tsunami ini sendiri. Contoh yang baik sudah diperlihatkan
Jepang. Meski rawan tsunami, namun kesadaran rakyatnya mampu menekan jumlah korban
akibat bencana tersebut.

Kinds of Earthquake
Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be
predicted and that makes lot victims.
Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on
the factor and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake
are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.
Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earths
crust rocks break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earths plates.
Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when
the volcano produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of
the volcano. This make no more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually
the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the
pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept
within 10-20 miles of the volcano.
Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes
occurring in underground mines and caverns.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world. They can wipe out
entire cities and kill thousands of people.
The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN which is the name
of Roman fire god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a volcanic Italian coast. Romans
called the island VULCANO.
According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic groups. They are
commonly known as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean. The term of Hawaiian
eruptions are named after the volcanoes in Hawaii. These volcanic eruptions are the least
violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which flows quietly. This gradually builds up a
shield volcano.
Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the constant release of
gas from the magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra that piles up, turning into a cinder
cone. Strombolian eruptions happen when sticky magma plugs the central vent. This makes
the magmatic gas build up pressure until it blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and
bombs.
Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more violent than the
strombolian eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma which is more viscous.
Vulcanian explosions are usually larger and noisier than the Strombolian eruptions.
Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions. The name of
paleean comes from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902. It killed almost 38
thousands people. A Peleean eruption occurs when the magmatic gas build up tremendous
pressure. This causes violent explosions with glowing clouds of hot ash and dust.

Home Report text Tornadoes as Example of Report Text

Tornadoes as Example of Report Text

Post On: 7 November 2012 | By: admin

What is a tornado?
Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of
tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of
low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down
from a storm cloud.
The name tornado derives from the Latin tonare. It means to thunder. While the
Spanish developed the word into tornear which means to turn or twist. This is why a
tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone.
The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually
travels at roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous
storm.
The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are
known as satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce
and do lots of damage.
The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A
tornado can travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most
tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super
storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.

Human Body Energy Example of Report Text

Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine
needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However
do
we
know
how
much
we
need
to
stay
healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat
which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of
calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are
involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people
need
more
for
running
than
for
walking,
etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances.
They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm)
of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of
these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy.
Report Text Notes
Report often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing discussed.
The first paragraph matches with the brief definition of body energy.
After brief definition or classification paragraph, report text is commonly followed by the
important fact about the topic. The second and third paragraphs tell the important information
about the body energy; how it comes from and what form it is available.

Report text is commonly featuring technical or scientific term. Calories, carbohydrate,

protein, fat etc are some of the example.
efinisi:
Report text adalah sebuah teks yang menyampaikan suatu fenomena atau hal yang
berdasarkan hasil dari observasi yang tersusun secara sistematik. Teks report disusun sejelasjelasnya dan tanpa dilebih-lebihkan berdasarkan fakta yang sesuai dengan apa yang tertulis di
dalam hasil observasi. Biasanya report text menjelaskan tentang Fenomena Alam, Binatang,
Tumbuhan, Benda, Negara dan lain-lain.
Fungsi:

Report text berfungsi untuk menyampaikan sebuah informasi mengenai suatu hal yang
bersifat fakta dan merupakan hasil obseravi.
Generic Structure:

Ada 2 bagian di dalam report text yaitu

General Classification
Pada bagian pertama report text merupakan general classification. Bagian ini berisi tentang
informasi-informasi umum yang berdasarkan pada hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan
sebelumnya baik tentang fenomena alam, hewan binatang, tumbuhan dan lain-lain. Berbeda
dengan descriptive tect, report text memaparkan informasi-informasi yang umum.
Description
Paragraph selanjutnya disebut dengan description. Bagian description pada report text
memiliki fungsi yang sama pada descriptive text yaitu mendeskripsikan lebih jauh tau detail
hasil-hasil dari penelitian tersebut secara lebih terperinci.
Language Feature Report Text:

1. Introducing group or general aspect

Karena report text merupakan hasil penjabaran dari sebuah penelitian, bahasa yang digunakan
adalah bahasa-bahasa yang memperkenalkan suatu objek secara umum.
2. Using conditional connector
Di dalam report text berisi kalimat-kalimat penjelas yang berurutan dan berhubungan. Oleh
karena itu banyak ditemukan conditional connector untuk menghubungkan paragraph atau
kalimat tersebut. Conditional connector yaitu penghubung dua klausa, kalimat atau paragraph
yang masih saling berkaitan. Contohnya adalah So, While, When, However dan lain-lain.
3. Using simple present tense

Report text menggunakan tenses Simple Present Tense karena report text adalah fakta dari
hasil penelitian terkini, sebuah kebenaran yang telah terungkap dan data-datanya juga valid.
4. Using Common Nouns
Di dalam report text banyak ditemukan Common Nouns. Common Noun adalah kata-kata
benda yang umum karena tidak semua fakta yang dijabarkan pada report text berlaku untuk
semua benda sejenis. Oleh karena itu dalam penulisan laporannya penulis harus sebisa
mungkin mengeneralisasikan data-data tersebut.
5. Using relating verbs
Relating Verb seperti To be dan verb-verb seperti Getting, Turning dan becaming banyak
ditemukan dalam Report Text.

Earthquake
Anearthquake(alsoknownasaquake,tremorortemblor)istheresultofasudden
releaseofenergyintheEarthscrustthatcreatesseismicwaves.Theseismicityor
seismicactivityofanareareferstothefrequency,typeandsizeofearthquakes
experiencedoveraperiodoftime.Earthquakesaremeasuredusingobservationsfrom
seismometers.Themomentmagnitudeisthemostcommonscaleonwhich
earthquakeslargerthanapproximately5arereportedfortheentireglobe.Themore
numerousearthquakessmallerthanmagnitude5reportedbynationalseismological
observatoriesaremeasuredmostlyonthelocalmagnitudescale,alsoreferredtoasthe
Richterscale.
Thesetwoscalesarenumericallysimilarovertheirrangeofvalidity.Magnitude3
orlowerearthquakesaremostlyalmostimperceptibleandmagnitude7andover
potentiallycauseseriousdamageoverlargeareas,dependingontheirdepth.The
largestearthquakesinhistorictimeshavebeenofmagnitudeslightlyover9,although
thereisnolimittothepossiblemagnitude.Themostrecentlargeearthquakeof
magnitude9.0orlargerwasa9.0magnitudeearthquakeinJapanin2011(asofMarch
2011),anditwasthelargestJapaneseearthquakesincerecordsbegan.Intensityof
shakingismeasuredonthemodifiedMercalliscale.
Theshalloweranearthquake,themoredamagetostructuresitcauses,allelse
beingequal.AttheEarthssurface,earthquakesmanifestthemselvesbyshakingand
sometimesdisplacementoftheground.Whentheepicenterofalargeearthquakeis
locatedoffshore,theseabedmaybedisplacedsufficientlytocauseatsunami.
Earthquakescanalsotriggerlandslides,andoccasionallyvolcanicactivity.
Initsmostgeneralsense,thewordearthquakeisusedtodescribeanyseismic
eventwhethernaturalorcausedbyhumansthatgeneratesseismicwaves.
Earthquakesarecausedmostlybyruptureofgeologicalfaults,butalsobyother
eventssuchasvolcanicactivity,landslides,mineblasts,andnucleartests.An
earthquakespointofinitialruptureiscalleditsfocusorhypocenter.Theepicenteris
thepointatgroundleveldirectlyabovethehypocenter.

GenericStructureReportText.
Seperti halnya dengan descriptive text, Report text juga hanya memiliki dua
struktur umum [generic structure] yaitu :

1. General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek

laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya.
2. Description: tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of
parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; Pada bagian ini biasanya memberikan
gambaran fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi; baik bagian-bagiannya, sifatsifatnya, kebiasaannya, ataupun tingkah lakunya. Intinya adalah
penjabaran dari klasifikasi yang disajikan dengan ilmiah.
Ada juga beberapa keterangan mengenai generic structure report text, yang
meliputi :

1. General information
2. Bundles of Specific Information
General information adalah bagian yang menyebutkan informasi umum dari
tema tulisan yang. Sedangkan Bundles of specific information, adalah
penjabaran dari informasi umum tersebut.
Saya sendiri lebih cenderung setuju dengan generic structure kedua; karena hal
ini bisa membuat siswa lebih paham akan cara menulis report text.

TujuanReportText
Setiap tulisan pasti memiliki tujuan mengapa tulisan itu ditulis. Begitu juga
dengan report text. Beberapa pakar menyebutkan bahwa tujuan teks report
adalah :

Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally

describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the
planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.

Jika disimpulkan, tujuan report text adalah untuk menyampaikan informasi hasil
pengamatan dan analisa yang sistematis. Informasi yang dijelaskan dalam
report text biasanya bersifat umum, baik itu alamiah ataupun buata seperti
binatang mamalia, planet, bebatuan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, negara bagian,
budaya, transportasi, dan lain sebagainya.

PolaTataBahasadalamReportText
Setiap tulisan pasti memiliki ciri bahasa tersendiri; jika recount text dan
narrative text cenderung memiliki ciri menggunakan simple past, lalu
bagaimana dengan report text? Oke berikut adalah pola grammar yang umum
digunakan dalam teks report, yang meliputi :

Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg

our dog;

Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;

Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot fly;

Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones

always begin over the sea;

Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;

Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of

information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the
clause.

Keterangan :

General nouns, maksudnya adalah, suatu benda (baik itu hidup atau
mati) yang bersifat umum. Coba bandingkan : Hunting dogs >< My dog.
Hunting dogs bersifat umum; sedangkan my dog bersifat khusus.

Relating verbs, dalam grammar disebut juga dengan linking verbs.

Seperti to be [is, am, are: present], seem, look, taste dan lain
sebagainya.

Timeless present tense adalah salah satu penanda waktu dalam simple
present seperti "often, usually, always" dan lain-lain.

Technical terms, maksudnya adalah istilah-istilah yang meliputi teks

report tersebut. Misalnya tentang "music" maka, istilah-istilah musik
harus ada.

ContohReportText:ThanksgivingDay
Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for
peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late
autumn.

In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England.
In North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival
in the new land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been
celebrated as in New England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States
of America and in Canada. Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday
of November in the U.S and on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is
usually celebrated in four to five days in the North America and for three days in
Canada.

It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck.
Turkey is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are
also usually held. In Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and
dried flowers. Lamps are lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are
decorated with best china and antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.

ContohReportText:Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with
Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has
been known as the Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Bridges, and
The City of Light. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy
Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands
formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is
built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the
function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is
mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now,
most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular
routes along the major canals and between the citys islands. The city also has
many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the
traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points
without bridges.
You can see the amusing citys landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo
Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Marks Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of
the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most
interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high
society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially
at night.

A. Pengertian Report Text

Report Text adalah salah satu dari ke-13 jenis teks bahasa Inggris (Types Of Text) yang
menghadirkan informasi tentang sesuatu seperti alam, hewan, tumbuhan, hasil karya manusia,
dan fenomena sosial dengan apa adanya. Informasi yang dihadirkan di dalamnya adalah hasil
dari
observasi
dan
analisis
secara
sistematis.
Definisi jenis text ini juga hampir mirip dengan apa yang sering disebutkan dalam berbagai
buku bahasa Inggris di tingkat menengah, "Report adalah sebuah teks yang menghadirkan
informasi tentang suatu hal secara apa adanya. Teks ini adalah sebagai hasil dari observasi
dan analisa secara sistematis."
Dengan demikian, sebenarnya teks report dan descriptive mempunyai perbedaan yang cukup
jelas, meski nampak keduanya dikatakan sebagai "saudara kembar" sekalipun.
Intinya, dalam report text itu biasanya berisi dengan fakta-fakta yang bisa dibuktikan secara
ilmiah.
B. Generic structure/Struktur Teks Report Text
Seperti halnya dengan descriptive text, Report text juga hanya memiliki dua struktur umum
[generic structure] yaitu :
1.
General
Clasification
Pada bagian general clasification (klasifikasi umum) berisi pengenalan fenomena/ benda yang
akan dibicarakan dengan menyertakan pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan,
keterangan,
dan
klasifikasi-nya.
2.
Description
Pada bagian Description (gambaran) terdiri dari gambaran dari fenomena/ benda yang
didiskusikan dari bagian ke bagiannya, kebiasaan atau tingkah laku untuk benda hidup,
ataupun kegunaannya untuk benda secara detail.
C. Tujuan Komunikatif Report Text
Tujuan komunikatif dari Report Text adalah menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa
adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang di deskripsikan dapat
meliputi gejala alami, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi
sebuah Report Text dapat berupa kesimpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang
mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya.
D. Ciri Kebahasaan Report Text
Setiap tulisan pasti memiliki ciri bahasa tersendiri; jika recount text dan narrative text
cenderung memiliki ciri menggunakan simple past, pola grammar yang umum digunakan
dalam teks report, yaitu:

Menggunakan general nouns, seperti Reptiles in Comodo Insland, dsb.

Menggunakan relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly
animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia), dsb.

Menggunakan action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly,
dsb.

Menggunakan present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo
dragons usually weight more than 160 kg, dsb.

Mengguanakan istilah teknis/ ilmiah, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen,
dsb.

E. Perbedaan antara Descriptive Text dan Report Text

Descriptive Text
Identification (identifikasi

tentang apakah orang, benda,

atau tempat tertentu saja)
Description

(Deskripsi/gambaran atau
bagian-bagian yang
menjelaskan identifikasi
tersebut)

Report Text
General Classification (klasifikasi
atau penggolongan tentang apakah
orang, benda, atau tempat tersebut
masih bersifat umum?)
Description (Deskripsi/gambaran
atau bagian-bagian yang
menjelaskan klasifikasi tersebut)

F. Contoh Report Text

Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the
city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the
Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Bridges, and The City of Light. The
city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea
in
northeast
Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by
about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by
about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of
transport
is
on
water
or
on
foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used
for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by
motorised waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular routes along the major canals and
between the citys islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in
common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at
certain
points
without
bridges.
You can see the amusing citys landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del
Bovolo, Saint Marks Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural
residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian
countryside.

They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The
city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.